JP4955193B2 - リチウムイオンバッテリー用の改良されたカソード組成物 - Google Patents
リチウムイオンバッテリー用の改良されたカソード組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4955193B2 JP4955193B2 JP2003520018A JP2003520018A JP4955193B2 JP 4955193 B2 JP4955193 B2 JP 4955193B2 JP 2003520018 A JP2003520018 A JP 2003520018A JP 2003520018 A JP2003520018 A JP 2003520018A JP 4955193 B2 JP4955193 B2 JP 4955193B2
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 51
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 31
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 abstract description 27
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 8
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 8
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 105
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 82
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 33
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 33
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 29
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 29
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 28
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 21
- 238000000155 in situ X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 12
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 10
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 8
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 8
- YGGXZTQSGNFKPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-naphthalen-1-ylacetate Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(CC(=O)OC)=CC=CC2=C1 YGGXZTQSGNFKPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 7
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 4
- DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutyl phthalate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCC DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910008039 Li-M-O Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910015118 LiMO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium atom Chemical group [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000002050 diffraction method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011066 ex-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021437 lithium-transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 2
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910002001 transition metal nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Difluoroethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920006370 Kynar Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910018068 Li 2 O Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013553 LiNO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021314 NaFeO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002238 attenuated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010902 jet-milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002641 lithium Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002102 lithium manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido-oxo-(oxomanganiooxy)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Mn](=O)O[Mn]=O VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- URIIGZKXFBNRAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxonickel Chemical compound [Li].[Ni]=O URIIGZKXFBNRAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002926 oxygen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003071 parasitic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005569 poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000867 polyelectrolyte Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003252 repetitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G45/00—Compounds of manganese
- C01G45/12—Manganates manganites or permanganates
- C01G45/1221—Manganates or manganites with a manganese oxidation state of Mn(III), Mn(IV) or mixtures thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G45/00—Compounds of manganese
- C01G45/12—Manganates manganites or permanganates
- C01G45/1221—Manganates or manganites with a manganese oxidation state of Mn(III), Mn(IV) or mixtures thereof
- C01G45/1228—Manganates or manganites with a manganese oxidation state of Mn(III), Mn(IV) or mixtures thereof of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. LiMnO2, Li[MxMn1-x]O2
-
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- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G49/00—Compounds of iron
- C01G49/009—Compounds containing, besides iron, two or more other elements, with the exception of oxygen or hydrogen
-
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- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G51/00—Compounds of cobalt
- C01G51/40—Cobaltates
- C01G51/42—Cobaltates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiCoO2
- C01G51/44—Cobaltates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiCoO2 containing manganese
- C01G51/50—Cobaltates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiCoO2 containing manganese of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. Li(CoxMn1-x)O2, Li(MyCoxMn1-x-y)O2
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Nickelates
- C01G53/42—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2, Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1391—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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Description
本願は、2001年8月7日出願の米国仮出願第60/310,622号の優先権を主張するものであり、該仮出願の内容は、本明細書に援用されるものとする。
Liy[Li(1-2x)/3M2 xMn(2-x)/3]O1.5+x(式中、0<y<1、0<x<0.5)、
Liy[Li(1-2x)/3M2 xMn(2-x)/3]O1.5+x+y/2(式中、0<y<(1−2x)および0<x<0.5)、
Liy[Li(1-x)/3M2 xMn(2-2x)/3]O2(式中、(1−x)≦y<1および0<x<0.5)、および
Liy+a[Li(1-2x)/3M2 xMn(2-x)/3]O1.5+x+y/2(式中、0<a<(1−y)、0<y<(1−2x)、および0<x<0.5)、
を有する組成物である。
LiOH・H2O(98%+、アルドリッチ(Aldrich))、Ni(NO3)2・6H2O(98%+、フルカ(Fluka))、およびMn(NO3)2・6H2O(97%+、フルカ(Fluka))を、出発物質として使用した。ジィー・ルー(Z.Lu)およびジェイ・アール・ダーン(J.R.Dahn)著,電気化学会誌(J.Electrochem.Soc.),第148号,A237(2001年)に記載されているような「混合水酸化物」法により、サンプルLi[NixLi(1/3-2x/3)Mn(2/3-x/3)]O2(0=0.0、1/12、1/6、1/4、1/3、5/12、および1/2)を調製した。
CH3CO2Li・2H2O(98%、アルドリッチ(Aldrich))、Cr(NO3)3・9H2O(99%、アルドリッチ(Aldrich))、および(CH3CO2)2Mn・4H2O(99%+、アルドリッチ(Aldrich))を、出発物質として使用した。「ソル−ゲル」法により、サンプルLi[CrxLi(1/3-x/3)Mn(2/3-2x/3)]O2(0=1/6、1/4、1/3、2/3、5/6、および1.0)を調製した。化学量論量のCH3CO2Li・2H2O、Cr(NO3)3・9H2O、および(CH3CO2)2Mn・4H2Oを、500mlビーカー中の約100mlの蒸留水に攪拌しながら溶解させた。NH4OH溶液を添加することにより、溶液のpHを約10に調整し、沈澱を生成させた。次に、ビーカーをホットプレート上に配置して、攪拌しながら徐々に水を蒸発させた。ほとんどの水を蒸発させた後、ビーカーをマッフルオーブンに入れ、空気中、130℃で一晩乾燥させた。乾燥させた沈殿を自動グラインダーで粉砕し、空気中、480℃で、12時間加熱した。室温まで冷却させた後、加熱された粉末を再び自動グラインダーで粉砕し、プレスして厚さ約5mmのペレットにした。リンドバーグ(Lindberg)チューブ炉を用いて、アルゴンストリーム中、900℃で、ペレットを3時間加熱した。600℃/時の速度でオーブンを900℃まで加熱した。900℃で3時間滞留させた後、600℃/時の速度でオーブンを室温まで冷却させた。加熱前、アルゴンをチューブオーブンに通して約3時間パージングし、チューブから残留酸素を除去した。
X線回折は、CuターゲットX線管および回折ビームモノクロメーターを備えたシーメンス(Siemens)D500回折計を用いて行った。リーチカ(Rietica)v1.62(LHPMのウィンドウ(window)版),アール・ジェイ・ヒル(R.J.Hill)およびシー・ジェイ・ハワード(C.J.Howard)著,応用結晶学誌(J.Appl.Crystallogr.),第18巻,p.173(1985年);ディー・ビー・ワイルズ(D.B.Wiles)およびアール・エイ・ヤング(R.A.Young)著,応用結晶学誌(J.Appl.Crystallogr.),第14巻,p.149(1981年)に記載されているようなリートフェルト・プログラム・リーチカ(Rietveld Program Rietica)のヒル(Hill)およびハワード(Howard)版を用いて、粉末試料についてデータのプロフィル改良を行った。
「ベルコア(Bellcore)型」電極を電気化学試験用に作製した。Zグラムのサンプルを約0.1Z(重量基準)のスーパーSカーボンブラックおよび0.25Zのカイナー(Kynar)2801(PVdF−HFP)(エルフ・アトケム(Elf−Atochem))と混合する。この混合物を3.1Zのアセトンおよび0.4Zのジブチルフタレート(DBP、アルドリッチ(Aldrich))に添加してポリマーを溶解させた。
Claims (2)
- 式Liy[M1 (1-b)Mnb]O1.5+c(式中、0≦y<1、0<b<1、および0<c<0.5であり、そしてM1は、Ni、Co、Fe、Cu、Li、Zn、及びVより選ばれる1種以上の金属元素を表す)を有するリチウムイオンバッテリー用カソード組成物であって、
リチウムイオンバッテリーに組み込んで30mA/gの放電電流を用いて30℃および130mAh/gの最終容量で100回の完全充放電サイクルのサイクル動作を行ったときにスピネル結晶構造への相転移を起こさないR−3m構造を有する単一相の形態であることを特徴とする、リチウムイオンバッテリー用カソード組成物。 - (a)アノードと、
(b)カソードと、
(c)該アノードと該カソードとを分離する電解質と、
を備えるリチウムイオンバッテリーであって、
該カソードが、請求項1に記載のカソード組成物を含む、リチウムイオンバッテリー。
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AU2002355544A1 (en) | 2003-02-24 |
CN1582509A (zh) | 2005-02-16 |
JP5539922B2 (ja) | 2014-07-02 |
TW557598B (en) | 2003-10-11 |
US7368071B2 (en) | 2008-05-06 |
KR20040022234A (ko) | 2004-03-11 |
CN100459242C (zh) | 2009-02-04 |
WO2003015198A3 (en) | 2004-04-01 |
EP1425810A2 (en) | 2004-06-09 |
JP2011155017A (ja) | 2011-08-11 |
WO2003015198A2 (en) | 2003-02-20 |
US20060159994A1 (en) | 2006-07-20 |
KR101036743B1 (ko) | 2011-05-24 |
JP2004538610A (ja) | 2004-12-24 |
US20030108793A1 (en) | 2003-06-12 |
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