JP2009540110A - 高強度合金 - Google Patents
高強度合金 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2009540110A JP2009540110A JP2009506796A JP2009506796A JP2009540110A JP 2009540110 A JP2009540110 A JP 2009540110A JP 2009506796 A JP2009506796 A JP 2009506796A JP 2009506796 A JP2009506796 A JP 2009506796A JP 2009540110 A JP2009540110 A JP 2009540110A
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- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 171
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 title description 171
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 203
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 91
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 51
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- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
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- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
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- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 13
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- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- QVZNQFNKKMMPFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium niobium Chemical compound [Cr].[Nb] QVZNQFNKKMMPFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- YOCUPQPZWBBYIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Cu] YOCUPQPZWBBYIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- UNASZPQZIFZUSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylidyneniobium Chemical compound [Nb]#C UNASZPQZIFZUSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/002—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal in combination with oil conversion- or refining processes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B1/00—Layered products having a non-planar shape
- B32B1/08—Tubular products
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
- B32B15/013—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic one layer being formed of an iron alloy or steel, another layer being formed of a metal other than iron or aluminium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
- B32B15/013—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic one layer being formed of an iron alloy or steel, another layer being formed of a metal other than iron or aluminium
- B32B15/015—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic one layer being formed of an iron alloy or steel, another layer being formed of a metal other than iron or aluminium the said other metal being copper or nickel or an alloy thereof
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B9/00—Layered products comprising a layer of a particular substance not covered by groups B32B11/00 - B32B29/00
- B32B9/002—Layered products comprising a layer of a particular substance not covered by groups B32B11/00 - B32B29/00 comprising natural stone or artificial stone
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B9/00—Layered products comprising a layer of a particular substance not covered by groups B32B11/00 - B32B29/00
- B32B9/04—Layered products comprising a layer of a particular substance not covered by groups B32B11/00 - B32B29/00 comprising such particular substance as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B9/045—Layered products comprising a layer of a particular substance not covered by groups B32B11/00 - B32B29/00 comprising such particular substance as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/02—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal by distillation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G11/00—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
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- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
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- E21B43/243—Combustion in situ
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- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/28—Dissolving minerals other than hydrocarbons, e.g. by an alkaline or acid leaching agent
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G05F1/00—Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
- G05F1/10—Regulating voltage or current
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/20—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular electrical or magnetic properties, e.g. piezoelectric
- B32B2307/202—Conductive
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Abstract
【要約】金属合金の少なくとも1つの組成物に、クロム、ニッケル、銅、マンガン、ケイ素、ニオブ、タングステン、及び鉄を含む高強度金属合金。ヒーターシステムには、少なくとも1つの金属合金を含む材料から少なくとも部分的に作製される吸収缶を含有してよい。地下地層の加熱システムには、少なくとも1つの金属合金を含む材料から少なくとも部分的に作製される管を含有してよい。
【選択図】図16
Description
米国政府は、米国エネルギー省に対する主契約DE−ACO5−00OR22725号のもとで活動するUT−Battelle,LLCと、Shell Exploration and Production Companyとの間の協定ERD−05−2516号に従って、この発明において特定の権利を有する。
1.発明の分野
本発明は、一般に金属組成物に関する。更に詳しくは、本発明は、高温及び/又は低温において高強度を有する金属合金に関する。
地下地層から得られる炭化水素は、しばしば、エネルギー源として、供給原料として、及び消費者製品として用いられる。利用可能な炭化水素源の枯渇の問題、及び生産される炭化水素の品質全体の低下の問題から、利用可能な炭化水素源の一層効果的な回収、処理、及び/又は使用のための方法の開発が誘導される。現場プロセスは、炭化水素材料を地下地層から除去するのに用いることができる。炭化水素材料を地下地層から一層容易に回収するため、地下地層内の炭化水素材料の化学的及び/又は物理的特性を変化させる必要があるかも知れない。化学的及び物理的変化としては、地層内の炭化水素材料について、除去可能な流体を生産する現場反応、組成の変化、溶解性の変化、密度の変化、相の変化、及び/又は粘度の変化が挙げられる。流体としては、限定されるものではないが、ガス、液体、エマルジョン、スラリー、及び/又は液体流に類似の流動特性を有する固体粒子の流れであってもよい。
本明細書に記載される実施態様は、一般に1つ以上の金属組成物に関する。幾つかの実施態様においては、金属組成物を含む材料を用いるシステム、及び方法について説明する。
以下の説明は、一般に炭化水素を地層内で処理するためのシステム及び方法に関する。これらの地層は、処理により、炭化水素生成物、水素、及び他の生成物を得ることができる。
異なる改良合金組成物の相挙動をモデル化して、物理特性に良い方向に寄与する相の増大量を含む組成物を求めた。Cu、Z、M(C,N)、M2(C,N)、及びM23C6などの組成物は、G、シグマ、ラーベス、及びカイなどの相を脆化する相の量を最小化してよい。特定の成分を含むために他の理由があってもよい。例えば、ケイ素は、一般には、ステンレス鋼合金に含まれて処理特性が向上され、ニッケル及びクロムは、一般には、合金に含まれて耐腐食性が付与される。2つの成分が含まれて、同じ結果が達成されてもよい場合には、その際には、あまり高価でない成分が、好都合に含まれてもよい。例えば、マンガンが、性能を犠牲にすることなく、ニッケルと置換できる程度まで、このような置換は、合金のコストを現在の成分価格に低下できる。
σr=1.0235(TPC)+5.5603
式中、σrは、800℃、1000時間に対するクリープ破断強度(キロポンド/平方インチ(ksi))であり、TPCは、組成物に対して計算された全相含有量である。この推定値は、更に、TPCとして、Cu相、Z相、M(C,N)相、M2(C,N)相、及びM23C6相(「望ましい相」)の量を単に算入することによって向上し、これに基づいて定数を計算した。この推定値に対する他の向上は、焼鈍温度及び800℃で存在する望ましい相の間の差のみを用いることであってもよい。したがって、焼鈍過程で溶液中に進行しない成分は、考慮しなかった。何故なら、これら成分は、実質的に、高温で合金の強度に加わらないからである。例えば、焼鈍温度における平衡計算に基づいて存在するCu相、Z相、M(C,N)相、M2(C,N)相、及びM23C6相の量(800℃で存在すると計算された量を除く)の間の差は、合金1重量%であってもよいか、もしくはそれは、合金の1.5重量%、又は合金の2重量%であることができ、良好な高温強度を有する合金が得られる。更に、焼鈍温度は、1200℃であっても、或いは1250℃であっても、又は1300℃であってもよい。
合金A〜Nを、表1にしたがって調製した。測定された組成は、これらの測定値が入手可能である場合に、表1に含まれる。合金の全相含有量は、列記の組成に対して計算される。
合金について、熱間加工能力を求めるために、表1の合金C、D、E、F、K、L、及びMの試料を、試料1ポンドを、インゴット(25.4mm×25.4mm×101.6mm(1インチ×1インチ×4インチ))にアーク溶融することによって調製した。高温の頂部を切断し、下側の幾らかかの縮みを除去した後に、各試料を、1200℃で1時間均質化し、次いで中間加熱により、1200℃で、厚さ12.7mm(0.5インチ)に熱間圧延した。試料を、次いで、6.34mm(0.25インチ)厚の平板に冷間圧延し、1200℃で1時間減圧焼鈍した。
表1からの合金A及びBの試料を、2つの異なる方法によって処理した。処理Aには、温度1200℃における熱処理及び焼鈍工程が含まれた。処理Bには、温度1250℃における熱処理及び焼鈍工程が含まれた。更に高い熱処理及び焼鈍温度を用いて、降伏強度及び極限引張強度の測定可能な向上が、2つの合金について、更に高い温度で処理した際に観察された。
処理Bによって処理された合金Bの試料を、2.5%、5%、及び10%で冷間加工された後、及び冷間加工なしに、750℃で1000時間熟成した。熟成の後、それぞれを、引張強度及び降伏強度について、750℃で試験した。結果を、表3に示す。表3から、降伏強度は、冷間加工及び高温熟成の結果として、実質的に増大したことが判る。極限引張強度(750℃)は、高温熟成及び冷間加工の結果として、ほんの僅かに減少した。焼鈍されたのみの試料、及び熟成されたのみの試料をまた、降伏強度及び極限引張強度について、室温で試験した。室温での降伏強度は、熟成の結果として、307MPaから318MPaに増大した。極限引張強度は、高温熟成の結果として、720MPaから710MPaに減少した。
合金の試料を、酸素0.1%/窒素の試験雰囲気中で、800℃で応力100MPaに付した。各試料を、先ず、1200℃で1時間焼鈍した。表4は、破断時間、破断時の伸び、及び全相含有量を示す。その際、全相含有量は既知である。
Claims (47)
- クロム18〜22重量%、
ニッケル5〜13重量%、
銅3〜10重量%、
マンガン1〜10重量%、
ケイ素0.3〜1重量%、
ニオブ0.5〜1.5重量%、
タングステン0.5〜2重量%、及び
鉄38〜68重量%、
を含む組成物。 - 前記組成物は、800℃で35ksiを超える降伏強度を有する請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物は、焼鈍後、20%の冷間加工の結果として、20%未満変化した降伏強度(800℃)を有する請求項1又は2に記載の組成物。
- 元素状窒素0.2〜0.5重量%を更に含む請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- モリブデン0.3〜1重量%を更に含む請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 更に、炭素0.08〜0.2重量%を含む請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物は、ナノ窒化物の沈殿を含む請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記ナノ窒化物の沈殿は、粒子を含み、これら粒子の大部分は、最大寸法5〜100nmを有する請求項7に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物は、ナノ炭化物の沈殿を更に含む請求項7に記載の組成物。
- 前記ナノ炭化物の沈殿は、粒子を含み、これら粒子の大部分は、最大寸法5〜200nmを有する請求項7に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物は、800℃における際に、沈殿を少なくとも3.25重量%有する請求項1〜10のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 800℃で存在する前記沈殿の少なくとも2重量%は、Cu、M(C,N)、M2(C,N)、又はM23C6相である請求項11に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物は、焼鈍温度で焼鈍され、かつ組成物は、焼鈍温度での場合よりも、800℃において、少なくとも1.5重量%多いCu、M(C,N)、M2(C,N)、又はM23C6相を含む請求項11又は12に記載の組成物。
- 前記焼鈍温度は、少なくとも1250℃である請求項13に記載の組成物。
- 前記焼鈍温度は、1300℃から組成物の融点の間にある請求項13に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物は、800℃における際に、沈殿を少なくとも4重量%有する請求項1〜15のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物は、800℃における際に、沈殿の少なくとも8重量%を有する請求項1〜16のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- クロム18〜22重量%、
ニッケル5〜9重量%、
銅1〜6重量%、
ニオブ0.5〜1.5重量%、
マンガン1〜10重量%、
タングステン0.5〜1.5重量%、
鉄36〜74重量%、及び
ナノ窒化物の沈殿
を含み、かつタングステン/銅比は約1/10〜10/1である組成物。 - 前記銅/マンガン比が約1/5〜5/1である請求項18に記載の組成物。
- 前記ナノ窒化物の沈殿は、粒子を含み、これら粒子の大部分は、最大寸法5〜100nmを有する請求項18又は19に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物は、800℃における際に、沈殿を少なくとも3.25重量%有する請求項18〜20のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物は、800℃における際に、沈殿の少なくとも4重量%を有する請求項18〜20のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 800℃で存在する前記沈殿の少なくとも2重量%は、Cu、M(C,N)、M2(C,N)、又はM23C6相である請求項18〜22のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物は、少なくとも約10%程度までの冷間加工が施されている請求項18〜23のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物は、少なくとも約10%程度までの熱間加工が施されている請求項18〜24のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物は、高温熟成が施されている請求項18〜25のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 発熱体、及び
少なくとも部分的に発熱体を取り囲む吸収缶、
を含み、前記吸収缶は、
クロム18〜22重量%、
ニッケル5〜14重量%、
銅1〜10重量%、
ニオブ0.5〜1.5重量%、
鉄36〜70.5重量%、及び
ナノ窒化物の沈殿、
を含む材料から少なくとも部分的に作製されるヒーターシステム。 - 前記発熱体は電力発熱体である請求項27に記載のヒーターシステム。
- 前記発熱体は炭化水素燃料燃焼体である請求項27又は28に記載のヒーターシステム。
- 管を含む地下地層を加熱するためのシステムであって、前記管は、
クロム18〜22重量%、
ニッケル10〜14重量%、
銅1〜10重量%、
ニオブ0.5〜1.5重量%、
鉄36〜70.5重量%、及び
ナノ窒化物の沈殿、
を含む材料から少なくとも部分的に作製される地下地層の加熱システム。 - 加熱媒体システムを更に含み、加熱媒体が、管を通って循環されて、地下地層を加熱する請求項30に記載のシステム。
- 前記加熱媒体は、スチームを含む請求項30又は31に記載のシステム。
- 前記加熱媒体は、二酸化炭素を含む請求項30〜32のいずれか一項に記載のシステム。
- 前記加熱媒体は、ヘリウムとの熱交換によって表面で加熱される請求項30〜33のいずれか一項に記載のシステム。
- 前記ヘリウムは、原子炉で加熱される請求項34に記載のシステム。
- 前記システムは、熱源として電力発熱体を更に含む請求項30〜35のいずれか一項に記載のシステム。
- 前記管は、材料の圧延平板を溶接して管を形成することにより、製作される請求項30〜36のいずれか一項に記載のシステム。
- 前記溶接は、レーザー溶接を含む請求項37に記載のシステム。
- 前記溶接は、ガスタングステンアーク溶接を含む請求項37に記載のシステム。
- クロム18〜22重量%、
ニッケル11〜14重量%、
銅3重量%以下、
マンガン1〜10重量%、
ケイ素0.75重量%以下、
ニオブ0.5〜1.5重量%、及び
タングステン0.5〜1.5重量%、
を含む組成物であって、該材料は冷間加工されて鍛錬材料を形成できる該組成物。 - 前記材料は、熱間加工できる請求項40に記載の組成物。
- 炭素0.07〜0.15重量%を更に含む請求項40又は41に記載の組成物。
- 窒素0.2〜0.5重量%を更に含む請求項40〜42のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 鉄を更に含む請求項40〜42のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 1つ以上のヒーターシステムを配置する工程であって、少なくとも1つの前記ヒーターシステムの一部は、請求項1〜24のいずれか一項、及び/又は請求項40〜44のいずれか一項に記載の組成物から作製され、かつ少なくとも1つの前記ヒーターシステムは、請求項23〜40のいずれか一項に記載のヒーターシステムである該工程、及び
1つ以上の前記ヒーターシステムからの熱で地下地層の少なくとも一部を加熱する工程、
を含む、地下地層の加熱方法。 - 前記地層内の少なくとも若干の炭化水素が易動性になる、及び/又は熱分解されるように前記地層に熱を与える工程を更に含む請求項45に記載の方法。
- 炭化水素の少なくとも一部を地層から生産する工程を更に含む請求項45又は46に記載の方法。
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JP2009512800A (ja) * | 2005-10-24 | 2009-03-26 | シエル・インターナシヨネイル・リサーチ・マーチヤツピイ・ベー・ウイ | 実質的に層から電気的に分離された導管を有する温度制限ヒーター |
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