ES2651898T3 - Sistema integrado para la colocación intravascular de un catéter - Google Patents

Sistema integrado para la colocación intravascular de un catéter Download PDF

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ES2651898T3
ES2651898T3 ES15179061.5T ES15179061T ES2651898T3 ES 2651898 T3 ES2651898 T3 ES 2651898T3 ES 15179061 T ES15179061 T ES 15179061T ES 2651898 T3 ES2651898 T3 ES 2651898T3
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catheter
stylet
tip
sensor
ecg
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Shayne Messerly
Jeremy B. Cox
Anthony K. MISENER
Catherine C. Breiter
Ryan R. Lemon
Christian W. Cook
Matthew W. Bown
Eddie K. Burnside
Kelly J. Christian
Amir Orome
Jason R. Stats
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CR Bard Inc
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    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/06Devices, other than using radiation, for detecting or locating foreign bodies ; determining position of probes within or on the body of the patient
    • A61B5/061Determining position of a probe within the body employing means separate from the probe, e.g. sensing internal probe position employing impedance electrodes on the surface of the body
    • A61B5/062Determining position of a probe within the body employing means separate from the probe, e.g. sensing internal probe position employing impedance electrodes on the surface of the body using magnetic field
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B34/00Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/20Surgical navigation systems; Devices for tracking or guiding surgical instruments, e.g. for frameless stereotaxis
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61B5/06Devices, other than using radiation, for detecting or locating foreign bodies ; determining position of probes within or on the body of the patient
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/24Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
    • A61B5/25Bioelectric electrodes therefor
    • A61B5/279Bioelectric electrodes therefor specially adapted for particular uses
    • A61B5/28Bioelectric electrodes therefor specially adapted for particular uses for electrocardiography [ECG]
    • A61B5/283Invasive
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
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    • A61B5/24Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
    • A61B5/25Bioelectric electrodes therefor
    • A61B5/279Bioelectric electrodes therefor specially adapted for particular uses
    • A61B5/28Bioelectric electrodes therefor specially adapted for particular uses for electrocardiography [ECG]
    • A61B5/283Invasive
    • A61B5/287Holders for multiple electrodes, e.g. electrode catheters for electrophysiological study [EPS]
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/68Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient
    • A61B5/6846Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be brought in contact with an internal body part, i.e. invasive
    • A61B5/6847Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be brought in contact with an internal body part, i.e. invasive mounted on an invasive device
    • A61B5/6852Catheters
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61B8/467Ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic diagnostic devices with special arrangements for interfacing with the operator or the patient characterised by special input means
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    • A61B2560/00Constructional details of operational features of apparatus; Accessories for medical measuring apparatus
    • A61B2560/02Operational features
    • A61B2560/0266Operational features for monitoring or limiting apparatus function
    • A61B2560/0276Determining malfunction
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61B8/08Detecting organic movements or changes, e.g. tumours, cysts, swellings
    • A61B8/0833Detecting organic movements or changes, e.g. tumours, cysts, swellings involving detecting or locating foreign bodies or organic structures
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B8/00Diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
    • A61B8/08Detecting organic movements or changes, e.g. tumours, cysts, swellings
    • A61B8/0891Detecting organic movements or changes, e.g. tumours, cysts, swellings for diagnosis of blood vessels
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/40Apparatus fixed or close to patients specially adapted for providing an aseptic surgical environment

Abstract

Un sistema de colocación de catéter (10) integrado para colocar un catéter en la vasculatura de un paciente, que comprende: una consola (20) que incluye una pantalla (30); una sonda de ultrasonidos (40) manual conectada operativamente a la consola para obtener imágenes por ultrasonidos de una parte de la vasculatura para su representación en la pantalla; un conjunto magnético asociado con el catéter; y un sensor de localización de punta (50) conectado operativamente a la consola para representar en la pantalla información referente a la detección por parte del sensor de localización de punta de un campo magnético del conjunto magnético para determinar una posición del catéter con respecto al sensor de localización de punta durante el avance del catéter en la vasculatura; incluyendo la sonda de ultrasonidos controles de entrada de usuario para controlar el uso de la sonda de ultrasonidos en un modo de ultrasonidos y el uso del sensor de localización de punta en un modo de localización de punta.

Description

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DESCRIPCION
Sistema integrado para la colocacion intravascular de un cateter
El documento EP-A-1504713 da a conocer sistemas y metodos de uso de imagenes para ayudar a conducir un instrumento, tal como un cateter, a traves de una estructura corporal movil, tal como un corazon, durante la cirug^a. La punta de cateter presenta sensores de localizacion que pueden ser electromagneticos, que generan tensiones en un campo magnetico aplicado de manera externa. Tambien se dan a conocer cateteres IVUS. El documento US 2006/0122514 A1 proporciona otra divulgacion de un cateter de ultrasonidos.
Breve resumen
La invencion se define en la reivindicacion 1 mostrada mas adelante. Las reivindicaciones dependientes se refieren a caractensticas opticas y realizaciones preferidas.
Resumido de manera breve, las realizaciones de la presente invencion se refieren a un sistema de colocacion de cateter integrado configurado para colocar con precision un cateter dentro de la vasculatura de un paciente. El sistema integrado emplea al menos dos modalidades para mejorar la precision de la colocacion del cateter: 1) guiado asistido por ultrasonidos para introducir el cateter en la vasculatura del paciente; y 2) un sistema de localizacion de punta (“TLS”), o seguimiento con base magnetica (por ejemplo, mediante iman/imanes permanente(s) o electroiman/electroimanes) de la punta del cateter durante su avance a traves de la vasculatura para detectar y facilitar la correccion de cualquier mala posicion de la punta durante tal avance.
En una realizacion, el sistema integrado comprende una consola de sistema que incluye un procesador de control, un sensor de localizacion de punta para la colocacion temporal en una parte del cuerpo del paciente y una sonda de ultrasonidos. El sensor de localizacion de punta detecta un campo magnetico de un estilete dispuesto en una luz del cateter cuando el cateter esta dispuesto en la vasculatura. La sonda de ultrasonidos obtiene imagenes por ultrasonidos de una parte de la vasculatura antes de la introduccion del cateter en la vasculatura. Ademas, la sonda de ultrasonidos incluye controles de entrada de usuario para controlar el uso de la sonda de ultrasonidos en un modo de ultrasonidos y el uso del sensor de localizacion de punta en un modo de localizacion de punta.
En otra realizacion, se incluye una tercera modalidad, es decir, guiado de la punta del cateter basado en senales de ECG, en el sistema para permitir el guiado de la punta del cateter hasta una posicion deseada con respecto al nodulo del corazon del paciente desde el que se originan las senales de ECG.
Estas y otras caractensticas de realizaciones de la presente invencion resultaran evidentes de una manera mas completa a partir de la siguiente descripcion y reivindicaciones adjuntas, o pueden aprenderse poniendo en practica realizaciones de la invencion tal como se exponen a continuacion en la presente memoria descriptiva.
Breve descripcion de los dibujos
Se proporcionara una descripcion mas en particular de la presente descripcion haciendo referencia a realizaciones espedficas de la misma que se ilustran en los dibujos adjuntos. Se observa que estos dibujos representan solo realizaciones tfpicas de la invencion y por tanto no debe considerarse como limitativos de su alcance. Se describiran y explicaran realizaciones de ejemplo de la invencion con especificidad y detalle adicionales a traves del uso de los dibujos adjuntos en los que:
la figura 1 es un diagrama de bloques que representa diversos elementos de un sistema integrado para la colocacion intravascular de un cateter, segun una realizacion de ejemplo de la presente invencion;
la figura 2 es una vista simplificada de un paciente y un cateter que esta insertandose en el mismo con ayuda del sistema integrado de la figura 1;
las figuras 3A y 3B son vistas de una sonda del sistema integrado de la figura 1;
la figura 4 es una captura de pantalla de una imagen por ultrasonidos tal como se representa en una pantalla del sistema integrado de la figura 1;
la figura 5 es una vista en perspectiva de un estilete empleado en relacion con el sistema de la figura 1 en la colocacion de un cateter dentro de la vasculatura de un paciente;
la figura 6 es un icono tal como se representa en una pantalla del sistema integrado de la figura 1, que indica una posicion de un extremo distal del estilete de la figura 5 durante procedimientos de colocacion de punta de cateter;
las figuras 7A-7E representan diversos iconos de ejemplo que pueden representarse en la pantalla del sistema integrado de la figura 1 durante procedimientos de colocacion de punta de cateter;
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las figuras 8A-8C son capturas de pantalla de imagenes representadas en una pantalla del sistema integrado de la figura 1 durante procedimientos de colocacion de punta de cateter;
la figura 9 es un diagrama de bloques que representa diversos elementos de un sistema integrado para la colocacion intravascular de un cateter, segun otra realizacion de ejemplo de la presente invencion;
la figura 10 es una vista simplificada de un paciente y un cateter que esta insertandose en el mismo con ayuda del sistema integrado de la figura 9;
la figura 11 es una vista en perspectiva de un estilete empleado en relacion con el sistema integrado de la figura 9 en la colocacion de un cateter dentro de la vasculatura de un paciente;
las figuras 12A-12E son diversas vistas de partes del estilete de la figura 11;
las figuras 13A-13D son diversas vistas de un conjunto de conector de aleta para su uso con el sistema integrado de la figura 9;
las figuras 14A-14C son vistas que muestran la conexion de un cordon de estilete y un conector de aleta a un sensor del sistema integrado de la figura 9;
la figura 15 es una vista en seccion transversal de la conexion del cordon de estilete, el conector de aleta y el sensor mostrados en la figura 14C;
la figura 16 es una vista simplificada de un trazado ECG de un paciente; y
la figura 17 es una captura de pantalla de una imagen representada en una pantalla del sistema integrado de la figura 9 durante procedimientos de colocacion de punta de cateter.
Descripcion detallada de realizaciones seleccionadas
A continuacion se hara referencia a las figuras, en las que a las estructuras similares se les proporcionaran designaciones de referencia similares. Se entiende que los dibujos son representaciones graficas y esquematicas de realizaciones a modo de ejemplo de la presente invencion, y no son ni limitantes ni estan dibujadas necesariamente a escala.
Las figuras 1-17 representan diversas caractensticas de realizaciones de la presente invencion, que se refiere en general a un sistema de colocacion de cateter configurado para colocar de manera precisa un cateter dentro de la vasculatura de un paciente. En una realizacion, el sistema de colocacion de cateter emplea al menos dos modalidades para mejorar la precision de la colocacion del cateter: 1) guiado asistido por ultrasonidos para introducir el cateter en la vasculatura del paciente; y 2) un sistema de conduccion/localizacion de punta (“TLS”), o seguimiento con base magnetica de la punta del cateter durante su avance a traves de la tortuosa trayectoria de la vasculatura para detectar y facilitar la correccion de cualquier mala posicion de la punta durante tal avance. Las caractensticas de guiado por ultrasonidos y localizacion de punta del presente sistema segun una realizacion estan integradas en un unico dispositivo para su uso por un medico que coloca el cateter. La integracion de estas dos modalidades en un unico dispositivo simplifica el proceso de colocacion de cateter y da como resultado colocaciones de cateter relativamente mas rapidas. Por ejemplo, el sistema de colocacion de cateter integrado permite ver las actividades de ultrasonidos y TLS en una unica pantalla del sistema integrado. Ademas, pueden usarse controles ubicados en una sonda de ultrasonidos del dispositivo integrado, sonda que se mantiene dentro del campo esteril del paciente durante la colocacion del cateter, para controlar la funcionalidad del sistema, excluyendo por tanto la necesidad de que un medico extienda la mano fuera del campo esteril con el fin de controlar el sistema.
En otra realizacion, una tercera modalidad, es decir, guiado de la punta del cateter basado en senales de ECG, se incluye en el sistema integrado para permitir el guiado de la punta del cateter hasta una posicion deseada con respecto al nodulo del corazon del paciente desde el que se originan las senales de ECG. Tal ayuda posicional basada en ECG se denomina tambien en la presente memoria descriptiva “confirmacion de punta”.
La combinacion de las tres modalidades anteriores segun una realizacion permite que el sistema de colocacion de cateter facilite la colocacion del cateter dentro de la vasculatura del paciente con un nivel relativamente alto de precision, es decir, la colocacion de la punta distal del cateter en una posicion predeterminada y deseada. Ademas, debido al guiado basado en ECG de la punta del cateter, puede confirmarse la correcta colocacion de la punta sin la necesidad de confirmacion por rayos X. Esto reduce a su vez la exposicion del paciente a rayos X potencialmente daninos, el coste y el tiempo que supone el transporte del paciente a y desde el departamento de rayos X, procedimientos de recolocacion de cateter caros e incomodos, etc.
Se hace referencia en primer lugar a las figuras 1 y 2, que representan diversos componentes de un sistema de
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colocacion de cateter (“sistema”), designado en general con 10, configurado segun una realizacion de ejemplo de la presente invencion. Tal como se muestra, el sistema 10 incluye generalmente una consola 20, una pantalla 30, una sonda 40 y un sensor 50, cada uno de los cuales se describe mas detalladamente a continuacion.
La figura 2 muestra la relacion general de estos componentes con un paciente 70 durante un procedimiento para colocar un cateter 72 en la vasculatura del paciente a traves de un sitio de insercion 73 en la piel. La figura 2 muestra que el cateter 72 incluye generalmente una parte proximal 74 que permanece fuera del paciente y una parte distal 76 que se encuentra dentro de la vasculatura del paciente una vez que se ha completado la colocacion. El sistema 10 se emplea para posicionar en ultima instancia una punta distal 76A del cateter 72 en una posicion deseada dentro de la vasculatura del paciente. En una realizacion, la posicion deseada para la punta distal 76A del cateter esta proxima al corazon del paciente, tal como en el tercio (1/3) inferior de la vena cava superior (“VCS”). Naturalmente, el sistema 10 puede emplearse para colocar la punta distal del cateter en otras ubicaciones. La parte proximal 74 del cateter incluye ademas un cilindro 74A que proporciona comunicacion de fluido entre la una o mas luces del cateter 72 y el uno o mas ramales de prolongacion 74B que se extienden de manera proximal desde el cilindro.
En la figura 8C se muestra una implementacion de ejemplo de la consola 20, aunque se aprecia que la consola puede adoptar una de una variedad de formas. Un procesador 22, que incluye una memoria no volatil tal como EEPROM, por ejemplo, se incluye en la consola 20 para controlar la funcion del sistema durante el funcionamiento del sistema 10, actuando por tanto como procesador de control. Una interfaz analogica/controlador digital 24 se incluye tambien con la consola 20 y esta en comunicacion tanto con el procesador 22 como con otros componentes del sistema para gobernar la interconexion entre la sonda 40, el sensor 50 y otros componentes del sistema.
El sistema 10 incluye ademas puertos 52 para la conexion con el sensor 50 y componentes 54 opcionales que incluyen una impresora, medios de almacenamiento, teclado, etc. Los puertos en una realizacion son puertos uSb, aunque pueden usarse otros tipos de puertos o una combinacion de tipos de puertos para esta y las otras conexiones de interfaz descritas en la presente memoria descriptiva. Una conexion de energfa 56 esta incluida con la consola 20 para permitir una conexion operativa a una fuente de alimentacion externa 58. Tambien puede emplearse una batena interna 60, o bien con o bien sin una fuente de alimentacion externa. Un conjunto de circuitos de gestion de energfa 59 esta incluido con la interfaz analogica/controlador digital 24 de la consola para regular el consumo y la distribucion de energfa.
La pantalla 30 en la presente realizacion esta integrada en la consola 20 y se usa para presentar informacion al medico durante el procedimiento de colocacion de cateter. En otra realizacion, la pantalla puede estar separada de la consola. Tal como se observara, el contenido representado por la pantalla 30 cambia segun en que modo este el sistema de colocacion de cateter: US, TLS o, en otras realizaciones, confirmacion de punta por ECG. En una realizacion, pueden usarse una interfaz de botones de consola 32(veanse las figuras 1, 8C) y botones incluidos en la sonda 40 para que el medico ponga un modo deseado en la pantalla 30 para ayudar en el procedimiento de colocacion. En una realizacion, puede presentarse simultaneamente informacion de multiples modos, tales como TLS y ECG, tal como en la figura 17. Por tanto, la unica pantalla 30 de la consola 20 del sistema puede emplearse para el guiado por ultrasonidos al acceder a la vasculatura de un paciente, guiado por TLS durante el avance del cateter a traves de la vasculatura y (como en realizaciones posteriores) confirmacion basada en ECG de la colocacion de la punta distal del cateter con respecto a un nodulo del corazon del paciente. En una realizacion, la pantalla 30 es un dispositivo LCD.
Las figuras 3A y 3B representan caractensticas de la sonda 40 segun una realizacion. La sonda 40 se emplea en relacion con la primera modalidad mencionada anteriormente, es decir, visualizacion basada en ultrasonidos (“US”) de un vaso, tal como una vena, como preparacion para la insercion del cateter 72 en la vasculatura. Tal visualizacion proporciona un guiado por ultrasonidos en tiempo real para introducir el cateter en la vasculatura del paciente y ayuda a reducir las complicaciones asociadas normalmente con dicha introduccion, lo que incluye puncion arterial inadvertida, hematoma, neumotorax, etc.
La sonda 40 manual incluye un cabezal 80 que aloja una matriz piezoelectrica para producir pulsos ultrasonicos y para recibir ecos de los mismos tras la reflexion por el cuerpo del paciente cuando el cabezal se coloca contra la piel del paciente proximo al sitio de insercion 73 prospectivo (figura 2). La sonda 40 incluye ademas una pluralidad de botones de control 84, que pueden incluirse en una botonera 82. En la presente realizacion, la modalidad del sistema 10 puede controlarse mediante los botones de control 84, eliminando por tanto la necesidad de extender la mano fuera del campo esteril, que se establece alrededor del sitio de insercion en el paciente antes de la colocacion del cateter, para cambiar los modos mediante el uso de la interfaz de botones de consola 32.
Como tal, en una realizacion un medico emplea la primera modalidad (US) para determinar un sitio de insercion adecuado y establecer un acceso vascular, tal como con una aguja o introductor, despues con el cateter. El medico puede cambiar entonces a la perfeccion, pulsando botones en la botonera 82 de la sonda, a la segunda modalidad (TLS) sin tener que extender la mano fuera del campo esteril. El modo TLS puede usarse entonces para ayudar en el avance del cateter 72 a traves de la vasculatura hacia un destino pretendido.
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La figura 1 muestra que la sonda 40 incluye ademas un controlador de botones y memoria 42 para gobernar el funcionamiento de los botones y la sonda. El controlador de botones y memoria 42 puede incluir una memoria no volatil, tal como EEPROM, en una realizacion. El controlador de botones y memoria 42 esta en comunicacion operativa con una interfaz de sonda 44 de la consola 20, que incluye un componente piezoelectrico de entrada/salida 44A para la interconexion con la matriz piezoelectrica de sonda y un componente de botones y memoria de entrada/salida 44B para la interconexion con el controlador de botones y memoria 42.
La figura 4 muestra una captura de pantalla 88 de ejemplo tal como se representa en la pantalla 30 mientras el sistema 10 esta en su primera modalidad de ultrasonidos. Se muestra una imagen 90 de una region subcutanea del paciente 70, que representa una seccion transversal de una vena 92. La imagen 90 se produce mediante el funcionamiento de la matriz piezoelectrica de la sonda 40. Tambien se incluye en la captura de pantalla 88 de la pantalla un indicador de escala de profundidad 94, que proporciona informacion referente a la profundidad de la imagen 90 por debajo de la piel del paciente, una escala de tamano de luz 96 que proporciona informacion referente al tamano de la vena 92 en relacion con los tamanos de luz de cateteres convencionales, y otras indicaciones 98 que proporcionan informacion referente al estado del sistema 10 o posibles acciones para tomar, por ejemplo, fotograma congelado, plantillas de imagen, guardar datos, impresion de imagenes, estado de energfa, brillo de imagen, etc.
Observese que aunque en la imagen 90 se representa una vena, en otras realizaciones pueden obtenerse imagenes de otras partes o luces del cuerpo. Observese que el modo US mostrado en la figura 4 puede representarse simultaneamente en la pantalla 30 con otros modos, tales como el modo TLS, si se desea. Ademas de la pantalla 30 visual, el sistema 10 tambien puede emplear informacion auditiva, tal como pitidos, sonidos, etc., para ayudar al medico durante la colocacion del cateter. Ademas, los botones incluidos en la sonda 40 y la interfaz de botones de consola 32 pueden configurarse de una variedad de maneras, incluyendo el uso de controles de entrada de usuario ademas de botones, tales como conmutadores deslizantes, conmutadores basculantes, paneles electronicos o tactiles, etc. Adicionalmente, pueden producirse simultanea o exclusivamente actividades tanto de US como TLS durante el uso del sistema 10.
Tal como se acaba de describir, la sonda de ultrasonidos 40 manual se emplea como parte del sistema de colocacion de cateter 10 integrado para permitir la visualizacion por US de la vasculatura periferica de un paciente como preparacion para la introduccion transcutanea del cateter. Sin embargo, en la presente realizacion de ejemplo la sonda se emplea tambien para controlar la funcionalidad de la parte de TLS, o segunda modalidad, del sistema 10 cuando se conduce el cateter hacia su destino deseado dentro de la vasculatura tal como se describe a continuacion. De nuevo, como la sonda 40 se usa dentro del campo esteril del paciente, esta caractenstica permite controlar la funcionalidad TLS completamente desde dentro del campo esteril. Por tanto, la sonda 40 es un dispositivo de doble finalidad, que permite un control conveniente de la funcionalidad tanto US como TLS del sistema 10 desde el campo esteril. En una realizacion, la sonda tambien puede emplearse para controlar parte o la totalidad de la funcionalidad relacionada con ECG, o tercera modalidad, del sistema de colocacion de cateter 10, tal como se describe mas adelante.
El sistema de colocacion de cateter 10 incluye ademas la segunda modalidad mencionada anteriormente, es decir, el TLS de cateter con base magnetica, o sistema de localizacion de punta. El TLS permite al medico localizar y confirmar rapidamente la posicion y/u orientacion del cateter 72, tal como un cateter central de insercion periferica (“PICC”), un cateter venoso central (“CVC”) u otro cateter adecuado, durante la colocacion inicial en y el avance a traves de la vasculatura del paciente 70. Espedficamente, la modalidad TLS detecta un campo magnetico generado por un estilete de localizacion de punta equipado con un elemento magnetico, que se precarga en una realizacion en una luz definida longitudinalmente del cateter 72, permitiendo por tanto al medico determinar la ubicacion general y la orientacion de la punta del cateter dentro del cuerpo del paciente. En una realizacion, puede hacerse un seguimiento del conjunto magnetico usando las ensenanzas de una o mas de las siguientes patentes de EE.UU.: 5.775.322; 5.879.297; 6.129.668; 6.216.028; y 6.263.230. El contenido de las patentes de EE.UU. mencionadas anteriormente se incorpora a la presente memoria descriptiva como referencia en su totalidad. El TLS tambien presenta la direccion en la que esta apuntando la punta del cateter, ayudando por tanto adicionalmente a la colocacion precisa del cateter. El TLS ayuda ademas al medico a determinar cuando se ha producido una mala posicion de la punta del cateter, tal como en el caso en el que la punta se ha desviado de una trayectoria venosa deseada a otra vena.
Tal como se ha mencionado, el TLS usa un estilete para permitir hacer un seguimiento del extremo distal del cateter 72 durante su avance a traves de la vasculatura. La figura 5 proporciona un ejemplo de un estilete 100 de este tipo, que incluye un extremo proximal 100A y un extremo distal 100B. En el extremo proximal 100A del estilete esta incluido un asidero, extendiendose un hilo de nucleo 104 de manera distal desde el mismo. Un conjunto magnetico esta dispuesto de manera distal con respecto al hilo de nucleo 104. El conjunto magnetico incluye uno o mas elementos magneticos 106 dispuestos adyacentes entre sf proximos al extremo distal 100B del estilete y encapsulado por tubos 108. En la presente realizacion se incluye una pluralidad de elementos magneticos 106, incluyendo cada elemento un iman ferromagnetico de forma cilmdrica macizo apilado extremo con extremo con los otros elementos magneticos. Una punta adhesiva 110 puede ocupar la punta distal de los tubos 108, de manera distal con respecto a los elementos magneticos 106.
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Observese que en otras realizaciones, los elementos magneticos pueden variar con respecto al diseno no solo en la forma, sino tambien en la composicion, el numero, el tamano, el tipo magnetico y la posicion en el segmento distal del estilete. Por ejemplo, en una realizacion, la pluralidad de elementos magneticos ferromagneticos esta sustituida por un conjunto electromagnetico, tal como una bobina electromagnetica, que produce un campo magnetico para la deteccion por parte del sensor. Otro ejemplo de un conjunto que puede usarse en este caso puede encontrarse en la patente de EE.UU. n° 5.099.845 titulada “Medical Instrument Location Means”. Pueden encontrarse otros ejemplos mas de estiletes que incluyen elementos magneticos que pueden emplearse con la modalidad TLS en la solicitud de EE.UU. n° 11/466.602, presentada el 23 de agosto de 2006 y titulada “Stylet Apparatuses and Methods of Manufacture”. Por tanto, estas y otras variaciones estan contempladas por las realizaciones de la presente invencion. Debe observarse en la presente memoria descriptiva que “estilete”, tal como se usa en la presente memoria descriptiva, puede incluir una cualquiera de una variedad de dispositivos configurados para la colocacion retirable dentro de una luz del cateter para ayudar en la colocacion de un extremo distal del cateter en una ubicacion deseada dentro de la vasculatura del paciente.
La figura 2 muestra el despliegue del estilete 100 sustancialmente dentro de una luz en el cateter 72 de modo que la parte proximal del mismo se extiende de manera proximal desde la luz del cateter, a traves del cilindro 74A y hacia fuera a traves de un ramal seleccionado de los ramales de prolongacion 74B. Asf dispuesto dentro de una luz del cateter, el extremo distal 100B del estilete 100 termina sustancialmente junto con el extremo distal 76A del cateter de modo que la deteccion por parte del TLS del extremo distal del estilete indica correspondientemente la ubicacion del extremo distal del cateter.
El sistema 10 emplea el sensor de TLS 50 durante la operacion de TLS para detectar un campo magnetico producido por los elementos magneticos 106 del estilete 100. Como se observa en la figura 2, el sensor de TLS 50 esta colocado en el pecho del paciente durante la insercion del cateter. El sensor de TLS 50 se coloca sobre el pecho del paciente en una ubicacion predeterminada, tal como a traves del uso de referencias corporales externas, para permitir que se detecte el campo magnetico de los elementos magneticos 106 del estilete, desplegados en el cateter 72 tal como se describio anteriormente, durante el transito del cateter a traves de la vasculatura del paciente. De nuevo, como los elementos magneticos 106 del conjunto magnetico del estilete terminan junto con el extremo distal 76A del cateter 72 (figura 2), la deteccion por parte del sensor de TLS 50 del campo magnetico de los elementos magneticos proporciona informacion al medico en cuanto a la posicion y orientacion del extremo distal del cateter durante su transito.
En mayor detalle, el sensor de TLS 50 esta conectado operativamente a la consola 20 del sistema 10 por medio de uno o mas de los puertos 52, tal como se muestra en la figura 1. Observese que tambien pueden usarse sin limitacion otros esquemas de conexion entre el sensor de TLS y la consola de sistema. Tal como se acaba de describir, los elementos magneticos 106 se emplean en el estilete 100 para permitir que pueda observarse la posicion del extremo distal del cateter 76A (figura 2) en relacion con el sensor de TLS 50 colocado sobre el pecho del paciente. La deteccion por parte del sensor de TLS 50 de los elementos magneticos 106 del estilete se presenta graficamente en la pantalla 30 de la consola 20 durante el modo TLS. De esta manera, un medico que coloca el cateter puede determinar generalmente la ubicacion del extremo distal del cateter 76A dentro de la vasculatura del paciente en relacion con el sensor de TLS 50 y detectar cuando esta produciendose una mala posicion del cateter, tal como el avance del cateter a lo largo de una vena no deseada.
Las figuras 6 y 7A-7E muestran ejemplos de iconos que pueden usarse por la pantalla de consola 30 para representar la deteccion de los elementos magneticos 106 del estilete por parte del sensor de TLS 50. En particular, la figura 6 muestra un icono 114 que representa la parte distal del estilete 100, incluyendo los elementos magneticos 106 tal como los detecta el sensor de TLS 50 cuando los elementos magneticos estan posicionados bajo el sensor de TLS. Como el extremo distal 100B del estilete termina sustancialmente junto con el extremo distal 76A del cateter 72, el icono indica la posicion y orientacion del extremo distal del cateter. Las figuras 7A-7E muestran diversos iconos que pueden representarse en la pantalla de consola 30 cuando los elementos magneticos 106 del estilete 100 no estan posicionados directamente bajo una parte del sensor de TLS 50, sino que, sin embargo, se detectan cerca. Los iconos pueden incluir mitades de icono 114A y cuartos de icono 114B que se presentan segun la posicion del conjunto magnetico del estilete, es decir, los elementos magneticos 106 en la presente realizacion, en relacion con el sensor de TLS 50.
Las figuras 8A-8C representan capturas de pantalla tomadas de la pantalla 30 del sistema 10 mientras esta en el modo TLS, que muestran como se representa el conjunto magnetico del estilete 100. La captura de pantalla 118 de la figura 8A muestra una imagen 120 representativa del sensor de TLS 50. Se proporciona otra informacion en la captura de pantalla 118 de la pantalla, incluyendo un indicador de escala de profundidad 124, indicaciones de estado/accion 126 e iconos 128 correspondientes a la interfaz de botones 32 incluida en la consola 20 (figura 8C). Aunque los iconos 128 en la presente realizacion son simplemente indicadores para guiar al usuario en la identificacion del proposito de los botones correspondientes de la interfaz de botones 32, en otra realizacion la pantalla puede hacerse tactil de modo que los propios iconos puedan funcionar como interfaces de boton y puedan cambiar segun el modo en el que este el sistema.
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Durante las fases iniciales del avance del cateter a traves de la vasculatura del paciente tras la insercion en la misma, el extremo distal 76A del cateter 72, que tiene el extremo distal 100B del estilete que termina sustancialmente junto con el mismo, esta relativamente alejado del sensor de TLS 50. Como tal, la captura de pantalla de la pantalla indicara “sin senal,” indicando que no se ha detectado el campo magnetico del conjunto magnetico del estilete. En la figura 8B, el conjunto magnetico proximo al extremo distal 100B del estilete ha avanzado hasta estar suficientemente cerca del sensor de TLS 50 como para que lo detecte, aunque no este aun bajo el sensor. Esto se indica mediante la mitad de icono 114A mostrada a la izquierda de la imagen de sensor 120, que representa que el conjunto magnetico del estilete esta posicionado a la derecha del sensor de TLS 50 desde la perspectiva del paciente.
En la figura 8C, el conjunto magnetico proximo al extremo distal 100B del estilete ha avanzado por debajo del sensor de TLS 50 de modo que su posicion y orientacion en relacion con el mismo se detecta por el sensor de TLS. Esto se indica mediante el icono 114 en la imagen de sensor 120. Observese que los iconos de boton 128 proporcionan indicaciones de las acciones que pueden realizarse pulsando los botones correspondientes de la interfaz de botones de consola 32. Como tales, los iconos de boton 128 pueden cambiar segun en que modalidad este el sistema 10, proporcionando por tanto flexibilidad de uso para la interfaz de botones 32. Observese adicionalmente que, como la botonera 82 de la sonda 40 (figuras 3A, 3B) incluye botones 84 que imitan varios de los botones de la interfaz de botones 32, los iconos de boton 128 en la pantalla 30 proporcionan una grna al medico para controlar el sistema 10 con los botones de sonda 84 mientras permanece en el campo esteril. Por ejemplo, si el medico ha tenido que salir del modo TLS y volver al modo US (ultrasonidos), puede pulsarse el boton de control 84 apropiado en la botonera de sonda 82, y puede ponerse inmediatamente el modo US, actualizandose la pantalla 30 para contener la informacion visual necesaria para la funcionalidad US, tal como la mostrada en la figura 4. Esto se lleva a cabo sin la necesidad de que el medico extienda la mano fuera del campo esteril.
Ahora se hace referencia a las figuras 9 y 10 para describir el sistema de colocacion de cateter 10 integrado segun otra realizacion de ejemplo. Al igual que antes, el sistema 10 integrado incluye la consola 20, la pantalla 30, la sonda 40 para la funcionalidad US y el sensor de TLS 50 para la funcionalidad de localizacion de punta tal como se describio anteriormente. Observese que el sistema 10 representado en las figuras 9 y 10 es similar en muchos aspectos al sistema mostrado en las figuras 1 y 2. Como tal, solo se comentaran a continuacion diferencias seleccionadas. El sistema 10 de las figuras 9 y 10 incluye una funcionalidad adicional en la que puede determinarse la determinacion de la proximidad de la punta distal 76A del cateter en relacion con un nodulo sinoauricular (“SA”) u otro nodulo que emita impulsos electricos del corazon del paciente 70, proporcionando por tanto una capacidad aumentada para colocar de manera precisa la punta distal del cateter en una ubicacion deseada proxima al nodulo. Tambien denominada en la presente memoria descriptiva “ECG” o “confirmacion de punta basada en ECG”, esta tercera modalidad del sistema 10 permite la deteccion de senales de ECG desde el nodulo SA con el fin de colocar la punta distal del cateter en una ubicacion deseada dentro de la vasculatura del paciente. Observese que las modalidades US, TLS y ECG se combinan a la perfeccion en el presente sistema 10 y pueden emplearse conjunta o individualmente para ayudar en la colocacion del cateter.
Las figuras 9 y 10 muestran la adicion al sistema 10 de un estilete 130 configurado segun la presente realizacion. Como resumen general, el estilete 130 del cateter se dispone previamente de manera retirable dentro de la luz del cateter 72 que esta insertandose en el paciente 70 a traves del sitio de insercion 73. El estilete 130, ademas de incluir un conjunto magnetico para la modalidad TLS con base magnetica, incluye un conjunto de sensor por ECG proximo a su extremo distal y que incluye una parte que termina junto con el extremo distal de la punta del cateter para detectar senales de ECG producidas por el nodulo SA. A diferencia de la realizacion anterior, el estilete 130 incluye un cordon 134 que se extiende desde su extremo proximal que se conecta de manera operativa al sensor de TLS 50. Tal como se describira mas detalladamente, el cordon de estilete 134 permite transmitir senales de ECG detectadas por el conjunto de sensor por ECG incluido en una parte distal del estilete 130 al sensor de TLS 50 durante la confirmacion de la localizacion de la punta del cateter como parte de la modalidad de confirmacion de punta basada en senales de ECG. Se acoplan pares de cable/electrodo 158 de ECG de referencia y de tierra al cuerpo del paciente 70 y se acoplan de manera operativa al sensor de TLS 50 para permitir que el sistema elimine mediante filtracion la actividad electrica de alto nivel no relacionada con la actividad electrica del nodulo SA del corazon, permitiendo por tanto la funcionalidad de confirmacion de punta basada en ECG. Junto con las senales de referencia y de tierra recibidas desde los pares de cable/electrodo 158 de ECG colocados sobre la piel del paciente, las senales de ECG detectadas por el conjunto de sensor por ECG de estilete se reciben por el sensor de TLS 50 posicionado sobre el pecho del paciente (figura 10). El sensor de TLS 50 y/o el procesador de consola 22 pueden procesar los datos de senales de ECG para producir una forma de onda de electrocardiograma en la pantalla 30, tal como se describira. En el caso en el que el sensor de TLS 50 procesa los datos de senales de ECG, se incluye un procesador en el mismo para realizar la funcionalidad pretendida. Si la consola 20 procesa los datos de senales de ECG, puede usarse el procesador 22, el controlador 24 u otro procesador en la consola para procesar los datos.
Por tanto, a medida que se hace avanzar a traves de la vasculatura del paciente, el cateter 72 equipado con el estilete 130 tal como se describio anteriormente puede avanzar por debajo del sensor de TLS 50, que esta posicionado sobre el pecho del paciente tal como se muestra en la figura 10. Esto permite que el sensor de TLS 50 detecte la posicion del conjunto magnetico del estilete 130, que termina sustancialmente junto con la punta distal 76A del cateter ubicado dentro de la vasculatura del paciente. La deteccion por parte del sensor de TLS 50 del
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conjunto magnetico del estilete se representa en la pantalla 30 durante el modo ECG. La pantalla 30 representa ademas durante el modo ECG una forma de onda de electrocardiograma ECG producida como resultado de la actividad electrica del corazon del paciente detectada por el conjunto de sensor por ECG del estilete 130. En mayor detalle, la actividad electrica de eCg del nodulo SA, incluyendo la onda P de la forma de onda, se detecta por el conjunto de sensor por ECG del estilete (descrito mas adelante) y se envfa al sensor de TLS 50 y la consola 20. La actividad electrica de ECG se procesa entonces para su representacion en la pantalla 30. El medico que coloca el cateter puede observar entonces los datos de ECG para determinar la colocacion optima de la punta distal 76A del cateter 72, tal como proxima al nodulo SA en una realizacion. En una realizacion, la consola 20 incluye los componentes electronicos, tal como el procesador 22 (figura 9) necesario para recibir y procesar las senales detectadas por el conjunto de sensor por ECG de estilete. En otra realizacion, el sensor de TLS 50 puede incluir los componentes electronicos necesarios que procesan las senales de ECG.
Tal como ya se comento, la pantalla 30 se usa para presentar informacion al medico durante el procedimiento de colocacion de cateter. El contenido de la pantalla 30 cambia segun en que modo este el sistema de colocacion de cateter: US, TLS o ECG. Cualquiera de los tres modos puede ponerse inmediatamente en la pantalla 30 por parte del medico, y en algunos casos puede presentarse simultaneamente informacion de multiples modos, tales como TLS y ECG. En una realizacion, como anteriormente, el modo en el que esta el sistema puede controlarse mediante los botones de control 84 incluidos en la sonda manual 40, eliminando por tanto la necesidad de que el medico extienda la mano fuera del campo esteril (tal como tocando la interfaz de botones 32 de la consola 20) para cambiar los modos. Por tanto, en la presente realizacion la sonda 40 se emplea tambien para controlar parte o la totalidad de la funcionalidad relacionada con ECG del sistema 10. Observese que tambien pueden usarse la interfaz de botones 32 u otras configuraciones de entrada para controlar la funcionalidad del sistema. Adicionalmente, ademas de la pantalla 30 visual, el sistema tambien puede emplear informacion auditiva, tal como pitidos, sonidos, etc., para ayudar al medico durante la colocacion del cateter.
Ahora se hace referencia a las figuras 11-12E para describir diversos detalles de una realizacion del estilete 130 que se carga de manera retirable en el cateter 72 y se emplea durante la insercion para posicionar la punta distal 76A del cateter en una ubicacion deseada dentro de la vasculatura del paciente. Tal como se muestra, el estilete 130 retirado del cateter define un extremo proximal 130A y un extremo distal 130B. Un conector 132 esta incluido en el extremo proximal 130A del estilete, y un cordon 134 se extiende de manera distal desde el conector y se acopla a un asidero 136. Un hilo de nucleo 138 se extiende de manera distal desde el asidero 136. El estilete 130 se carga previamente dentro de una luz del cateter 72 en una realizacion de modo que el extremo distal 130B esta sustancialmente alineado, o termina junto, con la abertura de cateter en el extremo distal 76A del mismo (figura 10), y de modo que una parte proximal del hilo de nucleo 138, el asidero 136 y el cordon 134 se extiende de manera proximal desde un tubo seleccionado de los tubos de prolongacion 74B. Observese que, aunque se describe en la presente memoria descriptiva como estilete, en otras realizaciones un hilo grna u otro aparato de grna de cateter puede incluir los principios de la realizacion descrita en la presente memoria descriptiva.
El hilo de nucleo 138 define una forma alargada y se compone de un material de estilete adecuado que incluye acero inoxidable o un material con memoria tal como, en una realizacion, una aleacion que contiene rnquel y titanio conocida comunmente con el acronimo “nitinol”. Aunque no se muestra en este caso, la fabricacion del hilo de nucleo 138 a partir de nitinol en una realizacion permite que la parte del hilo de nucleo correspondiente a un segmento distal del estilete tenga una configuracion curvada preconformada para hacer que la parte distal del cateter 72 tenga una configuracion curvada similar. En otras realizaciones, el hilo de nucleo no incluye una conformacion previa. Ademas, la construccion de nitinol confiere capacidad de torsion al hilo de nucleo 138 para permitir que se manipule un segmento distal del estilete 130 mientras esta dispuesto dentro de la luz del cateter 72, lo que a su vez permite conducir la parte distal del cateter a traves de la vasculatura durante la insercion del cateter.
El asidero 136 esta previsto para permitir la insercion/retirada del estilete del cateter 72. En realizaciones en las que el hilo de nucleo 138 del estilete tiene capacidad de torsion, el asidero 136 permite ademas que se haga rotar el hilo de nucleo dentro de la luz del cateter 72, para ayudar en la conduccion de la parte distal del cateter a traves de la vasculatura del paciente 70.
El asidero 136 se acopla a un extremo distal del cordon 134. En la presente realizacion, el cordon 134 es un cable apantallado flexible que aloja uno o mas hilos conductores conectados electricamente tanto al hilo de nucleo 138, que actua como conjunto de sensor por ECG al que se hizo referencia anteriormente, como al conector de cordon 132. Como tal, el cordon 134 proporciona un trayecto conductor desde la parte distal del hilo de nucleo 138 hasta el conector de cordon 132 en el extremo proximal 130A del estilete 130. Tal como se explicara, el conector de cordon 132 esta configurado para una conexion operativa al sensor de TLS 50 en el pecho del paciente para ayudar en la conduccion de la punta del cateter distal 76A hasta una ubicacion deseada dentro de la vasculatura del paciente.
Como se observa en las figuras 12B-12D, una parte distal del hilo de nucleo 138 se estrecha gradualmente, o se reduce en diametro, de manera distal desde un punto de union 142. Un manguito 140 se desliza sobre la parte de hilo de nucleo de diametro reducido. Aunque en este caso sea de un diametro relativamente grande, el manguito en otra realizacion puede dimensionarse para coincidir sustancialmente con el diametro de la parte proximal del hilo de nucleo del estilete. El estilete 130 incluye ademas un conjunto magnetico dispuesto proximo al extremo distal 130B
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del mismo para su uso durante el modo TLS. El conjunto magnetico en la realizacion ilustrada incluye una pluralidad de elementos magneticos 144 interpuestos entre una superficie externa del hilo de nucleo 138 de diametro reducido y una superficie interna del manguito 140 proximo al extremo distal 130B del estilete. En la presente realizacion, los elementos magneticos 144 incluyen 20 imanes ferromagneticos de forma cilmdrica maciza apilados extremo con extremo de una manera similar al estilete 100 de la figura 2. Sin embargo, en otras realizaciones, el/los elementos magnetico(s) pueden variar con respecto a este diseno no solo en la forma, sino tambien en la composicion, el numero, el tamano, el tipo magnetico y la posicion en el estilete. Por ejemplo, en una realizacion la pluralidad de imanes del conjunto magnetico se sustituye por una bobina electromagnetica que produce un campo magnetico para la deteccion por parte del sensor de TLS. Por tanto, estas y otras variaciones estan contempladas por las realizaciones de la presente invencion.
Los elementos magneticos 144 se emplean en la parte de estilete 130 distal para permitir que la posicion del extremo distal 130B del estilete pueda observarse en relacion con el sensor de TLS 50 colocado sobre el pecho del paciente. Tal como se ha mencionado, el sensor de TLS 50 esta configurado para detectar el campo magnetico de los elementos magneticos 144 a medida que el estilete avanza con el cateter 72 a traves de la vasculatura del paciente. De esta manera, un medico que coloca el cateter 72 puede determinar generalmente la ubicacion del extremo distal del cateter 76A dentro de la vasculatura del paciente y detectar cuando se produce una mala posicion del cateter, tal como el avance del cateter a lo largo de una vena no deseada, por ejemplo.
El estilete 130 incluye ademas el conjunto de sensor por ECG mencionado anteriormente, segun una realizacion. El conjunto de sensor por ECG permite emplear el estilete 130, dispuesto en una luz del cateter 72 durante la insercion, en la deteccion de una senal de ECG intraauricular producida por un nodulo SA u otro nodulo del corazon del paciente, permitiendo de ese modo una conduccion de la punta distal 76A del cateter 72 hasta una ubicacion predeterminada dentro de la vasculatura proxima al corazon del paciente. Por tanto, el conjunto de sensor por ECG sirve como ayuda para confirmar la colocacion apropiada de la punta distal 76A del cateter.
En la realizacion ilustrada en las figuras 11-12E, el conjunto de sensor por ECG incluye una parte distal del hilo de nucleo 138 dispuesto proximo el extremo distal 130B del estilete. El hilo de nucleo 138, que es electricamente conductor, permite que se detecten senales de ECG mediante el extremo distal del mismo y se transmitan de manera proximal a lo largo del hilo de nucleo. Un material conductor 146, tal como una resina epoxfdica conductora, ocupa una parte distal del manguito 140 adyacente a la terminacion distal del hilo de nucleo 138 para estar en comunicacion conductora con el extremo distal del hilo de nucleo. Esto aumenta a su vez la superficie conductora del extremo distal 130B del estilete 130 para mejorar su capacidad para detectar senales de ECG.
Antes de la colocacion del cateter, el estilete 130 se carga en una luz del cateter 72. Observese que el estilete 130 puede venir precargado en la luz del cateter desde el fabricante, o cargarse en el cateter por el medico antes de la insercion del cateter. El estilete 130 esta dispuesto dentro de la luz del cateter de modo que el extremo distal 130B del estilete 130 termina sustancialmente junto con la punta distal 76A del cateter 72, colocando por tanto las puntas distales tanto del estilete como del cateter en alineacion sustancial entre sf. La terminacion conjunta del cateter 72 y el estilete 130 permite que el conjunto magnetico funcione con el sensor de TLS 50 en modo TLS para hacer un seguimiento de la posicion de la punta distal 76A del cateter a medida que avanza dentro de la vasculatura del paciente, tal como se ha descrito. Observese, sin embargo, que para la funcionalidad de confirmacion de punta del sistema 10 no es necesario que el extremo distal 130B del estilete 130 termine junto con el extremo distal del cateter 76A. Mas bien, todo lo que se requiere es que se establezca un trayecto conductor entre la vasculatura y el conjunto de sensor por ECG, en este caso el hilo de nucleo 138, de modo que puedan detectarse los impulsos electricos del nodulo SA u otro nodulo del corazon del paciente. Este trayecto conductor en una realizacion puede incluir diversos componentes incluyendo solucion salina, sangre, etc.
En una realizacion, una vez que el cateter 72 se ha introducido en la vasculatura del paciente a traves del sitio de insercion 73 (figura 10) puede emplearse el modo TLS del sistema 10 tal como ya se ha descrito para hacer avanzar la punta distal 76A del cateter hacia su destino previsto proximo al nodulo SA. Tras aproximarse a la region del corazon, el sistema 10 puede conmutarse al modo ECG para permitir la deteccion de las senales de ECG emitidas por el nodulo SA. A medida que el cateter cargado con el estilete se hace avanzar hacia el corazon del paciente, el conjunto de sensor por ECG electricamente conductor, incluyendo el extremo distal del hilo de nucleo 138 y el material conductor 146, comienza a detectar los impulsos electricos producidos por el nodulo SA. Como tal, el conjunto de sensor por ECG sirve como electrodo para detectar las senales de ECG. El hilo de nucleo 138 alargado proximal al extremo distal del hilo de nucleo sirve como trayectoria conductora para transmitir los impulsos electricos producidos por el nodulo SA y recibidos por el conjunto de sensor por ECG al cordon 134.
El cordon 134 transfiere las senales de ECG al sensor de TLS 50 colocado temporalmente sobre el pecho del paciente. El cordon 134 esta conectado operativamente al sensor de TLS 50 a traves del conector de cordon 132 u otra configuracion de conexion directa o indirecta adecuada. Tal como se ha descrito, la senal de ECG puede procesarse y representarse entonces en la pantalla 30 del sistema (figuras 9, 10). La monitorizacion de la senal de ECG recibida por el sensor de TLS 50 y presentada por la pantalla 30 permite a un medico observar y analizar cambios en la senal a medida que la punta distal 76A del cateter avanza hacia el nodulo SA. Cuando la senal de ECG recibida coincide con un perfil deseado, el medico puede determinar que la punta distal 76A del cateter ha
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alcanzado una posicion deseada con respecto al nodulo SA. Tal como se ha mencionado, en una realizacion esta posicion deseada se encuentra dentro del tercio (1/3) inferior de la VCS.
El conjunto de sensor por ECG y el conjunto magnetico pueden trabajar conjuntamente para ayudar a un medico en la colocacion de un cateter dentro de la vasculatura. Generalmente, el conjunto magnetico del estilete 130 ayuda al medico en la conduccion de manera general por la vasculatura desde la insercion inicial del cateter para colocar el extremo distal 76A del cateter 72 en la region general del corazon del paciente. El conjunto de sensor por ECG puede emplearse entonces para guiar el extremo distal del cateter 76A hasta la ubicacion deseada dentro de la VCS permitiendo al medico observar cambios en las senales de ECG producidas por el corazon a medida que el conjunto de sensor por ECG de estilete se aproxima al nodulo SA. De nuevo, una vez que se observa un perfil de senal de ECG adecuado, el medico puede determinar que los extremos distales tanto del estilete 130 como del cateter 72 han llegado a la ubicacion deseada con respecto al corazon del paciente. Una vez que se ha posicionado como se desea, el cateter 72 puede fijarse en su sitio y retirarse el estilete 130 de la luz del cateter. Se observa en este caso que el estilete puede incluir una de una variedad de configuraciones ademas de la descrita explfcitamente en la presente memoria descriptiva. En una realizacion, el estilete puede acoplarse directamente a la consola en lugar de un acoplamiento indirecto a traves del sensor de TLS. En otra realizacion, la estructura del estilete 130 que permite sus funcionalidades relacionadas con TLS y ECG puede integrarse en la propia estructura del cateter. Por ejemplo, el conjunto magnetico y/o el conjunto de sensor por ECG pueden incorporarse, en una realizacion, en la pared del cateter.
Las figuras 13A-15 describen diversos detalles en relacion con el paso de los datos de senales de ECG desde el cordon de estilete 134 al sensor de TLS 50 posicionado sobre el pecho del paciente, segun la presente realizacion. En particular, esta realizacion se refiere al paso de datos de senales de ECG desde un campo esteril que rodea al cateter 72 y al sitio de insercion 73, que incluye el estilete 130 y el cordon 134, y un campo no esteril, tal como el pecho del paciente sobre el que esta posicionado el sensor de TLS. Tal paso no debe alterar el campo esteril de modo que la esterilidad del mismo se vea comprometida. Un pano esteril que se posiciona sobre el paciente 70 durante el procedimiento de insercion del cateter define la mayona del campo esteril: las zonas por encima del pano son esteriles, mientras que las zonas por debajo (excluyendo el sitio de insercion y la region inmediatamente circundante) no son esteriles. Tal como se observara, la discusion a continuacion incluye al menos un primer nodulo de comunicacion asociado con el estilete 130, y un segundo nodulo de comunicacion asociado con el sensor de TLS 50 que se conectan operativamente entre sf para permitir la transferencia de datos de senales de ECG entre los mismos.
Una realizacion que aborda el paso de datos de senales de ECG desde el campo esteril al campo no esteril sin comprometer la esterilidad del primero se representa en las figuras 13A-15, que representan una implementacion “a traves del pano” tambien denominada implementacion de “aleta de tiburon”. En particular, la figura 14A muestra el sensor de TLS 50 tal como se describio anteriormente para su colocacion sobre el pecho del paciente durante un procedimiento de insercion de cateter. El sensor de TLS 50 incluye en una superficie superior del mismo una base de conector 152 que define un canal 152A en el que estan dispuestos tres contactos electricos 154 de base. Un conector de aleta 156, tambien mostrado en las figuras 13A-13D, esta dimensionado para recibirse de manera deslizante por el canal 152A de la base de conector 152, tal como se muestra en las figuras 14B y 15. Dos pares de cable/electrodo de ECG 158 se extienden desde el conector de aleta 156 para su colocacion en el hombro y el torso u otras ubicaciones externas adecuadas sobre el cuerpo del paciente. El conector de cordon 132 de perforacion del pano esta configurado para acoplarse de manera deslizante con una parte del conector de aleta 156, tal como se describira adicionalmente mas adelante, para completar una trayectoria conductora desde el estilete 120, a traves del campo esteril hasta el sensor de TLS 50.
Las figuras 13A-13D muestran aspectos adicionales del conector de aleta 156. En particular, el conector de aleta 156 define una parte de cilindro inferior 160 que esta dimensionada para recibirse en el canal 152A de la base de conector 152 (figuras 14B, 15). Un orificio 162 rodeado por un cono de centrado 164 esta incluido en un extremo trasero de una parte de cilindro superior 166. La parte de cilindro superior 166 esta dimensionada para recibir el conector de cordon 132 del estilete 130 (figuras 14c, 15) de modo que se grna un contacto de clavija 170 que se extiende al interior de un canal 172 del conector de cordon 132 (figura 15) mediante el orificio de centrado hasta que se asienta dentro del orificio 162 del conector de aleta 156, interconectando por tanto el conector de cordon con el conector de aleta. Una caractenstica de enganche, tal como la caractenstica de enganche 169 mostrada en las figuras 13C y 13D, puede estar incluida en el conector de aleta 156 para engancharse con una caractenstica correspondiente en el conector de cordon 132 para ayudar a mantener un acoplamiento entre los dos componentes.
La figura 13D muestra que el conector de aleta 156 incluye una pluralidad de contactos electricos 168. En la presente realizacion estan incluidos tres contactos 168: los dos contactos delanteros conectados electricamente cada uno con un extremo terminal de uno de los cables de ECG 158, y el contacto trasero que se extiende en la proximidad axial del orificio 162 para conectarse electricamente con el contacto de clavija 170 del conector de cordon 132 cuando el ultimo esta acoplado con el conector de aleta 156 (figura 15). Una parte inferior de cada contacto 168 del conector de aleta 156 esta posicionada para conectarse electricamente con un contacto correspondiente de los contactos de base 154 de la base de conector 152 del sensor de TLS.
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La figura 14B muestra una primera fase de conexion, en la que el conector de aleta 156 esta acoplado de manera retirable con la base de conector 152 del sensor de TLS mediante el enganche deslizante de la parte de cilindro inferior 160 del conector de aleta con el canal de base 152A de conector. Este enganche conecta electricamente los contactos de base 154 de conector con los contactos de aleta 168 correspondientes.
La figura 14C muestra una segunda fase de conexion, en la que el conector de cordon 132 esta acoplado de manera retirable con el conector de aleta 156 mediante el enganche deslizante del canal de conector de cordon 172 con la parte de cilindro superior 166 del conector de aleta. Este enganche conecta electricamente el contacto de clavija 170 del conector de cordon con el contacto trasero 168 del conector de aleta 156, como puede observarse de la mejor manera en la figura 15. En la presente realizacion, el movimiento deslizante horizontal del conector de cordon 132 con respecto al conector de aleta 156 es en el mismo sentido de enganche que cuando el conector de aleta se acopla de manera deslizante con el canal de base 152A de conector del sensor (figura 14B). En una realizacion, uno o ambos del estilete 130/conector de cordon 132 y del conector de aleta 156 son desechables. Ademas, en una realizacion, el conector de cordon puede acoplarse con el conector de aleta tras haberse acoplado el conector de aleta con el sensor de TLS, mientras que en otra realizacion el conector de cordon puede acoplarse en primer lugar con el conector de aleta a traves del pano quirurgico antes de acoplar el conector de aleta con el sensor de TLS.
En el esquema de conexion mostrado en la figura 14C, el estilete 130 esta conectado operativamente con el sensor de TLS 50 por medio del conector de cordon 132, permitiendo por tanto que el conjunto de sensor por ECG del estilete comunique senales de ECG al sensor de TLS. Ademas, los pares de cable/electrodo 158 de ECG estan conectados operativamente al sensor de TLS 50. Por tanto, en una realizacion, el conector de cordon 132 se denomina primer nodulo de comunicacion para el estilete 130, mientras que el conector de aleta 156 se denomina segundo nodulo de comunicacion para el sensor de TLS 50.
Observese que pueden emplearse otros diversos esquemas y estructuras de conexion para establecer una comunicacion operativa entre el estilete y el sensor de TLS. Por ejemplo, el conector de cordon puede usar un contacto de corte en lugar de un contacto de clavija para perforar el pano. O el conector de aleta puede estar formado de manera solidaria con el sensor de TLS. Por tanto, estas y otras configuraciones estan comprendidas dentro del alcance de las realizaciones de la presente descripcion.
Como se observa en la figura 15, un pano esteril 174 usado durante la colocacion del cateter para establecer un campo esteril se interpone entre la interconexion del conector de cordon 132 con el conector de aleta 156. Tal como se acaba de describir, el conector de cordon 132 incluye el contacto de clavija 170 que esta configurado para perforar el pano 174 cuando los dos componentes estan acoplados. Esta perforacion forma un pequeno orificio, o perforacion 175, en el pano esteril 174 que ocupa el contacto de clavija 170, minimizando por tanto el tamano de la perforacion en el pano por el contacto de clavija. Ademas, el ajuste entre el conector de cordon 132 y el conector de aleta 156 es tal que la perforacion en el pano esteril realizada por la perforacion del contacto de clavija 170 esta rodeada por el canal de conector de cordon 172, conservando por tanto la esterilidad del pano e impidiendo una rotura en el pano que podna comprometer el campo esteril establecido por el mismo. El canal de conector de cordon 172 esta configurado para plegar el pano esteril 174 hacia abajo antes de la perforacion mediante el contacto de clavija 170 de modo que el contacto de clavija no perfora el pano hasta que esta dispuesto proximo al orificio 162 del conector de aleta 156. Se observa en este caso que el conector de cordon 132 y un conector de aleta 156 estan configurados para facilitar la alineacion entre los mismos de manera ciega a traves del pano esteril 174 opaco, es decir, a traves de palpacion sin visualizacion por parte del medico de ambos componentes.
Observese ademas que los contactos de aleta 168 del conector de aleta 156 tal como se muestra en la figura 15 estan configurados para acoplarse con los contactos de base 154 del sensor de tal manera que se ayuda a retener el conector de aleta enganchado con el canal de base 152A del sensor. Esto reduce a su vez la necesidad de un aparato adicional para fijar el conector de aleta 156 al sensor de TLS 50.
La figura 16 muestra una forma de onda 176 de ECG tfpica, incluyendo una onda P y un complejo QRS. Generalmente, la amplitud de la onda P vana en funcion de la distancia del conjunto de sensor por ECG desde el nodulo SA, lo que produce la forma de onda 176. Un medico puede usar esta relacion a la hora de determinar cuando esta posicionada apropiadamente la punta del cateter proxima al corazon. Por ejemplo, en una implementacion la punta del cateter se coloca de manera deseable dentro del tercio (1/3) inferior de la vena cava superior, tal como se ha comentado. Los datos de ECG detectados por el conjunto de sensor por ECG del estilete 130 se usan para reproducir formas de onda tales como la forma de onda 176, para su representacion en la pantalla 30 del sistema 10 durante el modo ECG.
A continuacion se hace referencia a la figura 17 para describir aspectos de presentacion de datos de senales de ECG en la pantalla 30 cuando el sistema 10 esta en el modo ECG, la tercera modalidad descrita mas arriba, segun una realizacion. La captura de pantalla 178 de la pantalla 30 incluye elementos de la modalidad TLS, incluyendo una imagen 120 representativa del sensor de TLS 50, y puede incluir el icono 114 correspondiente a la posicion del extremo distal del estilete 130 durante el transito a traves de la vasculatura del paciente. La captura de pantalla 178 incluye ademas una ventana 180 en la que se presenta la forma de onda de ECG actual capturada por el conjunto de sensor por ECG del estilete 130 y procesada por el sistema 10. La ventana 180 se actualiza continuamente a
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medida que se detectan nuevas formas de onda.
La ventana 182 incluye una representacion sucesiva de las formas de onda de ECG detectadas mas recientes, e incluye una barra de actualizacion 182A, que se mueve lateralmente para actualizar las formas de onda a medida que se detectan. La ventana 184A se usa para presentar una forma de onda de ECG de referencia, capturada antes de llevar el conjunto de sensor por ECG a la proximidad del nodulo SA, con fines comparativos para ayudar al medico a determinar cuando se ha alcanzado la localizacion de punta de cateter deseada. Las ventanas 184B y 184C pueden archivarse con formas de onda de ECG detectadas seleccionadas por el usuario cuando el usuario pulsa un boton predeterminado en la sonda 40 o la interfaz de botones de consola 32. Las formas de onda en las ventanas 184B y 184C se conservan hasta que se sobrescriben con nuevas formas de onda como resultado de la seleccion del usuario mediante pulsaciones de boton u otras entradas. Tal como en los modos anteriores, la escala de profundidad 124, las indicaciones de estado/accion 126 y los iconos de boton 128 estan incluidos en la pantalla 30. Tambien esta incluido un indicador de integridad 186 en la pantalla 30 para proporcionar una indicacion de si los pares de cable/electrodo 158 de ECG estan conectados operativamente al sensor de TLS 50.
Por tanto, como se observo anteriormente, la pantalla 30 representa en una realizacion elementos de modalidades tanto de TLS como de ECG simultaneamente en una unica visualizacion, ofreciendo por tanto al medico datos abundantes para ayudar en la colocacion de la punta distal del cateter en una posicion deseada. Observese ademas que en una realizacion el sistema 10 puede guardar, imprimir o conservar de otra manera una impresion de la captura de pantalla o datos de ECG o TLS seleccionados para permitir que se documente la colocacion apropiada del cateter.
Aunque las realizaciones descritas en la presente memoria descriptiva se refieren a una configuracion particular de un cateter, tal como una PICC o CVC, tales realizaciones se ofrecen meramente a modo de ejemplo. Por consiguiente, los principios de la presente invencion pueden extenderse a cateteres de muchas configuraciones y disenos diferentes.
Las realizaciones de la invencion pueden implementarse de otras formas espedficas. Las realizaciones descritas deben considerarse en todos los aspectos solo como ilustrativas, no restrictivas.

Claims (11)

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REIVINDICACIONES
Un sistema de colocacion de cateter (10) integrado para colocar un cateter en la vasculatura de un paciente, que comprende:
una consola (20) que incluye una pantalla (30);
una sonda de ultrasonidos (40) manual conectada operativamente a la consola para obtener imagenes por ultrasonidos de una parte de la vasculatura para su representacion en la pantalla;
un conjunto magnetico asociado con el cateter; y
un sensor de localizacion de punta (50) conectado operativamente a la consola para representar en la pantalla informacion referente a la deteccion por parte del sensor de localizacion de punta de un campo magnetico del conjunto magnetico para determinar una posicion del cateter con respecto al sensor de localizacion de punta durante el avance del cateter en la vasculatura;
incluyendo la sonda de ultrasonidos controles de entrada de usuario para controlar el uso de la sonda de ultrasonidos en un modo de ultrasonidos y el uso del sensor de localizacion de punta en un modo de localizacion de punta.
El sistema segun la reivindicacion 1, en el que el sensor de localizacion de punta se posiciona sobre el pecho del paciente durante la colocacion del cateter, y en el que el conjunto magnetico esta incluido con un estilete (100) que se inserta de manera retirable en una luz del cateter, incluyendo el estilete al menos un elemento magnetico (106).
El sistema segun la reivindicacion 2, en el que el al menos un elemento magnetico incluye una pluralidad de elementos ferromagneticos.
El sistema segun la reivindicacion 3, en el que el al menos un elemento magnetico esta incluido en el estilete para terminar sustancialmente junto con una punta distal del cateter.
El sistema segun una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, representando la pantalla informacion referente al modo de ultrasonidos y al modo de localizacion de punta.
El sistema segun la reivindicacion 5, en el que la consola incluye al menos un procesador de control.
El sistema segun una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, en el que los controles de entrada de usuario son botones (84) incluidos en la sonda de ultrasonidos.
El sistema segun una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, en el que los controles de entrada de usuario de la sonda de ultrasonidos permiten conmutar la pantalla entre representacion de informacion referente al modo de ultrasonidos e informacion referente al modo de localizacion de punta.
El sistema segun la reivindicacion 8, en el que la consola incluye una interfaz de botones que permite conmutar la pantalla.
El sistema segun una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 3 a 9, dependiendo de la reivindicacion 2, en el que el campo magnetico del estilete se proporciona por al menos un elemento magnetico incluido proximo a un extremo distal del estilete, terminando el extremo distal del estilete sustancialmente junto con un extremo distal del cateter.
El sistema segun una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 3 a 10, dependiendo de la reivindicacion 2, en el que el estilete puede retirarse de la luz del cateter tras completarse la colocacion del cateter.
El sistema segun una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, en el que el conjunto magnetico comprende un iman permanente y/o un electroiman.
El sistema segun una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 3 a 12, dependiendo de la reivindicacion 2, que comprende ademas un componente de confirmacion de punta por ECG para determinar la proximidad de una punta distal del cateter al nodulo sinoauricular del corazon del paciente, incluyendo el componente de confirmacion de punta por ECG:
un conjunto de sensor por ECG incluido en el estilete para detectar la actividad electrica del nodulo sinoauricular; y
un electrodo de referencia y un electrodo de tierra para su colocacion en una parte externa del paciente, estando el conjunto de sensor por ECG, el electrodo de referencia y el electrodo de tierra conectados operativamente a la consola de sistema mediante el sensor de localizacion de punta.
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