CN1125394A - 新的治疗药物传递系统 - Google Patents
新的治疗药物传递系统 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1125394A CN1125394A CN94192404A CN94192404A CN1125394A CN 1125394 A CN1125394 A CN 1125394A CN 94192404 A CN94192404 A CN 94192404A CN 94192404 A CN94192404 A CN 94192404A CN 1125394 A CN1125394 A CN 1125394A
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Abstract
本发明描述了包含充气微球体的治疗剂传递系统,其中所述微球体中包含有治疗剂。还提供了这类微球体在治疗药物传递应用中的使用方法。优选包含其中封装有药物的充气脂质体的药物传递系统。还公开了制备这类脂质体的方法和设备以及在药物传递应用中使用这类脂质体的方法。
Description
相关申请
本申请是下列两件与此有关的美国专利申请书的部分继续,它们于1991年6月18日提出申请,申请号各为716,899和717,084。并且这两件美国专利申请是1990年8月20日申请的申请号为569,828的美国专利申请的部分继续,而申请号为569,828的美国专利申请则系1989年12月22日申请的申请号为455,707的美国专利申请的部分继续。所有这些申请均可并入本文作为参考。
发明背景发明领域
本发明涉及治疗药物传递领域,更准确地讲,是有关包含治疗化合物的充气微球体。本发明进一步涉及使用这种微球体作为治疗药物传递系统的方法。发明背景
由于药物毒性的问题,靶定位药物传递方式就显得格外重要。特定的药物传递方法能降低毒性副作用,降低所需要的剂量,并能降低病人治病所需的费用。本发明的目的在于寻找这些和/或其它药物释放领域中的重要需要。
现有技术中向活细胞内导入遗传物质的方法和材料是有限的并且效果不好。迄今已设计出几种不同的将遗传物质传送到活细胞内的机制。这些机制包括方法如磷酸钙沉淀和电微孔(electroporation),以及载体如阳离子聚合物和注水脂质体。这些方法在体内均为相对无效且对细胞培养转染仅有有限的用途。这些方法中无论哪一种均不能使遗传物质更有效地局部释放,传递以及整合于靶细胞中。
需要更好的传递治疗用物质如遗传物质的方式来治疗人及动物的各种疾病。在表征遗传疾病和了解蛋白质转录方面虽已取得较大进展,但在向用于治疗人和动物疾病的细胞中传递遗传材料方面只取得相对较小的进展。
主要困难是遗传物质从细胞外区向细胞内区的传递或甚至在选定的细胞膜表面如何有效定位遗传物质。在体内已尝试了多种方法但均没有取得较大进展。例如,病毒如腺病毒和逆转录病毒曾被用作载体向细胞中传递遗传物质。全病毒曾被使用过,但遗传物质的数量则是有限的并可能存在着可能由活病毒引起的危险性相互作用,其中所述遗传物质可以置于病毒胶囊内。病毒胶囊的主要组分可以被分离并可用于向选择细胞内传送遗传物质。然而,传送赋形剂在体内不仅必须识别某些细胞而且还必须被传送到这些细胞。尽管对病毒载体已进行了广泛研究,但仍难以开发出成功的在体内可传送遗传物质的靶向病毒传递载体。
常规包含液体的脂质体在细胞培养中业已被用于向细胞传送遗传物质,但在体内一般不适合遗传物质的细胞传送。例如,阳离子脂质体转变感染技术在体内不能有效进行。因而需要更有效的手段来改进治疗物质如遗传物质的细胞传送。
本发明的概述
本发明提供了利用充气微球体特定位点传递治疗药物的治疗药物传递系统。一旦这种微球体被导入病人体内,治疗化合物则通过使用声能被靶定位到特定组织上,该声能指向靶区并使微球体破裂,释放出治疗化合物。
更准确地讲,本发明提供了靶定位治疗药物传递系统,该系统包含含有治疗化合物的充气微球体。
本发明还提供了治疗化合物受控传递到病人病灶区的方法,该方法包括:(i)对病人给用包含治疗化合物的充气微球体给药;(ii)使用超声波监控微球体以确定微球体在病灶区内的存在;以及(iii)使用超声波破裂微球体而使治疗化合物在病灶区内释出。
此外,本发明也提供了制备适于用作药物传递剂的充气脂质体的方法和装置。优选的本发明方法在制备包含有治疗化合物的充气微球过程中提供了简便以及可能的资金节约等优点。
充气脂质体特别适合用作药物载体。不同于现有技术中具有仅适合包囊水溶性药物的液态内腔的脂质体,根据本发明制得的充气脂质体特别适合于包囊亲脂药物。而且,药物的亲脂衍生物可迅速渗合到类脂层内,如烷基化的金属茂二卤化物的衍生物,Kuo等,J.Am.Chem.Soc.,1991,113,9027—9045。
据认为本发明的优点之一包括微球体内的气体吸收超声波能量,微球体一旦破裂造成膜流动性局部增加,因而可增加治疗化合物的细胞摄取量。
本发明的各种特点及优点将在下列附图和说明中更详细地描述如下。
附图的简要说明
附图1为包含有治疗药物的充气脂质体,该药物嵌入在脂质体微球体的壁之间,当施加超声波时治疗药物的接续释放过程的图形表示。
附图2为包含有治疗药物的充气脂质体,其中所述药物嵌入在脂质体微球体的壁的内层之内且曝露在充气内腔中,当施加超声波作用时治疗药物的接续释放过程的图形描绘。
附图3图解说明了包含有治疗药物的充气脂质体,其中所述药物嵌入在脂质体微球体壁的外层之内且曝露在充气内腔中,通过施加超声波作用使治疗药物的接续释放过程。
附图4图解表示了包含治疗药物的充气脂质体微球体,其中所述药物嵌入在脂质体微球体壁的内外层之间且既曝露在充气内腔之中又曝露在外部环境中,通过施加超声波作用治疗药物接续释放的过程。
附图5图解说明了包含有连结在脂质体内部上的治疗药物的充气脂质体微球体通过施加超声波而使治疗药物接续释放的过程。
附图6图解说明了包含有连结在脂质体外壁上的治疗药物的充气脂质体微球体通过施加超声波作用而使治疗药物接续释放的过程。
附图7图解说明了包含有治疗药物的充气脂质体微球体,通过施加超声作用使治疗药物接续释放的过程,其中所述治疗药物如负电荷药物(A)或正电荷药物(B)连结在脂质体微球体的内外壁上。
附图8图解说明了包含有包囊在充气内腔之内的治疗化合物的充气脂质体微球体通过施加超声波作用而使治疗药物接续释放的过程。
附图9为制备本发明包含治疗药物的充气脂质体微球体的优选设备的切面示意图,部分为简图。
附图10示出了过滤和/或分配本发明包含治疗药物的充气脂质体微球体的优选设备。
附图11画出了过滤和/分散本发明包含治疗物的充气脂质体微球体的优选设备。
附图12为附图11中设备的部分展示图。
附图13示出了其内部基本上无液体且其中未包囊有任何药物的充气脂质体的dB反射曲线图,其中所述脂质体通过真空干燥气体滴注法制备。数据是在TM5200型成象扫描器(Acoustic Imaging,Phoenix,Arizona)上利用7.5兆赫转换器扫描得到并通过采用系统测试软件测量反射比而形成。该系统在各试验之前用已知声阻抗的模型校准。
附图14示出了制备包含在真空干燥气体滴注脂质体内的药物的优选设备,并且包含在其内部基本上无液体的充气脂质体内的药物通过真空干燥气体滴注法制备。
附图15为显微摄影照片,该照片示出了本发明充气脂质体在过滤之前(A)和过滤之后(B)的粒度大小。
附图16图解描绘了本发明充气脂质体在过滤之前(A)和过滤之后(B)的大小分布。
附图17为类脂悬浮液通过滤器压出之前(A)和之后(B)的显微摄影。
附图18为在过滤和压热压出类脂质悬浮液后形成的充气脂质体的显微摄影,所述显微摄影摄于过滤筛分充气脂质体之前(A)和之后(B)。
发明的详细描述
本发明提供了靶定位药物传递系统,该系统包含含有治疗化合物的充气微球体。微球体被定义为具有内腔且相对为球形的结构。根据需要,治疗化合物可被嵌入在微球体的壁内,也可包囊在微球体内和/或连接在微球体上。本申请中所用的与治疗化合物的位置有关的术语“连接”或其变化是指治疗化合物通过某些方式连接在微球体壁的内部和/或外部上,如通过共价或离子键,或其它化学或电化学连接或相互作用的方式连接,例如如上所示的附图5,6和7所述。本申请中所用的与治疗化合物的位置有关的术语“包囊”或其变化是指治疗化合物位于微球体的内腔中,例如如上附图8所示。所用的与治疗化合物位置有关的术语“嵌入”或其变化表示治疗化合物位于微球体壁之内,例如如上附图1,2,3和4所示。术语“含有治疗药物”表示在微球体中的所有不同类型的治疗化合物。因此,治疗化合物可以不定地被定位,例如包裹在充气微球的内腔内,定位在充气微球体的气体和内壁之间,结合在充气微球体的外表面和/或啮合在微球体结构本身之内。本专业人员一旦了解了本申请的公开内容还应理解当微球体包含类脂时,其壁可以含有多于一个类脂双层。
本发明微球体可以在体外或体内用于靶定位治疗药物传递。优选的是有超声波作用时每个单一微球体能传递出基本上所有治疗化合物。术语“基本上所有”是指至少的80%,优选至少90%,最优选约100%。在某些方案中,所有治疗化合物从全部微球体中的释出是快速的;而在其它方案中,传递则是逐步的。本专业人员一理了解了本申请的内容应当理解:优选的释放速率将随应用的治疗剂的类型而改变。在一些优选的方案中,例如,治疗化合物封装在微球体内,因此当微球体破裂时几乎所有治疗化合物能从微球体内快速释出。进一步,本专业人员掌握了本申请公开内容之后还应理解,通过改变施加的超声波的频率和作用时间可以得到需要的治疗化合物的释出速率。
因此,如上所述,被传递的治疗剂可以封装包裹在充气微球体之内,这些化合物可以是各种治疗剂;可以溶合在充气微球体的表面,如用负电荷DNA涂层在阳离子类脂上或将正电荷药物涂在阴离子类脂上,和/或嵌入在充气微球体的壁内,这种药物如亲脂治疗剂。微球体可以以包含有治疗剂的微球体形式制得,或者微球体以不包含治疗剂的形式制得而治疗剂在使用之前加到充气微球体中。对于后一种情况,治疗剂可通过例如加到含有充气微球体的水溶性介质中并振荡以便治疗剂涂布微球体。
本文中所用的“充气的”是指微球体含有内腔,该内腔内至少有10%气体,优选至少有约25%气体,较优送有至少约50%气体,更优选至少有约75%气体,最优选至少有约90%气体。本领域专业人员在掌握了本申请内容之后应当理解也可以使用气体前体,随后活化形成气体。
各种生物可容性气体均可用于本发明的充气微球体内。这类气体包括空气,氮气、二氧化碳、氧气、氩气、氟、氙气、氖气、氦气或任何所有这些气体的组合。其它适宜气体对于掌握了本申请内容的专业人员而言是显而易见的。
本发明的微球体优选由不透性材料组成。不透性材料是指在典型的贮藏条件下或在超声波诱导释放发生之前的使用过程中不允许基本量微球体内含物渗出的材料。典型的贮藏条件例如为在4℃维持48小时的未脱气的0.9NaCl水溶性溶液。所用的与不透性有关的术语“基本量”被定义为大于约50%内含物,内含物既包括气体也包括治疗剂。贮藏期间优选不超过约25%的气体和治疗药物被释放。贮藏温度优选为低于形成微球体的材料的相变温度。
至少已部分发现充气脂质体的气体不透性与其凝胶态至液晶态的相变温度有关。“凝胶态至液晶态的相变温度”是指类脂双层从凝胶态转变成液晶态温度。例如可参见Chap-man等,J.Biol.Chem.1974,249,2512—2521。一般认为凝胶态至液晶态的相变温度越高,在给定温度下则脂质体的气体不透性越好。参见下表I和Derek Marsh,CRC Hand-book of Lipid Bilayers(CRC Press,Boca Raton,FL1990),P139,给出了饱和二酰基—sn—甘油基—3—胆碱磷酸的主链熔点转变。然而,还值得注意的是从由具有较低凝胶态至液晶态相变温度的类脂组成的充气脂质体中释出治疗化合物一般只用较低能量。
表I
饱和二酰基—sn—甘油基—3—胆碱磷酸:
主链凝胶态至液晶态相变温度
酰基链中碳原子数 | 主相变温度(℃) |
1,2—(12∶0) | -1.0 |
1,2—(13∶0) | 13.7 |
1,2—(14∶0) | 23.5 |
1,2—(15∶0) | 34.5 |
1,2—(16∶0) | 41.4 |
1,2—(17∶0) | 48.2 |
酰基链中碳原子数 | 主相变温度(℃) |
1,2—(18∶0) | 55.1 |
1,2—(19∶0) | 61.8 |
1,2—(20∶0) | 64.5 |
1,2—(21∶0) | 71.1 |
1,2—(22∶0) | 74.0 |
1,2—(23∶0) | 79.5 |
1,2—(24∶0) | 80.1 |
各种类脂的凝胶态至液晶态的相变温度对本专业人员而言显然是显而易见的,并且这些温度在如Gregoriadis编辑的Liposome Technology,Vol I,1—18(CPC Press,1984)中被描述。
在某些优选方案中,形成微球体的材料的相变温度大于欲给药病人的体内温度。例如,相变温度大于37℃的微球体优选用于人类给用。
在优选的方案中,本发明微球体是稳定的,稳定性被定义为从微球体形成至施加超声波作用的时间内的抗破裂性。根据稳定性可选择如类脂类材料制造微球体。例如,由DSPC(二硬脂酰磷脂酰胆碱)组成的充气脂质体比由DPPC(二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱)组成的充气脂质体更加稳定,并且这两种脂质体也比卵磷脂酰胆碱(EPC)组成的充气脂质体更稳定。优选从形成至施加超声波作用这段时间内微球体的破裂不超过50%,较优选微球体的破裂不超过约25%,更优选微球体的破裂不超过10%,最优选不超过1%微球体。
此外,业已发现向任何脂质体膜内加入至少少量带负电荷的类脂,尽管这是非必要的,但有助于得到无相互融合破裂倾向的脂质体。“至少少量”是指总类脂量的百分之一摩尔。适宜的负电类脂对本领域技术人员是十分显然的,包括例如磷醋酰丝氨酸和脂肪酸。具有最优选的施加共振频率超声波作用时的破裂能力,echogen:city和稳定性的脂质体是由二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱制成的脂质体。
进一步,本发明微球体最好在脉管系统内要足够稳定以便它们经受起再循环。充气微球体可被涂层以使网状内皮系统的吸入降至最低程度。有用的涂渍物包括例如神经节苷脂,葡糖醛酸酯,半乳糖酸酯,guluronate,聚乙二醇,聚丙二醇,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,聚乙烯醇、葡聚糖、淀粉,磷酸化和磺酸化的单—,二—,三—,寡—和多—糖类以及清蛋白。出于如避免被免疫系统识别的目的,也可将微球体涂层。
在优选方案中,由于微球体的不透性,在它们到达需要治疗病人的靶定位内部病区和施加超声波作用之前,至少约50%,优选至少约75%,较优选至少约90%且最优选约100%微球体的治疗剂和气体内含物仍保留在微球体内。
另外,用于构成微球体的物质应当是生物相容的,生物相容物质被定义为在所给用的量下它们对病人是无毒的,优选不会产生疾病,最优选是无害的。
用于构成微球体的物质还优选为柔性的。在本申请中充气微球体的柔性被定义为其结构改变其形状通过大小小于微球体的孔洞的能力。
由于脂质体非常适合用于截留气体,因此它们构成了本发明的优选方案。另外,由于它们的生物相容性以及容易接纳亲脂性治疗化合物的能力,故优选充气微球体,其中所述治疗化合物在脂质体破裂之后很容易穿过细胞膜。掌握了本申请内容的专业技术人员将会认识到根据预期用途可选择特殊的脂质。
倘如微球体的循环半衰期足够长,则当微球体进人体内的一般会通过靶组织。通过使声波诱导的破裂聚集在所选择的欲处理的组织上,治疗剂将在靶组织上局部释放。作为靶定位的另一帮助也可将抗体,肽,糖肽,糖脂以及外源凝集素掺和到微球体的表面内。
当类脂物质用于制备微球体时,例如形成脂质体,各种类脂均可在微球体的建造中应用。可在脂质体制备中应用的物质包括任何本领域专业人员已知的适合脂质体制备的物质或它们的组合。所用的类脂可以是天然的或合成的。选择特定的类脂以便优选适合血清最好稳定性的理想性质如短血浆半衰期与长血浆半衰期的比值。
充气脂质体中的类脂可以是单层双层型或多层双层型,优选多层型。
用于形成脂质体微球体的类脂包括但不局限于:类脂如脂肪酸,血溶类脂类(lysolipids),具有饱和不饱和类脂的磷脂酰胆碱,它包括二油酰磷脂酰胆碱;二肉豆蔻酰磷脂酰胆碱;二(十五烷酰)磷脂酰胆碱;二月桂酰磷脂酰胆碱;二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱;二硬脂酰磷脂酰胆碱;磷脂酰乙醇胺类如二油酰磷脂酰乙醇胺;磷脂酰丝氨酸;磷脂酰甘油;磷脂酰肌醇,神经鞘脂类如神经鞘磷脂;糖脂如神经节苷脂GM1和GM2;糖脂;硫苷脂;糖神经鞘脂类;磷脂酸;棕榈酸;硬脂酸;花生四烯酸;油酸;载有聚合物的类脂,所述聚合物如聚乙二醇,几丁质,透明质酸或聚乙烯吡咯烷酮;载有磺化的单—,二—,寡—或聚糖的类脂;胆甾醇,胆甾醇硫酸酯以及胆甾醇半琥珀酸酯;维生素E半琥珀酸酯,含有通过醚和酯连结的脂肪酸的类脂,聚合类脂,二乙酰基磷酸酯,硬脂酰胺,心磷脂,含有链长为6—8个碳原子的短链脂肪酸的磷脂,具有不对称酰基链的合成磷脂(如一条为6个碳原子酰基链而另一条为12碳原子酰基链的合成磷脂),6—(5—胆甾烯—3β—基氧基)—1—硫代—β—D—吡喃半乳糖苷,二半糖二甘油酯,6—(5—胆甾烯—3β—基氧基)己基—6—氨基—6—脱氧—1—硫代—β—D—吡喃半乳糖苷,6—(5—胆甾烯—3β—基氧基)己基—6—氨基—6—脱氧—1—硫代—α—D—吡喃甘露糖苷,12—(((7′—二乙氨基香豆素—3—基)羰基)甲氨基)—十八烷酸;N—[12—(((7′—二乙基氨基香豆素—3—基)羰基)甲氨基)十八烷酰基]—2—氨基棕榈酸;4′—三甲铵基丁酸胆甾烯酯;N—琥珀酰二油酰磷脂酰乙醇胺;1,2—二油酰—sn—甘油;1,2—二棕榈酰—sn—3—琥珀酰甘油;1,3—二棕榈酰—2—琥珀酰甘油;1—十六烷基—2—棕榈酰甘油磷酰乙醇胺以及棕榈酰高半胱氨酸,和/或它们的结合。
如果需要,可使用各种阳离子脂质如DOTMA,N—[1—(2,3—二油酰氧基)丙基]—N,N,N—三甲基氯化铵;DOTAP,1,2—二油酰氧基—3—(三甲铵基)丙烷;以及DOTB,1,2—二油酰基—3—(4′—三甲铵基)丁酰基—sn—甘油。通常脂质体中阳离子类脂与非阳离子类脂的摩尔比例如可以是1∶1000,1∶100,优选在2∶1至1∶10之间,较优选在1∶1至1∶2.5的范围内且最优选1∶1(阳离子摩尔量与非阳离子摩尔量的比率,如DPPC)。当阳离子类脂用于建造微球体时,各种各样的类脂可以包含非阳离子类脂。这种非阳离子类脂优选二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱,二棕榈酰磷脂酰乙醇胺,或二油酰磷脂酰乙醇胺。代替上述阳离子类脂,载有阳离子聚合物如多熔素或聚精氨酸的类脂也可被用于构成微球体并能提供负电荷治疗剂如遗传物质与微球体表面的结合。
其它在本发明精神之内的且对本领域专业人员是显而易见的有用类脂或其组合物也包括本发明范围之内。例如,载有糖类的类脂也可用于体内靶定位,如美国专利4,310,505所述,该专利的内容本身可并入本申请中作为参考。
最优选的类脂类为磷脂类,其中优选DPPC和DSPC,最优选DPPC。
可用于产生充气微球体的饱和和不饱和脂肪酸包括但不限于具有12碳原子到22个碳原子之间的直链或支链形式分子。可使用的饱和脂肪酸实例包括但不限于月桂酸,肉豆蔻酸,棕榈酸和硬脂酸。可使用的不饱和脂肪酸的实例包括但不限于月桂烯酸,抹香鲸酸,肉豆蔻脑酸,棕榈油酸,岩芹酸和油酸。可使用的支链脂肪酸的实例包括但不限于异月桂酸,异肉豆蔻酸,异棕榈酸以及异硬脂酸和类异戊二烯。
类脂或充气类脂体的溶液可通过例如加入各种粘度调节剂稳定化,所述粘度调节剂包括但不限于糖类及其磷酸化和磺化的衍生物;聚醚类,优选分子量为400至800的聚醚;二—和三羟基烷烃及其聚合物,优选分子量为800至8000的聚合物。乳化剂和/或加溶剂也可与类脂或类脂体一同使用。这些试剂包括但不限于阿拉伯胶,胆甾醇,二乙醇胺,单硬脂酸甘油酯,羊毛脂醇,卵磷脂,单—和二—甘油酯,单乙醇胺,油酸,油醇,poloxamer,硬脂酸50聚氧乙烯基酯,蓖麻油36聚烃氧基酯,聚烃氧基10油基醚,聚烃氧基20鲸蜡硬脂酰醚,硬脂酸40聚烃氧基酯,聚山梨酸酯20,聚山梨酸酯40,聚山梨酸酯60,聚山梨酸酯80,丙二醇二乙酸酯,丙二醇一硬脂酸酯,十二烷基硫酸钠,硬脂酸钠,脱水山梨糖醇一月桂酸酯,脱水山梨糖醇一油酸酯,脱水山梨糖醇一棕榈酸酯,脱水山梨糖醇一硬脂酸酯,硬脂酸,三乙醇胺,以及乳化蜡。可以与类脂或脂质体溶液一同使用的悬浮剂和/或增粘剂包括但不限于阿拉伯胶,琼脂,藻酸,一硬脂酸铝,膨润土,糖糊,carbomer934P,羧甲基纤维素,钙和钠及钠12,角叉胶(carrageenan),纤维素,葡聚糖,明胶,瓜耳胶,羟乙基纤维素,羟丙基甲基纤维素,硅酸铝镁,甲基纤维素,果胶,聚环氧乙烷,聚乙烯醇,聚烯吡酮,丙二醇藻酸酯,二氧化硅,藻酸钠,黄蓍胶,以及黄原胶。
各种治疗剂的任何一种均可密封在微球体内。在文中所用的“治疗剂”是指对病人具有有益作用的药剂。本文中所用术语“治疗剂”与术语“药物”同义。
适宜的治疗剂包括但不限于:抗肿瘤药,如铂化合物(如螺铂,顺氯氨铂,以及carboplatin),氨甲蝶呤,阿霉素,丝裂雷素,柄型菌素,博来霉素,阿糖胞苷,阿糖腺苷,巯基多溶素,长春新碱,马利兰,苯丁酸氮芥,苯丙氨酸氮芥(如PAM,L—PAM或左旋苯丙氨酸氮芥),巯嘌呤,邻氯苯对氯苯二氯乙烷,盐酸甲苄肼更生霉素(放线菌素D),盐酸柔霉素,盐酸阿霉素,紫杉酚,丝裂霉素,光辉霉素,氨基导眠能,雌二醇氮芥磷酸酯钠,氟硝丁酰胺,leuprolide acetate,甲地孕酮,枸橼酸三苯氧胺,睾内酯,trilostane,胺苯吖啶(m—AMSA),左旋天冬酰胺酶,Erwina左旋天冬酰胺酶,鬼臼乙叉甙(VP—16),α—2a干扰素,鬼臼噻吩甙(VM—26),硫酸长春碱(VLB),硫酸长春新碱,博来霉素,硫酸博来霉素,甲氨蝶呤,阿霉素以及阿糖苷类(arabinosyl);血制品如胃肠外铁剂,氯化血红素,血卟啉及其衍生物;生物应签调节剂如胞壁酰二肽,胞壁酰三肽,微生物细胞壁组分,淋巴细胞活素(如细菌内毒素象脂多糖,巨噬细胞活化因子),细菌的亚单位(如分子杆菌,棒状杆菌),合成二肽N—乙酰基—胞壁酰基—L—丙氨酰—D—异谷氨酰胺;杀真菌剂如酮康唑,制霉菌素,灰黄霉素,氟胞嘧啶(5—fc),双氯苯咪唑,两性霉素B,蓖麻毒蛋白,以及β—内酰胺抗生素(如Sulfazecin);激素如生长激素,促黑激素,雌二醇,二丙酸氯地米松,倍他米松,醋酸倍他米松以及倍他米松磷酸醋钠,维他粘松磷酸二钠(Vetamethasone disodium phosphate),维他米松磷酸钠,醋酸可的松,地塞米松,醋酸地塞米松,地塞米松磷酸钠,9—去氟肤清松,氢化可的松,醋酸氢化可的松,氢化可的松环戊丙酸酯,氢可松磷酯钠,琥钠氢可松,甲强龙,酯酸甲强龙,琥钠甲强龙,醋酸,对氟米松,强的松龙,醋酸强的松龙,强的松龙磷酸钠,强的松龙叔丁乙酯,强的松,去炎松,丙炎松,双醋去炎松,已酸丙炎松以及醋酸氟氢可的松;维生素如维生素B12neinoic acid,视黄酸类极衍生物如棕榈酸维生素A,以及α—生育酚;肽类如二氧化锰歧化酶;酶如碱性磷酸酶;抗变应性药物如amelexanox;抗凝血剂如苯丙香豆素和肝素;促进循环的药物如萘心安;代谢增效剂如谷胱甘肽;抗结核药如对氨水杨酸,异烟肼,硫酸卷曲霉素环丝氨酸,盐酸乙胺丁醇乙硫异烟胺,吡嗪酰胺,利福平和硫酸链霉素;抗病毒药如无环鸟苷,amantadine azidothymidine(AZT或zidovudine),三唑核苷和阿糖腺苷一水合物(阿糖腺苷,ara—A);抗心绞痛药如硫氮草酮,利心平,异博定,四硝赤醇,硝异梨醇,硝酸甘油(三硝酸甘油酯)以及硝酸季戊四醇酯;抗凝血剂如苯丙香豆素,肝素,抗菌素如氨苯砜,氯霉素,新霉素,头孢氯,头孢羟氨苄,头孢氨苄,头孢环己烯红霉素,氯洁霉素,洁霉素,羟氨苄青霉素,氨苄青霉素,氨苄青霉素碳酯,羧苄青霉素,双氯青霉素,环青霉素,picloxalcillin,海池西林,甲氧苯青霉素,新青霉素III,苯唑青霉素,青霉素G,青霉素V,羧噻吩青霉素利福平和四环素;消炎药如二氟苯水杨酸,布洛芬,消炎痛,扑湿痛,萘普生,羟基保泰松,炎痛喜康,苏灵大,甲苯酰吡酸,阿斯匹灵和水杨酸酯;抗原生动物剂如氯喹,羟氯喹,灭滴灵,奎宁,以及锑酸葡胺;抗风湿药如青霉胺;麻醉药如复方樟脑酊;鸦片制剂如可待因,海洛因,非那酮,吗啡和鸦片;强心苷如去乙酰毛花甙C,洋地黄毒甙,地高辛,洋地黄甙和洋地黄;神经肌肉阻断剂如a-tracurium mesylate,三碘季铵酚,溴化己芴铵,碘甲筒箭毒,巴夫龙,氯化琥珀胆碱,氯化筒箭毒碱和vecuronium bro-mide;镇静药(安眠药)如异戊巴比妥,异戊巴比妥钠,烯丙那里丙巴比妥,仲丁巴比妥钠,水合氯醛,乙氯戊烯炔醇,瓦尔米,盐酸氟胺安定,导眠能,盐酸甲氧异丁嗪,甲乙哌啶酮,盐酸咪唑二氮草,三聚乙醛,戊巴比妥,戊巴比妥钠,苯巴比妥钠,司可巴比妥钠,另丁烯丙巴比妥,羟基安定和三唑苯二氮草;局部麻醉药如盐酸布比卡因,盐酸氯普鲁卡因,盐酸衣铁卡因,盐酸利多卡因,盐酸甲派可因,盐酸普鲁卡因和盐酸丁卡因;全身麻醉剂如达哌啶醇,甲苄咪酯,含有达哌啶醇的棕檬酸芬太尼,盐酸氯胺酮,甲己炔巴比妥钠和硫喷妥钠;以及放射性颗粒或离子如锶,碘化铼和钇。
在一些优选方案中,治疗剂为单克隆抗体,如能与黑瘤抗体结合的单克隆抗体。
其它优选的治疗剂包括遗传物质如核酸,RNA和DNA,它们或是天然的或者是合成的,包括重组RNA和DNA以及反义RNA和DNA。可使用的遗传物质的类型包括如载在表达载体如质粒,噬菌体质粒嵌合体,粘粒,酵母人工染色体(YACs)以及缺损病毒或辅助病毒内的基因,抗原核酸,单链和双股RNA和DNA及它们的类似物,如硫代磷酸酯和二硫代磷酸寡脱氧核苷酸。另外,遗传物质可以与蛋白质或其它聚合物结合。
使用本发明微球体时可施用的遗传治疗剂的实例包括编码有至少部分HLA基因的DNA,编码有至少部分营养障碍的DNA,编码有至少部分IL—2的DNA,编码有至少部分TNF的DNA,能结合编码有至少Ras的DNA的反义寡核苷酸。
编码有某些蛋白质的DNA的可用于治疗多种不同类型疾病。例如腺苷脱氨酶被用于治疗ADA缺损;肿瘤坏死因子和/或白介素—2被用于治疗肝病;胸苷激酶被用于治疗卵巢癌,脑瘤,或HIV感染;HLA—B7被用于治疗恶性黑瘤;白介素—2可被用于治疗成神经细胞瘤,恶性黑瘤,或肾癌;白介素—4可被用于治疗癌症;HIV env被用于治疗肺癌;以及VIII因子被用于治疗血友病B。例如参见Science258,744…746。
如果需要,使用微球体可施用多种治疗剂。例如,单一微球体可包含有多于一种治疗剂或者含有不同治疗剂的微球体可以一同给用。例如能与黑瘤抗原结合的单克隆抗体和编码有至少部分IL—2的低聚核苷酸可以同时给用。本申请中所用的术语“至少部分”是指整个基因不必用低聚核苷酸表示,只要部分所表示的基因能提供有效的基因表达阻断即可。
同样地,前药也可包裹密封在微球体内,并且它们包括在本申请中所用的术语“治疗剂”的范围内。所述前药为本专业已知的并包括非活性药物前体,这些非活性药物前体当在氧气或其它气体存在下受到高温,代谢酶,气蚀和/或加压作用时或者当从微球体内释出时将形成活性药物。这类前药在本发明的方法中通过向含有前药的微球体施加超声波作用完成气蚀,加热,加压,和/或从微球体中释出的步骤而被活化。合适的前药对本专业人员而言是显而易见的,例如见Sinkula等人的J.Pharm.Sci.,1975,64,181—210中的描述,该文献本身可列入本文内作为参考。
前药、例如,可包括活性药物的非活性形式,其中在药物前体上存在使药物为非活性和/或赋予其溶解性或一些其它性质的化学基团。在此形式中,药物前体通常是非活性的,但一旦化学基团通过加热,气蚀,加压,和/或被周围环境作用等从药物前体裂解,就产生活性药物。这样的药物前体在本领域中被充分地描述过,并包括多种通过化学键连接于化学基团的药物如短,中或长链脂肪族碳酸酯类,有机磷酸,焦磷酸,硫酸的半酯,酰胺类,氨基酸,偶氮键,氨基甲酸酯,磷酰胺,葡糖苷酸酯,N—乙酰基葡糖氨和β—葡糖苷。
药物与母体分子和可逆变体或键的例子如下:铃兰毒甙与缩酮,妥因与烷基酯,氨甲酸氯酚甘油醚酯与甘油或丙氨酸酯,扑热息痛与咖啡因复合物,乙酰水杨酸与THAM盐,乙酰水杨酸与乙酰氨基苯基酯,烯丙基吗啡酮与硫酸酯,15—甲基前列腺素F2a与甲基酯,普鲁卡因与聚乙二醇,红霉素与烷基酯,氯林可霉素与烷基酯或磷酸酯,四环素与甜菜碱盐,7—酰氨基头孢菌素与环—取代的酰氧苄基酯,诺龙与苯基丙酸癸酸酯,雌二醇与烯醇醚乙缩醛,甲基强的松龙与乙酸乙酯,睾酮与n—乙酰基氨基葡糖苷葡糖苷酸酯(三甲基甲硅烷基)醚,氢化可的松或强的龙松或地塞米松与21磷酸酯。
药物前体也可设计为可逆药物并用作改性剂以促进药物传送到特定部位组织。影响传送到特定部位组织并促进治疗效果的母体分子与可逆变体或键的例子包括异氰酸酯与卤代烷基亚硝基脲,睾酮与丙酸酯,甲氨蝶呤(3,5′—二氯甲氨蝶呤)与二烷基酯,胞嘧啶阿糖苷与5′—酰化物,氮芥(2,2′—二氯—N—甲基二乙基胺),氮芥与氨基甲基四环素,氮芥与胆甾醇或雌二醇或去氢表雄酮酯和氮芥与偶氮苯。
如本领域专业技术人员承认的,修饰给定药物的特定化学基团可被选择以影响药物部分进入膜内或微球的内部空间。选作将化学基团连到药物上的化学键可选择具有所需代谢速度的键,例如,在酯键的情况下,从充气微球中释放之后,在血清酯酶存在下水解。另外,特定的化学基团可选择影响用于实施微球发明的充气药物的药物生物分布的基团,例如,用于卵巢腺癌的N,N—二(2—氯乙基)—二氨基磷酸与环磷酰胺。
另外,用于充气微球中的药物前体可被设计成含有可逆衍生物,它可用作活性持续的改进剂以提供,延长或储存作用效果。例如,烟酸可用葡聚糖和羧甲基葡聚糖酯修饰,链霉素用藻酸盐,二氢链霉素用双羟萘酸盐,阿糖胞苷(ara—C)用5′—金刚烷酸酯,阿糖腺苷(ara—A)用5—棕榈酸酯和5′—苯甲酸酯,两性霉素B用甲基酯,睾酮用17—β—烷基酯,雌二醇用甲酸酯,前列腺素用2—(4—咪唑基)乙胺盐,多巴胺用氨基酸酰胺,氯霉素用一和二(三甲基甲硅烷基)醚,和环氯胍用双羟萘酸盐。在此形式中,长期作用的药物的仓库或贮存器在体内从带有微球的充气药物前体释放出来。
另外,一般热不稳定的化合物可被用于产生毒性自由基。带有在高温分解的偶氮键,过氧和二硫键的化合物是优选的。对于此形式的药物前体,含偶氮,过氧,二硫键的化合物通过气蚀和/或由高能声波相互作用产生的加热而活化,充气的微球从这些由此被截留的药物前体产生自由基串。许多药物或化学品可组成这些药物前体,如偶氮化合物,这类化合物的一般结构是R—N=N—R,其中R是烷链,其中两个氮原子间的双键可以反应在体内产生游离基产品。
可被用于产生游离基产物的例子性药物或化合物包括含偶氮的化合物如偶氮苯,2,2′—偶氮二异丁腈,偶氮二甲酰胺,石蕊精,氮霉素,氯唑噻磺胺,偶氮磺酰胺,氧化偶氮苯,aztreqnam,苏丹III,偶氮磺胺,偶氮磺胺和柳氮磺胺吡啶,含二硫键的化合物如双苯硫酮,硫胺二硫化物,硫藤黄菌素,二硫四甲秋兰姆,含过氧的化合物如过氧化氢和苯甲酰基过氧化物,2,2′—偶氮二异丁腈,2,2′—偶氮二(2—氨基丙烷)二盐酸盐,和2,2′—偶氮二(2,4—二甲基戊腈)。
用氧气填充的充气微球用气蚀将产生充足的自由基。而且,过渡系列的金属离子,尤其是锰,铁和铜可增加从氧形成反应活性氧中间体的速度。通过将金属离子包裹在微球内,体内自由基的形成可被增加。这些金属离子可以游离的盐,配合物,例如,与EDTA、DTPA、DOTA或去铁胺的配合物,或以金属离子的配合物连接到微球体上。另外,衍生的金属离子的配合物可连接到类脂的主基团上,或例如亲脂的离子配合物可被掺入脂质双层中。当暴露于热刺激时,例如气蚀,这些金属离子将增加反应活性氧中间体的形成速度。进一步地,如甲硝哒唑和醚醇硝唑之类的放射致敏剂可被掺入充气的微球内由热刺激产生自由基。
通过药物前体使用的例子,酰化的化学基团可以通过在体内由血清中酶作用容易断裂的酯键连接到药物上。酰化的药物前体被掺入本发明的充气微球内。当充气微球被超声波打击时,被微球包裹的药物前体将暴露给血清。然后酯键被血清中的酯酶断裂,然后产生药物。
类似地,超声波不仅被用于破裂充气微球,而且也引起热效应,它增加化学断裂速度和活性药物从药物前体中的释放。
微球也可被设计成药物在微球的内面和外面对称或不对称分布。
治疗剂的特定化学结构可被选择或修饰以达到所需的溶解性,这样,治疗剂既可包裹在充气微球的内部空间,附属于微球,也可被网捕于微球内。表面连接的治疗剂可带有一个或多个酰基链,这样的话,当微球被打击或加热或通过气蚀破裂时,酰化的治疗剂将离开表面和/或治疗剂将从酰基链化学基团断裂。类似地,其它治疗剂可与在结构上为芳香性或甾醇的疏水基团配制,掺入微球表面。
除类脂外,其它可用于形成微球的物质包括,例如,清蛋白之类的蛋白质,聚谷氨酸之类的合成肽,半乳糖,葡糖和其它己糖的直链和支链低聚物和聚合物和从磷酰化和磺酰化的戊糖和己糖和糖醇衍生的聚合物。碳水化合物聚合物如藻酸,葡聚糖,淀粉和HETA淀粉也可被应用。其它天然聚合物,如透明质酸,可被应用。合成聚合物如聚乙二醇,聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮,聚交酯,聚乙烯亚胺(直链和支链),聚紫罗烯或聚亚氨基羧酸也可被应用。
当被微球包裹的治疗剂带负电时,诸如基因物质,阳离子型类脂类或带阳离子型的全氟烷基化基可被用于连接带负电的治疗剂。例如,阳离子类两亲性全氟烷基化联吡啶,如Garelli and Vierling,Biochim.Biophys Acta,1992,1127,41—48中所述,该文全文在此引作参考,可被使用。
一般地,负电性治疗剂如基因物质可连接到混合胶束成分,例如,非阳离子型类脂与阳离子型类脂,例如,DOTMA或十八烷基胺或取代的烷基如三甲基十八烷基胺的亲水性首基上。有用混合胶束化合物包括但不限于:溴化(月桂基三甲基)铵(十二烷基),溴化(鲸蜡基三甲基)铵(十六烷基),溴化(肉豆蔻基三甲基)铵(十四烷基),氯化(烷基二甲基苄基)铵(烷基=C12,C14,C16,溴化/氯化(苄基二甲基十二烷基)铵,溴化/氯化(苄基二甲基十六烷基)铵,溴化/氯化(苄基二甲基十四烷基)铵,溴化/氯化(鲸蜡基二甲基乙基)铵,或溴化/氯化鲸蜡基吡啶鎓。
含药物脂质体的大小如果需要可通过多种操作包括压出,过滤,声化,均化,应用导入到液体不混溶鞘中的液体芯的层状流,压出经过固定大小的孔,和类似方法而调节,以调节产生的脂质体的生物分布和间隙。前述技术及其它,在下述文献中讨论,例如:U.S.Patent No.4,728,578;U.K.Patent Application GB2193095A;U.S.Patent No.4,728,575;U.S.Patent No.4,737,323;International Ap-plication PCT/US85/01161;Mayer et al.,Biochimica etBiophysica Acta,Vol.858,pp.161—168(1986);Hopeet al.,Biochimica et Biophysica Acta,Vol.812,pp.55—65(1985);U.S.Patent No.4,533,254;Mayhew et al.,Methods in Enzymology,Vol.149,pp.64—77(1987);Mayhew et al.,biochimica et Biophysica Acta,vol755,pp.169—74(1984);Cheng et al,Investigative Radiolo-gy,Vol.22,pp.47—55(1987);PCT/US89/05040,U.S.Patent No.4,162,282;U.S.Patent No.4,310,505;U.S.Patent Vol.I,pp.29—31,51—67and79—108(CRC Press Inc.,Boca Raton,FL1984)。上述专利,公开物和专利申请的全文在此引作参考。
本发明微球的大小取决于其用途。由于微球大小影响生物分布,不同大小的微球可被选用于不同目的。对于较小微球,共振频率超声波一般比较大微球的高。
例如,对血管内应用,优选的大小范围是平均外径在约30纳米至约10微米之间。优选的平均外径为约5微米。更特别地,对血管内应用,微球大小优选地外径约10μm或更小,优选地小于约7μm,更优选地于约5μm。优选地,微球外径不小于约30纳米。
对于将治疗剂输送到肝类器官和使正常组织变异为肿瘤,较小的微球,平均外径在约30纳米和约100纳米之间,是优选的。
对于肾或肺类组织的栓塞,微球平均外径优选地小于200微米。
对于鼻内,直肠内或局部给药,微球平均外径优选地小于约100微米。
大微球,例如,大小为1至10微米之间,一般将被限制在血管空间内直到它们被管内衬吞噬细胞元素,如巨噬细胞和Kuppfer细胞内衬毛细窦状隙,所清除。为了通过远离窦状隙的细胞,较小微球,例如,直径小于1微米,例如大小小于约300纳米的,可被运用。
在优选的方案中,微球独立地给药,而不是,例如,包埋于基质中。
一般地,本发明的治疗剂传递系统以如在水或食盐溶液(例如,磷酸缓冲盐水)中的含水悬浮液形式给药。优选地,水是经灭菌的。而且,优选地,盐水溶液是等渗盐水溶液,尽管,如果需要,盐水溶液可以是低渗的(例如,约0.3至约0.5%NaCl)。如果需要,溶液也可是缓冲的,以提供pH范围约5至7.4。另外,葡萄糖可优选地包含于介质中。其它可用于充气脂质体给药的溶液包括,但不限于,杏仁油,玉米油,棉籽油,油酸乙酯,肉豆蔻酸异丙酯,棕榈酸异丙酯,矿物油,肉豆蔻醇,辛基—十二烷醇,橄榄油,花生油,桃仁油,芝麻油,黄豆油,和角鲨烯。
对于使用前的储存,本发明的微球可悬浮于水溶液,如盐水溶液(例如,磷酸缓冲的盐水溶液),或简单的水,并且优选地在约2℃至10℃之间的温度下,优选地约4℃。优选地,水是经灭菌的。最优选地,微球储存在等渗盐水溶液中,尽管,如果需要,盐水认可以是低渗盐水溶液(例如,约0.3至0.5%NaCl)。如果需要,溶液也可是缓冲的,提供pH范围约pH5至约pH7.4。合适的用于储存介质中的缓冲液包括,但不限于,乙酸盐,柠檬酸盐,磷酸盐和碳酸氢盐缓冲液。
抑菌剂也可包括在微球内以防止储存时细菌降解。合适的抑菌剂包括但不限于杀藻铵,氯苄乙铵,苯甲酸,苄醇,尼泊金丁酯,氯化鲸蜡基吡啶鎓,氯丁醇,氯甲苯酚,尼泊金甲酯,苯酚,苯甲酸钾,山梨酸钾,苯甲酸钠和山梨酸。一种或多种抗氧化剂也可包括在充气脂质体中以防止类脂氧化。合适的抗氧化剂包括生育酚,抗坏血酸和抗坏血酸基棕榈酸酯。
治疗化合物被控制地输送到患者的病区的方法包括如下步骤:
(I)对患者给药含治疗化合物的充气微球;
(II)用超声波监测微球以测定微球在病区的存在;和
(III)用超声波破裂微球在病区释放化合物。
用本发明的充气微球,超声波能量与气体相互作用,爆裂微球,并使治疗剂诸如,例如,基因物质被释放并传送到细胞中。当超声波能遭遇到组织或流体介质内的气体分界面时,超声波能向热和动能的局部转化被大大加强。治疗物质因而从微球中释放并使人惊奇地输送到细胞内。尽管不受任何特定的操作理论的束缚,我们相信在细胞位置产生的热能和动能促进治疗剂的细胞吸收。
微球的给药途径将取决于其应用。如本专业技术人员认识到的,本发明治疗剂传递系统的给药以多种方式进行,如血管内,淋巴内,肠胃外,皮下,肌内,鼻内,直肠内,腹膜内,间质的,经喷雾器进入气道,高压的,口服,表皮,或肿瘤内,用多种剂型给药。一种优选的给药途径是血管内。对于血管内应用,治疗剂传递系统一般被静脉注射,但也可动脉内注射。本发明的微球也可问质注射或注入任何体腔。
用超声波的本发明微球治疗剂输送最好对具有良好的透过超声波能量的透声窗口的组织完成。这是对身体中大部分组织的情况,如肌肉,心脏,肝和大部分其它生命结构。在脑中,为了使超声波能量通过
骨,一个外科窗口将是必需的。
给药的有用剂量和给药模式将取决于将要治疗动物的年龄,体重,和类型,以及特定的治疗应用。典型地,剂量以低水平开始,并增加直到达到所需的治疗效果。
对于体外应用,如细胞培养应用,充气微球可被加到培养基内的细胞中然后培育。然后可将超声波能施加到含细胞和微球的培养介质中。
本发明可被用于治疗剂被控制地输送到患者的区域,其中患者使用本发明含微球的治疗剂,微球用超声波监测以确定微球在区域的存在,然后用超声波破裂微球在区域中释放治疗剂。
患者可以是任何类型的动物,但优选地是脊椎动物,更优选地是哺乳动物,而最优选地是人类。患者的区域,意指整个患者,或患者的特定区域或部分。例如,通过用本发明的方法,治疗剂输送可在患者的心脏,和患者的血管内(即静脉或动脉系统)。本发明也对输送治疗剂到患者的左心室,一个此前由治疗剂输送不易达到的区域。治疗剂用本方法也可容易地输送到患者的肝脏,脾脏和肾脏,以及其它部位。
另外,本发明对于输送治疗剂到患者的肺部特别有用。本发明的充气微球轻于,例如,普通液体填充脂质体,后者一般沉淀于中心邻近气道而不是达到肺部的外周。因而可以相信本发明的充气微球可改进治疗化合物输送到肺部外周,包括气管末端和肺泡。应用于肺部时,充气微球可通过例如喷雾进行。
在应用如肺目标,它由类脂内衬,治疗剂可由于充气类脂微球与在衬里的靶组织的聚集而释放。另外,充气类脂微球在给药后不需用超声波就破裂。因此,在上述给药类型中,超声波不需用于释放药物。
而且,本发明的充气微球对于可在含水介质中降解或暴露于氧气和/或大气的治疗剂特别有用。例如,用于不稳定治疗化合物时,微球可用惰性气体如氮气或氩气填充。另外,充气微球可用惰性气体填充并用于包裹用于患者的部位正常地使治疗剂暴露于大气的治疗剂,如皮肤的和眼用。
充气微球也对皮下输送,如局部(patch)传递系统特别有用。破裂超声波的使用将增加治疗化合物的皮下输送。进一步地,机械结构可被用于监测和调节药物输送。例如,诊断超声波可被用于监视充气微球的破裂并调节药物的输送和/或水听器可被有于检测充气微球的爆裂声并调节药物输送。
微球的回波和在峰共振频率的破裂可能性用超声波允许通过在对病人给药后监测微球以测定在所需部位微球的存在将治疗剂受控制地输送到患者的部倍,并用超声波破裂微球在部位释放治疗剂。
优选地,本发明的微球具有大于2dB的反射(性),优选地在约4dB至约20dB之间。在此范围内,本发明微球的最高反射性由更大的微球,更高的微球浓度,和/或当更高的超声波频率被使用时显现。
优选地,本发明的微球具有在约0.5MHz至约10MHz之间的峰共振频率。当然,本发明充气微球的峰共振频率将随微球的直径,且在某种程度上,微球的弹性或柔韧性而变化,较大的和更有弹性或柔韧性的球比较小的和较小弹性或柔韧性的微球具有较低的共振频率。
微球给药后或另外到达部分后,含治疗剂的本发明微球破裂通过给患者需要治疗的部位施以某些频率的超声波而出人意料地容易实现。特别地,意外地发现当用相当于含充气微球的治疗剂的峰共振频率的超声时,微球将爆裂并释放其成分。
峰共振频率即可体内也可体外测定,但优选体内,通过将微球暴露于超声波,接收反射共振频率信号并分析接收的信号谱以确定峰(用普通手段)。这样测定的峰对应于峰共振频率(或有时称之为二次谐波)。
充气微球当暴露于更高强度(瓦特)和时间(时间)的非峰共振频率的超声波时也破裂。然而,这一更高能量会产生不想要的大量增加热量。通过调节能量峰以匹配峰共振频率,破裂的效率和治疗剂释放被改善,可感觉到的组织发热一般不发生(一般升温不超过约2℃),需要更少的总能量。因此,峰共振频率超声波的应用,在不需要时,是最优选的。
任何类型的诊断性超声波成象仪都可用于本发明的实施,特殊类型或型号的仪器对本发明的方法不是关键。同样合适的是设计用于给药的超声波高温治疗仪,如在USP4620546,4658828和4586512中所述的仪器,这些文献在此全部引作参考。优选地,仪器应用共振频(RF)谱分析器。变频探针可用于外部或植入。超声波以较低的强度和时间开始,优选地以峰共振频率,然后强度,时间,和/或共振频率增加直至微球破裂。
由于各种原理的应用对于专业人员已经显而易见,一旦用本公开武装,通过一般引导,对于平均外径约1.5至约10微米的充气微球,共振频率一般在约1至约10MHz的范围内。通过调节焦点区至靶组织(例如肿瘤)的中心,由于它们在目标组织内的积累,充气微球在实际时间超声波下成为可见的。用7.5MHz曲阵(Curved array)变频器作为例子,将送到变频器的动力调至最大并将焦点区调至靶组织中,立体峰瞬时平均(SPTA)动力在水中将为最大约5.31mW/cm2。这一动力将导致治疗剂从充气微球内部分释放,但更大的释放可用更高动力完成。
通过将变频器切换到多普勒状态,可以得到更高的动力输出,从相同的变频器达2.5W/cm2。机器在多普勒状态操作,动力可输送到靶组织内的选定焦点区而使充气微球释放其治疗剂。选择变频器匹配充气微球的共振频率将使这一治疗剂释放法更有效。
对于较大直径的充气微球,例如平均外径大于3微米,较低频率的变频器在完成治疗剂释放方面更有效。例如,3.5MHz的较低频率变频器(20mm曲阵型)可被选用于对应于充气微球的共振频率。用此变频器,101.6mW/cm2可被输送到焦点,切换到多普勒状态将输出动力(SPTA)增加至1.02W/cm2。
为了用气蚀现象释放和/或活化充气微球内的药物/药物前体,较低频率的能量可被使用,因为气蚀在较低频率更为有效。用以更高电压(高达300V)驱动的0.757MHz变频器,充气微球溶液的气蚀将在约5.2atm的临界值发生。
表II示出了从常用仪器如Piconics Inc.(Tyngshoro,MA)的诊断超声波传送到组织的能量范围,Portascan一般目的扫描仪,接收器脉冲器1966型号661:Picker(Cleve-land,OH)Echoview & L Scanner包括80C System或Medisonics(Mountain View,CA)Model D—9VersatoneBidirectional Doppler。一般地,这些用脉冲重复的能量范围可用于监测充气微球但不足以破裂本发明的充气微球。
表II
由诊断仪产生的动力和强度*
脉冲重复速率(Hz) | 总的超声波动力输出P(mW) | 变频器面上的平均强度ITD(W/m2) |
520 | 4.2 | 32 |
676 | 9.4 | 71 |
806 | 6.8 | 24 |
1000 | 14.4 | 51 |
1538 | 2.4 | 8.5 |
*从Carson et al.,Ultrasound in Med.&Biol.19783,341—350,得到的值,该文在此引作参考。
较高能量的超声波如常用于治疗超声波仪的对于充气微球的活化是优选的。一般地,治疗超声波机根据要被超声波加热的组织面积用多达50%至100%负载环。具有较大量肌肉块(即,背部,股部)和高度血管化的组织如心脏区域需要较大的负载环,例如,100%。
在用于监测充气微球的位置的诊断超声波中,一种或几种声波脉冲被使用而机器在脉冲间暂停以接收反射的声波信号。在诊断超声波中所用有限值的脉冲限制被输送到被成象的组织的有效能量。
在治疗超声波中,连续波超声波被用于输送更高能量。在使用本发明的微球时,声能可以是脉冲的,但连续波超声波是优选的。如果用脉冲,声波将优选地以一次至少约8而优选地至少约20脉冲的回声列长度脉冲。
固定频率或调节频率超声波都可使用。固定频率被定义为在全部时间声波的频率是常数。调节频率是在全部时间内波频变化的,例如,从高到低(PRICH)或从低到高(CHIRP)。例如,具有声波能10MHz起始频率的脉冲PRICH扫至1MHz,增加动力从1至5W。聚焦的,频率调节的,高能超声波将增加微球内局部气体膨胀并破裂以提供治疗剂的局部输送。
所用声波频率可从约0.025至约100MHz变化,频率范围在约0.75和3MHz之间是优选的,而频率在约1至约2之间是最优选的。常用约0.75至约1.5MHz的治疗频率可以使用。常用约3至7.5MHz的诊断频率也可使用。对于很小的微球,例如,低于0.5微米直径,更高的声波频率是优选的,因为这些较小微球将在较高的声频更有效地吸收声能。当用很高频率如高于10MHz时,声能将一般有限深度地穿透到流体和组织。外部应用对皮肤和其它表面组织是优选的,但是对于深层结构,通过间质探针或血管内超声波导管的声能应用是优选的。
在最优选的方案中,本发明提供新颖的脂质体药物传递系统。
一旦用本公开武装,各种含本发明微球的充气治疗剂的制备方法对于本专业熟练技术人员会显而易见。优选的制备微球的方法在下面联系优选的脂质体药物传递系统讨论。
具体地,在优选的方案中,制备含本发明的充气脂质体的靶定位药物传递系统的方法包括在气体存在下在低于类脂的凝胶态向液晶态相变温度下振荡含类脂的水溶液以形成充气脂质体,并加入治疗化合物。在其它优选方案中,制备含本发明充气脂质体的靶定位药物传递系统的方法包括在气体存在下在低于类脂由凝胶态向液晶态相变温度的温度下振荡含类脂和治疗化合物水溶液的步骤。在其它方案中,制备含充气脂质体的靶治疗药物传递系统的方法包括在气体存在下振荡含类脂和治疗化合物的水溶液,和分离所得充气脂质体的步骤。由前述方法制备的脂质体此处指由胶态振荡气体装入法制备的并含有治疗化合物的充气脂质体,或指含凝胶态振荡气体注入脂质体的治疗剂。
因此,本发明优选的方法是在气体存在下振荡含类脂和治疗化合物的水溶液。振荡,如此处所用的,被定义为摇动水溶液以使气体从当地周围环境进入水溶液的运动。任何类型的摇动水溶液并导致气体的引入的运动都可用作振荡。振荡必需有足够力度在一段时间后形成泡沫。优选地,振荡是足够力度使短时间,如30分钟内,优选20分钟,最优选10分钟内形成泡沫。振荡可以是旋动(如涡旋),从一侧到另一侧,或上下运动。而且,不同类型的运动可以结合。而且,振荡可通过振荡装有含水类脂溶液的容器,或通过振荡容器内的水溶液而不摇动容器本身而进行。而且,振荡可以手动或机动。可用的机械振荡器包括,例如,振荡台如VWR Scientific(Cerritos,CA)振荡台和机械涂料混合器,及其它已知机器。产生振荡的其它手段包括在高速和高压下气体散发作用。也应该懂得,优选地,对于较大体积的水溶液,总力量应相应增加。剧烈振荡被定义为至少每分钟约60次振荡运动,并是优选的。剧烈振荡的一个例子,至少每分钟1000转的涡旋,是更优选的。每分钟1800转的涡旋是最优选的。
基于振荡的充气脂质体形成可通过水溶液顶端泡沫的存在检测。它与由于泡沫形成而水溶液体积的减小相联系。优选地,泡沫的最终体积为含水类脂溶液的最初体积的至少两倍;更优选地,泡沫的最终体积是水溶液最初体积的至少约三倍;再更优选地,泡沫的最终体积是水溶液最初体积的至少约4倍;最优选地,所有含水类脂溶液都转化为泡沫。
所需的振荡时间可通过检测泡沫的形成而确定。例如,在50ml离心管内的10ml类脂溶液被涡旋约15—20分钟或直到充气脂质体的粘度变得足够稠,它在旋动时不再附于侧壁上。此时,泡沫使含充气脂质体的溶液升至30至35ml水平。
需要形成优选的泡沫水平的类脂浓度随所用类脂的类型而变化,一旦用本公开武装,本专业熟练的技术人员很容易确定它。例如,在优选的方案中,根据本发明的方法用于形成充气脂质体的1,2—二棕榈酰基—磷脂酰胆碱(DPPC)的浓度是约20mg/ml至约30mg/m1盐水溶液。用于优选方案中的二硬脂酰基磷脂酰胆碱(DSPC)的浓度是约5mg/ml至约10mg/ml盐水溶液。
具体地,浓度为20mg/ml至30mg/ml的DPPC,经振荡,产生总悬浮液而捕获的气体体积比单独的悬浮液体积大四倍。浓度为10mg/ml的DSPC,经振荡,产生完全不合任何液体悬浮体积的总体积并含全部泡沫。
一旦用本公开武装,本专业熟练的技术人员将懂得,类脂类或脂质体可先处理并随后用于本发明的方法。例如,类脂可水合然后冻干,通过冷冻和解冻循环,或简单水合。在优选的方案中,形成充气脂质体之前,类脂被水合然后冻干,或水化,然后进行冷冻和解冻循环然后冻干。在最优选的方案中,类脂被水合并振荡,接着至少一次液氮中冷冻和解冻循环,然后接着冻干。在最终形成充气脂质体之前这些处理的优点包括类脂转化为具有更大表面积的固体,因而经水合更好地溶解随后更高产率地产生充气脂质体。
根据本发明优选的方案,气体的存在由当地周围大气提供。当地周围大气可以是密闭容器内的大气,或在非密封容器内,可以是外部环境。另外,例如,气体可被注入或其它方式加入类脂水溶液的容器内或类脂水溶液本身内以提供非空气的气体。不比空气重的气体可被加入密封的容器内而比空气重的气体可被加入密封或非密封容器中。
前述本发明的优选方法优选地在低于所用类脂凝胶态向液晶态相变温度的温度下进行。“凝胶态向液晶态相变温度”意指脂类双层将从凝胶态向液晶态转化的温度。参见,例如,Chapman et al.,J.Biol.Chem.1974,249,2512—2521.各种类脂的凝胶态向液晶态相变温度对于熟悉本专业的人员将是容易知道的,并且描述在,例如,Gregoriadis,ed.,Liposome Technology,Vol.I,1—18(CRC Press,1984)和Derek Marsh,CRC Handbook of Lipid Bilayers(CRC Press,Boca Raton,FL1990),P。139中。也参见前面的表I。当所用类脂的凝胶态向液晶态相变温度高于室温时,容器的温度可被,例如,通过用致冷机冷却装有类脂溶液的容器而调节。
一般地,充水脂质体在高于类脂的凝胶态向液晶态相变温度的温度下常规形成,因为它们更柔韧因而以液晶态用于生物体系中。参见,例如,Szoka and Papahadjopoulos,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.1978,75,4194—4198。相比之下,根据本发明方法的优选方案制造的脂质体是充气的,它产生更大的柔韧性因为气体更可压缩并比水溶液更顺从。因此,充气脂质体当在低于类脂相变温度形成时可被用于生物体系,尽管凝胶相更具刚性。
优选的用于用凝胶态振荡气体装入法生产含治疗剂的充气脂质体的设备示于附图9中。类脂和水溶性介质的混合物在气体装入工序中被剧烈搅动,无论是分批还是连续加料,以产生充气脂质体。对于附图9,干燥的类脂51从类脂供应管50通过导管59以连续流或间歇团被加到混合器66中。如果用分批工艺,混合器66可包含相对较小的容器如注射器,试管,瓶子或圆底烧瓶,或大容器。如果用连续加料工艺,混合器优选地是大容器,如大桶。
治疗化合物可被加入,例如,在气体装入工序之前。对于附图9,治疗化合物从治疗化合物供应器40通过导管42加到混合器66中。另外,治疗化合物可在气体装入工序之后加入,如脂质体的外层用治疗化合物包涂。
除了类脂51和治疗化合物41外,还需通过管道61往容器66中加入来自水溶性介质供应器52的水溶性介质53,如盐溶液。类脂51和水溶介质53联合形成水溶性类脂溶液74,另外在干性类脂51引入混合容器66之前可水合以使类脂被导入水溶液。在制备脂质体方法的较优选实施方案中,起先装入的溶液74应使该溶液仅占混合容器66容积的一部分。而且,在下续步骤中,应控制水溶性类脂溶液74加入的速率以及除去所产生充气脂质体的速率以确保类脂溶液74的体积不超过混合容器66容积的预定百分比。
通过向水溶性类脂溶液74中直接导入高速喷射的加压气体可进行振荡,另外,或人工地或通过机器以机械振荡水溶液也可进行振荡。这种机械振荡通过振荡混合容器66或直接振荡水溶液74而无需振荡混合容器自身来起作用。如图9所示,在较优选的实施方案中,机械振荡器75与混合容器66相连接,振荡的强度应足够强以使一段时间后含有充气脂质体的泡沫73可如图9所示在水溶液74的表层形成。对泡沫73形成的观察可用作控制振荡持续时间的手段;也即,不是振荡预定的一段时间,而应持续振荡直至已产生预定体积的泡沫。
在所使用类脂的凝胶态向液晶态相变温度低于室温的制备充气脂质体设备的较优选实施方案中,提供了冷却水性脂溶液74的装置。在如图9所示的实施方案中,可通过在混合容器66周围配置外套64以在容器四周形成环形管来进行冷却。如图9所示,冷却液体63分别通过外套入口和出口62和63被推动流过此环形管。通过调节冷却液体62的温度和流速,可将类脂水溶液74的温度维持在所需温度。
如图9所示,可将气体55与水溶液74一起导入混合容器66,此气体55可为空气或其它气体,如氮气或氩气。可通过使用一敞口混合容器以使水溶液持续暴露于大气之中来引入空气。在分批工序中,通过密封混合容器66可引入确定已充满的当地周围的空气。如果使用的气体比空气重,容器则无需密封。然而,如引入的气体比空气轻,混合容器必需密封,如图9所示使用盖65。无论气体55是空气还是其它气体,都可在混合容器66中被加压,例如图9所示,可通过管道57将混合容器与加压气体供应罐54相连接。
振荡完毕后,从混合容器66中提取含充气脂质体的泡沫73。如图10所示,将注射器100的针头102插入泡沫73中经上提柱塞106将预定量的泡沫抽进针筒104中进行泡沫提取。如下文进一步要讨论的,可利用针头102的末端放入泡沫73中的位置来控制所提取充气脂质体的大小。
另外,如图9所示,也可通过将提取管67插入混合容器66中来进行提取。如果混合容器66如前所述已经被加压,则可利用气体55的压力来推动充气脂质体77通过管道70从混合容器66中流到提取容器76中。在混合容器66未被加压的情况下,则如图9所示,则可通过管道78将提取容器76与如真空泵的真空源58相连接以产生足够的负压将泡沫73吸入提取容器76中。从提取容器76中将充气脂质体77导入小瓶82中以运送至最终的使用者。可在提取容器76上连接一加压气体源56作为辅助物以喷射出充气脂质体。由于负压会导致充气脂质体变大,故优选用正压提取充气脂质体。
优选进行过滤以得到大小基本均一的充气脂质体。在某些较优选实施方案中,过滤装配含有一个以上的滤器和优选地如图12所示,滤器互相之间并不紧密相邻。过滤前,充气脂质体大小范围在约1微米至大于60微米之间变化(图15A和16A)。通过单一滤器过滤后,充气脂质体通常不小于10微米,但仍保留有大小为25微米的颗粒。通过两个滤器(10微米滤器再接8微米滤器)过滤后,几乎所有脂质体都小于10微米,大多数为5至7微米(图15B和16B)。
如图9所示,可将过滤元件72直接结合到提取管67的末端以使只有低于预定大小的充气脂质体可从混合容器66中提取出来,以此进行过滤。另外,如图9所示,除了提取管滤器72外,也可将滤器80与从提取容器76中将充气脂质体77引入小瓶82的管道79结合以进行充气脂质体的大小筛分。如图12所示,滤器80可含有串联的滤器装配124。如图12所示的串联过滤装配124包含两个连续的滤器116和120,滤器120装配在滤器116的上方。在较优选的实施方案中,上游方的滤器120是“NUCLEPORE”10μm滤器,下游方的滤器116是“NUCLEPORE”8μm滤器。优选在滤器116的任一侧装配两个0.15mm的金属制筛盘115。在较优选的实施方案中,滤器116和120通过TeflonTMO—环,118隔开的最小距离为150μm。
除过滤以外,也可利用充气脂质体依据大小的浮力来进行大小筛分。所幸的是充气脂质体的密度比水小,因此可浮在混合容器66的表层。由于最大的脂质体其密度最小,它们会最快浮到表层,最小的脂质体通常最后升至表层,非充气性脂质部分则会沉入底部。此现象可有利地用于通过差异浮选法从混合容器66中移去充气脂质体来将之筛分。因此,提取管67在混合容器66中垂直位置的放置可以控制所提取充气脂质体的大小。管越高所提取的充气脂质体越大。而且通过周期性地或持续地调节提取管67在混合容器66中的垂直位置,可在不断进行的基础之上控制所提取充气脂质体的大小。结合装置68可使提取更方便,此装置为附着在提取管67上的与穿透筒72配合的穿透环71,它可使提取管67在提取容器66中的垂直位置准确被调节。
凝胶状态振荡气体装入方法本身也可用来改善以充气脂质为基础的微球体的大小筛分。通常,振荡能量的强度越大,所得充气脂质体越小。
本发明也包括制备含药物的充气脂质体以分发给最终使用者的新方法。一旦形成了充气脂质体,不能在可导致其破裂的温度下加热灭菌。因此必须用已灭菌成分形成充气脂质体并尽可能少地进行随后的操作以避免污染的危险。根据本发明可达到此目的,例如如图10所示,可通过在振荡前将含有类脂和水溶液的混合容器灭菌,通过提取容器76从混合容器66中将充气脂质体77直接发送到灭菌注射器100的针筒104中,而不需进一步加工或处理,也即无需接着灭菌。充满充气脂质体77并被适当包装的注射器100可被分发给最终使用者。此后,此产品不需要进一步的操作以将充气脂质体给患者施用,除了从其包装中取出注射器,除去注射器针头102上的保护套(未标出)并将针头插入患者体内或插入导液管中。而且当注射器柱塞106压针筒104时产生的压力会导致最大充气脂质体的破裂,因此不经过滤即可得到一定程度的大小筛分。
如图10所示,接近使用时,需要过滤充气脂质体之处,如由于未经过滤即从提取容器76中提取出来或由于仍需进一步过滤,注射器100可装配有其自身滤器108。当注射充气脂质体时,通过柱塞106的作用使充气脂质体从滤器108中挤压出来,借此可进行充气脂质体按大小筛分。充气脂质体可一次性地被筛分并注射进患者体内。
如图11所示,可在注射器112上直接装配串联滤器套110,它可允许使用时的串联过滤。如图12所示,滤器套110包含先前讨论过的串联滤器装配124,它结合于具有阳螺纹的较低环122和具有阴性螺纹的较高环114之间。较低环122装配有Luer锁以使之对注射器112很容易保险,较高的环114装配有针头102。
在优选的实施方案中,类脂溶液通过滤器被压出来,在振荡前先将类脂溶液加热灭菌。一旦形成了充气脂质体,可按上文所述过滤筛分。形成充气脂质体之前的这些步骤可提供优点,例如,减少未水合类脂的量因此提供显著高产量的充气脂质体,并可提供无菌充气脂质体以预备给患者施用。例如,如小瓶或注射器的混合容器可充满经过滤的类脂悬浮液,然后可在此混合容器中,通过例如高压灭菌器来将此溶液灭菌。通过振荡灭菌容器将气体滴注到类脂悬浮液中以形成充气脂质体。优选地,在灭菌容器的适当位置装配滤器以使充气脂质体在接触患者之前先通过滤器。
此优选方法的第一步即通过滤器压出类脂溶液,它可通过分散干性类脂并暴露更大的水合表面积来减少未水合类脂的量。优选地,滤器孔径约为0.1至5μm,更优选地,约为0.1至4μm,甚至更优选地约为0.1至2μm,最优选地为1μm。如图17所示,当类脂悬浮液已经过滤时(图17B),未水合类脂的量与未经预过滤的类脂悬浮液(图17A)相比有所降低。未水合的类脂表现为不均一大小的无定形团块,它是不需要的。
第二步灭菌提供了可容易施用给患者的组合物,优选地可通过加热灭菌来进行灭菌,优选地,可通过在至少约为100℃的温度之下高压灭菌此溶液,更优选地,可通过在约为100℃至约为130℃下,再优选地,在约110℃到约130℃下,甚至更优选地,在约为120℃至约130℃下,最优选地在约为130℃的温度下高压灭菌。优选地,加热持续至少约1分钟,更优选地约为1至30分钟,甚至更优选地约为10至20分钟,最优选地约为15分钟。
当用除了在可导致充气脂质体破裂的温度之下热灭菌以外的方法进行灭菌时,可在充气脂质体形成之后进行灭菌,此方法是优选的。例如在充气脂质体形成之前和/或之后可使用了γ放射。
图18阐明了130℃下高压灭菌15分钟,再经涡旋10分钟后,成功地形成充气脂质体的能力。另外,在压出和灭菌步骤后,振荡步骤产生了具有很少至没有残留的无水类脂相的充气脂质体。图18A所示为高压灭菌后过滤前所产生的充气脂质体,因此产生大量充气脂质体大于10μm。图18B所示为通过10μm“NUCLEPORE”滤器过滤后的充气脂质体,它产生了约为10μm的均一大小。
本发明的某些实施方案针对的是药物传递系统,它包括通过真空干燥气体滴注法制备的充气脂质体并在其中包囊治疗剂(即含有药物),这种脂质体在本文中时是指含有药物真空干燥气体滴注的脂质体。本发明进一步针对的药物传递系统包括含有药物的充气脂质体,此脂质体的内部实际上不含液体。
制备本发明脂质体的方法包括:(I)将包囊有药物的脂质体置于负压下;(II)在负压下将脂质体温育足够一段时间以从脂质体中除去几乎所有液体;和(III)将经选择的气体滴注到脂质体中直至达到周围的气压。使用上述步骤的方法本文指的是制备含药物脂质体的真空干燥气体滴注法。
还提供了使用真空干燥气体滴注法制备本发明脂质体的设备,所说设备包括:(I)含有已包裹了药物的脂质体的容器;(II)给容器提供负压以从脂质体中除去所含液体的装置;(III)连接负压装置与容器的管道,此管道引导所说液流;和(IV)将气体引入容器中脂质体的装置。
用以制备真空干燥气体滴注法制备的本发明充气脂质体以及基本除去内部液体的充气脂质体的真空干燥气体滴注法有望具有下列步骤。首先,按照此方法,将含药物的脂质体置于负压之下(即减压或真空条件下),接着在负压下将脂质体温育足够一段时间以从脂质体中除去几乎所有液体,因此形成实已干燥的脂质体。本文所用的那些语句“上除去几乎所有液体”和“基本上干燥的脂质体”指的是至少约除去90%液体的脂质体,优选至少除去约95%液体,最优选除去约100%液体。尽管液体被除去,但较高分子量的药物被保留下来并被包裹于脂质体中。最终通过向脂质体中提供气体直至达到周围气压以用经选择的气体滴注脂质体,因此形成含有目的药物的本发明真空干燥气体滴注而得的脂质体以及含有药物且基本上已除去内部液体的本发明充气脂质体。本文所用的实际上已除去内部液体指的是内部至少已除去约90%液体的脂质体,优选至少除去约95%的液体,最优选除去约100%液体。
意外地,根据本发明方法制备的含药物脂质体拥有大量令人惊奇但很有利的特征。本发明脂质体对超声显示出强烈反应,使用峰共振频率的超声(以及其它足够强度和宽度的振荡频率)可使之破裂,它对压力很稳定,和/或通常干燥贮存时或悬浮于液体介质中时贮藏寿命较长。充气脂质体还有如下优点,例如稳定的颗粒大小,低毒性和柔韧的膜。据信充气脂质体柔韧的膜可用来辅助这些脂质体积累于或靶定位于如肿瘤的组织。另一个意外是脂质体在真空干燥气体滴注方法中可被气体充满并恢复其原始圆形而不是不可逆地崩溃成杯状的能力。
在峰共振频率下使用超声脂质体作出的反应以及使脂质体破裂的能力使得药物对患者某区域的输送得到控制,这是通过允许施用于患者后可监测脂质体以确定脂质体存在于所要区域,以及使用超声使脂质体破裂以将药物在该区域释放来实现的。优选地,本发明脂质体具有的反射性超过2dB,优选为在约4dB和约20dB之间。在这些范围内,本发明脂质体最高的反射性是较大脂质体,较高浓度的脂质体,和/或当使用较高超声频率时显示出的。图13是通过真空干燥气体滴注法制备的其中未包裹任何药物,其内部基本不含液体的充气脂质体dB反射性的图示。优选地,本发明脂质体峰共振频率约在0.5MHz和10MHz之间,当然,本发明充气脂质体的峰共振频率将依据脂质体的直径,在某些情况下随弹性而改变,较大和弹性较高的脂质体与较小和弹性较高的脂质体相比,前者的共振频率较低。
本发明脂质体的稳定性在实践中也很重要。本发明脂质体比通过如加压或其它技术的已知方法产生的其它充气脂质体具有更大的贮藏期稳定性。例如形成72小时后,常规制备的含气脂质体通常基本上不合气体,气体已从脂质体中扩散出来和/或脂质体已经破裂和/或熔化,随之导致了反射性的损失。作为对比,本发明含药物的充气脂质体通常具有的货架寿命的稳定性超过约3周,优选地,货架寿命的稳定性超过约4周,更优选地,货架寿命的稳定性超过约5周,甚至更优选地货架寿命的稳定性超过约3个月,通常货架寿命的稳定性甚至更长,如超过6个月,12个月或甚至2年。
同样出乎意料地是在真空干燥气体滴注方法中,脂质体被气体充满可恢复其原有的形状而不是崩破成杯状结构,而以前的技术则会导致后者。例见Crowe et al.,Archives ofBiochemistry and Biophysics,Vol.242,pp.240—247(1985);Crowe et al.,Archives of Biochemistry and Bio-physics,Vol.220,pp.477—484(1983);Fukuda et al.,J.Am.Chem,soc.,Vol.108,pp.2321—2327(1986);Re-gen et al.,J.Am.Chem.Sto.,Vol.102,pp.6638—6640(1980)。
经受本发明真空干燥气体滴注法的含药物脂质体可使用对本领域熟练人员显而易见的种种常规脂质体制备技术中的任何一种来制备。尽管可使用大量不同技术中的任何一种,但优选通过微乳化技术来制备含有药物的脂质体,通过不同常规方法制备的脂质体可用于本发明的真空干燥气体滴注法以产生本发明的含药物脂质体。
用于制备本发明真空干燥气体滴注法所使用的脂质体的原料包括本领域熟练人员熟知的适于脂质体构建的任何原料或它们的给合。
在气体置入之前,可使用对本领域熟练人员显而易见的多种常规脂质体制备技术中的任何一种来制备脂质体,这些技术包括冷冻解冻。以及超声处理,螫合剂透析、匀浆、溶剂浸制、微乳化,自发形成,溶剂蒸发,French压力细胞技术、受控的去污剂透析及其它技术,每种技术都包括在含有所需治疗剂的溶液中制备不同的形式的脂质体以使治疗剂被包裹于,缠绕于或吸附于所得脂质体中。另外,还可使用本领域熟练人员认为对于在特殊PH下蛋白质化或脱蛋白质化的治疗剂尤其适用的PH梯度技术将治疗剂装入脂质体中,例见Madden et al.,Chemistry and Physics of Lipids,199053,37—46,此公开全部列入本文参考文献。
为了制备真空干燥气体滴注所用的含药物脂质体,根据一般教导的方法,制备二棕榈酰基卵磷脂脂质体可通过将二棕榈酰基卵磷脂类脂悬浮于磷酸盐缓冲盐水或含有欲包裹药物的水中,并将类脂加热后约50℃来实现,需要略高于41℃的温度是为了将二棕榈酰基卵磷脂类脂从凝胶状态转变成液晶状态从而形成含药物的脂质体。
为了制备不均—大小分布于约2微米的多层载体,可将脂质体溶液保持在约50℃的温度之下,同时用手工缓慢混合,然后将温度降低至室温,脂质体保持完整。如有必要可通过限定大小的聚碳酸酯滤器压出二棕榈酰基卵磷脂脂质体以使得脂质体大小分布更均匀。用于此技术的装置是配备有热筒的压出机装置(Extruder DeviceTM,Lipex Biomem-branes,Vancouver,Canada),热筒可使在温度高于类脂的凝胶状态向液晶状态相变温度时,压出可更方便地进行。
对于少量溶于水介质的亲脂性药物,在形成脂质体之前可将此药物与类脂自身混合,例如,两性霉素可与干性脂质一起悬浮(例如于氯仿中的摩尔比为8∶2的蛋卵磷脂和胆固醇,与脂质混合),然后蒸发氯仿(需指出也可使用其它适当的有机溶剂,如乙醇或乙醚),再将含有亲脂悸药物混合物的干性脂质悬浮于如无菌水或生理盐水的水介质中。此方法适用于如皮质类固醇的多种亲脂性药物以将亲脂性药物结合到脂质体膜内,然后干燥所得脂质体,再经受如上所述的真空气体滴注法。
另外再通过一般指导的方法,可使用常规冷冻解冻步骤产生寡层或单层二棕榈酰基卵磷脂脂质体,冷冻解冻步骤过后,可对脂质体进行上述的压出步骤。
然后使向由此制得的含药物脂质体经受本发明的真空干燥气体滴注过程以产生本发明的含药物真空干燥气体滴注脂质体以及含药物的其内部实际不含液体的充气脂质体。根据本发明方法,将含药物后脂质体置于适于使脂质体经受负压(即减压或真空条件下)的容器中,然后将负压供应是够长的一段时间以从脂质体中除去几乎所有液体,从而得到实已干燥的脂质体,本领域熟练人员可认为一旦装备有本发明,即可使用不同的负压,重要的参数是从脂质体中除去几乎所有的液体的参数。通常至少约为700mm Hg,优选为在约700mm Hg和约760mm Hg(标准气压)之间的负压被提供约24至约72小时即足以从脂质体中除去几乎所有液体。根据本文的公开,共它适当的压力和时间长短对本领域熟练人员来说是显而易见的。
最后,对脂质体提供经选择的气体以用气体滴注脂质体直至达到周围大气压力,因此可得到本发明含有药物的真空干燥气体滴注脂质体以及其内部实已不含液体的含药物的充气脂质体。优选地,气体滴注应缓慢进行,即在超过至少约为4小时的期间内,最优选地在超过约为4到约为8小时的期间内进行。
可使用不同的生物兼容气体,这些气体包括空气、氮气、二氧化碳、氧气、氩气、氙气、氖气、氦气或它们中的任何几种和所有的组合。其它适当的气体对于本领域熟练人员是显而易见的,所选择的气体仅受建议使用的脂质体的限制。
制备脂质体的上述方法在下文中指的是真空干燥气体滴注法。
如有必要,在脂质体经受负压之前应先冷却,这种冷却是优选的。优选地,脂质体经受负压之前先被冷却后0℃以下,更优选地约为-10℃和-20℃之间,最优选冷却后-10℃。在达到所需负压时,可优选地将脂质体温度升高至0℃以上,更优选地约为10℃和20℃之间。最优选升到10℃,直至实际上已从脂质本中除去所有液体,此时不必再持续负压,温度也可回复至室温。
如果脂质体被冷却至0℃以下,则优选对在冷冻保护剂存在下最初制备的脂质体或者对在进行本发明真空干燥气体滴注法之前已加入冷冻保护剂的脂质体进行真空干燥气体滴注法。这种冷冻保护剂不必强行加入,但它可帮助维持脂质体膜在低温下的完整性,也可增加膜的最终稳定性,优选地冷冻保护剂是海藻糖、甘油、聚乙二醇(尤其是分子量为400的聚乙二醇)、棉子糖、蔗糖和山梨醇,特别优选地是海藻糖。
令人惊奇的是发现了本发明脂质体对压力的变化非常稳定,由于此特征,可使必要时能在真空干燥气体滴注之后,将脂质体穿过预定孔径的滤器进行挤压以产生相对均匀并限定孔径的脂质体。
本发明另一方面也提供了有用的设备,可用以制备本发明含有药物的真空干燥气体滴注脂质体以及其内部实已不含液体的含有药物的脂质体。特别是图14是显示了真空下干燥脂质体并将气体滴注进干燥脂质体的优选设备,此设备内包含含有药物脂质体19的容器8组成,如有必要,此设备可包括装有干冰17、围绕容器8的冰浴5。冰浴5和干冰17使脂质体被冷至低于0℃。真空泵1通过导管15连接到容器8以施加持续的负压。在优选的方案中,泵1可施加至少约700mm Hg的负压,且优选地负压在约700mm Hg到约760mm Hg(标准压力)。加力计6连接导管15监测施加到容器8的负压。
为了防止从脂质体除去的液体进入泵1,一系列的阱被连到导管15以帮助收集从脂质体吸出的液体(和液体蒸汽,统称为液体)。作为优选的方案,两个阱被应用。第一个阱优选地包含配有带干冰17的冰浴4的烧瓶7。第二个阱优选地包含柱3,围绕柱3管道16螺旋形环绕。柱3的顶端连接导管15而底端连接管道16。管道16的另一端连接导管15。如附图14所示,带干冰17的冰浴2包围柱3和管道16。如果需要,干冰17可用液氮,液化空气或其它低温学物质代替。冰浴2和4帮助收集任何液体并冷凝任何从脂质体中吸出的液体蒸汽以收集在阱内。在本发明优选的方案中冰阱2和4各自保持在低于约-70℃的温度。
管塞14装在容器8的上游导管15中以选择气从气瓶18被导入容器8和进入脂质体19中。
将含脂质体19的药物置于本发明设备的容器8中。优选地,使用干冰17将冰浴5中的脂质体的温度降低至0℃以下,更优选在约-10℃到-20℃之间,最优选-10℃。关闭管塞14和9,启动真空泵1。随后小心地打开管塞10,11,12和13,使真空泵1对容器8抽真空。利用压力计6测量压力,直到负压达到约700mm Hg以下,优选范围为约700mm Hg和760mm Hg(表压)之间。在本发明容器7的优选方案中,由使用干冰17的冰浴4冷却的容器7以及使用干冰17的冰浴2冷却的柱3和盘管16,共同或单独地从脂质体中冷凝液体蒸气并收集液滴,以防止液体和液体蒸汽进入真空泵1。在优选的本发明方案中,阱2和4的温度各保持在约-70℃以下。所需的负压通常至少保持24小时,以便从容器8中的脂质体19和在容器3和7中的冷冻除去液体及液体蒸气。系统的压力由压力计6来测量,通常保持约24到72小时,在此时间内,基本上所有的液体都已从脂质体中除去。这时,慢慢关闭管塞10并关闭真空泵1。随后,逐渐打开管塞14,使气体从气瓶18通过管塞14经导管15慢慢地导入系统,使气体滴入容器8中的含药物脂质体19中。优选地,气体进入的时间至少为约4小时,更优选约4到8小时,直到系统的压力达到环境压力。
本发明含药物的真空干燥气体滴注的脂质体和含药物充气的脂质体实际上可避免液体进入其内部,具有作为药物输送载体的优越特征。
根据本发明的方法制备的充气的脂质体在某些方面,在物理性质和功能方面,不同于现有技术中的脂质体。例如,本发明的脂质体实际上避免了液体进入其内部。确切地讲,现有技术中的脂质体存在水介质。例如,Dorland′s illustratedMedical Dictionary,P.946,27th ed.(W.B.SaundersCompany,Philadelphia1988)。进一步,本发明脂质体令人惊奇地对超声波具有强列的回波发生特性,在该脂质体峰值共振频率易受超声波影响而破裂,并且有长的保存期限,特别有利于使用该脂质体作为药物传递系统。
因此,本发明设计的控制向患者区域输送药物的方法包括:(i)对患者使用通过真空干燥气体滴注法制备并在其中密封着药物的充气脂质体,和/或实际上在其内部避免液体存在的并在其中密封着药物的充气脂质体;(ii)使用超声波监测脂质体以测定该区域脂质体的存在;以及(iii)使用超声波裂破脂质体,使药物在该部位释放。
除这里详述的用途外,本发明的脂质体还有各种不同的用途。例如,包括作为超声波热增效剂和作超声波反射照影剂的用途。这些另外的用途和其他有关的物质在申请日均为1991年7月18日的本申请人的专利申请,U.S.Serial No.716,793和U.S.Serial No.717,084中被描述并作为权利要求而提出,这里将其所公开的内容作为一个整体收编为参考文献。
在下列实施例中将进一步描述本发明。实施例1为描述含治疗剂的充气微球体的制备,试验和使用的实施例。实施例2—10为描述含治疗剂的充气微球体的制备,试验和使用的预示的实施例。实施例11—20为描述含有药物的,真空干燥气体滴注的脂质体,在其内部实示上避免任何液体存在的充气脂质体的制备,试验和使用的预示实施例。实施例21—28为说明通过在气体存区下摇动包会一种液体的水溶液而制备的充气脂质体的制备和使用的实际的实施例。实施例29—36是说明通过过滤和压热一种类脂悬浮液,接着振荡该类脂溶液而制备的充气脂质体及筛分的实际实施例。下列实施例不应被认为是所附权利要求的范围的限制。
实施例
实施例1
下面描述的方法说明治疗剂如DNA可被截留在充气微球体中,以及超声波可被用来从充气微球体中释放治疗剂。如下所示,在接受相同能量的超声波辐射后,截留有水和DNA的脂质体不能释放该遗传物质。在微球体中存在气体有效地俘获超声波的能量,因而可被用来传递治疗剂如遗传物质。
充气的微球体被下述合成:将纯的二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱(DPPC),Avanti Ploar Lipids,Alabaster Ata.悬浮于普通的盐水中,然后使用Extruder Device(lipex Biomem-branes,Voncourer,Canada)在800p.s.i.通过2微米聚碳酸酯滤器(Nuclepore,Costar,Pleasanton,CA)挤压五次。然后按U.S.Serial Number716,899,申请于6/18/91所述将所得脂质体减压干燥,该文献作为一个整体在此收编为参考文献。彻底干燥后将干燥的脂质体按U.S.Serial Num-ber716,899所述慢慢地充进氮气。与大气压平衡后,将所得脂质体悬浮于盐水中(0.9%NaCl)并剧烈摇动。
Coulter Counter(Bedfordshire,England)试验所得充气脂质体的大小。按该Coulter Counter提供的参考手册所述的校准程序校准仪器。将充气脂质体溶液用同中素II(IsoterII)稀释并放置在玻璃容器中,在Coulter SamplingStand3位搅拌。
首先使用100μm孔径管。用该孔径管将500毫升溶液在各选择的大小范围试验一次,接着使用的是30μm孔径管。用该管可将微球体由大到小地排列到1μm,充气微球体的直径可经其中检测。
将50毫升溶液试验一次,将微球体在各选择的大小范围计数。于Coulter Counter Model ZM和Coulter CounterChannelyzer256收集数据。准弹性光散射(QEL)和光显微术也被使用。预定大小的乳液小球被用来校准目镜的栅格。这些栅格以10X,40X,100X,400X和1000X的倍率被校准。然后将充气微球体置于玻璃载片并在不同倍率下观察。该技术不仅可以得到充气脂质体的大小,也可以得到类脂微粒的大小。
使用Acoustic Imaging Model5200临床超声波设备(Acoustin Imaying Technologies Corp.,Phoenix,AZ)和定制的组合半敞开的声波能扫描充气的脂质体。半敞开声学实验室由Lecroy Corporation Corporate Headquarters,Chestnut Ridge,NY),Panametrics model5052PRPulser/Receiver(Panametrics,Inc.,Waltham,Mass),具有2.25,3.5,5.0,7.5,和10.0MHz频率的Panametrics浸没式变送器(Panametrics,Inc.,Waltham,Mass),和Testech,Inc.的校正系统(Testech,Inc.,Exton,PA)组成。一种参考标准,系列模拟模型(tissue mimicking phan-tom)被用于建立延时补偿(time—gain compensation)(TGC)并以此方式得到平均振幅。该系列摸拟模型由Radi-ation Measurements,Inc.(Middleton,W])制造。
如表III所示,在试验频率范围充气脂质体的反射率保持在这些实验使用的脉冲声波的最高能量。特别地,尽管扫描持续60分钟,充气脂质体的dB反射率保持在4.5—8.4mW范围的经受量以及3.25mW/cm2的声波强度(AcousticImaging AI5200临床超声波机可产生的脉冲波的最高能量)。
时间(分钟) | 平均振幅(dB反射率) |
0 | -34.1 |
15 | -36.0 |
30 | -36.2 |
45 | -36.8 |
60 | -37.1 |
用Rich—Mar Therepeutic ultrasound apparatus mod-el RM—25(Rich—Mar Corp.,Inola,Ok)提供的超声波能(表IV)持续照射充气脂质体溶液。表(IV)显示了使用持续的超声波产生的功率。结果发现持续的超声波能导致充气脂质体内部的气体从脂质体中逃逸,从而破裂了脂质体。在5瓦特功率及1MHz时,完全破坏盐水溶液中的充气脂质体需要大约20~30分钟。在10瓦特及1MHz时,完全破坏充气脂质体大约需要5分钟。在提供高能量前后通过光显微术检测充气脂质体,发现在照射后球形充气脂质体消失。
功率输出和持续超声波强度
总超声波功率输出P(MW) | 转换器面平均强度ITD(W/m2) |
持续波 | 5000 | 9867 |
持续波 | 10000 | 1973 |
以系列实验试验充气微粒体输送DNA的能力。按上述由DPPC制备脂质体,只是在干燥DPPC再悬浮时加入1CC生理盐水中的,在7000bp质粒上的2μg DNA(pCH10:Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology,Piscataway,NJ)。然后按上述制备充气脂质体。在充气脂质体再悬浮后,外面的未截留的DNA可通过亲合色谱法除去。将充气脂质体和DNA的悬浮液上柱(DNA specific Sephadexp)用蠕动泵(E-comopunp,Bio—Rad Laboratories.Hercules,CA)洗脱。DNA亲合基质粘合并保留了未截留的DNA。充气微球体洗脱出去。
也可按上述截留DNA的方法制备充水的脂质体,只是省略了干燥空气滴注的步骤。未截留的DNA经层析而除去。然后将充气脂质体按上述进行超声波扫描。含DNA的充气脂质体对上述脉冲超声波具有相似的回波反应。用上述持续的超声波扫描后,微粒体失去了其回波反应性。
用持续的超声波处理后,通过碘化(Propidium)二聚物法检定游离DNA(例如,充气脂质体之外的DNA)并将其与含DNA的充气脂质体(例如,未用持续的超声波处理)的对照组比较。
首先,将2ml充气微球体的等分试样加入一支试管中。然后加入2ml PBS(磷酸盐缓冲盐水),并将该试管用帕拉胶膜密封。使试管倒置数次并放置约5分钟,接着分离微球体。然后用巴斯德吸移管从试管中除去底部水层。将此程序重复三次以洗涤微球体。
接着,将2m1 0.05mg/mlDNA等分试样加入微球体中,密封试管并倒置混合。放置约5分钟后,用巴斯德吸移管抽提底部水层。然后加入2mlPBS等分试样并重复洗涤未束敷的DNA。将此程序重复共五次,并将水层进行扫描分析。
然后用2ml PBS稀释微球体,并使用超声波,直到观察不到充气微球体的存在。
在使用超声波检测释放的DNA后,将14ml浓度为2×10-5M的DMSO中的碘化Propidium二聚物(POPO—3iodide,Molecular Probes,Inc.Eugene,OR)作为对照,将14ml碘化Propidium加入单一的PBS,以及0.025μg/ml的PBS中的DNA。
在Spex Fluorolog2Spectrophotometer中使用534nm的激发频率测量样品的荧光。记录558nm的荧光发射,如下表V所示。通过基于对照的由PBS中的碘化Propidium二聚物组成的PBS样品的推断,而测定各样品中的DNA量的百分比。
表V
样品 | 萤光(%DNA) |
1次洗涤 | 58885(45%) |
2次洗涤 | 40314(17%) |
3次洗涤 | 33195(7%) |
4次洗涤 | 30062(8%) |
5次洗涤 | 34336(21%) |
暴露于超声波的样品 | 43051(21%) |
对照组-PBS单独 | 28878 |
对照组-PBS+DNA | 50563 |
洗涤过程可除去未束敷的DNA。如表V所示,在五次洗涤后,充气微粒体仍含约21%的质粒DNA。
因为碘化Propidium二聚物的荧光无明显增强,未暴露在高能量超声波下的含DNA的充气微球体保持了大量的其内部的DNA。但是,持续的超声波照射后,Propidium碘化物的荧光显著增强显示持续的超声波能导致了充气微球体的DNA的大量释放。因此,在使用超声波前,DNA保留在微球体中。由于使用超声波,截留的DAN被释放。实施例2
将一种阳离子脂质类,如DOTMA按1∶3体积摩尔比与DPPC混合。混合物溶于氯仿并通过旋转蒸发除去氯仿。在此干燥的材料中加入水并使用Extruder Device(LipexBiomembranes,Inc.,Vancouuer,BC)将此混合物压滤过2μm滤器。然后按照公开于6/18/91的U.S.Serial No.717,084的方法制备带正电荷的充气脂质体,该文献作为整体在此收编为参考文献。
通过加PBS,盐水或其他合适的缓冲溶液(如HEPES缓冲液)将所得的干燥的,带正电荷的充气脂质体再水合;一种涡旋器可被用于保证混合的均匀。加入DNA并再次振荡混合物。由于DNA结合在阳离子充气脂质体表面,所以通过过滤或选择性层析可除去未结合的DNA。到阳离子脂质类被饱和为止,所有DNA实际上都结合上去。选择性地,DAN可于在前的压滤步骤中被加入,接着进行上述步骤。
然后将所得的DAN涂渍的脂质体干燥并注入气体产生含DNA的充气脂质体。然后将所得脂质体暴露于持续的超声波,并通过对超声波的反射系数和吸收度试验脂质体的破裂。
不论DNA被束敷在充气脂质体的里面还是外部,都可用声波释放遗传物质。在充气微球体外部的DNA的结合可允许微球体内部有更大的空间以填充气体。由于有效地增大了直径,通常可更有效地使用超声波能量从微球体中释放遗传物质。
可以相信,结合DNA的阳离子脂质类具有优越性,例如,当声能使脂质体膜破裂时,疏水基帮助DNA并入细胞,有助于通过细胞膜和亚细胞层。
上述阳离子脂质类有具有中和DNA阴电荷及两亲性的优点。当这些阳离子脂质类从脂质体中释放时,由于脂质类为两亲的而细胞膜是可溶的,它们有助于促进DNA进入细胞以及亚细胞层。
实施例3
制备由1∶2摩尔比的DOTMA和DPPC的脂质体并用编码为HLA(主要的组织相容性复合体)基因,HLA—B7的DNA涂渍。将涂渍DNA的脂质体静脉注射给患软组织迁移性黑素瘤的病人。将1.0兆赫的持续超声波照射核软组织,使LHA—B7 DNA在肿瘤上累积。可以相信某些肿瘤细胞将被HLA—B7基因转染,结果可刺激病人T细胞排斥肿瘤的免疫反应。
实施例4
对碎片肿瘤基因的抗过敏低聚核苷酸被截留在由聚乙二醇二棕榈酰磷脂酰乙醇胺组成的脂质体内。将该脂质体静脉注射给转移结肠癌患者。对转移瘤提供1.0兆赫的持续超声波能。
实施例5
按上述使用卵磷脂酸胆碱和DOTMA,氯化N—[1—(2,3—二油酰氧)丙基]—N,N,N—三乙基铵则备充气脂质体,结合载有营养不良基用的YAC表面媒介物。将镁微球体静脉注射给Duchoinne′s Muscular Dystrophy(or Beck-er′s MD)患者。对患者肌肉组织提供1.0兆赫持续的超声波能量,可使肌肉的力量和质量增加。
实施例6
将YAC表面媒介物上的CFTR(囊纤维化转移膜调节器)基团截留在截留有氩气的由1∶1摩尔比的阳离子脂质类和DPPC组成的微球体的微胶粒制剂。给囊纤维化患者静脉注射该微球体并提供超声波能量影响组织(例如,肺、胰,等)。患者肺粘液蓄积减少,基他受影响的器官的功能也有提高。
实施例7
给转移性肾癌患者注射含转录白细胞介素—2(IL—2)基因的DNA的阳离子微球体。用超声波扫描病人腹部癌瘤。如微球体在肿瘤部位蓄积,来自肿瘤的反向散射及超声波反射的频谱谐波倍量将有增加。增强超声波能量,脉冲持续时向及脉冲重复频率直到充气微球体频谱超声波倍量从肿瘤上消失。通过仔细控制能量,如用水听器检测,控制成腔。该处理的结果是IL—基因转染了一些肿瘤细胞。随后T细胞淋巴细胞可对胞质和浸润物反应,推毁肿瘤。
实施例8
给转移性肾癌者注射含转录肿瘤坏死因子(TNA)基因的DNA的阳离子微球体。用超声波扫描病人腹部肿瘤。如微球体在在肿瘤部位蓄积,来自肿瘤的反向散射及超声波反射的频谱谐波信号将有增加。增强超声波能量,脉冲持续时间及脉冲重复频率直到充气微球体频谱超声波信号从肿瘤上消失。通过仔细地控制能量,如用水听器检测,控制成腔。该处理的结果是TNF基因转染了一些肿瘤细胞。随后肿瘤开始固定地产生TNF,并可导致大量的凝固性坏死。
实施例9
用抗肿瘤的单克隆抗体制备由二棕榈酰磷胆碱和结合DNA的阳离子脂质类组成的微球体。给转移性黑素瘤患者静脉注射涂渍抗黑素瘤抗原的单克隆抗体和含白细胞介素—2的微球体。用诊断超声波扫描患者。软组织中的肿瘤沉积物被充气微球体反射为强光。当用诊断超声波检测这些结时,将超声波能量增加到5瓦特并聚焦于含肿瘤的转移性沉积物。当释放传递时,检测肿瘤的超声波图谱。当反射由微球体定位的肿瘤的所有高频谱信号消失时,将超声波能量聚焦于具有指标微球体的声谱信号的新的肿瘤区。
实施例10
按照上述合成具有三种类型的表面结合反义DNA的阳离子充气脂质体。反义DNA为转录c—myc,c—myb,平滑肌生长因子,和肉皮细胞生长因子的基因的靶。将充气脂质体以动脉内给药的形式输送到血管成形部位。可以相信由于微球体破裂而释放反义DNA将改善内皮功能,减少凝固倾向。
实施例11
将二棕榈酰磷酰胆碱(1克)悬浮于10ml含阿霉素的磷酸盐缓冲的盐水中,将该混悬液加热至50℃,然后用手在圆底烧瓶中回荡约30分钟。除去热源,将混悬液再回荡2小时,回荡时使混悬液冷却至室温,以形成含药物的脂质体。
将制得的脂质体放入与图14相似的设备的容器中,冷却至约-10℃,然后对其抽真空。将脂质体的温度升至1约10℃。高真空被保持48小时。48小时后,在四小时内将氧气逐步注入该容器,4小时后,将压力恢复到大气压。结果得到含药物的真空干燥气体滴注的脂质体,该充气脂质体在其内部基本上避免了液体的存在,然后将该脂质体悬浮在100CC磷酸盐缓冲的盐水中,并涡旋10分钟,然后在约4℃储存约三个月。
实施例12
为试验实施例11的脂质体的超声波回声,将250mg脂质体样品悬浮于300CC非脱气的磷酸盐缓冲的盐水中。使用Acoustic Imaging Model5200扫描仪(Accoustic Imag-ing,Phoenix,AZ)并应用测量dB反射率的系统试验程序用7.5mHz发射器,以各种时间间隔扫描玻璃器中的脂质体。在试验脂质体前已知声阻抗模型校准该系统。该脂质体显示良好的dB反射率。实施例13
将二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱(1克)和防冻海藻糖(Cryopro-tectant trehalose)(1克)悬浮于10ml含两性霉素—β药物的磷酸盐缓冲的盐水,将此混悬液加热至约50℃,然后用手在圆底烧瓶中回荡约30分钟。除去热源,将混悬液再回荡2小时,回荡时使混悬液冷却至室温,以形成脂质体。
将制得的脂质体真空干燥并注入气体,大体上按实施例11所示的步骤进行,得到含药物的,真空干燥的,气体滴注的脂质体,该脂质体在其内部基本上避免了液体的存区。然后将该脂质体悬浮在10CC磷酸盐缓冲的盐水中并涡旋,然后在4℃储存约数星期。使用前,通过具有附加在中心轴上的滤器的滤管注射而将充气脂质体挤压过10μm聚碳酸酯滤器(Nuclepore,Costar,Pleasanton,CA)。
实施例14
基本上按照实施例12的步骤试验实施例13脂质体的超声波回声。该脂质体显示良好的dB反射率。
实施例15
将二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱(1克)悬浮于10ml含阿糖胞苷药物的磷酸盐缓冲的盐水中,将该混悬液加热至50℃,然后用于在圆底烧瓶中回荡约30分钟。通过具有加热套筒的挤压设备(Extruder DeviceTM,Lipex Biomembranes,Vancou-ver,Canada)将混悬液挤压五个周期,挤压前可进行或不进行常规的冻熔处理,挤压期间保持约50℃的温度。除去热源,将混悬液再回荡2小时,回荡时使混悬液冷却至室温,以形成脂质体。
基本上按照实施例11所示的步骤,将所制备的脂质体真空干燥气体滴注,得到含药物的,真空干燥的,气体滴注的脂质体,该充气脂质体在其内部基本上避免了液体的存在。然后将该脂质体悬浮在10CC磷酸盐缓冲的盐水中,在约4℃储存数周。
实施例16
基本上按照实施例12的步骤试验实施例15的超声波回声。该脂质体显示良好的dB反射率。
实施例17
为了试验本发明含药物脂质体的稳定性,用手将实施例11的脂质体混悬液通过如图10所示的注射管中的10微米聚碳酸酯滤器。挤压处理后,按实施例12所述研究脂质体的超声波回波。令人惊奇地,本发明脂质体在挤压后仍基本上保持其回波产生。
实施例18
使用振子频率为3到7.5mHz的超声波扫描实施例11的脂质体。结果显示,在超声波的高频,回波产生更迅速地减弱,反映了相对高的共振频率以及与较高频率有关的较高能量。
实施例19
给癌症患者静脉注射包含于真空干燥的充气脂质体的药物,该脂质体基本上避免了其内部的液体。含于脂质体的药物是阿霉素。静脉注射时,通过自动程序对肿瘤进行超声波扫描,并测定脂质体的共振频率。然后在脂质体峰共振频率将超声波能量聚焦于肿瘤。超声波能量不足以导致明显的组织热(即,无大于2℃的温度变化),但该超声波能量是以导致肿瘤部位的脂质体破裂并释放阿霉素。这样,使用脂质体与超声波完成了局部药物输送。
实施例20
给严重的局部真菌感染的病人静脉注射包含药物的真空干燥的气体滴注的脂质体,该充气脂质体基本上避免了其内部的液体,以基本上与实施例19所述相似的方式使用超声波完成局部药物输送。含于脂质体的药物两性霉素—B被有效地输送到感染部位。
实施例21
为了制备充气脂质体,将50mg1,2—棕榈酰—Sn—甘油基—3—胆碱磷酸(MW:734.05,粉末Lot No.160pc—183)(Avanti—Polar Lipids,Alabaster,AL)称重并用5.0ml盐水(0.9%NaCl)或磷酸盐缓冲的盐水(0.8%氯化钠,0.02%氯化钾,0.115%磷酸二钠和0.02%磷酸一钾,PH调节到7.4)在离心管中水合。然后,将水合混悬液置于涡旋机(Scientific Industries,Bohemia,NY)中,在仪器6.5档摇动10分钟。然后记下12ml的总体积。盐水溶液由5.0ml减少到约4ml。
然后通过光学显微镜测量经这种新方法制备的充气微球体的大小。发现最大的脂质体约50到约60μm,而最小的约8μm。平均大小范围为约15到约20μm。
然后通过10或12μm“NUCLEPORE”膜,使用Swin—Lok Filter Holder,(“NU CLEPORE”Filtration Products,Costar Corp.,Cambridge,MA)和20CC注射管(BectonDickinsin&Co.,Rutherford,NJ)过滤该充气脂质体。滤膜为10或12μm“NU CLEPORE”膜(Nuclepore FiltrationProducts,Costar Corp.,Cambrige,MA)。将10.0μm滤膜安装在Swin—Lok Filter Holder,并安且地将盖上紧。将脂质体溶液摇动并经18号针(gauge needle)移入20CC注射管。大约12ml脂质体溶液被置于注射管中,并将注射管按到Swin—Lok Filter Holder上。颠倒注射管和滤器支持物,以使较大的充气脂质体囊升至顶部。慢慢地推上注射管,以这种方式过滤充气脂质体。
通过10.0μm滤器挤压后充气脂质体的残存率(挤压过程后保存的充气脂质体的量)约为83—92%。挤压前,泡沫状物的体积的约为12ml而水溶液的体积约4ml。挤压后,泡沫状物的体积为10—11ml而水溶液的体积约为4ml。
再用光学显微镜检测挤压后充气脂质体大小的分配。检测范围为为约25到约30μm的最大脂质体和约5μm的最小脂质体。平均大小的范围为约8到约15μm。
已发现过滤后,90%以上的充气脂质体小于15μm。
实施倒22
将50mg1,2—二棕榈酰—sn—甘油基—3—胆碱磷酸(MW:734.05,粉末)(Avanti—Polar Lipids,Alabaster,AL)称重并放入离心管中。然后用5.0ml盐水溶液(9%NaCl)水合该脂质。将该脂质在仪器6.5挡涡旋10分钟。涡旋后,将全部溶液在液氮中冷却。然后将样品放在冷冻干燥器中冷冻干燥。样品在冷冻干燥中放置18小时。以冷冻干燥器中取出干燥的脂质并在5ml盐水溶液中再水合,在6.5档涡旋十分钟。将该溶液的少量样品移在载玻片上并在显微镜下观察该溶液。然后测量充气脂质体的大小。检测到最大的脂质体约60μm而最小的约20μm。平均大小范围约30到约40μm。
实施例23
将50mg1,2—二棕榈酰—Sn—甘油基—3—胆碱磷酸(MW:734.05,粉末)(Avanti—Polar Lipids,Alabastar,AL)称重并放入离心管中。以盘卷的方式将大约两英尺的胶管(0.25in内径)绕在圆锥形离心管上。然后用绝缘胶布将胶管固定在离心管上。将胶管与恒温循环浴(VWR Scientif-ic Model1131)连接。该浴的温度固定于60℃,循环水在管内高速循环。在脂质溶液中放入温度计,测得温度在42°和50℃之间,这是脂质的相转变温度。
将该脂质溶液在涡旋仪6.5档涡旋10分钟。显然,很少脂质(相转变温度=40℃)的泡沫未明显地形成充气脂质体。光学显微镜中可明显地看到溶液中的大量脂质微粒。在此温度下形成的充气脂质体的数量比在低于相转变温度的温度下形成的数量少3%。将该溶液放置15分钟直到溶液温度与室温(12℃)平衡。然后将溶液涡旋10分钟。10分钟后,充气脂质体明显地形成。
实施例24
将50mg1,2—二棕榈酰—Sn—甘油基—3—胆碱磷酸(MW:734.05,粉末)(Avanti—Polar Lipids,Alabaster,AL)称重并放入离心管中。然后用5.0ml的9%NaCl水合该类脂。将脂质水溶液在涡旋器6.5挡涡旋10分钟。涡旋后,将全部溶液在液氮中冷却。然后将其在室温(25℃)的水浴熔化。将冷冻熔化步骤重复八次。将水合的混悬液在涡旋仪6.5挡涡旋10分钟。然后按实施例21所述方法检测充气脂质体。
实施例25
准备两只离心管,各装有50mgDPPC。将1mol%(~0.2mg of Duponol C lot No.2832)十二烷基硫酸钠,一种乳化剂,加入一只离心管中,在另一只离心管中加入10mol%(2.0mg of Duponol C lot No.2832)。在两只离心管中各加入5ml 9%NaCl。将两只离心管都在液氮中冷却并冷冻干燥大约16小时。从冷冻干燥器中取出两个样品并各加5ml盐水。在6.5挡将两只离心管涡旋10分钟。
经测定,加1mol%十二烷基硫酸钠形成的最大的充气脂质体约为75μm,而最小的约为6μm。平均大小范围为约15至约40μm。加10mol%十二烷基硫酸钠形成的最大充气脂质体约为90μm,而最小的约为6μm。平均大小的范围为约15到约35μm。
含加入1mol%十二烷基硫酸钠形成的充气脂质体的溶液的泡沫体积约为15ml,而水溶液体积约为3—4ml。含加入10mol%十二烷基硫酸钠形成的充气脂质体的溶液的泡沫的体积也约为15ml,而水溶液的体积也约为3—4ml。
实施例26
这个实施例测定是否可用声能来制备充气脂质体。将50mg脂质,1,2—二棕榈酰—Sn—甘油基—3—胆碱磷酸(Avanti—Polar Lipids,Alabasten,AL)称重并用5ml 9%NaCl水合。使用Heat Systems Sonicator Ultrasonic Pro-cessor XL(Heat Systems,Inc.Farmingdale,NY)ModelXL2020向该水溶液发射声能以代替涡旋。调节钮位于4档的声波发生器发射出频率为20KHz的连续声波。使用一个微型末端(micro tip)进行声波扫描10分钟。声波扫描后,在光学显微镜下观察该溶液。未见充气脂质体已被制备。
接着除去声波发生器的微型末端放回声波发生器的端套中。制备另一种溶液(每5ml盐水50mg脂质)并用该末端进行声波扫描。10分钟后,在显微镜下观察溶液。也未发现充气脂质体。
实施例27
这个实施例测定是否有中止充气脂质体产生的脂质的低浓度限度。将10mg1,2—二棕榈—Sn—甘油基—3—胆碱磷酸(Avanti—Polar Lipids,Alabaster,AL)加入10ml盐水溶液(0.9%W∶V NaCl)中。在6.5档将脂质/盐水溶液涡旋10分钟。在按大小分类的光学显微镜下观察溶液。测定的最大脂质体的大小的范围为约30到约45μm而最小脂质体的大小为约7μm。平均大小范围为约30到约45μm。
显然,由于该充气脂质体更易破裂,因此它们比前述的脂质体更易碎。因此,脂质的浓度显然是充气脂质体产生和稳定性的一个同类。
实施例28
将未过滤的充气脂质体倒入50ml注射管中并通过串联的,间距最小的150μm的如图11和12所示的“NUCLE-PORE”10μm滤器和8μm滤器。两者挑一地,例如,样品也可通过相互紧密重迭的10μm和8μm滤器过滤。充气脂质体在使流速为2.0ml min-1的压力下通过滤器。然后测量随后过滤的充气脂质体的产量,结果已过滤的充气类微球体的体积为未过滤的体积的80—90%。
以四种不同的方法筛分所得充气脂质体以测量其大小和分布。筛分是在Particle Sizing Systems Model770光学筛分仪,与Universal Imaging制造的图形处理软件联接的Zeiss Axiplan光学显微镜,和Coulter Counter(CoulterElectvonils Limited,Luton,Beds.,England)上完成的。如图15和16所示,该充气脂质体的大小比未过滤的脂质体更一致地分布在8—10μm。因此,经过滤的充气脂质体具有更一致的大小。
实施例29
将250mg DPPC(二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱)和10ml 0.9%NaCl加入一只50ml Falcon离心管(Becton—Dickinson,Lincoln park,NJ)中并保持室温(大约20℃)。然后在氮气压力下将混悬液挤压通过1μm“NU CLEPORE”(Costar,Pleasonton,CA)聚碳酸酯膜。将所得混悬液用Particle Siz-ing Systems(Santa Barbara,CA)Model37。激光散射筛分仪筛分。所有脂质微粒的外径为1μm或小于1μm。
另外在18,000P.s.i.的压力下将相同的量的DPPC混悬液通过MicrofluidicsTM(Microfluidics Corporation,Nem-ton,MA)微流化器五次。将变得明亮的混悬液用ParticleSizing Systems(Santa Barbara,CA)Sub Partide Sizer Mod-el370激发散射筛分仪筛分,发现其大小均小于1μm。已知流化的混悬液的微粒大小可保持稳定达六个月。
实施例30
将100mgDSPC(二硬脂酰磷脂酰胆碱)和10ml 0.9%NaCl加入50ml Falcon离心管(Becton—Dickinson,Lin-colnPark,NJ)中。在300—800p.s.i的氮气压下将混悬液挤压通过1μm“NU CLEPORE”(Costar,Pleasanton,CA)聚碳酸酯膜。将所得混悬液用Particle Sizing Systems(SantaBarbara,CA)Sub Micron Particle Sizer Model 370激光散射筛分仪筛分。发现所有微粒均小于1μm。
另外,在18,000p.s.i.的压力下将相同量的DPPC混悬液通过MicrofluidicsTM(Microfluidics Corporation,New-ton,MA)微流化器(Microfluidizer)五次。将变得明亮的混悬液用Sub Micron Particle Sizer System Modlel370激光散射筛分仪筛分,发现其大小均小于1μm。
实施例31
将实施例29和30的先筛分的混悬液在BarnsteadModel(57835)压热器(Barnstead/Thernoyen,Dubuque,IA)中压热。与室温平衡后,无菌的混悬液用于气体的注入。
实施体32
将预先被挤压通过1μm滤器并压热二十分钟的10ml25mg/ml的1,2—二棕榈磷脂酰胆碱在0.9%NaCl中的溶液加入Falcon Soml离心管(Becton—Dickinson,LincolnPark,New Jersey)中。脂质混悬液与室温(大约20℃)平衡后,将此液体在V WR Genie—2(120V,o.Samp,60Hz.)(Scientific Industries,Inc.,Bohemia NY)涡旋10分钟,直到充气脂质体的总体积至少为原来脂质水溶体积的二或三倍。管底的溶液几乎完全没有无水脂质微粒,得到大量含充气脂质体的泡沫。因此,预先压热不影响脂质混悬液形成充气脂质体的能力。压热不改变脂质体的大小,不降低脂质混悬液形成充分脂质体的能力。
实施例33
将预先被挤压通过1μm滤器并压热二十分钟的10ml25mg/ml的1,2—十棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱在0.5%NaCl中的溶液加入Falcon 50ml离心管中(Becton—Dickinson,Lincoln Park,MJ)。脂质混悬液与室温(大约20℃)平衡后,将离心管垂直放入VWR Scientific Orbital摇动器(VWRScientific,Cerritos,CA)中以300r.p.m档摇动30分钟。在摇动器台上搅拌得到充气脂质体。
实施例34
将预先被挤压通过1μm滤器并压热二十分钟的10ml25mg/ml的1,2—二棕榈酰磷酰胆碱在0.9%NaCl中的溶液加入Falcon 50ml离心管(Becton—Dickinson,Lincolnpark,NJ)中。脂质混悬液与室温(大约20℃)平衡后,将离心管固定在1加仑空的家用喷涂器中,随后放在手工喷涂混合器中做15分钟的旋转。涡旋混合后,取出离心管,显然,充气脂质体已形成。
实施例35
将预先被挤压通过1μm滤器并压热二十分钟的10ml25mg/ml的1,2—二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱在0.9%NaCl中的溶液加入Falcon离心管(Becton—Dickinson,LincolnPark,NJ)中。脂质类混悬液与室温(大约20℃)平衡后,用手将离心管用力摇动十分钟。摇动停止后,充气脂质体形成。
实施例36
按实施例32所述制备充气脂质体。将所得未过滤的脂质体倒入50ml注射器并压过由“NUCLEPORE”(Costar,Pleasanton CA)10μm滤器以150μm的间隔联着8μm滤器的串联过滤系统。另外,对分离的样品使用相互重选10μm和8μm滤器。充气脂质体在使其过滤速度为2.0ml/min的压力下通过滤器。过滤过的充气脂质体的体积为未过滤的体积的80—90%。
以四种不同的方法筛分所得充气脂质体以测量其大小分布。筛分是在Particle Sizing Systems(Santa Barbara,CA)Model770光学筛分仪,与Universal Imaging(Vniver-sal Imaging,West Chester,PA)制造的图形处理软件联接的Zeiss Axiplan光学显微镜和Coulter Counter(CoulterElectronics Limited,Luton,Beds.,England)上完成的。如图18所示,该充气脂质体的大小比未过滤的脂质体更一致地分布在8—10μm。
除这里显示和描述的以外的本发明的各种修改,对于本领域熟练的技术人员来说,可由上述显而易见。这样的修改也落入附加的权利要求的范围。
Claims (111)
1.一种靶定位治疗剂传递系统,该系统包含充气微球体,其中所述气微球体包含有治疗化合物。
2.权利要求1所述的治疗剂传递系统,其中所述微球体含有相变温度大于20℃的材料。
3.权利要求1所述的治疗剂传递系统,其中所述微球体的外直径小于100μm。
4.权利要求3所述的治疗剂传递系统,其中所述微球体的外直径小于10μm。
5.权利要求1所述的治疗剂传递系统,其中所述微球体含有类脂物质。
6.权利要求1所述的治疗剂传递系统,其中所述治疗化合物包括遗传物质。
7.权利要求6所述的治疗剂传递系统,其中所述遗传物质为脱氧核糖核酸。
8.权利要求6所述的治疗剂传递系统,其中所述遗传物质为核糖核酸。
9.权利要求6所述的治疗剂传递系统,该系统包含反义核糖核酸或反义脱氧核糖核酸。
10.权利要求6所述的治疗剂传递系统,其中所述微球体包含阳离子类脂物质。
11.权利要求10所述的治疗剂传递系统,其中所述阳离子类脂包括N-[1-(2,3-二油酰氧基)丙基]-N,N,N-三甲基氯化铵。
12.权利要求5所述的治疗剂传递系统,其中所述类脂选自二硬脂酰磷脂酰胆碱,二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱和卵磷脂酰胆碱。
13.权利要求7所述的治疗剂传递系统,其中所述治疗化合物包括编码有至少部分选自下述基因的脱氧核糖核酸:人主要组织相容性基因,营养障碍,cystic Fibrosis跨膜传导调节因子,白介素-2和肿瘤坏死因子。
14.权利要求9所述的治疗剂传递系统,其中所述治疗化合物包括能结合至少部分编码有Ras的脱氧核苷酸的反义寡核苷酸。
15.权利要求1所述的治疗剂传递系统,其中所述治疗剂包括单克隆抗体。
16.权利要求15所述的治疗剂传递系统,其中所述单克隆抗体能结合黑瘤抗原。
17.权利要求1所述的治疗剂传递系统,其中所述微球体包括其内部其本上无液体但其中封装有治疗化合物的充气脂质体。
18.权利要求1所述的治疗剂传递系统,其中所述微球体包括通过真空干燥气体滴注法制备的且其中封装有治疗化合物的充气脂质体。
19.权利要求1所述的治疗剂传递系统,其中所述微球体包括通过凝胶态振荡气体滴注法制备的充气脂质体。
20.控制释放治疗化合物到患者病灶区的方法,该方法包括:
(i)对患者给用包含治疗化合物的充气微球体;
(ii)利用超声波监控微球体以确定微球体在病灶区内的存在;和
(iii)使用超声波破裂微球体使治疗化合物在病灶区释出。
21.权利要求20所述的方法,其中微球体经静脉内给药。
22.权利要求20所述的方法,其中所述微球体由二棕榈酰磷酯酰胆碱组成。
23.权利要求20所述的方法,其中所述微球体填充有选自空气、氮气二氧化碳、氧气、氩气、氙气、氦气以及氖气的气体。
24.权利要求23所述的方法,其中所述微球体填充有氮气。
25.权利要求20所述的方法,其中所述类脂体悬浮在水介质中贮存。
26.权利要求20所述的方法,其中所述微球体的反射系数在2dB和20dB之间。
27.权利要求20所述的方法,其中所述微球体包括其内部基本上无液体但其中封装有治疗化合物的充气脂质体。
28.权利要求20所述的方法,其中所述微球体包括通过真空干燥气体滴注法制备的且其中封装有治疗化合物的充气脂质体。
29.权利要求20所述的方法,其中所述微球体包括通过凝胶振荡气体滴注法制备的充气脂质体。
30.制备包含充气脂质体的靶定位治疗剂传递系统的方法,所述方法包括在气体存在下,于低于类脂的凝胶态至液晶态的相变温度下振荡包含有类脂和治疗化合物的水溶液的步骤。
31.如权利要求30所述的方法,其中所述振荡步骤包括涡旋。
32.如权利要求30所述的方法,该方法进一步包括过滤和加热灭菌所述类脂水溶液的步骤。
33.如权利要求30所述的方法,该方法进一步包括将所述充气脂质体通过至少一个选定孔径大小的滤器压出。
34.如权利要求33所述的方法,其中所述孔径大小约为10μm或更小。
35.如权利要求30所述的方法,进一步包括水合干燥类脂形成包含类脂的水溶液。
36.制备包含充气脂质体的靶定位治疗剂传递系统的方法,所述方法包括下列步骤:在气体存在下,于低于类脂的凝胶态至液晶态的相变温度下振荡包含类脂的水溶液形成充气脂质体;以及向所述类脂体中加入治疗化合物。
37.如权利要求36所述的方法,其中所述振荡步骤包括涡旋。
38.如权利要求36所述的方法,该方法进一步包括过滤和加热灭菌所述脂质水溶液步骤。
39.如权利要求36所述的方法,该方法进一步包括通过至少一个选定孔径大小的滤器压出所述脂质体。
40.如权利要求39所述的方法,其中所述孔径大小约为10μm或更小。
41.如权利要求36所述的方法,该方法进一步包括水合干燥类脂形成包含类脂的水溶液。
42.制备包含充气脂质体的靶定位治疗剂传递系统的方法,所述方法包括下列步骤:在气体存在下振荡包含类脂和治疗化合物的水溶液;以及分离所形成的充气脂质体供治疗使用。
43.制备包含充气脂质体的靶定位治疗剂传递系统的方法,所述方法包括下列步骤:在气体存在下,于低于类脂的凝胶态至液晶态的相变温度下振荡包含类脂的水溶液形成充气脂质体;加入治疗化合物;以及分离所形成的充气脂质体供治疗使用。
44.制备包含治疗剂的充气脂质体微球体的方法,该方法包括下列步骤:
a)将包含类脂和治疗化合物的水溶液引入容器内;
b)将气体引入所述容器内;
c)在所述气体存在下,充分剧烈振荡所述类脂水
溶液以便滴注至少部分所述气体到所述水溶液内,
在所述水溶液的上面产生包含充气脂质体的泡沫;
以及
d)从所述容器内分离至少部分所述包含充气脂质体的泡沫。
45.根据权利要求44的方法,该方法进一步包括冷却所述水溶液的步骤。
46.根据权利要求45的方法,其中所述冷却所述水溶液的步骤包括在低于所述水溶液内的类脂的凝胶态至液晶态的相变温度下冷却所述水溶液。
47.根据权利要求44的方法,该方法进一步包括对所述容器加压。
48.根据权利要求44的方法,进一步包括筛分所述充气脂质体的步骤。
49.根据权利要求48的方法,其中筛分所述充气脂质体的步骤包括控制从所述容器中提取的所述充气脂质体的大小。
50.根据权利要求49的方法,其中从所述容器中提取的所述充气脂质体的大小是通过滤器提取所述充脂质体进行控制。
51.根据权利要求49的方法,其中从所述容器中提取的所述充气脂质体的大小是通过在所述容器内部调整充气脂质体的位置进行控制,其中所述容器是指提取充气脂质体的容器。
52.根据权利要求49的方法,其中从所述容器中提取的所述充气脂质体的大小是在从所述容器中提取所述充气脂质体在所述容器内的位置进行控制,其中所述容器是提取充气脂质体的容器。
53.根据权利要求48的方法,其中筛分所述充气脂质体的步骤包括通过滤器压出所述提取的充气脂质体。
54.根据权利要求48的方法,其中所述筛分所述充气脂质体的步骤包括控制所述振荡的强度。
55.根据权利要求44的方法,该方法进一步包括将从所述容器中提取的所述充气脂质体不需进一步处理直接注入到注射器内的步骤。
56.根据权利要求44的方法,其中所述振荡所述水溶液的步骤包括以每分钟至少60次振荡频率振荡的步骤。
57.根据权利要求44的方法,其中所述的振荡所述水溶液的步骤包括涡旋所述水溶液的步骤。
58.根据权利要求44的方法,其中所述的振荡所述水溶液的步骤包括振荡所述容器的步骤。
59.根据权利要求44的方法,其中所述的振荡所述水溶液的步骤包括在少于30分钟内充分剧烈振荡所述水溶液产生所述包含充气脂质体的泡沫。
60.根据权利要求44的方法,其中所述的振荡所述水溶液的步骤包括根据对所述包含充气脂质体的泡沫的检测,控制所述振荡时间的步骤。
61.根据权利要求60的方法,其中基于对包含充气脂质体的泡沫的检测控制所述振荡时间的步骤包括振荡至检测到预定体积量所述泡沫为止。
62.制备包含治疗剂的充气脂质体的设备,包括:
a)容器
b)将包含脂质和治疗化合物的水溶液导入到所述容器内的装置;
c)将气体导入到所述容器内的装置;和
d)将所述气体滴注到处于所述容器内的所述水溶液中,由此在所述容器内产生包含充气脂质体的泡沫所用的装置。
63.根据权利要求62的设备,其中所述的导入类脂水溶液所用的装置包括导入干燥类脂的装置,导入治疗化合物的装置,以及导入水介质到所述容器内所用的装置。
64.根据权利要求62的设备,其中所述的滴注所述气体到所述水溶液内所用的装置包括振荡所述水溶液的装置。
65.根据权利要求64的设备,其中所述的振荡所述水溶液的装置包括振荡所述容器的装置。
66.根据权利要求64的设备,其中所述的振荡所述水溶液的装置包括涡旋所述水溶液的装置。
67.根据权利要求62的设备,进一步包括冷却所述水溶液的装置。
68.根据权利要求62的设备,进一步包括从所述容器提取所述泡沫的装置。
69.根据权利要求68的设备,其中所述的从所述容器内提取所述泡沫的装置包括调整从所述容器中提取所述泡沫的垂直位置的装置。
70.根据权利要求68的设备,进一步包括通过滤器装配流出所述所提取的充气脂质体的装置。
71.根据权利要求70的设备,其中所述的滤器装配包括间隔为预定距离的第一和第二滤器。
72.根据权利要求62的设备,进一步包括筛分所述充气脂质体的装置。
73.根据权利要求62的设备,进一步包括与所述容器流体相连的滤器。
74.根据权利要求62的设备,进一步包括对所述容器进行加压的装置。
75.根据权利要求62的设备,进一步包括将从所述容器中产生的所述充气脂质体基本上不经进一步处理直接注入到注射器内的装置。
76.根据权利要求46的方法,该方法进一步包括对所述容器施加压力的步骤。
77.根据权利要求67的设备,其中所述的冷却所述水溶液的装置包括在低于所述水溶液内的类脂的凝胶态至液晶态的相变温度下冷却所述水溶液的装置。
78.根据权利要求77的设备,进一步包括对所述容器加压的装置。
79.权利要求5的治疗剂传递系统,其中所述类脂材料包括至少一种选自如下的类脂:二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱,二棕榈酰磷脂酰乙醇胺,和磷脂酸,并且所述脂质体进一步包括聚乙二醇。
80.权利要求5的治疗剂传递系统,其中所述类脂材料包括至少一种二棕榈酰类脂。
81.权利要求1的治疗剂传递系统,其中所述治疗剂选自:碳水化合物类、肽类、糖肽、糖脂和外源凝集素,所述的治疗剂渗合在所述微球体的表面。
82.权利要求44的方法,其中所述容器为注射器的套管,所述注射器还包含至少一个滤器和针头;所述提取步骤包括通过从所述套管内,压出所述脂质体通过所述滤器筛分所述充气脂质体。
83.权利要求44的方法,其中所述注射器包括注射器的套管。
84.权利要求83的方法,其中所述注射器还包含至少一个滤器和针头;所述提取步骤包括通过从所述套管内压出所述脂质体通过所述滤器筛分所述充气脂质体。
85.权利要求53的方法,包括将所述脂质体吸入到注射器内,所述注射器包括套管,至少一个滤器和针头;由此,当吸入所述脂质体到管内时,滤器筛分所述脂质体。
86.权利要求44的方法,包括压出所述脂质体到注射器的套管内,所述注射器还包括至少一个滤器和针头,由此当从所述套管内压出所述脂质体时,滤器筛分所述脂质体。
87.权利要求44的方法,其中所述提取步骤包括将所述含充气脂质体的泡沫吸入到注射器内,所述注射器包含管子,至少一个滤器和针头;由此筛分所述脂质体。
88.权利要求68的设备,其中所述容器为注射器的套管,所述注射器还包括至少一个滤器和针头;所述提取装置包括通过从所述套管内压出所述脂质体通过所述滤器筛分所述充气脂质体的装置。
89.权利要求68的设备,其中所述容器包括注射器的套管。
90.权利要求89的设备,其中所述注射器还包括至少一个滤器和针头;所述提取装置包括通过从所述套管内压出所述脂质体通过所述滤器筛分所述充气脂质体的装置。
91.权利要求62的设备,其中所述容器为注射器的套管,所述注射器还包括至少一个滤器和针头;当所述脂质体吸入到套管内时所述滤器为筛分所述脂质体的装置。
92.权利要求62的设备,其中所述容器注射器的套管,所述注射器还包括至少一个滤器和针头;当从所述套管内压出所述脂体时所述滤器为筛分所述脂质体的装置。
93.权利要求68的设备,其中所述提取装置包括吸入所述包含充气脂质体的泡沫到注射器内所用的装置,所述注射器包括套管,至少一个滤器,以及针头;由此筛分所述脂质体。
94.靶定位治疗剂传递设备,该设备包括具有套管,滤器装配,和针头的注射器,所述滤器装配安装在所述套管和针头之间且包括至少一个滤器,所述套管内包含有包含充气微球体的靶定位治疗剂传递系统,其中所述充气微球体包含有治疗化合物。
95.权利要求94的设备,其中所述滤器装置为阶式滤器装置,该装置包括具有正对针头的面和正对套管的面的第一滤器,以及第二滤器,在所述第一滤器的正对针头和正对管子的面上依次有第一和第二金属网隔膜,在第二金属网隔膜和第二滤器之间有O形环,并且其中所述第二滤器与第一滤器的正对管子的面的间隔约为150μm。
96.权利要求95的设备,所述第一滤器和第二滤器都具有微孔,所述第二滤器的微孔大小约为10μm并且第一滤器的微孔大小约为8μm。
97.权利要求94的设备,其中所述滤器具有微孔,所述微孔的大小约30nm至20微米之间。
98.权利要求94的设备,其中所述滤器具有微孔,所述微孔的大小约为8μm。
99.权利要求91的设备,该设备装有第一滤器和第二滤器,所述第一个滤器和第二滤器具有微孔,所述第一滤器的微孔大小约为10μm并且第二滤器的微孔大小约为8μm。
100.权利要求91的设备,其中所述滤器具有微孔,所述微孔的大小约在30nm至20微米之间。
101.权利要求91的设备,其中所述滤器具有微孔,所述微孔的大小约为8μm。
102.权利要求92的设备,该设备装有第一个滤器和第二滤器,所述第一滤器和第二滤器均具有微孔,所述第一滤器的微孔大小约为10μm且第二滤器的微孔大小约为8μm。
103.权利要求92的设备,其中所述滤器具有微孔,所述微孔的大小在30nm至20微米之间。
104.权利要求92的设备,其中所述滤器具有微孔,所述微孔的大小为8μm。
105.权利要求20的方法,其中所述微球体通过喷雾器给药。
106.权利要求105的方法,其中所述微球体靶定位给药到肺部。
107.权利要求106的方法,其中所述治疗剂为反义ras/p53。
108.权利要求30的方法在高于环境压力的压力下进行。
109.权利要求36的方法在高于环境压力的压力下进行。
110.权利要求42的方法在高于环境压力的压力下进行。
111.权利要求46的方法在高于环境压力的压力下进行。
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EP (1) | EP0707471A4 (zh) |
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CN (1) | CN1125394A (zh) |
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-
1993
- 1993-06-11 US US08/076,250 patent/US5580575A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1994
- 1994-05-01 CN CN94192404A patent/CN1125394A/zh active Pending
- 1994-05-12 CA CA002164843A patent/CA2164843A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1994-05-19 EP EP94920019A patent/EP0707471A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1994-05-19 WO PCT/US1994/005620 patent/WO1994028873A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1994-05-19 AU AU70948/94A patent/AU684088B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1994-05-19 JP JP50180795A patent/JP3910630B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1995
- 1995-06-07 US US08/472,305 patent/US5770222A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN108348885A (zh) * | 2015-10-26 | 2018-07-31 | 诺赛尔股份有限公司 | 提供活性物的受控释放的微胶囊和组合物 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0707471A4 (en) | 1998-07-29 |
AU7094894A (en) | 1995-01-03 |
WO1994028873A1 (en) | 1994-12-22 |
JPH09501410A (ja) | 1997-02-10 |
US5580575A (en) | 1996-12-03 |
AU684088B2 (en) | 1997-12-04 |
JP3910630B2 (ja) | 2007-04-25 |
US5770222A (en) | 1998-06-23 |
CA2164843A1 (en) | 1994-12-22 |
EP0707471A1 (en) | 1996-04-24 |
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