CN102171782A - X射线管阳极 - Google Patents

X射线管阳极 Download PDF

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CN102171782A
CN102171782A CN2009801358815A CN200980135881A CN102171782A CN 102171782 A CN102171782 A CN 102171782A CN 2009801358815 A CN2009801358815 A CN 2009801358815A CN 200980135881 A CN200980135881 A CN 200980135881A CN 102171782 A CN102171782 A CN 102171782A
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anode
segments
cooling duct
cooling
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CN102171782B (zh
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爱德华.J.莫顿
拉塞尔.D.卢格
马丁.亨特
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CXR Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J35/00—X-ray tubes
    • H01J35/02—Details
    • H01J35/04—Electrodes ; Mutual position thereof; Constructional adaptations therefor
    • H01J35/08—Anodes; Anti cathodes
    • H01J35/12—Cooling non-rotary anodes
    • H01J35/13—Active cooling, e.g. fluid flow, heat pipes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J2235/00—X-ray tubes
    • H01J2235/08—Targets (anodes) and X-ray converters
    • H01J2235/081—Target material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J2235/00—X-ray tubes
    • H01J2235/08—Targets (anodes) and X-ray converters
    • H01J2235/083—Bonding or fixing with the support or substrate
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J2235/00—X-ray tubes
    • H01J2235/08—Targets (anodes) and X-ray converters
    • H01J2235/086—Target geometry
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J2235/00—X-ray tubes
    • H01J2235/12—Cooling
    • H01J2235/1204—Cooling of the anode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J2235/00—X-ray tubes
    • H01J2235/12—Cooling
    • H01J2235/1225—Cooling characterised by method
    • H01J2235/1262—Circulating fluids

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Abstract

一种用于X射线管的阳极，包括与刚性支承构件接触的至少一个导热阳极区段和安置来冷却阳极的冷却装置。该阳极可包括末端与末端对齐的多个阳极区段，每个阳极区段接触支承构件。

Description

X射线管阳极
技术领域
本发明涉及X射线管，特别地，涉及X射线管的阳极的冷却。
背景技术
人们熟知提供一种X射线管，其包括电子源和金属阳极，其中阳极相对于电子源为正电势的。电场加速向着阳极发出的电子。当它们撞击到阳极时，它们损失它们的动能的一些或者全部，损失的动能的大部分释放为热。该热会降低靶极寿命，因此，通常冷却阳极。传统的方法包括：空气冷却，其中阳极典型地在地电位操作，热通过空气冷却的散热片传导到周围，并且旋转阳极，其中照射点能够在被再一次照射之前随着它的转动而冷却。
在一些情形中，需要移动的X射线源，其通过沿着拱式的或者直线的阳极扫描电子束而产生。这些阳极可延伸到数米长度并且制造单独一片的阳极通常是复杂且昂贵的。
发明内容
相应地，本发明的第一方面提供用于X射线管的阳极，其包括与刚性支承构件接触的至少一个导热的阳极区段以及安置来冷却阳极的冷却装置。
优选地，冷却装置包括布置成传送冷却剂通过阳极的冷却导管。该导管可包括容纳在冷却通道内的冷却剂管，该冷却剂管可以由阳极区段和支承构件限定。
优选地，阳极包括末端与末端对齐的多个阳极区段。这使得阳极能够构建成比通过利用单独一件的阳极容易地实现的长度更长的长度。每个阳极区段可涂有薄膜。薄膜可以覆盖阳极区段的至少一个暴露表面并可以包括靶金属。例如，膜可以是钨、钼、铀和银的任何一种的膜。施加金属薄膜到阳极的表面上可以通过溅射涂覆、电镀沉积和化学沉积的任何一种。或者，薄的金属箔可铜焊到阳极区段上。薄膜可以具有30微米和1000微米之间，优选50微米和500微米之间的厚度。
优选地，阳极区段由具有高导热率的材料如铜形成。刚性的支柱可优选地由不锈钢制成。铜和不锈钢的优秀的热匹配意味着可以制造大的阳极区段，其在热循环下具有小的变形并具有良好的机械稳定性。
多个阳极区段可螺钉连接到刚性的支柱上。或者，刚性的支柱可利用机械压力机卷边(crimp)到阳极区段中。卷边，特别地，如果用作将阳极区段附着到支柱上的唯一手段，减少需要的机械工序的数量并消除对螺钉的需要，而螺钉会引起气体被存(trap)在螺钉的底部处的风险。
一体的冷却通道可沿着支柱的长度延伸并可以要么切入到(cut into)阳极区段中，要么切入到支柱中。或者，通道可由切入到阳极区段和支柱二者中的对齐的凹槽形成。冷却管可沿着冷却通道延伸并可以包含冷却液。优选地，管是退火铜管。冷却通道可以具有正方形或者矩形横断面，或者，替代地，可以具有半圆形或者大致圆形的横截面。圆整的(rounded)冷却通道允许冷却管和阳极之间的更好的接触，因此提供更有效的冷却。
冷却液可通过绝缘管部分穿入到阳极中。绝缘管部分可以包括两个具有铜焊的端盖的陶瓷管，所述两个陶瓷管在一端连接到不锈钢板。该不锈钢板可以具有通过它形成的两个端口，每个绝缘管部分可以与其中一个端口对齐。板可以安装到X射线管真空壳体中。陶瓷管可通过两直角管接头连接到冷却通道并可以嵌入在阳极中。
附图说明
现将参照附图仅通过例子的形式描述本发明的实施例，其中：
图1a是根据本发明的实施例的阳极的部分透视图；
图1b是根据本发明的进一步的实施例的阳极的部分透视图；
图2是通过根据本发明的进一步的实施例的卷边到支柱的阳极区段的剖面。
图3是通过根据本发明的进一步实施例的阳极的剖面，具有圆整末端的冷却通道；
图4示出用于将阳极区段卷边到支柱的卷边工具；
图5示出用于图1的阳极的冷却剂管的连接结构；以及
图6是通过用于根据本发明的进一步的实施例的冷却剂管的连接结构的剖面。
具体实施方式
参照图1a，根据本发明的一个实施例的阳极1包括多个导热的阳极区段2，该阳极区段2通过螺钉6螺钉连接到支柱4形式的刚性的单一件的支承构件。冷却通道8、10沿着阳极的长度在阳极区段和支柱之间延伸并包括布置成传送冷却液的管12形式的冷却剂导管。
阳极区段22由金属如铜形成并相对于电子源保持在高压正电势。每个阳极区段2具有带角度的前表面14，该前面涂有适当的靶金属例如钼、钨、银或者铀，该靶金属选取来在当电子入射到其上时产生需要的X射线。这层靶金属利用包括溅射涂覆、电镀沉积、化学汽相淀积和燃烧喷雾涂覆的多种方法中的一种施加到前表面14上。或者，具有50-500微米厚度的薄的金属箔铜焊到铜阳极表面14上。
参照图1a，冷却通道8形成在刚性的支柱4的前表面上并沿着阳极的长度延伸。冷却通道8具有正方形或者矩形横截面并包含退火铜冷却剂管12，该冷却剂管与铜阳极区段2和支柱4接触，铜阳极区段2的平面的后表面形成通道的前侧。冷却流体例如油被泵送通过冷却剂管12以从阳极1散热。
图1b示出替代实施例，其中冷却剂通道10切入阳极区段2中形成。冷却通道10具有半圆形横截面，通道的平坦的后表面通过支柱4提供。半圆形横截面提供冷却剂管12和阳极区段2之间的更好的接触，因此，提高从阳极1移除热量的效率。或者，冷却通道可包括在支柱4和阳极区段2中的两个半圆形凹陷，从而形成大致圆形横截面的冷却通道。
刚性的单一件的支柱4由不锈钢形成并可以利用机械精确且便宜的工艺如激光切割形成，而更小的铜阳极区段2典型地利用自动机加工工艺进行制造。支柱4形成有平坦的前表面，阳极区段2形成有平坦的后表面，该后表面与支柱4的前表面接触并保持抵靠该前表面，以保证当平坦的表面接触时它们之间良好的热接触。由于铜和不锈钢的优秀的热匹配以及这两种材料的良好的真空属性，大的阳极区段可以制造为在热循环下具有小的变形并且具有良好的机械稳定性。
固定阳极区段2到支柱4上的螺钉6穿过孔并进入到阳极区段2中的螺纹盲孔中，该孔从支柱的后面延伸穿过支柱4到它的前面。在阳极1的组装过程中，会有在这些螺钉6的底部周围存入一部分气体的可能。小的孔或者缝槽因此可以切割到支柱或者阳极中以连接这些盲孔到支柱或者阳极的外表面，从而允许被存入的这部分气体排出。
将多个阳极区段2螺钉连接到单一支柱4上，如图1a和1b所示，使得阳极能够得以构建为延伸数米。而这在其它情形中通常是昂贵且实现起来复杂的。
图2示出替代设计，其中平板形式的单一件的刚性支柱24利用机械压力机卷边到阳极区段22中。正方形的切割冷却通道28切入到阳极区段22的后表面中并沿着阳极的长度延伸，从而被支柱24覆盖。冷却剂流体通过位于冷却通道28内部的退火铜冷却剂管12，以散发在阳极中产生的热量。该设计减少阳极中所需要的机加工处理，以及消除对螺钉6的需要，并且消除在螺钉的底部处的相关的可能的存入的气体容积(volume)。
图3示出与图2所示的阳极类似设计的阳极，其中刚性的支柱24卷边到阳极区段22中。在该实施例中，弯曲的横截面，在该情形中为半椭圆形的冷却通道30沿着阳极的长度延伸并通过圆整末端的工具切入到阳极区段22中。冷却剂管12位于冷却通道30内部并充注有冷却流体如油。圆整冷却通道30提供冷却剂管12和阳极区段22之间的更优良的接触，其中所述冷却剂管12是圆整的形状以配合在通道30中。
参照图4，图2和3的阳极通过利用卷边工具32形成。涂覆的铜阳极区段22支承在底座支承部34中，壁37从阳极区段22的后表面的侧部向上突起。刚性的支柱24布置到阳极区段22上，从而配合在突起的阳极侧壁37之间。卷边工具32的上部36具有形成在其中的圆形横截面的凹槽38，该凹槽布置成当它向着底座支承部34降低时弯折阳极区段22的直的铜侧壁37并将它变形靠在支柱24的后表面上，从而将支柱24卷边到阳极区段22上。典型地，需要每厘米的阳极区段长度0.3-0.7吨的力来完成卷边处理。由于卷边处理，阳极区段的卷边的边缘沿着支柱的每侧形成连续的圆整脊。应当认识到，也可以使用其它的卷边形式，例如，阳极区段可以卷边到支柱的侧面中的凹槽中，或者，支柱可以被卷曲而与阳极接合。
在使用中，阳极区段22保持在相对高的电势。在阳极上的任何锋利的点因此会导致静电荷的局部的高的聚集。围绕支柱24卷边阳极区段22的直的铜侧壁37给阳极区段提供圆整的边缘，并避免需要紧固件例如螺钉。这帮助保证在阳极上的均一的电荷分布，并减少从阳极静电放电的可能。
为了使得冷却剂流体进入到阳极中，通常必须使用电绝缘管部分，这是因为阳极通常在相对于地电位的正的高电压下操作。非导电的，在该情形中为陶瓷的，管部分可以用于提供冷却剂管12和冷却剂流体的外部源之间的电隔离的连接。冷却剂流体通过陶瓷管泵送进入到冷却剂管12中，从而散发在产生X射线时产生的热量。图5示出绝缘管部分，包括在第一端焊接到不锈钢板42的两个陶瓷中断器40(具有焊接的端盖的陶瓷管)。板42具有贯穿它形成的端口43，每一陶瓷中断器40的末端位于这些端口43的相应一个上。该不锈钢板42然后安装到X射线管真空壳体中。两个直角管部分44的每个在一端焊接到陶瓷中断器40的第二末端。直角部分44的另一末端然后铜焊到冷却剂管12，冷却剂管12沿着阳极1的冷却通道8、10延伸。使用局部加热方法，例如使用围绕冷却剂管12和直角管部分44的铜衬套46的感应焊接。螺纹连接器48螺旋连接到端口43中，该端口43向着它们的外端具有螺纹。在不锈钢板42的外侧上这些连接器48将绝缘的管部分连接到外部冷却剂回路。例如，这些连接器48可焊接到组件上或者利用O圈密封件47螺纹连接到其上。
为了最大化阳极1的静电性能，将例如如图5所示的冷却剂组件的高压直角部分嵌入在阳极自身内是有利的。在将绝缘的管部分连接到冷却剂管12之后，不可能将支柱24卷边到阳极区段22中，如图2和3所示。在这种情况中，可以使用机械固定，例如如图1a和1b所示的螺钉6。
或者，管部分可以从阳极外侧连接到例如图2和3所示的卷边的阳极上。参照图6，在刚性的支柱24中切割出缺口25。直角部分44延伸通过支柱24中的该缺口25并在一端铜焊到冷却剂管12上。在刚性的支柱24的外侧上，直角部分焊接到陶瓷中断器40上，该陶瓷中断器40连接到外部冷却回路，例如如在图5中所示的。

Claims (21)

1.一种用于X射线管的阳极，包括与刚性支承构件接触的至少一个导热的阳极区段和布置成冷却该阳极的冷却装置。
2.如权利要求1所述的阳极，其中，所述冷却装置包括布置成传送冷却剂通过所述阳极的冷却导管。
3.如权利要求2所述的阳极，其中，所述冷却导管包括容纳在由所述阳极区段和所述支承构件限定的冷却通道中的冷却剂管。
4.如上述权利要求中任一项所述的阳极，包括多个末端与末端对齐的阳极区段，每个阳极区段与所述支承构件形成接触。
5.如上述权利要求中任一项所述的阳极，其中，每个阳极区段具有靶金属涂层。
6.如权利要求5所述的阳极，其中，所述涂层作为薄膜施加。
7.如权利要求5所述的阳极，其中，所述涂层是金属箔。
8.如权利要求7所述的阳极，其中，所述金属箔具有50微米和500微米之间的厚度。
9.如权利要求5至8中任一项所述的阳极，其中，所述涂层施加到所述阳极区段的前表面上。
10.如权利要求5至9中任一项所述的阳极，其中，所述涂层包括钨、钼、铀和银的至少一种。
11.如上述权利要求中任一项所述的阳极，其中，所述阳极区段由铜制成。
12.如上述权利要求中任一项所述的阳极，其中，所述支承构件由不锈钢制成。
13.如上述权利要求中任一项所述的阳极，其中，所述阳极区段螺钉连接到所述支承构件上。
14.如权利要求1至12中任一项所述的阳极，其中，所述支承构件通过卷边附着到所述阳极区段。
15.如权利要求3或在从属于权利要求3时的任何前述权利要求所述的阳极，其中，所述冷却通道至少部分地切入到所述阳极区段中。
16.如权利要求3或在从属于权利要求3时的任何前述权利要求所述的阳极，其中，所述冷却通道至少部分地切入到所述支承构件中。
17.如权利要求3或在从属于权利要求3时的任何前述权利要求所述的阳极，其中，所述冷却通道具有弯曲的横截面。
18.如权利要求3或在从属于权利要求3时的任何前述权利要求所述的阳极，其中，所述冷却剂管是退火铜管。
19.如上述权利要求中任一项所述的阳极，进一步包括布置成馈送冷却流体到所述冷却装置中的绝缘管部分。
20.如权利要求19所述的阳极，其中，所述绝缘导管部分包括连接到所述冷却剂管的陶瓷管以及布置成安装到X射线管真空壳体中的连接器板。
21.一种阳极，其大致如此前参照一个或多个附图所描述的。
CN200980135881.5A 2008-07-15 2009-07-15 X射线管阳极 Expired - Fee Related CN102171782B (zh)

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