Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
  • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • A61K38/18—Growth factors; Growth regulators
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
  • A61L27/50—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
  • A61L27/54—Biologically active materials, e.g. therapeutic substances
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
  • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
  • A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
  • A61F2/28—Bones
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • A61K38/18—Growth factors; Growth regulators
  • A61K38/1858—Platelet-derived growth factor [PDGF]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
  • A61K9/0063—Periodont
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
  • A61L27/02—Inorganic materials
  • A61L27/025—Other specific inorganic materials not covered by A61L27/04 - A61L27/12
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
  • A61L27/02—Inorganic materials
  • A61L27/12—Phosphorus-containing materials, e.g. apatite
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
  • A61L27/14—Macromolecular materials
  • A61L27/22—Polypeptides or derivatives thereof, e.g. degradation products
  • A61L27/227—Other specific proteins or polypeptides not covered by A61L27/222, A61L27/225 or A61L27/24
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
  • A61L27/14—Macromolecular materials
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
  • A61L27/40—Composite materials, i.e. containing one material dispersed in a matrix of the same or different material
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
  • A61L27/40—Composite materials, i.e. containing one material dispersed in a matrix of the same or different material
  • A61L27/42—Composite materials, i.e. containing one material dispersed in a matrix of the same or different material having an inorganic matrix
  • A61L27/425—Composite materials, i.e. containing one material dispersed in a matrix of the same or different material having an inorganic matrix of phosphorus containing material, e.g. apatite
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
  • A61L27/50—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
  • A61L27/56—Porous materials, e.g. foams or sponges
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
  • A61L27/50—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
  • A61L27/58—Materials at least partially resorbable by the body
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/02—Stomatological preparations, e.g. drugs for caries, aphtae, periodontitis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/08—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • C07K14/475—Growth factors; Growth regulators
  • C07K14/49—Platelet-derived growth factor [PDGF]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
  • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
  • A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
  • A61F2/28—Bones
  • A61F2002/2835—Bone graft implants for filling a bony defect or an endoprosthesis cavity, e.g. by synthetic material or biological material
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
  • A61F2210/00—Particular material properties of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
  • A61F2210/0004—Particular material properties of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof bioabsorbable
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
  • A61L2300/20—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices containing or releasing organic materials
  • A61L2300/252—Polypeptides, proteins, e.g. glycoproteins, lipoproteins, cytokines
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
  • A61L2300/40—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices characterised by a specific therapeutic activity or mode of action
  • A61L2300/412—Tissue-regenerating or healing or proliferative agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
  • A61L2300/40—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices characterised by a specific therapeutic activity or mode of action
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  • A61L2400/00—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61L2430/00—Materials or treatment for tissue regeneration
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Definitions

• Growth factors are proteins that bind to receptors on a cell surface, with the primary result of activating cellular proliferation and/or differentiation. Many growth factors are quite versatile, stimulating cellular division in numerous different cell types; while others are specific to a particular cell-type. Examples of growth factors include platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), insulin-like growth factors IGF-I and II), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-/5), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF).
• PDGF platelet-derived growth factor
• IGF-I and II insulin-like growth factors
• TGF-/5 transforming growth factor beta
• EGF epidermal growth factor
• FGF fibroblast growth factor
• PDGF is a cationic, heat stable protein found in a variety of cell types, including the granules of circulating platelets, vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, macrophage, and keratinocytes, and is known to stimulate in vitro protein synthesis and collagen production by fibroblasts. It is also known to act as an in vitro mitogen and chemotactic agent for fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, osteoblasts, and glial cells.
• rhPDGF-BB Recombinant human PDGF-BB
• rhPDGF-BB Recombinant human PDGF-BB
• rhPDGF-BB Recombinant human PDGF-BB
• hPDGF-BB has been shown to stimulate wound healing and bone regeneration in both animals and humans. It is approved in both the United States and Europe for human use in topical applications to accelerate healing of chronic diabetic foot sores.
• Recombinant hPDGF-BB has also been shown to be effective either singly or in combination with other growth factors for improving periodontal regeneration, i.e., regrowth of bone, cementum, and ligament around teeth (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5124,316, incorporated herein by reference). Summary Of The Invention
• rhPDGF a low dose of rhPDGF ( ⁇ 0.1 to 1.0 mg/niL) promotes repair of bone, periodontium, ligament, and cartilage.
• a low amount of rhPDGF can be adsorbed to jS-TCP, which can be implanted at the site of repair, such that the rhPDGF is released in vivo.
• Addition of rhPDGF to /3-TCP has been shown to enhance osteoblast cell attachment and proliferation compared to untreated /3-TCP.
• the invention features a method for promoting bone, periodontium, ligament, or cartilage growth in a mammal, e.g., a human, by administering an implant material containing platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) at a concentration of less than about 1.0 mg/ml, such that the implant material promotes growth of the bone, periodontium, ligament, or cartilage.
• PDGF platelet-derived growth factor
• the PDGF is administered in an amount of less than or equal to 0.3 mg/ml.
• the PDGF is administered in an amount in the range of about 0.1 to about 1.0 mg/ml.
• the PDGF is administered in an amount of between about 0.2 to about 0.75 mg/ml, about 0.25 to about 0.6 mg/ml, and about 0.25 to about 0.5 mg/ml.
• the PDGF is administered in an amount of about 0.1 mg/ml, 0.3 mg/ml, or 1.0 mg/ml, preferably 0.3 mg/mL.
• the PDGF is either partially or substantially purified.
• the PDGF is isolated or purified from other contaminants, hi a further embodiment, the PDGF is released from the implant material upon administration at an average rate of 0.3 mg/day. In another embodiment, the PDGF is released from the implant material upon administration at an average rate of 300 ⁇ g/day.
• the PDGF is released from the implant material at an average rate of less than 100 ⁇ g/day, less than 50 ⁇ g/day, less than 10 ⁇ g/day, or less than 1 ⁇ g/day.
• the PDGF is delivered over a few days, e.g., 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25 days, or up to 28 days or more.
• a second aspect of the invention features a method for promoting bone, periodontium, ligament, or cartilage growth in a mammal, e.g., a human, by administering an implant material containing an amount of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) of less than about 1.0 mg/ml and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such that the implant material promotes the growth of the bone, periodontium, ligament, or cartilage, and allowing the bone, periodontium, ligament, or cartilage to grow.
• PDGF platelet-derived growth factor
• the PDGF is equal to or less than about 0.3 mg/ml.
• the PDGF is administered in a range of about 0.1 to 1.0 mg/ml.
• the amount of PDGF is about 0.1 mg/ml, 0.3 mg/ml, or 1.0 mg/ml, preferably 0.3 ' mg/mL.
• the PDGF is either partially or substantially purified.
• the PDGF is isolated or purified from other contaminants.
• the method can additionally include the step of producing a surgical flap of skin to expose the bone, periodontium, ligament, or cartilage, and following the administration step, replacing the flap.
• the method can additionally include the step of planing the bone or periodontium to remove organic matter from the bone or periodontium.
• the method promotes the growth of damaged or diseased bone, periodontium, ligament, or cartilage.
• the method promotes the growth of bone in locations where new bone formation is required as a result of surgical interventions, such as, e.g., tooth extraction, ridge augmentation, esthetic grafting, and sinus lift.
• a third aspect of the invention features an implant material for promoting the growth of bone, periodontium, ligament, or cartilage in a mammal, e.g., a human.
• the implant material includes a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier (e.g., a biocompatible binder, a bone substituting agent, a liquid, or a gel) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), which is present at a concentration of less than about 1.0 mg/mL.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier e.g., a biocompatible binder, a bone substituting agent, a liquid, or a gel
• PDGF platelet-derived growth factor
• the implant material includes a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier (e.g., a biocompatible binder, a bone substituting agent, a liquid, or a gel) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), which is present at a concentration of less than about 1.0 mg/mL.
• the PDGF is present in the implant material at a concentration ⁇ equal to or less than about 0.3 mg/ml.
• the PDGF is administered in a range of about 0.1 to 1.0 mg/ml.
• the amount of PDGF is about 0.1 mg/
• the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier of -the implant material includes a scaffold or matrix consisting of a biocompatible binder (e.g., carboxymethylcellulose) or a bone substituting agent (/3-TCP) that is capable of absorbing a solution that includes PDGF (e.g., a solution containing PDGF at a concentration in the range of about 0.1 mg/mL to about 1.0 mg/mL).
• a biocompatible binder e.g., carboxymethylcellulose
• a bone substituting agent e.g., a solution containing PDGF at a concentration in the range of about 0.1 mg/mL to about 1.0 mg/mL.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is capable of absorbing an amount of the PDGF solution that is equal to at least about 25% of its own weight.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is capable of absorbing an amount of the PDGF solution that is equal to at least about 50%, 75%, 100%, 200%, 250%, or 300% or its own weight, hi an embodiment, the PDGF is absorbed by the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier of the implant material by soaking the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in a solution containing PDGF.
• the PDGF is present in the solution at a concentration of less than about 1.0 mg/mL.
• the PDGF is present in the solution at a concentration equal to or less than about 0.3 mg/ml.
• the PDGF is present in the solution at a concentration in the range of about 0.1 to 1.0 mg/ml.
• the PDGF is present in the solution in an amount of about 0.1 mg/ml, 0.3 mg/ml, or 1.0 mg/ml, preferably 0.3 mg/niL.
• the PDGF is either partially or substantially purified.
• the PDGF is isolated or purified from other contaminants.
• a fourth aspect of the invention features a method for preparing an implant material for promoting growth of bone, periodontium, ligament, or cartilage in a mammal, e.g., a human.
• the method includes the step of combining partially purified or purified platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in an amount of less than about 1.0 mg/mL with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier substance.
• PDGF platelet-derived growth factor
• the PDGF is combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier substance at a concentration equal to or less than about 0.3 mg/ml.
• the PDGF is combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier substance in an amount in the range of about 0.1 to 1.0 mg/ml.
• PDGF is mixed in the amount of 0.1 mg/ml, 0.3 mg/ml, or 1.0 mg/ml.
• PDGF is mixed in the amount of 0.3 mg/ml.
• the PDGF is absorbed by the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to produce the implant material.
• a fifth aspect of the invention features a vial having platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) at a concentration in the range of about 0.1 mg/mL to about 1.0 mg/mL in a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid, hi an embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the liquid is sterile sodium acetate buffer, hi another embodiment, the vial contains PDGF at a concentration of about 0.3 mg/mL. hi yet another preferred embodiment, the PDGF is PDGF-BB. In yet other embodiments, the PDGF is stable in the sodium acetate buffer for at least about 12 months, preferably at least about 18 months, more preferably at least about 24 months, and most preferably at least about 36 months when stored at a temperature in the range of about 2°C to 8O 0 C.
• PDGF platelet-derived growth factor
• a sixth aspect of the invention features an implant material that includes a porous calcium phosphate having adsorbed therein a liquid containing platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) at a concentration in the range of about 0.1 mg/mL to about 1.0 mg/mL.
• PDGF platelet-derived growth factor
• the concentration of PDGF is about 0.3 mg/mL
• the calcium phosphate is selected from tricalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite, amorphous calcium phosphate, calcium metaphosphate, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, heptacalcium phosphate, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate, calcium pyrophosphate, and octacalcium phosphate
• the PDGF is provided in a sterile liquid, for example, sodium acetate buffer.
• a seventh aspect of the invention features a method of preparing an implant material by saturating a calcium phosphate material in a sterile liquid that includes platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) at a concentration in the range of about 0.1 mg/mL to about 1.0 mg/mL.
• PDGF platelet-derived growth factor
• the concentration of PDGF is about 0.3 mg/mL
• the calcium phosphate is selected from tricalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite, amorphous calcium phosphate, calcium metaphosphate, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, heptacalcium phosphate, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate, calcium pyrophosphate, and octacalcium phosphate.
• PDGF includes PDGF homo- and heterodimers, for example, PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, PDGF-AB, PDGF-CC, and PDGF-DD, and combinations and derivatives thereof.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier substance of the implant material is or additionally includes one or more of the following: a biocompatible binder (e.g., a natural or synthetic polymer), a bone substituting agent, a liquid, and a gel.
• a biocompatible binder e.g., a natural or synthetic polymer
• the implant material includes PDGF present in a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid carrier which is adsorbed by a pharmaceutically acceptable solid carrier.
• the implant material is prepared by combining isolated, partially purified, substantially purified, or purified PDGF in an amount in the range of 0.1 to 1.0 mg/ml, more preferably 0.1 mg/ml, 0.3 mg/ml, or 1.0 mg/ml, most preferably 0.3 mg/ml, or even less than 0.1 mg/ml, with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier substance, e.g., a biocompatible binder, such as a natural or synthetic polymer (e.g., collagen, polyglycolic acid, and polylactic acid), a bone substituting agent (e.g., a calcium phosphate (e.g., tricalcium phosphate or hydroxyapatite), calcium sulfate, or demineralized bone (e.g., demineralized freeze- dried cortical or cancellous bone), or a commercially available gel or liquid (i.e., a viscous or inert gel or liquid).
• a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier substance e.g.,
• the carrier substance of the implant material is, or additionally includes, one or more biocompatible binders.
• a biocompatible binder is an agent that produces or promotes cohesion between the combined substances.
• suitable biocompatible binders include polymers selected from polysaccharides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins, polypeptides, poly( ⁇ -hydroxy acids), poly(lactones), poly(amino acids), poly(anhydrides), poly(orthoesters), poly(anhydride-co-imides), poly(orthocarbonates), poly( ⁇ -hydroxy alkanoates), poly(dioxanones), poly(phosphoesters), polylactic acid, poly(L-lactide) (PLLA), ⁇ oly(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA), polyglycolide (PGA), poly(lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA), poly(L-lactide-co-D, L-lactide), ⁇ oly(D,L-lactide-co-co-
• Additional binders include alginic acid, arabic gum, guar gum, xantham gum, gelatin, chitin, chitosan, chitosan acetate, chitosan lactate, chondroitin sulfate, N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan, a dextran (e.g., ⁇ -cyclodextrin, /3-cyclodextrin, ⁇ -cyclodextrin, or sodium dextran sulfate), fibrin glue, glycerol, hyaluronic acid, sodium hyaluronate, a cellulose (e.g., methylcellulose, carboxy methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, or hydroxyethyl cellulose), a glucosamine, a proteoglycan, a starch (e.g., hydroxyethyl starch or starch soluble), lactic acid, a pluronic, sodium glycer
• the biocompatible binder is water-soluble.
• a water-soluble binder dissolves from the implant material shortly after its implantation in vivo, thereby introducing macroporosity into the implant material. This macroporosity increases the osteoconductivity of the implant material by enhancing the access and, consequently, the remodeling activity of the osteoclasts and osteoblasts at the implant site.
• the biocompatible binder may be added to the implant material in varying amounts and at a variety of stages during the preparation of the composition. Those of skill in the art will be able to determine the amount of binder and the method of inclusion required for a given application.
• the carrier substance is or includes a liquid selected from water, a buffer, and a cell culture medium.
• the liquid may be used in any pH range, but most often will be used in the range of pH 5.0 to pH 8.0. Ih an embodiment, the pH will be compatible with the prolonged stability and efficacy of the PDGF present in the implant material, or with the prolonged stability and efficacy of another desired biologically active agent, hi most embodiments, the pH of the liquid will be in the range of pH 5.5 to pH 7.4.
• Suitable buffers include, but are not limited to, carbonates, phosphates (e.g., phosphate buffered saline), and organic buffers such as Tris, HEPES, and MOPS. Most often, the buffer will be selected for its biocompatibility with the host tissues and its compatibility with the biologically active agent. For most applications in which nucleic acids, peptides, or antibiotics are included in the implant material, a simple phosphate buffered saline will suffice.
• the carrier substance of the implant material is, or additionally includes, one or more bone substituting agents.
• a bone substituting agent is one that can be used to permanently or temporarily replace bone.
• the bone substituting agent can be retained by the body or it can be resorbed by the body and replaced with bone.
• Exemplary bone substituting agent include, e.g., a calcium phosphate (e.g., tricalcium phosphate (e.g., /3-TCP), hydroxyapatite, poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite, amorphous calcium phosphate, calcium metaphosphate, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, heptacalcium phosphate, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate, calcium pyrophosphate, and octacalcium phosphate), calcium sulfate, or demineralized bone (e.g., demineralized freeze-dried cortical or cancellous bone)), hi an embodiment, the carrier substance is bioresorbable.
• a calcium phosphate e.g., tricalcium phosphate (e.g., /3-TCP)
• hydroxyapatite poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite
• the bone substituting agent is provided as a matrix of micron- or submicron- sized particles, e.g., nano-sized particles.
• the particles can be in the range of about 100 ⁇ m to about 5000 ⁇ m in size, more preferably in the range of about 200 ⁇ m to about 3000 ⁇ m, and most preferably in the range of about 250 ⁇ m to about 2000 ⁇ m, or the particles can be in the range of about 1 nm to about 1000 nm, preferably less than about 500 nm, and more preferably less than about 250 nm.
• the bone substituting agent has a porous composition.
• Porosity of the composition is a desirable characteristic as it facilitates cell migration and infiltration into the composition so that the cells can secrete extracellular bone matrix. It also provides access for vascularization. Porosity also provides a high surface area for enhanced resorption and release of active substances, as well as increased cell-matrix interaction.
• the composition has a porosity of greater than 40%, more preferably greater than 65%, and most preferably greater than 90%.
• the composition can be provided in a shape suitable for implantation (e.g., a sphere, a cylinder, or a block) or it can be sized and shaped prior to use.
• the bone substituting agent is a calcium phosphate
• the bone substituting agent can also be provided as a flowable, moldable paste or putty.
• the bone substituting agent is a calcium phosphate paste that self-hardens to form a hardened calcium phosphate prior to or after implantation in vivo.
• the calcium phosphate component of the invention may be any biocompatible calcium phosphate material known in the art.
• the calcium phosphate material may be produced by any one of a variety of methods and using any suitable starting components.
• the calcium phosphate material may include amorphous, apatitic calcium phosphate.
• Calcium phosphate material may be produced by solid-state acid-base reaction of crystalline calcium phosphate reactants to form crystalline hydroxyapatite solids. Other methods of making calcium phosphate materials are known in the art, some of which are described below.
• the calcium phosphate material can be poorly crystalline apatitic (PCA) calcium phosphate or hydroxyapatite (HA).
• PCA material is described in application U.S. Patent Nos. 5,650,176; 5,783,217; 6,027,742; 6,214,368; 6,287,341; 6,331,312; and 6,541,037, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• HA is described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. Re. 33,221 and Re. 33,161. These patents teach preparation of calcium phosphate remineralization compositions and of a finely crystalline, non-ceramic, gradually resorbable hydroxyapatite carrier material based on the same calcium phosphate composition.
• a similar calcium phosphate system which consists of tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) and monocalcium phosphate (MCP) or its monohydrate form (MCPM), is described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,053,212 and 5,129,905.
• This calcium phosphate material is produced by solid-state acid-base reaction of crystalline calcium phosphate reactants to form crystalline hydroxyapatite solids.
• Crystalline HA materials may be prepared such that they are flowable, moldable, and capable of hardening in situ (see U.S. Patent No. 5,962,028). These HA materials (commonly referred to as carbonated hydroxyapatite) can be formed by combining the reactants with a non-aqueous liquid to provide a substantially uniform mixture, shaping the mixture as appropriate, and allowing the mixture to harden in the presence of water (e.g., before or after implantation). During hardening, the mixture crystallizes into a solid and essentially monolithic apatitic structure.
• the reactants will generally consist of a phosphate source, e.g., phosphoric acid or phosphate salts, substantially free of water, an alkali earth metal, particularly calcium, source, optionally crystalline nuclei, particularly hydroxyapatite or calcium phosphate crystals, calcium carbonate, and a physiologically acceptable lubricant, such as any of the non-aqueous liquids described herein.
• a phosphate source e.g., phosphoric acid or phosphate salts
• an alkali earth metal particularly calcium
• optionally crystalline nuclei particularly hydroxyapatite or calcium phosphate crystals, calcium carbonate
• a physiologically acceptable lubricant such as any of the non-aqueous liquids described herein.
• the dry ingredients may be pre-prepared as a mixture and subsequently combined with the non-aqueous liquid ingredients under conditions where substantially uniform mixing occurs.
• the calcium phosphate material is characterized by its biological resorbability, biocompatibility, and its minimal crystallinity. Its crystalline character is substantially the same as natural bone.
• the calcium phosphate material hardens in less than five hours, and substantially hardens in about one to five hours, under physiological conditions.
• the material is substantially hardened within about 10-30 minutes.
• the hardening rate under physiological conditions may be varied according to the therapeutic need by modifying a few simple parameters as described in U.S. Patent No. 6,027,742, which is incorporated herein by reference.
• the resulting bioresorbable calcium phosphate material will be "calcium deficient," with a calcium to phosphate molar ratio of less than about 1.6 , as compared to the ideal stoichiometric value of approximately 1.67 for hydroxyapatite.
• Desirable calcium phosphates are capable of hardening in a moist environment, at or around body temperature in less than 5 hours and preferably within 10-30 minutes. Desirable materials are those that, when implanted as a 1-5 g pellet, are at least 80% resorbed within one year. Preferably, the material can be fully resorbed.
• the implant material additionally may include one or more biologically active agents.
• Biologically active agents that can be incorporated into the implant materials of the invention include, without limitation, organic molecules, inorganic materials, proteins, peptides, nucleic acids (e.g., genes, gene fragments, gene regulatory sequences, and antisense molecules), nucleoproteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and lipoproteins.
• nucleic acids e.g., genes, gene fragments, gene regulatory sequences, and antisense molecules
• nucleoproteins e.g., polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and lipoproteins.
• Classes of biologically active compounds that can be incorporated into the implant materials of the invention include, without limitation, anti-cancer agents, antibiotics, analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents, immunosuppressants, enzyme inhibitors, antihistamines, anti-convulsants, hormones, muscle relaxants, anti-spasmodics, ophthalmic agents, prostaglandins, anti-depressants, anti-psychotic substances, trophic factors, osteoinductive proteins, growth factors, and vaccines.
• Anti-cancer agents include alkylating agents, platinum agents, antimetabolites, topoisomerase inhibitors, antitumor antibiotics, antimitotic agents, aromatase inhibitors, thymidylate synthase inhibitors, DNA antagonists, farnesyltransferase inhibitors, pump inhibitors, histone acetyltransferase inhibitors, metalloproteinase inhibitors, ribonucleoside reductase inhibitors, TNF alpha agonists/antagonists, endothelin A receptor antagonists, retinoic acid receptor agonists, immuno- modulators, hormonal and antihormonal agents, photodynamic agents, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Any of the biologically active agents listed in Table 1 can be used.
• Antibiotics include aminoglycosides (e.g., gentamicin, tobramycin, netilmicin, streptomycin, amikacin, neomycin), bacitracin, corbapenems (e.g., imipenem/cislastatin), cephalosporins, colistin, methenamine, monobactams (e.g., aztreonam), penicillins (e.g., penicillin G, penicillin V, methicillin, natcillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin, mezlocillin, azlocillin), polymyxin B, quinolones, and vancomycin; and bacteriostatic agents such as chloramphenicol, clindanyan, macrolides (e.g., erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin),
• Enzyme inhibitors are substances which inhibit an enzymatic reaction.
• enzyme inhibitors include edrophonium chloride, N- methylphysostigmine, neostigmine bromide, physostigmine sulfate, tacrine, tacrine, 1- hydroxy maleate, iodotubercidin, p-bromotetramisole, 10-(alpha- diethylaminopropionyl)-phenothiazme hydrochloride, calmidazolium chloride, hemicholinium-3, 3,5-dinitrocatechol, diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor I, diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor II, 3-phenylpropargylamine, N 6 -monomethyl-L-arginine acetate, carbidopa, 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine, hydralazine, clorgyline, deprenyl, hydroxylamine, ipronia
• Anti-inflammatory agents include corticosteroids, nonsteroidal anti ⁇ inflammatory drugs (e.g., aspirin, phenylbutazone, indomethacin, sulindac, tolmetin, ibuprofen, piroxicam, and fenamates), acetaminophen, phenacetin, gold salts, chloroquine, D-Penicillamine, methotrexate colchicine, allopurinol, probenecid, and sulfinpyrazone.
• nonsteroidal anti ⁇ inflammatory drugs e.g., aspirin, phenylbutazone, indomethacin, sulindac, tolmetin, ibuprofen, piroxicam, and fenamates
• acetaminophen e.g., aspirin, phenylbutazone, indomethacin, sulindac, tolmetin, ibuprofen, piroxicam, and
• Muscle relaxants include mephenesin, methocarbomal, cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride, trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride, levodopa/carbidopa, and biperiden.
• Anti-spasmodics include atropine, scopolamine, oxyphenonium, and papaverine.
• Analgesics include aspirin, phenybutazone, idomethacin, sulindac, tolmetic, ibuprofen, piroxicam, fenamates, acetaminophen, phenacetin, morphine sulfate, codeine sulfate, meperidine, nalorphine, opioids (e.g., codeine sulfate, fentanyl citrate, hydrocodone bitartrate, loperamide, morphine sulfate, noscapine, norcodeine, normorphine, thebaine, nor-binaltorphimine, buprenorphine, chlornaltrexamine, funaltrexamione, nalbuphine, nalorphine, naloxone, naloxonazine, naltrexone, and naltrindole), procaine, lidocain, tetracaine and dibucaine.
• opioids
• Ophthalmic agents include sodium fluorescein, rose bengal, methacholine, adrenaline, cocaine, atropine, alpha-chymotrypsin, hyaluronidase, betaxalol, pilocarpine, timolol, timolol salts, and combinations thereof.
• Prostaglandins are art recognized and are a class of naturally occurring chemically related, long-chain hydroxy fatty acids that have a variety of biological effects.
• Anti-depressants are substances capable of preventing or relieving depression.
• anti-depressants examples include imipramine, amitriptyline, nortriptyline, protriptyline, desipramine, amoxapine, doxepin, maprotiline, tranylcypromine, phenelzine, and isocarboxazide.
• Growth factors are factors whose continued presence improves the viability or longevity of a cell.
• Trophic factors include, without limitation, neutrophil-activating protein, monocyte chemoattractant protein, macrophage-inflammatory protein, platelet factor, platelet basic protein, and melanoma growth stimulating activity; epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor (alpha), fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor, insulin-like growth factor (IGF, e.g., IGF-I or IGF-II), glial derived growth neurotrophic factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, bone growth/cartilage-inducing factor (alpha and beta), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), interleukins (e.g., interleukin inhibitors or interleukin receptors, including interleukin 1 through interleukin 10), interferons (e.g., interferon alpha, beta and gamma), hematopoietic factors,
• Hormones include estrogens (e.g., estradiol, estrone, estriol, diethylstibestrol, quinestrol, chlorotrianisene, ethinyl estradiol, mestranol), anti-estrogens (e.g., clomiphene, tamoxifen), progestins (e.g., medroxyprogesterone, norethindrone, hydroxyprogesterone, norgestrel), antiprogestin (mifepristone), androgens (e.g, testosterone cypionate, fluoxymesterone, danazol, testolactone), anti-androgens (e.g., cyproterone acetate, flutamide), thyroid hormones (e.g., triiodothyronne, thyroxine, propylthiouracil, methimazole, and iodixode), and pituitary hormones (e.
• the biologically active agent is also desirably selected from the family of proteins known as the transforming growth factors-beta (TGF-/3) superfamily of proteins, which includes the activins, mhibins, and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs).
• TGF-/3 superfamily of proteins which includes the activins, mhibins, and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs).
• BMPs bone morphogenetic proteins
• BMPs include BMP proteins BMP-2, BMP-3, BMP-4, BMP-5, BMP-6 and BMP-7, disclosed for instance in U.S. Patent Nos.
• BMP-8 disclosed in PCT publication WO91/18098; and BMP-9, disclosed in PCT publication WO93/00432, BMP-10, disclosed in PCT application WO94/26893; BMP-11, disclosed in PCT application WO94/26892, or BMP-12 or BMP-13, disclosed in PCT application WO 95/16035; BMP-14; BMP-15, disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,635,372; or BMP-16, disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,965,403.
• TGF-/3 proteins which may be useful as the active agent in the calcium phosphate compositions of the invention include Vgr-2, Jones et al., MoI. Endocrinol. 6:1961 (1992), and any of the growth and differentiation factors (GDFs), including those described in PCT applications WO94/15965; WO94/15949; WO95/01801; WO95/01802; WO94/21681; WO94/15966; WO95/10539; WO96/01845; WO96/02559 and others.
• GDFs growth and differentiation factors
• BIP BIP
• HP00269 disclosed in JP Publication number: 7-250688
• MP52 disclosed in PCT application WO93/16099.
• the disclosures of all of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference.
• a subset of BMPs which can be used in the invention include BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-5, BMP-6, BMP-7, BMP-IO, BMP-12, BMP-13, BMP-14, and MP52.
• the active agent is most preferably BMP-2, the sequence of which is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,013,649, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• Other osteogenic agents known in the art can also be used, such as teriparatide (ForteoTM), Chrysalin®, prostaglandin E2, LIM protein, osteogenin, or demineralized bone matrix (DBM), among others.
• the biologically active agent may be synthesized chemically, recombinantly produced, or purified from a source in which the biologically active agent is naturally found.
• the active agent if a TGF-/3, such as a BMP or other dimeric protein, may be homodimeric, or may be heterodimeric with other BMPs (e.g., a heterodimer composed of one monomer each of BMP-2 and BMP-6) or with other members of the TGF-/3 superfamily, such as activins, inhibins and TGF-/31 (e.g., a heterodimer composed of one monomer each of a BMP and a related member of the TGF-/3 superfamily). Examples of such heterodimeric proteins are described for example in Published PCT Patent Application WO 93/09229, the specification of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• Additional biologically active agents include the Hedgehog, Frazzled, Chordin, Noggin, Cerberus, and Follistatin proteins. These families of proteins are generally described in Sasai et al., Cell 79:779-790 (1994) (Chordin); PCT Patent Publication WO94/05800 (Noggin); and Fukui et al., Devel. Biol. 159:131 (1993) (Follistatin). Hedgehog proteins are described in WO96/16668; WO96/17924; and WO95/18856.
• the Frazzled family of proteins is a recently discovered family of proteins with high homology to the extracellular binding domain of the receptor protein family known as Frizzled.
• the Frizzled family of genes and proteins is described in Wang et al., J Biol. Chem. 271:4468-4476 (1996).
• the active agent may also include other soluble receptors, such as the truncated soluble receptors disclosed in PCT patent publication WO95/07982. From the teaching of WO95/07982, one skilled in the art will recognize that truncated soluble receptors can be prepared for numerous other receptor proteins.
• PCT patent publication WO95/07982 From the teaching of WO95/07982, one skilled in the art will recognize that truncated soluble receptors can be prepared for numerous other receptor proteins.
• the amount of the biologically active protein e.g., an osteogenic protein, that is effective to stimulate a desired activity, e.g., increased osteogenic activity of present or infiltrating progenitor or other cells, will depend upon the size and nature of the defect being treated, as well as the carrier being employed. Generally, the amount of protein to be delivered is in a range of from about 0.1 to about 100 mg; preferably about 1 to about 100 mg; most preferably about 10 to about 80 mg. Standard protocols and regimens for delivery of the above-listed agents are known in the art. Biologically active agents are introduced into the implant material in amounts that allow delivery of an appropriate dosage of the agent to the implant site. In most cases, dosages are determined using guidelines known to practitioners and applicable to the particular agent in question.
• the exemplary amount of biologically active agent to be included in the implant material of the invention is likely to depend on such variables as the type and extent of the condition, the overall health status of the particular patient, the formulation of the active agent, and the bioresorbability of the delivery vehicle used. Standard clinical trials may be used to optimize the dose and dosing frequency for any particular biologically active agent.
• the composition can additionally contain autologous bone marrow or autologous platelet extracts.
• the PDGF and/or other growth factors can be obtained from natural sources, (e.g., platelets), or more preferably, produced by recombinant DNA technology.
• the PDGF and/or other growth factors can be obtained from a biological fluid.
• a biological fluid includes any treated or untreated fluid (including a suspension) associated with living organisms, particularly blood, including whole blood, warm or cold blood, and stored or fresh blood; treated blood, such as blood diluted with at least one physiological solution, including but not limited to saline, nutrient, and/or anticoagulant solutions; blood components, such as platelet concentrate (PC), apheresed platelets, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), platelet-poor plasma (PPP), platelet-free plasma, plasma, serum, fresh frozen plasma (FFP), components obtained from plasma, packed red cells (PRC), buffy coat (BC); blood products derived from blood or a blood component or derived from bone marrow; red cells separated from plasma and resuspended in physiological fluid; and platelets separated from plasma and resuspended in physiological fluid.
• treated blood such as blood diluted with at least one physiological solution, including but not limited to saline, nutrient, and/or anticoagulant solutions
• blood components such as platelet concentrate (PC),
• the biological fluid may have been treated to remove some of the leukocytes before being processed according to the invention.
• blood product or biological fluid refers to the components described above, and to similar blood products or biological fluids obtained by other means and with similar properties.
• the PDGF is obtained from platelet-rich plasma (PRP).
• PRP platelet-rich plasma
• the preparation of PRP is described in, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 6,649,072, 6,641,552, 6,613,566, 6,592,507, 6,558,307, 6,398,972, and 5,599,558, which are incorporated herein by reference.
• the implant material delivers
• the implant material delivers PDGF at the implant site for a duration of time greater than at least 1 day.
• the implant material delivers PDGF at the implant site for at least 7, 14, 21, or 28 days.
• the implant material delivers PDGF at the implant site for a time between about 1 day and 7, 14, 21, or 28 days.
• the implant material delivers PDGF at the implant site for a time greater than about 1 day, but less than about 14 days.
• bioresorbable is meant the ability of the implant material to be resorbed or remodeled in vivo.
• the resorption process involves degradation and elimination of the original implant material through the action of body fluids, enzymes or cells.
• the resorbed materials may be used by the host in the formation of new tissue, or it may be otherwise re-utilized by the host, or it may be excreted.
• nanometer-sized particle is meant a submicron-sized particle, generally defined as a particle below 1000 nanometers.
• a nanometer-sized particle is a solid particle material that is in an intermediate state between molecular and macron substances.
• Periodontium is meant the tissues that surround and support the teeth.
• the periodontium supports, protects, and provides nourishment to the teeth.
• the periodontium consists of bone, cementum, alveolar process of the maxillae and mandible, periodontal ligament, and gingiva.
• Cementum is a thin, calcified layer of tissue that completely covers the dentin of the tooth root. Cementum is formed during the development of the root and throughout the life of the tooth and functions as an area of attachment for the periodontal ligament fibers.
• the alveolar process is the bony portion of the maxilla and mandible where the teeth are embedded and in which the tooth roots are supported.
• the alveolar socket is the cavity within the alveolar process in which the root of the tooth is held by the periodontal ligament.
• the bone that divides one socket from another is called the interdental septum. When multirooted teeth are present, the bone is called the interradicular septum.
• the alveolar process includes the cortical plate, alveolar crest, trabecular bone, and the alveolar bone proper.
• promoting growth is meant the healing of bone, periodontium, ligament, or cartilage, and regeneration of such tissues and structures.
• the bone, periodontium, ligament, or cartilage is damaged or wounded and requires regeneration or healing.
• promoting periodontium growth is meant regeneration or healing of the supporting tissues of a tooth including alveolar bone, cementum, and interposed periodontal ligament, which have been damaged by disease or trauma.
• purified is meant a growth or differentiation factor, e.g., PDGF, which, prior to mixing with a carrier substance, is 95% or greater by weight, i.e., the factor is substantially free of other proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates with which it is naturally associated.
• substantially purified refers to a lesser purity of factor, having, for example, only 5%-95% by weight of the factor, preferably 65-95%.
• a purified protein preparation will generally yield a single major band on a polyacrylamide gel.
• the purified factor used in implant materials of the invention is pure as judged by amino-terminal amino acid sequence analysis.
• partially purified refers to PDGF that is provided in the context of PRP, PPP, FFP, or any other blood product that requires collection and separation, e.g., by centrifugation, to produce.
• the implant materials of this invention aid in regeneration of periodontium, at least in part, by promoting the growth of connective tissue, bone, and cementum.
• the implant materials can be prepared so that they directly promote the growth and differentiation of cells that produce connective tissue, bone, and cementum.
• the implant materials can be prepared so that they act indirectly by, e.g., attracting cells that are necessary for promoting the growth of comiective tissue, bone, and cementum. Regeneration using a composition of this invention is a more effective treatment of periodontal diseases or bone wounds than that achieved using systemic antibiotics or surgical debridement alone.
• the PDGF, polypeptide growth factors, and differentiation factors may be obtained from human tissues or cells, e.g., platelets, by solid phase peptide synthesis, or by recombinant DNA technology.
• polypeptide growth factor or “differentiation factor”
• tissue or cell-derived, recombinant, or synthesized materials we mean tissue or cell-derived, recombinant, or synthesized materials.
• the recombinant factor can be a recombinant heterodimer, made by inserting into cultured prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells DNA sequences encoding both subunits of the factor, and then allowing the translated subunits to be processed by the cells to form a heterodimer (e.g., PDGF-AB).
• a heterodimer e.g., PDGF-AB
• DNA encoding just one of the subunits e.g., PDGF B-chain or A-chain
• the homodimeric factor e.g., PDGF-BB or PDGF-AA homodimers.
• PDGF for use in the methods of the invention includes PDGF homo- and heterodimers, for example, PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, PDGF-AB, PDGF-CC, and PDGF-DD, and combinations and derivatives thereof.
• concentration of PDGF or other growth factors of the invention can be determined by using, e.g., an enzyme-linked immunoassay, as described in, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 6,221,625, 5,747,273, and 5,290,708, incorporated herein by reference, or any other assay known in the art for determining protein concentration.
• the methods and implant materials of the invention can be used to heal bony wounds of mammals, e.g., fractures, implant recipient sites, and sites of periodontal disease.
• the implant materials promote connective tissue growth and repair and enhance bone formation compared to natural healing (i.e., no exogenous agents added) or healing supplemented by addition of systemic antibiotics.
• the implant materials of the invention prompt increased bone, connective tissue (e.g., cartilage and ligament), and cementum formation when applied to damaged or diseased tissues or to periodontal disease affected sites.
• the restoration of these tissues leads to an improved prognosis for the affected areas.
• the ability of these factors to stimulate new bone formation also makes it applicable for treating bony defects caused by other types of infection or surgical or accidental trauma.
• Figs. 1 A-IG are photomicrographs showing the effect on bone formation 8 weeks following treatment.
• Fig. IA is a photomicrograph showing the effect of surgery alone on bone formation.
• Fig. IB is a photomicrograph showing the effect of /3-TCP alone on bone formation.
• Fig. 1C is a photomicrograph showing the effect of (S-TCP + 0.3 mg/niL PDGF on bone formation.
• Fig. ID is a photomicrograph showing the effect of /3-TCP + 1.0 mg/mL PDGF on bone formation.
• Fig. IE is a photomicrograph showing the effect of demineralized freeze dried bone allograft (DFDBA) alone on bone formation.
• Fig. DBA demineralized freeze dried bone allograft
• IF is a photomicrograph showing the effect of demineralized freeze dried bone allograft (DFDBA) + 0.3 mg/mL PDGF on bone formation.
• Fig. IG is a photomicrograph showing the effect of demineralized freeze dried bone allograft (DFDBA) + 1.0 mg/mL on bone formation.
• Figs. 2A-2C are photomicrographs showing the effect on bone formation 16 weeks following treatment.
• Fig. 2 A is a photomicrograph showing the effect of ⁇ - TCP alone on bone formation.
• Fig. 2B is a photomicrograph showing the effect of ⁇ - TCP + 0.3 mg/mL PDGF on bone formation.
• Fig. 2C is a photomicrograph showing the effect Of 1 S-TCP + 1.0 mg/mL PDGF on bone formation.
• Osseous wounds e.g., following periodontal disease or trauma, are treated and periodontium, including bone, cementum, and connective tissue, are regenerated, according to the invention by combining partially purified or purified PDGF with any of the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier substances described above.
• Purified PDGF can be obtained from a recombinant source or from human platelets.
• PDGF recombinant PDGF
• R&D Systems me. Minneapolis, MN
• BD Biosciences San Jose, CA
• Chemicon, International Temecula, CA
• Partially purified and purified PDGF can also be prepared as follows: Five hundred to 1000 units of washed human platelet pellets are suspended in
• the extracts are combined and dialyzed against 0.08M NaCl / 0.01M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and mixed overnight at 4 0 C with CM-Sephadex C-50 equilibrated with the buffer. The mixture is then poured into a column (5 x 100 cm), washed extensively with 0.08M NaCl / 0.01M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), and eluted with IM NaCl while 10 ml fractions are collected.
• Active fractions are pooled and dialyzed against 0.3M NaCl / 0.0 IM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), centrifuged, and passed at 4 0 C through a 2.5 x 25 cm column of blue sepharose (Pharmacia) equilibrated with 0.3M NaCl / 0.01M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The column is then washed with the buffer and partially purified PDGF eluted with a 1 : 1 solution of IM NaCl and ethylene glycol.
• the partially purified PDGF fractions are diluted (1:1) with IM NaCl, dialyzed against IM acetic acid, and lyophilized.
• the lyophilized samples are dissolved in 0.8M NaCl / 0.01M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and passed through a 1.2 x 40 cm column of CM-Sephadex C-50 equilibrated with the buffer.
• PDGF is then eluted with a NaCl gradient (0.08 to IM).
• the active fractions are combined, dialyzed against IM acetic acid, lyophilized, and dissolved in a small volume of IM acetic acid. 0.5 ml portions are applied to a 1.2 x 100 cm column of Biogel P- 150 (100 to 200 mesh) equilibrated with IM acetic acid. The PDGF is then eluted with IM acetic acid while 2 mL fractions are collected.
• Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) derived from human platelets contains two polypeptide sequences (PDGF-B and PDGF-A polypeptides; Antoniades, H.N. and Hunkapiller, M., Science 220:963-965, 1983).
• PDGF-B is encoded by a gene localized on chromosome 7 (Betsholtz, C. et al, Nature 320:695-699)
• PDGF-A is encoded by the sis oncogene (Doolittle, R. et al., Science 221:275-277, 1983) localized on chromosome 22 (Dalla-Favera, R., Science 218:686-688, 1982).
• the sis gene encodes the transforming protein of the Simian Sarcoma Virus (SSV) which is closely related to PDGF-2 polypeptide.
• SSV Simian Sarcoma Virus
• the human cellular c-sis also encodes the PDGF-A chain (Rao, C. D. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sd. USA 83:2392-2396, 1986).
• human PDGF consists of a disulfide-linked heterodimer of PDGF-B and PDGF-A, or a mixture of the two homodimers (PDGF-BB homodimer and PDGF-AA homodimer), or a mixture of the heterodimer and the two homodimers.
• the functional properties of the secreted PDGF-A homodimer are similar to those of platelet-derived PDGF in that it stimulates DNA synthesis in cultured fibroblasts, it induces phosphorylation at the tyrosine residue of a 185 kD cell membrane protein, and it is capable of competing with human ( 125 I)-PDGF for binding to specific cell surface PDGF receptors (Owen, A. et al., Science 225:54-56, 1984). Similar properties were shown for the sis/PDGF- A gene product derived from cultured normal human cells (for example, human arterial endothelial cells), or from human malignant cells expressing the sis/PDGF-2 gene (Antoniades, H. et al., Cancer Cells 3:145-151, 1985).
• the recombinant PDGF-B homodimer is obtained by the introduction of cDNA clones of c-sis/PDGF-B gene into mouse cells using an expression vector.
• the c-sis/PDGF-B clone used for the expression was obtained from normal human cultured endothelial cells (Collins, T., et al., Nature 216:748-750, 1985).
• PDGF PDGF
• PDGF PDGF alone or in combination with other growth factors is useful for promoting bone healing, bone growth and regeneration or healing of the supporting structures of teeth injured by trauma or disease. It is also useful for promoting healing of a site of extraction of a tooth, for mandibular ridge augmentation, or at tooth implant sites. Bone healing would also be enhanced at sites of bone fracture or in infected areas, e.g., osteomyelitis, or at tumor sites. PDGF is also useful for promoting growth and healing of a ligament, e.g., the periodontal ligament, and of cementum.
• a ligament e.g., the periodontal ligament, and of cementum.
• the PDGF or other growth or differentiation factor is applied directly to the area needing healing or regeneration.
• it is applied in a resorbable or non-resorbable carrier as a liquid or solid, and the site then covered with a bandage or nearby tissue.
• An amount sufficient to promote bone growth is generally between 500 ng and 5 mg for a 1 cm 2 area, but the upper limit is really 1 mg for a 1 cm 2 area, with a preferred amount of PDGF applied being 0.3 mg/mL.
• Example II Periodontal Regeneration With rhPDGF-BB Treated Osteoconductive
• the beagle dog is the most widely used animal model for testing putative periodontal regeneration materials and procedures (Wikesjo et al., J CHn. Periodontal. 15:73-78, 1988; Wikesjo et al., J. CHn. Periodontal. 16:116-119, 1999;
• PDGF compositions of the invention Fifteen adult beagle dogs contributed 60 treated defects. Forty-two defects were biopsied two months after treatment and fifteen defects were biopsied four months after treatment Defect Preparation
• rhPDGF-BB solution 0.3 or 1.0 mg/ml
• rhPDGF-BB/graft mixture was allowed to sit on the sterile surgical stand for about ten minutes.
• the rhPDGF-BB saturated graft was then packed into the defect with gentle pressure to the ideal level of osseous regeneration.
• the mucoperiosteal flaps were sutured approximately level to the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) using interproximal, interrupted 4.0 expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) sutures. Following suturing of the flaps chlorhexidine gluconate gel was gently placed around the teeth and gingivae.
• the surgical sites were protected by feeding the dogs a soft diet during the first 4 weeks post-operative. To insure optimal healing, systemic antibiotic treatment with penicillin G benzathine was provided for the first two weeks and plaque control was maintained by daily irrigation with 2 % chlorhexidine gluconate throughout the experiment. Sutures were removed after 3 weeks.
• the eight week time point was chosen because this is the most common time point reported for this model in the literature and therefore there are substantial historical data. For example, Wikesjo et al., supra, and Giannobile et al., supra, also chose 8 weeks to assess the regenerative effects of BMP-2 and OP-I, respectively, in the same model. Additionally, Park et al., supra, evaluated the effect or rhPDGF-BB applied directly to the conditioned root surface with and without GTR membranes in the beagle dog model at 8 weeks. These studies, strongly suggest that the 8 week period should be optimal for illustrating potential significant effects among the various treatment modalities. The sixteen week time point was chosen to assess long-term effects of growth factor treatment.
• the animals were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde and sacrificed.
• the mandibles were then removed and placed in fixative.
• Periapical radiographs were taken and the treated sites were cut into individual blocks using a diamond saw.
• the coded (blinded) blocks were wrapped in gauze, immersed in a solution of 4% formaldehyde, processed, and analyzed.
• biopsies were dehydrated in ethanol and infiltrated and embedded in methylrnethacrylate. Undecalcified sections of approximately 300 ⁇ va. in thickness were obtained using a low speed diamond saw with coolant. The sections were glued onto opalescent acrylic glass, ground to a final thickness of approximately 80 ⁇ m, and stained with toludine blue and basic fuchsin. Step serial sections were obtained in a mesiodistal plane.
• CNAA Complete New Attachment Apparatus
• New Bone Fill (NB): Measured as the cross-sectional area of new bone formed within the furcation.
• Connective Tissue fill Measured as the area within the furcation occupied by gingival connective tissue.
• Void (VO) The area of recession where there is an absence of tissue.
• CNAA new cementum, new bone, and new periodontal ligament
• Bone fill was significantly greater (p ⁇ 0.05) in the /3-TCP + 0.3 mg/ml rhPDGF-BB (84.0% ) and the /3-TCP + 1.0 mg/ml rhPDGF-BB (74.2%) groups than in the /3-TCP alone (28.0%), surgery alone (34%) or DFDBA alone (6%) treatment groups. There was also significantly greater bone fill (p ⁇ 0.05) for the /3-TCP + 0.3 mg/ml rhPDGF-BB group compared to the DFDBA + 0.3 mg/ml rhPDGF-BB group (84% and 20% respectively).
• Figure IA shows results from a site treated with surgery alone (no grafts). This specimen demonstrates limited periodontal regeneration (new bone (NB), new cementum (NC), and periodontal ligament (PDL)) as evidenced in the area of the notches and extending only a short distance coronally. The area of the furcation is occupied primarily by dense soft connective tissue (CT) with minimal new bone (NB) formation.
• CT dense soft connective tissue
• NB minimal new bone
• Figure 1C illustrates results obtained for sites treated with /3-TCP + 0.3 mg/ml rhPDGF-BB. Significant periodontal regeneration is shown with new bone, new cementum, and periodontal ligament extending along the entire surface of the furcation. Additionally, the area of the furcation is filled with new bone that extends the entire height of the furcation to the fornix.
• Figures 2A, 2B, and 2C illustrate results obtained for the allograft treatment groups.
• Representative results for the DFDBA alone group ( Figure 2A) shows very poor periodontal regeneration that is limited to the area of the notches extending only slightly in a coronal direction.
• New bone formation is limited and consists of small amounts of bone formation along the surface of residual DFDBA graft material (dark red staining along lighter pink islands).
• the new bone is surrounded by extensive soft connective tissue that extends coronally to fill a significant area within the furcation.
• a large void space extends from the coronal extent of the soft connective tissue to the fornix of the furcation.
• rhPDGF-BB treatment of a periodontal defect using rhPDGF-BB at either 0.3 mg/niL or 1.0 mg/mL in combination with a suitable carrier material (e.g., /3-TCP) results in greater periodontal regeneration than the current products or procedures, such as grafts with /3-TCP or bone allograft alone, or periodontal surgery without grafts.
• a suitable carrier material e.g., /3-TCP
• rliPDGF Treatment with the 0.3 mg/mL and 1.0 mg/mL concentration of rliPDGF resulted in periodontal regeneration.
• /3-TCP was more effective than allograft when mixed with rhPDGF-BB at any concentration.
• sites receiving rhPDGF-BB tended to have less ankylosis than control sites. This finding may result from the fact that rhPDGF-BB is mitogenic and chemotactic for periodontal ligament cells.
• the /3-TCP utilized had a particle-size (0.25 mm — 1.0 mm) that was optimized for periodontal use. Based on studies using a canine model, administered /3-TCP is -80% resorbed within three months and is replaced by autologous bone during the healing process.
• the DFDBA was supplied by Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundation (MTF).
• MTF Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundation
• the material was dog allograft, made by from the bones of a dog that was killed following completion of another study that tested a surgical procedure that was deemed to have no effect on skeletal tissues.
• Recombinant hPDGF-BB was supplied by BioMimetic Pharmaceuticals and was manufactured by Chiron, Inc, the only supplier of FDA-approved rhPDGF-BB for human use. This rhPDGF-BB was approved by the FDA as a wound healing
• /3-TCP was provided in vials containing 0.5 cc of sterile particles.
• DFDBA was provided in 2.0 ml syringes containing 1.0 cc of sterile, demineralized freeze-dried dog bone allograft.
• the final implanted grafts were prepared by mixing the rhPDGF-BB solution with the matrix materials. Briefly, an amount of TCP or allograft sufficient to completely fill the osseous defect was placed into a sterile dish. The rhPDGF-BB solution sufficient to completely saturate the matrix was then added, the materials were mixed and allowed to sit on the surgical tray for about 10 minutes at room temperature prior to being placed in the osseous defect. A lO minute incubation time with the /3-TCP material is sufficient to obtain maximum adsorption of the growth factor (see Appendix A). This is also an appropriate amount of time for surgeons in a clinical setting to have prior to placement of the product into the periodontal defect. Similarly, in a commercial market, the rhPDGF-BB and the matrix material can be supplied in separate containers in a kit and that the materials can be mixed directly before placement. This kit concept would greatly simplify product shelf life/stability considerations.
• Example III Use of PDGF For The Treatment Of Periodontal Bone Defects in Humans
• rhPDGF-BB Recombinant human PDGF-BB
• Two test groups were administered rhPDGF-BB at either 0.3 mg/niL (Group I) or 1.0 mg/mL (Group II).
• rhPDGF-BB was prepared in sodium acetate buffer and administered in a vehicle of beta-tricalcium phosphate (/3-TCP).
• the control group, Group III was administered /3-TCP in sodium acetate buffer only.
• the objective of clinical study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of graft material comprising /3-TCP and rhPDGF-BB at either 0.3 mg/mL or 1.0 mg/mL in the management of one (1) to three (3) wall intra-osseous periodontal defects and to assess its regenerative capability in bone and soft tissue.
• the study was a double-blind, controlled, prospective, randomized, parallel designed, multi-center clinical trial in subjects who required surgical intervention to treat a bone defect adjacent to the natural dentition.
• the subjects were randomized in equal proportions to result in three (3) treatment groups of approximately 60 subjects each (180 total).
• the duration of the study was six (6) months following implantation of the study device.
• the study enrolled 180 subjects.
• All treatment kits contained 0.25 g of /3-TCP (an active control) and either 0.5 mL sodium acetate buffer solution alone (Group III), 0.3 mg/mL rhPDGF-BB (Group I), or 1.0 mg/mL rhPDGF-BB (Group II). Following thorough debridement and root planing, the test solution was mixed with /3-TCP in a sterile container, such that the /3-TCP was fully saturated. Root surfaces were conditioned using either tetracycline, EDTA, or citric acid. The hydrated graft was then packed into the osseous defect and the tissue flaps were secured with interdental sutures to achieve complete coverage of the surgical site. Effectiveness Measurement
• the primary effectiveness measurement included the change in clinical attachment level (CAL) between baseline and six months post-surgery (Group I vs. Group III).
• the secondary effectiveness measurements consisted of the following outcomes: 1) linear bone growth (LBG) and % bone fill (%BF) from baseline to six months post-surgery based on the radiographic assessments (Group I and Group II vs. Group III); 2) change in CAL between baseline and six months post-surgery (Group II vs. Group III); 3) probing pocket depth reduction (PDR) between baseline and six months post-surgery (Group I and Group II vs. Group III); 4) gingival recession (GR) between baseline and six months post-surgery (Group I and Group II vs. .
• Safety data were assessed by the frequency and severity of adverse events as evaluated clinically and radiographically. There were no significant differences between the three treatment groups at baseline. There were also no statistically significant differences observed in the incidence of adverse events (AEs; all causes) among the three treatment groups. The safety analysis did not identify any increased risk to the subject due to implantation of the graft material.
• LBG Linear Bone Growth
• %BF Percent Bone Fill
• Graft material i.e.,
• PDGF i.e., vascular endothelial growth factor
• Implantation of /3-TCP containing PDGF at either 0.3 mg/niL or 1.0 mg/mL was found to be an effective treatment for the restoration of soft tissue attachment level and bone as shown by significantly improved CAL at 3 months compared to the active control.
• Our findings are also consistent with the AUC analysis that showed an improvement in CAL gain between baseline and six months.
• Implantation of /3-TCP containing PDGF at either 0.3 mg/mL or 1.0 mg/mL was also found to be an effective treatment based on significantly improved LBG and %BF compared to the active control.
• Significantly improved clinical outcomes as shown by the composite analysis of both soft and hard tissue measurements compared to the /3-TCP alone active control also demonstrate the effectiveness of the treatment protocol described above.

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