JPH08503997A - 重合可能な黄色染料およびその眼用レンズへの使用 - Google Patents
重合可能な黄色染料およびその眼用レンズへの使用Info
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- JPH08503997A JPH08503997A JP7511973A JP51197395A JPH08503997A JP H08503997 A JPH08503997 A JP H08503997A JP 7511973 A JP7511973 A JP 7511973A JP 51197395 A JP51197395 A JP 51197395A JP H08503997 A JPH08503997 A JP H08503997A
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- lens
- lens material
- yellow dye
- alkyl
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L33/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L33/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters
- C08L33/06—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters of esters containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which oxygen atoms are present only as part of the carboxyl radical
- C08L33/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of methacrylic acid esters
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/14—Eye parts, e.g. lenses, corneal implants; Implanting instruments specially adapted therefor; Artificial eyes
- A61F2/16—Intraocular lenses
- A61F2/1613—Intraocular lenses having special lens configurations, e.g. multipart lenses; having particular optical properties, e.g. pseudo-accommodative lenses, lenses having aberration corrections, diffractive lenses, lenses for variably absorbing electromagnetic radiation, lenses having variable focus
- A61F2/1659—Intraocular lenses having special lens configurations, e.g. multipart lenses; having particular optical properties, e.g. pseudo-accommodative lenses, lenses having aberration corrections, diffractive lenses, lenses for variably absorbing electromagnetic radiation, lenses having variable focus having variable absorption coefficient for electromagnetic radiation, e.g. photochromic lenses
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/14—Macromolecular materials
- A61L27/16—Macromolecular materials obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/28—Materials for coating prostheses
- A61L27/34—Macromolecular materials
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/50—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F246/00—Copolymers in which the nature of only the monomers in minority is defined
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L33/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L33/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters
- C08L33/06—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters of esters containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which oxygen atoms are present only as part of the carboxyl radical
- C08L33/08—Homopolymers or copolymers of acrylic acid esters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L33/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L33/24—Homopolymers or copolymers of amides or imides
- C08L33/26—Homopolymers or copolymers of acrylamide or methacrylamide
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B69/00—Dyes not provided for by a single group of this subclass
- C09B69/10—Polymeric dyes; Reaction products of dyes with monomers or with macromolecular compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B69/00—Dyes not provided for by a single group of this subclass
- C09B69/10—Polymeric dyes; Reaction products of dyes with monomers or with macromolecular compounds
- C09B69/106—Polymeric dyes; Reaction products of dyes with monomers or with macromolecular compounds containing an azo dye
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
- G02B1/04—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of organic materials, e.g. plastics
- G02B1/041—Lenses
- G02B1/043—Contact lenses
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02C—SPECTACLES; SUNGLASSES OR GOGGLES INSOFAR AS THEY HAVE THE SAME FEATURES AS SPECTACLES; CONTACT LENSES
- G02C7/00—Optical parts
- G02C7/10—Filters, e.g. for facilitating adaptation of the eyes to the dark; Sunglasses
- G02C7/108—Colouring materials
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/14—Eye parts, e.g. lenses, corneal implants; Implanting instruments specially adapted therefor; Artificial eyes
- A61F2/16—Intraocular lenses
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2430/00—Materials or treatment for tissue regeneration
- A61L2430/16—Materials or treatment for tissue regeneration for reconstruction of eye parts, e.g. intraocular lens, cornea
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F222/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical and containing at least one other carboxyl radical in the molecule; Salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof
- C08F222/10—Esters
- C08F222/1006—Esters of polyhydric alcohols or polyhydric phenols
- C08F222/102—Esters of polyhydric alcohols or polyhydric phenols of dialcohols, e.g. ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate or 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate
Abstract
Description
Claims (1)
- 【特許請求の範囲】 1.下式の重合可能な黄色染料: ここで、Rは、HまたはCH3であり; R1は、H、C1〜C20のアルキル、OCH3、 OC2H5、OC3H7、またはOC4H9であり; aおよびbは独立して1または2の整数であり; R2は、R1、OH、NH2、NHR5、N(R5)2、 SH、SR5、OR5、OSi(R5)3、または Si(R5)3であり; R3は、C1〜C6のアルキルであり; R4は、C、H、Si、O、N、P、S、Cl、Brま たはFの単独あるいはこれらの組合せからなる10 原子までの非環状の有機スペーサー基であり; Xは、O、NHまたはNR5であり; R5は、C1からC10のアルキルであり; d、e、g、およびhは独立して0〜4の整数であ り;そして cとfは独立して1〜4の整数である。 2.前記染料が下式: を有する、請求項1に記載の重合可能な黄色染料。 3.ポリマー性の眼用レンズ材料であって、 アクリレートモノマーおよびメタクリレートモノマーからなる群から選択され る1種またはそれ以上のレンズ形成用モノマー、および 1〜4個の重合可能なアクリレート基またはメタクリレート基を有する1種ま たはそれ以上の重合可能な黄色染料を含み、ここで各アクリレート基またはメタ クリレート基は、下式のスペーサー基によって染料部分に置換されている、レン ズ材料: ここで、Rは、HまたはCH3であり; R4は、C、H、Si、O、N、P、S、Cl、Brま たはFの単独あるいはこれらの組合せからなる10 原子までの非環状の有機スペーサー基であり; Xは、O、NHまたはNR5であり; R5は、C1〜C10のアルキルであり; d、e、g、およびhは独立して0〜3の整数であ り;そして、 cおよびfは独立して1〜4の整数である。 4.前記黄色染料の全量が約1重量%より少ない、請求項3に記載のレンズ材料 。 5.前記黄色染料の全量が約0.25重量%より少ない、請求項4に記載のレンズ材 料。 6.前記黄色染料の全量が約0.1重量%より少ない、請求項5に記載のレンズ材 料。 7.フェニルエチルアクリレートおよびフェニルエチルメタクレートからなる群 から選択される1種またはそれ以上のレンズ形成用モノマーを含む、請求項3に 記載のレンズ材料。 8.前記重合可能な黄色染料が下式を有する、請求項3に記載のレンズ材料: ここで、Rは、HまたはCH3であり; R1は、H、C1〜C20のアルキル、OCH3、 OC2H5、OC3H7、またはOC4H9であり; aおよびbは独立して1または2の整数であり; R2は、R1、OH、NH2、NHR5、N(R5)2、 SH、SR5、OR5、OSi(R5)3、または Si(R5)3であり; R4は、C、H、Si、O、N、P、S、Cl、Brま たはFの単独あるいはこれらの組合せからなる10 原子までの非環状の有機スペーサー基であり; Xは、O、NHまたはNR5であり; R5は、C1〜C10のアルキルであり; d、e、g、およびhは独立して、0〜3の整数であ り;そして cおよびdは住立して、1〜4の整数である。 9.前記重合可能な黄色染料が下式: を有する、請求項8に記載のレンズ材料。 10.前記料材料が0.1重量%未満のN-2-[3-(2'-メチルフェニルアゾ)-4-ヒド ロキシフェニル]エチルメタクリルアミドを含み、そして該材料が溶媒で抽出さ れた場合、該材料の青色光吸収性の損失が約10%未満である、請求項9に記載 のレンズ材料。 11.前記材料が溶媒で抽出された場合、該材料の青色光吸収性の損失が約10 %未満である、請求項3に記載のレンズ材料。 12.さらに紫外線吸光化合物を含む、請求項3のレンズ材料。 13.前記重合可能な黄色染料と前記紫外線を吸収化合物との合計量が約1.9重 量%未満である、請求項12のレンズ材料。 14.ポリマー性の眼用レンズ材料であって、 アクリレートモノマーおよびメタクリレートモノマーからなる群から選択される 1種またはそれ以上のレンズ形成用モノマー、および 1種またはそれ以上の下式の重合可能な黄色染料: ここで、R’およびR”は独立して、HまたはCH3であり; R6およびR7は独立して、H、C1〜C20のアルキル、 OCH3、OC2H5、OC3H7、またはOC4H9であ り; R8、R9、R10およびR11は独立して、C、H、 Si、O、N、P、S、Cl、BrまたはFの単独ある いはこれらの組合せからなる10原子までの非環状 の有機スペーサー基であり; iおよびjは独立して、1または2の整数であり; kおよびmは独立して、1〜6の整数であり; nおよびlは独立して、0〜6の整数であり; xは、0、NH、NR5であり; R5は、C1〜C10のアルキルである; を含み、そして該材料が溶媒で抽出された場合、該材料の青色光吸収性の損失が 約10%未満である、レンズ材料。 15.前記黄色染料の全量が約1重量%未満である、請求項14に記載のレンズ 材料。 16.前記黄色染料の全量が約0.25重量%未満である、請求項15に記載のレン ズ材料。 17.前記黄色染料の全量が約0.1重量%未満である、請求項16に記載のレン ズ材料。 18.フェニルエチルアクリレートおよびフェニルエチルメタクレートからなる 群から選択される1種またはそれ以上のレンズ形成用モノマーを含む、請求項1 4に記載のレンズ材料。 19.前記重合可能な黄色染料が下式: を有する、請求項14に記載のレンズ原料。 20.紫外線吸収化合物をさらに含む、請求項14に記載のレンズ材料。 21.前記重合可能な黄色染料と前記紫外線吸収化合物との合計量が約1.9重量 %未満である、請求項20に記載のレンズ材料。 22.眼用レンズコーティング材料であって、下式の重合可能な黄色染料を含む 、コーティング材料: ここで、Rは、HまたはCH3であり; R1は、H、C1〜C20のアルキル、OCH3、 OC2H5、OC3H7、またはOC4H9であり; aおよびbは独立して、1または2の整数であり; R2は、R1、OH、NH2、NHR5、N(R5)2、 SH、SR5、OR5、OSi(R5)3、または Si(R5)3であり; R3は、C1〜C6のアルキルであり; R4は、C、H、Si、O、N、P、S、Cl、Brま たはFの単独あるいはこれらの組合せからなる10 原子までの非環状の有機スペーサー基であり; Xは、O、NHまたはNR5であり; R5は、C1〜C10のアルキルであり; d、e、g、およびhは独立して、0〜4の整数で あり;そして cおよびfは独立して、1〜4の整数である。 23.眼用レンズコーティング材料であって、アクリレートモノマーおよびメタ クリレートモノマーからなる群から選択される1種またはそれ以上のモノマー、 および1種またはそれ以上の下式の重合可能な黄色染料を含む、コーティング材 料: ここで、R’およびR”は独立して、HまたはCH3であり; R6およびR7は独立して、H、C1〜C20のアルキル、 OCH3、OC2H5、OC3H7、またはOC4H9であ り; R8、R9、R10およびR11は独立して、C、H、 Si、O、N、P、S、Cl、BrまたはFの単独ある いはこれらの組合せからなる10原子までの非環状 の有機スペーサー基であり; iおよびjは独立して、1または2の整数であり; kおよびmは独立して、0〜6の整数であり; nおよびlは独立して、1〜6の整数であり; xは、0、NH、NR5であり;そして R5は、C1〜C10のアルキルである。 24.青色光を通さない眼用レンズの製造方法であって、重合可能な黄色染料を 含むレンズコーティング材料を眼用レンズに塗布する工程を包含する、方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US8/138,663 | 1993-10-18 | ||
US08/138,663 US5470932A (en) | 1993-10-18 | 1993-10-18 | Polymerizable yellow dyes and their use in opthalmic lenses |
US08/138,663 | 1993-10-18 |
Related Child Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP32288596A Division JP3375841B2 (ja) | 1993-10-18 | 1996-12-03 | 重合可能な黄色染料およびその眼用レンズへの使用 |
JP32288696A Division JP3375842B2 (ja) | 1993-10-18 | 1996-12-03 | 重合可能な黄色染料を含む眼用レンズ材料 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPH08503997A true JPH08503997A (ja) | 1996-04-30 |
JP2617097B2 JP2617097B2 (ja) | 1997-06-04 |
Family
ID=22483070
Family Applications (4)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP7511973A Expired - Lifetime JP2617097B2 (ja) | 1993-10-18 | 1994-10-11 | 重合可能な黄色染料およびその眼用レンズへの使用 |
JP32288696A Expired - Lifetime JP3375842B2 (ja) | 1993-10-18 | 1996-12-03 | 重合可能な黄色染料を含む眼用レンズ材料 |
JP32288596A Expired - Lifetime JP3375841B2 (ja) | 1993-10-18 | 1996-12-03 | 重合可能な黄色染料およびその眼用レンズへの使用 |
JP2002256083A Pending JP2003119226A (ja) | 1993-10-18 | 2002-08-30 | 重合可能な黄色染料を含む眼用レンズ材料 |
Family Applications After (3)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP32288696A Expired - Lifetime JP3375842B2 (ja) | 1993-10-18 | 1996-12-03 | 重合可能な黄色染料を含む眼用レンズ材料 |
JP32288596A Expired - Lifetime JP3375841B2 (ja) | 1993-10-18 | 1996-12-03 | 重合可能な黄色染料およびその眼用レンズへの使用 |
JP2002256083A Pending JP2003119226A (ja) | 1993-10-18 | 2002-08-30 | 重合可能な黄色染料を含む眼用レンズ材料 |
Country Status (12)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (4) | US5470932A (ja) |
EP (1) | EP0674684B1 (ja) |
JP (4) | JP2617097B2 (ja) |
AT (1) | ATE176268T1 (ja) |
AU (1) | AU674262B2 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2147856C (ja) |
DE (1) | DE69416293T2 (ja) |
DK (1) | DK0674684T3 (ja) |
ES (1) | ES2127419T3 (ja) |
GR (1) | GR3029577T3 (ja) |
HK (1) | HK1013092A1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO1995011279A1 (ja) |
Cited By (22)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6242551B1 (en) | 1997-03-13 | 2001-06-05 | Menicon Co., Ltd. | Polymeric colorant and colored material for ocular lens using the colorant |
US6320008B2 (en) | 1999-02-17 | 2001-11-20 | Menicon Co., Ltd. | Polymeric colorant and colored material for ocular lens using the colorant |
JP2002511315A (ja) * | 1998-04-15 | 2002-04-16 | アルコン ラボラトリーズ, インコーポレイテッド | 眼内レンズコーティング組成物 |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2617097B2 (ja) | 1997-06-04 |
JPH09187499A (ja) | 1997-07-22 |
ATE176268T1 (de) | 1999-02-15 |
DK0674684T3 (da) | 1999-09-13 |
EP0674684A1 (en) | 1995-10-04 |
GR3029577T3 (en) | 1999-06-30 |
CA2147856C (en) | 1999-04-27 |
US5528322A (en) | 1996-06-18 |
US5543504A (en) | 1996-08-06 |
CA2147856A1 (en) | 1995-04-27 |
EP0674684B1 (en) | 1999-01-27 |
DE69416293T2 (de) | 1999-06-02 |
JP3375842B2 (ja) | 2003-02-10 |
JPH09187500A (ja) | 1997-07-22 |
HK1013092A1 (en) | 1999-08-13 |
JP2003119226A (ja) | 2003-04-23 |
WO1995011279A1 (en) | 1995-04-27 |
ES2127419T3 (es) | 1999-04-16 |
AU674262B2 (en) | 1996-12-12 |
DE69416293D1 (de) | 1999-03-11 |
JP3375841B2 (ja) | 2003-02-10 |
AU8014794A (en) | 1995-05-08 |
US5662707A (en) | 1997-09-02 |
US5470932A (en) | 1995-11-28 |
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