JP5159023B2 - 窒化ガリウム結晶、ホモエピタキシャル窒化ガリウムを基材とするデバイス、及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
窒化ガリウム結晶、ホモエピタキシャル窒化ガリウムを基材とするデバイス、及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
図1は、本発明の好ましい実施形態に係るHEMTデバイスの略図である。
本発明の実施形態では、高品質の単結晶を合成し、単一の核から直径2mm以上のサイズに成長させることができる。単結晶は、n型で、導電性で、光学的に透明で、横ひずみ及び傾角粒界を含まず、約104cm−2未満の転位密度を有するものでもよい。一実施形態では、転位密度は約103cm−2未満である。別の実施形態では、転位密度は約100cm−2未満である。一実施形態では単結晶はp型であり、別の実施形態では半絶縁性である。別の実施形態では、単結晶は磁性を有する。さらに別の実施形態では、それは発光性を有する。一実施形態では、結晶は単位厚さ当たりの吸光度が約0.01cm−1を超える赤外吸収ピークを3175cm−1付近に生じる形態で水素を含む。別の実施形態では、基板は約0.04ppmを超えるフッ素を含む。別の実施形態では、それは約0.04〜1ppmのフッ素を含む。一実施形態では、結晶にはH、Be、C、O、Mg、Si、Ca、Sc、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ge、Zr、Hf及び希土類金属の1種以上が約1016〜1021cm−3の濃度でドープされている。このような大きい高品質の窒化ガリウム単結晶は、超臨界流体溶媒中における高圧高温での温度勾配再結晶で成長させることができる。
溶媒又は超臨界流体の例には、特に限定されないが、アンモニア、ヒドラジン、メチルアミン、エチレンジアミン、メラミン又は他の含窒素流体がある。
原料窒化ガリウムは、結晶性の悪い窒化ガリウム、結晶性の良い窒化ガリウム、無定形窒化ガリウム、多結晶質窒化ガリウム及びこれらの組合せの1種以上からなるものでよい。原料窒化ガリウムは、その原料形態のままで供給できる。別法として、原料窒化ガリウムをピルに圧縮成形することもでき、及び/又は多結晶質成形体に焼結することもできる。別法として、原料窒化ガリウムをその場で形成することもできる。ガリウム金属を供給すれば、それはカプセルの密封及び高圧高温での処理後にアンモニアと反応して原料窒化ガリウムを形成し得る。
鉱化剤には、(i)Li3N、Mg3N2及びCa3N2のようなアルカリ金属窒化物及びアルカリ土類金属窒化物、(ii)LiNH2、NaNH2及びKNH2のようなアミド、(iii)尿素及び関連化合物、(iv)NH4F及びNH4Clのようなアンモニウム塩、(v)CeCl3、NaCl、Li2S又はKNO3のような希土類、ハロゲン化物、硫化物又は硝酸塩、(vi)NaN3のようなアジ化物塩、(vii)他のLi塩、(viii)上述のものの組合せ、並びに(ix)上述のものの1種以上とGa及び/又はGaNとの化学反応で生成される化合物の1種以上を含むものがある。
本発明の一実施形態では、原材料(原料窒化ガリウム、鉱化剤及び溶媒)中の不純物レベルを制御することで、成長結晶中の不純物を適当な低いレベルに限定された状態に保つことができる。第二の実施形態では、原材料及びカプセル中の総酸素含有量を(最終結晶の重量に対して表して)15ppm未満に保つことで、成長結晶中に109cm−3未満の酸素濃度が達成される。別の実施形態では、総酸素含有量を適当なレベルより低く保つことで、3×1018cm−3未満の不純物レベルが得られる。さらに別の実施形態では、原材料及びカプセル中の総酸素含有量を1.5ppm未満に保つことで3×1017cm−3のレベルが達成できる。
一実施形態では、n型、半絶縁性、p型、磁性又は発光性のGaN結晶を得るため、プロセスにドーパント源が添加される。さもなければ、酸素又は炭素のような外来不純物は結晶をn型にするのが普通である。O、Si又はGe(n型)及びBe、Mg又はZn(p型)のようなドーパントは、原料GaN中に不純物として添加できる。別法として、ドーパントは、Si、Si3N4、SiCl4、BeF2、Mg3N2、MgF2、Zn、ZnF2又はZn3N2のような金属、塩又は無機化合物として添加できる。約1015〜1016cm−3未満の総不純物濃度を有するGaN結晶は半絶縁性である。しかし、通例は外来不純物の濃度は1016cm−3より高く、結晶はn型である。
本発明の一実施形態では、多孔質のバッフルで2以上の領域に分割された圧力容器又はカプセル内に原料物質及び1以上の種晶(使用する場合)を配置する。例示的なカプセルは、“High Temperature High Pressure Capsule for Processing Materials in Supercritical Fluids”と題する米国特許出願第US2003/0141301A1号(その開示内容は援用によって本明細書の内容の一部をなす)に記載されている。
結晶は、当技術分野で公知の標準的な方法で特性決定できる。単結晶の品質は、GaNに関する室温でのバンドエッジで起こるフォトルミネセンスのような特性決定技術で表すことができる。
結晶をさらに加工し、1以上のウェーハにスライスし、ラッピングを施し、研磨し、化学的に研磨することができる。ウェーハ又は基板は、好ましくは約0.01〜10mmの厚さを有し、最も好ましくは約0.05〜5mmの厚さを有する。この単結晶窒化ガリウム結晶及びそれから形成されたウェーハは、電子デバイス及び光電子デバイス用の基板として有用である。
上述の実施形態は、温度勾配を結晶成長中の温度勾配に対して実質的に低下させ、さらにはゼロ又は負に設定する平衡期間を温度プログラム中に含めると共に、成長チャンバー内に種晶を吊り下げることで、核生成制御の向上をもたらす。改良された結晶成長方法は高品質で大面積のGaN結晶を与え、この結晶は複数の成長中心の合体で形成されるのではなく単一の種晶に由来する真の単結晶であり、結晶粒界、傾角粒界などが実質的に存在せず、酸素不純物レベルは1019cm−3未満である。
本明細書中で使用する電子デバイスとは、本発明のGaN結晶の特性(即ち、2mm以上の最大寸法、104cm−2未満の転位密度を有し、傾角粒界が実質的に存在せず、酸素不純物レベルが1019cm−3未満の酸素不純物レベル)を有する層スタックを含むと共に、デバイスを動作させるための電気エネルギー源に接続するための電気接点を含む任意のデバイスをいう。本発明の一実施形態では、電子デバイスは約100μm以上の横方向寸法を有する。別の実施形態では、電子デバイスは約1mm以上の横方向寸法を有する。別の実施形態では、約2mm以上である。さらに別の実施形態では、約5mm以上である。
本発明の若干のデバイス実施形態の例を図1〜17に示す。これらは、(i)単結晶GaN基板、(ii)1以上のエピタキシャルGaNを基材とする層、及び(iii)2以上の電気接点を含んでなる。図18及び19はホモエピタキシャルLEDを示している。図20はホモエピタキシャルLDを示している。図26〜28はホモエピタキシャルフォトダイオードを示している。
第二のドープ層104は、約2×1017cm−3のキャリヤー濃度を有し得る。第二のドープ層104はn−GaNからなり得る。任意には、第二のドープ層104の上面にn−AlxGa1−xN/GaN超格子を堆積することもできる。
以下の比較例(比較例1〜3)は、実施例(実施例1〜4)との比較のために示される。
直径0.5インチの銀製カプセルの底部に0.1gのNH4F鉱化剤を配置した。5.0%の開放面積率を有するバッフルをカプセルの中央部に配置し、0.31gの多結晶質GaN原料物質をカプセルの上半部に配置した。次いで、カプセルを直径0.583インチの鋼製リングと共に充填/密封アセンブリ内に封入した。カプセル及び充填/密封アセンブリをガスマニホルドに移し、0.99gのアンモニアを満たした。次に、カプセルの開放上端にプラグを挿入することで、銀製カプセルと銀製プラグの間に冷間圧接部を形成すると共に、鋼製リングがプラグを包囲して補強をもたらすようにした。次いで、カプセルを充填/密封アセンブリから取り出し、ゼロストローク高圧高温(HPHT)装置内に挿入した。セルを約700℃に加熱し、約85℃の温度勾配を有するようにしてこの温度に55時間保った。次いで、セルを冷却してプレスから取り出した。
直径0.5インチの銀製カプセルの底部に、各3〜4mgの重量を有する三つの種晶を0.10gのNH4F鉱化剤と共に配置した。5.0%の開放面積率を有するバッフルをカプセルの中央部に配置し、0.34gの多結晶質GaN原料物質をカプセルの上半部に配置した。次いで、カプセルを直径0.675インチの鋼製リングと共に充填/密封アセンブリ内に封入した。カプセル及び充填/密封アセンブリをガスマニホルドに移し、1.03gのアンモニアを満たした。次に、カプセルの開放上端にプラグを挿入することで、銀製カプセルと銀製プラグの間に冷間圧接部を形成すると共に、鋼製リングがプラグを包囲して補強をもたらすようにした。次いで、カプセルを充填/密封アセンブリから取り出し、ゼロストロークHPHT装置内に挿入した。セルを約15℃/分の速度で約500℃に加熱し、次いで0.046℃/分の速度で700℃に加熱し、約28℃の温度勾配を有するようにして後者の温度に6時間保った。次いで、セルを冷却してプレスから取り出した。
直径0.5インチの銀製カプセルの底部に、10.4mgの重量を有するGaN種晶を0.04gのNH4F鉱化剤と共に配置した。5.0%の開放面積率を有するバッフルをカプセルの中央部に配置し、0.74gの多結晶質GaN原料物質をカプセルの上半部に配置した。次いで、カプセルを直径0.675インチの鋼製リングと共に充填/密封アセンブリ内に封入した。カプセル及び充填/密封アセンブリをガスマニホルドに移し、1.14gのアンモニアを満たした。次に、カプセルの開放上端にプラグを挿入することで、銀製カプセルと銀製プラグの間に冷間圧接部を形成すると共に、鋼製リングがプラグを包囲して補強をもたらすようにした。次いで、カプセルを充填/密封アセンブリから取り出し、ゼロストロークHPHT装置内に挿入した。セルを約15℃/分の速度で約500℃に加熱し、次いで0.05℃/分の速度で680℃に加熱し、約70℃の温度勾配を有するようにして後者の温度に53時間保った。次いで、セルを冷却してプレスから取り出した。
19.7mgの重量を有するGaN種晶に高出力レーザーで小さな穴をあけた。0.13mmの銀線により、35%の開放面積率を有する銀製バッフルから種晶を吊り下げ、0.10gのNH4F鉱化剤と共に直径0.5インチの銀製カプセルの下半部に配置した。0.74gの多結晶質GaN原料物質をカプセルの上半部に配置した。次いで、カプセルを直径0.583インチの鋼製リングと共に充填/密封アセンブリ内に封入した。カプセル及び充填/密封アセンブリをガスマニホルドに移し、0.99gのアンモニアを満たした。次に、カプセルの開放上端にプラグを挿入することで、銀製カプセルと銀製プラグの間に冷間圧接部を形成すると共に、鋼製リングがプラグを包囲して補強をもたらすようにした。次いで、カプセルを充填/密封アセンブリから取り出し、ゼロストロークHPHT装置内に挿入した。セルを約11℃/分の速度で加熱することで、K型熱電対で測定して、カプセルの底部の温度が約700℃になり、カプセルの上半部の温度が約660℃になるようにした。次いで、ヒーターの上半部を流れる電流を増加させて温度勾配δTをゼロに減少させた。δT=0を1時間保った後、カプセルの上半部の温度を5℃/時の速度で低下させてδTを約35℃に増加させ、温度をこれらの値に78時間保った。次いで、セルを冷却してプレスから取り出した。
以前の作業から得られた、12.6mgの重量を有するGaN種晶を、0.13mmの銀線により、レーザー穿孔した穴を通して35%の開放面積率を有する銀製バッフルから吊り下げ、直径0.5インチの銀製カプセルの下半部に配置した。0.10gのNH4F鉱化剤及び1.09gの多結晶質GaN原料物質をカプセルの上半部に配置した。次いで、カプセルを直径0.583インチの鋼製リングと共に充填/密封アセンブリ内に封入した。カプセル及び充填/密封アセンブリをガスマニホルドに移し、0.95gのアンモニアを満たした。次に、カプセルの開放上端にプラグを挿入することで、銀製カプセルと銀製プラグの間に冷間圧接部を形成すると共に、鋼製リングがプラグを包囲して補強をもたらすようにした。次いで、カプセルを充填/密封アセンブリから取り出し、ゼロストロークHPHT装置内に挿入した。セルを約11℃/分の速度で加熱することで、K型熱電対で測定して、カプセルの底部の温度が約700℃になり、カプセルの上半部の温度が約640℃になるようにした。次いで、ヒーターの上半部を流れる電流を増加させて温度勾配δTをゼロに減少させた。δT=0を1時間保った後、カプセルの上半部の温度を5℃/時の速度で低下させてδTを約50℃に増加させ、温度をこれらの値に98時間保った。次いで、セルを冷却してプレスから取り出した。
以前の作業から得られた、48.4mg及び36.6mgの重量を有する二つのGaN種晶を、0.13mmの銀線により、レーザー穿孔した穴を通して35%の開放面積率を有する銀製バッフルから吊り下げ、直径0.5インチの銀製カプセルの下半部に配置した。0.10gのNH4F鉱化剤及び1.03gの多結晶質GaN原料物質をカプセルの上半部に配置した。次いで、カプセルを直径0.583インチの鋼製リングと共に充填/密封アセンブリ内に封入した。カプセル及び充填/密封アセンブリをガスマニホルドに移し、1.08gのアンモニアを満たした。次に、カプセルの開放上端にプラグを挿入することで、銀製カプセルと銀製プラグの間に冷間圧接部を形成すると共に、鋼製リングがプラグを包囲して補強をもたらすようにした。次いで、カプセルを充填/密封アセンブリから取り出し、ゼロストロークHPHT装置内に挿入した。セルを約11℃/分の速度で加熱することで、K型熱電対で測定して、カプセルの底部の温度が約700℃になり、カプセルの上半部の温度が約642℃になるようにした。次いで、ヒーターの上半部を流れる電流を増加させて温度勾配δTをゼロに減少させた。δT=0を1時間保った後、カプセルの上半部の温度を5℃/時の速度で低下させてδTを約30℃に増加させ、温度をこれらの値に100時間保った。次いで、セルを冷却してプレスから取り出した。
以前の作業から得られた、25.3mgの重量を有するGaN種晶を、0.13mmの銀線により、レーザー穿孔した穴を通して35%の開放面積率を有する銀製バッフルから吊り下げ、直径0.5インチの銀製カプセルの下半部に配置した。0.10gのNH4F鉱化剤及び0.98gの多結晶質GaN原料物質をカプセルの上半部に配置した。次いで、カプセルを直径0.583インチの鋼製リングと共に充填/密封アセンブリ内に封入した。カプセル及び充填/密封アセンブリをガスマニホルドに移し、1.07gのアンモニアを満たした。次に、カプセルの開放上端にプラグを挿入することで、銀製カプセルと銀製プラグの間に冷間圧接部を形成すると共に、鋼製リングがプラグを包囲して補強をもたらすようにした。次いで、カプセルを充填/密封アセンブリから取り出し、ゼロストロークHPHT装置内に挿入した。セルを約11℃/分の速度で加熱することで、K型熱電対で測定して、カプセルの底部の温度が約700℃になり、カプセルの上半部の温度が約648℃になるようにした。次いで、ヒーターの上半部を流れる電流を増加させて温度勾配δTを3℃に減少させた。δT=3℃を1時間保った後、カプセルの上半部の温度を5℃/時の速度で低下させてδTを約30℃に増加させ、次いでさらに2.5℃/時の速度で低下させてδTを約60℃に増加させ、温度をこれらの値に20時間保った。次いで、セルを冷却してプレスから取り出した。
HVPEで成長させた、13.5mgの重量を有するGaN種晶を、0.13mmの銀線により、レーザー穿孔した穴を通して35%の開放面積率を有する銀製バッフルから吊り下げ、直径0.5インチの銀製カプセルの下半部に配置した。0.10gのNH4F鉱化剤、0.03gのCoF2、及び0.30gの多結晶質GaN原料物質をカプセルの上半部に配置した。次いで、カプセルを直径0.583インチの鋼製リングと共に充填/密封アセンブリ内に封入した。カプセル及び充填/密封アセンブリをガスマニホルドに移し、1.01gのアンモニアを満たした。次に、カプセルの開放上端にプラグを挿入することで、銀製カプセルと銀製プラグの間に冷間圧接部を形成すると共に、鋼製リングがプラグを包囲して補強をもたらすようにした。次いで、カプセルを充填/密封アセンブリから取り出し、ゼロストロークHPHT装置内に挿入した。セルを約11℃/分の速度で加熱することで、K型熱電対で測定して、カプセルの底部の温度が約700℃になり、カプセルの上半部の温度が約634℃になるようにし、温度をこれらの値に10時間保った。次いで、セルを冷却してプレスから取り出した。
Claims (10)
- GaN単結晶を形成する方法であって、
(a)第一の端部を有するチャンバーの第一の領域に核生成中心を供給する段階と、
(b)第二の端部を有するチャンバーの第二の領域にGaN原料物質を供給する段階と、
(c)チャンバー内にGaN溶媒及び鉱化剤を供給する段階と、
(d)チャンバーを5〜80kbarの圧力に加圧する段階と、
(e)チャンバーの第一の領域で溶媒が過飽和となり、第一の端部と第二の端部の間に初期の温度勾配が存在して核生成中心でGaN結晶が成長するような初期の温度分布を生成する段階と、
(f)前記初期の温度分布よりも小さい又は符号が逆である温度勾配を有する第一の温度分布を生成して保持する段階と、
(g)第一の温度分布の生成後に、チャンバーの第一の領域で溶媒が過飽和となり、第一の端部と第二の端部の間に第二の温度勾配が存在して核生成中心でGaN結晶が成長するような第二の温度分布をチャンバー内に生成して保持する段階と、
を含んでなり、第二の温度勾配は第一の温度勾配より大きく、第二の温度分布に対する結晶成長速度は第一の温度分布に対するものより大きい、方法。 - 当該GaN単結晶が単一の種晶又は核から成長したものである請求項1に記載のGaN単結晶を形成する方法。
- 前記GaN単結晶が5μm/hr以上の速度で成長する、請求項1または請求項2に記載のGaN単結晶を形成する方法。
- 前記GaN単結晶成長速度が10μm/hr以上である、請求項1から請求項3のいずれか1項に記載のGaN単結晶を形成する方法。
- 形成されるGaN単結晶が、2mm以上の最大寸法、104cm−2未満の転位密度を有し、傾角粒界が少なくとも1mm以上互いに広く隔たっている請求項1ないし請求項4のいずれか1項に記載のGaN単結晶を形成する方法。
- 種晶をワイヤーで吊り下げ、
第一の領域を1〜50%の孔面積率を有するバッフルで第二の領域から隔離された状態に保ち、
溶媒がアンモニア、ヒドラジン、メチルアミン、エチレンジアミン及びメラミンの1種以上からなり、
原料物質が単結晶GaN、無定形GaN、多結晶質GaN及びGaN前駆体の1種以上からなる、請求項1ないし請求項5のいずれか1項記載のGaN単結晶を形成する方法。 - チャンバー内に鉱化剤を供給する段階をさらに含み、前記鉱化剤が、アルカリ金属及びアルカリ土類金属窒化物、アミド、尿素及び関連化合物、アンモニウム塩、希土類塩、ハロゲン化物塩、硫化物塩、硝酸塩、アジ化物塩、Ga及び/又はGaNと上述のものの1種以上との化学反応で生成される化合物、並びにこれらの混合物の1種以上からなる、請求項1ないし請求項6のいずれか1項記載のGaN単結晶を形成する方法。
- n型、半絶縁性又はp型GaN結晶のドーピング用のドーパント源を供給することをさらに含み、ドーパント源がH、Be、C、O、Si、Ge、Be、Mg、Zn、Ca、Sc、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zr、Hf及び希土類金属から選択される1種以上のドーパントからなる、請求項1ないし請求項7のいずれか1項記載のGaN単結晶を形成する方法。
- ドーパントが1015〜1021cm−3のレベルにある、請求項1ないし請求項8のいずれか1項記載のGaN単結晶を形成する方法。
- 請求項1に記載のGaN単結晶を形成する方法であって、
前記溶媒がアンモニアからなり、前記鉱化剤がHF、NH4F、GaF3、これらとGa、GaN又はNH3との反応生成物、或いはこれら同士の反応生成物の1種以上からなり、NH3溶媒に対して0.5〜90原子%のフッ化物濃度で存在している、方法。
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KR101293352B1 (ko) | 2013-08-05 |
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KR20050087871A (ko) | 2005-08-31 |
JP2013067556A (ja) | 2013-04-18 |
EP3211659A1 (en) | 2017-08-30 |
JP5684769B2 (ja) | 2015-03-18 |
EP1579486B1 (en) | 2017-04-12 |
KR20120101078A (ko) | 2012-09-12 |
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AU2003299899A1 (en) | 2004-07-29 |
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