JP4303105B2 - 二重特異性リガンドとその利用 - Google Patents
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- JP4303105B2 JP4303105B2 JP2003508989A JP2003508989A JP4303105B2 JP 4303105 B2 JP4303105 B2 JP 4303105B2 JP 2003508989 A JP2003508989 A JP 2003508989A JP 2003508989 A JP2003508989 A JP 2003508989A JP 4303105 B2 JP4303105 B2 JP 4303105B2
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Description
本発明は、第1の抗原もしくはエピトープと結合する第1の単一免疫グロブリン可変ドメイン領域、および第2の抗原もしくはエピトープと結合する第2の相補的免疫グロブリン可変ドメイン領域を含んでなる二重特異性リガンド(dual specific ligand)を調製する方法に関する。二重特異性リガンドとそれらの用途も記載する。
抗体の抗原結合ドメインは2つの分離した領域:重鎖可変ドメイン(VH)および軽鎖可変ドメイン(VL:これはVκまたはVλのいずれであってもよい)を含んでなる。抗原結合部位それ自身は、6個のポリペプチドループ:3個のVHドメイン(H1、H2およびH3)および3個のVLドメイン(L1、L2およびL3)により形成される。VHおよびVLドメインをコードするV遺伝子の多様な一次レパートリーが遺伝子セグメントのコンビナトリアル再配列により作製される。VH遺伝子は3つの遺伝子セグメント、VH、DおよびJHの組換えにより作製される。ヒトにおいては、ハプロタイプに依存して、ほぼ51種の機能性VHセグメント(CookおよびTomlinson (1995) Immunol Today, 16:237)、25種の機能性Dセグメント(Corbettら (1997) I. Mol. Biol., 268:69)および6種の機能性JHセグメント(Ravetchら (1981) Cell, 27:583)が存在する。VHセグメントがVHドメインの第1および第2抗原結合ループ(H1およびH2)を形成するポリペプチド鎖の領域をコードする一方、VH、DおよびJHセグメントが一緒になってVHドメインの第3抗原結合ループ(H3)を形成する。VL遺伝子は2つの遺伝子セグメント、VLおよびJLだけの組換えにより作製される。ヒトでは、ハプロタイプに依存して、ほぼ40種の機能性Vκセグメント(SchableおよびZachau (1993) Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler, 374:1001)、31種のVλ機能性セグメント(Williamsら (1996) J. Mol. Biol., 264:220;Kawasakiら (1997) Genome Res., 7:250)、5種の機能性Jκセグメント(Hieterら (1982) J. Biol. Chem., 257:1516)および4種の機能性Jλ(VasicekおよびLeder (1990) J Exp. Med., 172:609)が存在する。VLセグメントがVLドメインの第1および第2抗原結合ループ(L1およびL2)を形成するポリペプチド鎖の領域をコードする一方、VLおよびJLセグメントが一緒になってVLドメインの抗原結合ループ(L3)を形成する。この一次レパートリーから選択される抗体は、ほとんど全ての抗原と少なくとも軽度のアフィニティで結合するのに十分な多様性をもつと考えられる。高アフィニティ抗体は、点突然変異が生じ結合の改良に基づいて免疫系により選択される、再配列遺伝子の「アフィニティ成熟」によって作製される。
本発明者らは、第1抗原もしくはエピトープの結合が第2抗原もしくはエピトープの結合を必ずしも促進するものでない二特異的抗体を作るのが望ましいことを理解した。本発明者らはまた、その解決は、第1抗原もしくはエピトープの結合接触部を1つの可変ドメインに、そして第2抗原もしくはエピトープの結合接触部を他の可変ドメインに作製し、両ドメインが相互に相補的であるように選択することにあり、そして異なる特異性の相補的な両方の単一可変ドメイン;例えば、第1抗原もしくはエピトープと結合する重鎖可変ドメインと第2抗原もしくはエピトープと結合する軽鎖可変ドメインを一緒に運ぶことにより先行技術の二特異的抗体を上回るもっと顕著な利点を導きうることを理解した。従って、それぞれのVH/VL対は2つの結合特異性を有する。これらのドメインの複合物を「二重特異性(dual-specific)」リガンドと呼ぶ。
(a)第1エピトープと結合する能力により第1可変ドメインを選択するステップ、
(b)第2エピトープと結合する能力により第2可変領域を選択するステップ、
(c)それらの可変領域を組み合わせるステップ;ならびに
(d)前記第1および第2エピトープと結合する能力により二重特異性リガンドを選択するステップを含んでなる前記方法を提供する。
定義
相補的(complementary) 2つの免疫グロブリンドメインがコグネイト対またはグループを形成する構造のファミリーに属するかまたはそのようなファミリーから誘導されてその特徴を保持する場合、それらのドメインは「相補的」である。例えば、抗体のVHドメインとVLドメインは相補的であり;2つのVHドメインは相補的でない。相補的ドメインは、T細胞受容体のVαおよびVβ(またはγおよびδ)ドメインなどの、他の免疫グロブリンスーパーファミリーに見出すことができる。本発明の文脈において、相補的ドメインは、標的分子に協同して結合しないが、同じもしくは異なる分子上にあってもよい異なる標的エピトープに独立して作用する。
当技術分野では、本発明における利用に適当である様々な選択系が公知である。かかる系の例を以下に記載する。
選択を意図するライブラリーは、例えば、上述の当技術分野で公知の技術を利用して構築するか、または市販元から購入することができる。本発明に有用であるライブラリーは、例えばWO 99/20749に記載されている。一度、ベクター系を選択しかつ目的のポリペプチドをコードする1以上の核酸配列をライブラリーベクター中にクローニングすると、突然変異を起こさせた後に発現させることによりクローニングした分子内に多様性を作製することができる;あるいは、コードされたタンパク質を上記のように発現させて選択した後に突然変異させて、さらに選択を繰り返して実施することができる。構造的に最適化したポリペプチドをコードする核酸配列の突然変異は、標準の分子的方法により実施する。特に有用なのはポリメラーゼ連鎖反応、もしくはPCRである(本明細書に参照により組み入れられる、MullisおよびFaloona (1987) Methods Enzymol., 155:335)。熱的に安定なDNA依存DNAポリメラーゼにより触媒されるDNA複製の複数サイクルを利用して目的の標的配列を増幅するPCRは、当技術分野で周知である。様々な抗体ライブラリーの構築は、Winterら (1994) Ann. Rev. Immunology 12,433-55、およびそれに引用された参考文献に考察されている。
本発明によるドメインが一度選択されると、共有結合および非共有結合による方法を含む当技術分野で公知の様々な方法によって組合わせることができる。
二重特異性リガンドとその特異的抗原もしくはエピトープとの結合は、当業者に親しまれかつELISAを含む方法により試験することができる。本発明の好ましい実施形態においては、結合をモノクローナルファージELISAを用いて試験する。
上記のように本明細書においては、抗体を、抗体(例えば、IgG、IgM、IgA、IgA、IgE)または少なくとも1つの互いに相補的であって互いと会合してVH/VL対を形成しうる重鎖および軽鎖可変ドメインを含んでなるフラグメント(Fab、Fv、ジスルフィド連結したFv、scFv、ダイアボディ(diabody))として定義した。抗体は、天然に抗体を産生するいずれの種から誘導してもよいし、または組換えDNA技術により作製してもよい;あるいは、血清、B細胞、ハイブリドーマ、トランスフェクトーマ、酵母または細菌から単離してもよい。
i. 主鎖コンフォメーションの選択
免疫グロブリンスーパーファミリーのメンバーは全て、それらのポリペプチド鎖に対して類似のフォールドを共有する。例えば、抗体はそれらの一次配列については高度に多様化しているが、配列および結晶学的構造を比較すると、予想と異なり、抗体の6つの抗原結合ループのうちの5つ(Hl、H2、LI、L2、L3)は限られた数の主鎖コンフォメーションまたは正準構造をとることが明らかになっている(ChothiaおよびLesk (1987) J. Mol. Biol., 196:901;Chothiaら (1989) Nature, 342:877)。従って、ループ長さとキー残基の分析により、大部分のヒト抗体に見出されるHI、H2、LI、L2およびL3の主鎖コンフォメーションの予測が可能となっている(Chothiaら (1992) J. Mol. Biol., 227:799;Tomlinsonら (1995) EMBO J., 14:4628;Williamsら (1996) J. Mol. Biol., 264: 220)。H3領域は(Dセグメントの使用により)配列、長さおよび構造の点で遥かに多様であるが、これも短いループ長さに対しては、ループおよび抗体フレームワークのキー位置における長さおよび特定の残基の存在、もしくは残基のタイプに依存する限られた数の主鎖コンフォメーションを形成する(Martinら (1996) J. Mol. Biol., 263:800;Shiraiら (1996) FEBS Letters, 399:1)。
複数の既知の主鎖コンフォメーションまたは好ましくは単一の既知主鎖コンフォメーションを選択し終わると、構造および/または機能的多様性をもつレパートリーを作製するために、分子の結合部位を変えることにより本発明による二重特異性リガンドまたは本発明で使用するライブラリーを構築することができる。これは、それらの構造および/または機能に十分な多様性を持つ変異体を作製して、その結果、それらがある範囲の活性を提供できるようにすることを意味する。
抗体二重特異性リガンドの場合、標的に対する結合部位はほとんどの場合、抗原結合部位である。従って、非常に好ましい態様においては、本発明は、抗原結合部位の残基だけが変化した抗体二重特異性リガンドのアセンブリーのまたはそれに対するライブラリーを提供する。これらの残基は、ヒト抗体レパートリーにおいては極度に多様であり、高分解能で抗体/抗原複合体と接触することが知られている。例えば、L2においては、天然抗体において位置50および53が多様であって抗原と接触することが知られている。本発明で使用するライブラリーにおける2個の多様化と比較して、対照的に、従来の手法は、Kabatら(1991, 前掲)が規定した対応する相補性決定領域(CDR1)の全ての残基、7個程度の残基を多様化することになろう。このことは、ある範囲の抗原結合特異性を作製するために要する機能的多様性の見地から著しい改善を表す。
本発明の方法により選択した二重特異性リガンドは、in vivo治療および予防上の応用、in vitroおよびin vivo診断上の応用、in vitroアッセイおよび試薬での応用、その他に利用することができる。例えば抗体分子を、当業者に公知の方法によりELISA技術などのアッセイ技術に基づく抗体に利用することができる。
一般的に、本発明で選択した抗体は、精製した形態で薬理学的に適当な担体と一緒に利用されるであろう。典型的なこれらの担体としては、水またはアルコール/水の溶液、エマルジョンまたは懸濁液が挙げられ、いずれも塩類および/または緩衝化媒質を含む。非経口ビヒクルとしては、塩化ナトリウム溶液、リンゲルのデキストロース液、デキストロースおよび塩化ナトリウム液、ならびに乳酸加リンゲル液が挙げられる。もしポリペプチド複合体を懸濁液に保つことが必要であれば、適当な生理学的に許容されるアジュバントは、カルボキシメチルセルロース、ポリビニルピロリドン、ゼラチンおよびアルギン酸塩などの粘稠剤を選んでもよい。
本実施例は、β-galとHSAに対する二重特異性抗体を作る方法であって、生殖系列(ダミー)VHドメインと連結したVκ可変ドメインのレパートリーをβ-galについて選択しかつ生殖系列(ダミー)Vκドメインと連結したVH可変ドメインのレパートリーをHSAとの結合について選択する前記方法を説明する。選択した可変VHHSAおよびVκβ-galドメインを次いで組合わせ、そして抗体をβ-galおよびHSAとの結合について選択する。
ライブラリー2 生殖系列Vκ/NNK VH 9.64 x 107
ライブラリー3 生殖系列VH/DVT Vκ 1.47 x 108
ライブラリー4 生殖系列VH/NNK Vκ 1.45 x 108
全てのライブラリーは、相補性決定領域(CDR2およびCDR3)に組みこまれた側鎖多様性をもつVH(V3-23/DP47およびJH4b)およびVκ(O12/O2/DPK9およびJκ1)の単一ヒトフレームワークに基づく。
最初に、K8抗体の結合特性を、モノクローナルファージELISAにより特性決定した。96ウエルプレートを100μlのHSAおよびβ-gal、ならびにアルカリホスファターゼ(APS)、ウシ血清アルブミン (BSA)、ピーナッツ・アグルチニン、リゾチームおよびシトクロムc(交差反応性をチェックするため)(PBS中濃度10μg/mlにて)を用いて一夜、4℃にてコートした。K8クローンからのファージミドを、Harrisonら(1996)が記載の通り、KM13を用いて救出し、ファージを含有する上清(50μl)を直接アッセイした。標準ELISAプロトコルに従い(Hoogenboomら, 1991)、抗M13-HRPコンジュゲートにより結合ファージを検出した。ファージ表面上にディスプレイすると、二重特異性K8抗体が1.0より大きい吸収シグナルでHSAおよびβ-galと結合することが見出された(図4)。BSAとの強い結合も観察された(図4)。HSAとBSAはアミノ酸レベルで76%相同性であるので、K8抗体がこれらの構造的に関係した両方のタンパク質を認識したのは驚くに当たらない。他のタンパク質との交差反応性は検出されなかった(図4)。
本実施例は、APSおよびβ-galに対する二重特異性scFv抗体(K8V/VH2およびK8Vκ/VH4)およびBCL10タンパク質およびβ-galに対する二重特異性scFv抗体(K8Vκ/VHCl1)を作る方法であって、生殖系列(ダミー)Vκドメインと連結したVH可変ドメインのレパートリーを最初にAPSおよびBCL10タンパク質との結合について選択する前記方法を記載する。選択した個々のVHドメイン(VH2、VH4およびVHCll)を次いで個々のβ-galと結合するVκドメイン(K8scFvから、実施例1および2)と組合わせ、抗体を二重特異性について試験する。
本実施例は、APSに対するVH2およびVH4可変ドメイン(実施例3に記載)は相補的可変ドメインの不在のもとでこの抗原と結合しうることを実証する。
本実施例は、バージン単一抗体可変ドメインのレパートリーを相補的可変ドメインの不在のもとでこれらの抗原との結合について選択することにより、APSに対する単一VHドメイン抗体およびβ-galに対する単一Vκドメイン抗体を作る方法を記載する。
ライブラリー6 NNK Vκ単一ドメイン 2.88 x 108
ライブラリーは、相補性決定領域(CDR2およびCDR3)に側鎖多様性が組みこまれたVH(V3-23/DP47およびJH4b)およびVκ(O12/O2/DPK9およびJκ1)に対する単一ヒトフレームワークに基づいている。ライブラリー5のVH配列(相補的Vκ可変ドメインは不在)を位置H50、H52、H52a、H53、H55、H56、H58、H95、H96、H97およびH98(NNKがコードされた)にて多様化する。ライブラリー6のVκ配列(相補的VH可変ドメインは不在)を位置L50、L53、L91、L92、L93、L94およびL96(NNKがコードされた)にて多様化する(図1)。ライブラリーはファージミドpIT1/単一可変ドメインフォーマット(図2)である。
実施例6. APSおよびβ-galに対する二重特異性scFv抗体(V κ E5/V H 2およびV κ E5/V H 4)の作製および特性決定
本実施例は、APSおよびβ-galに対する二重特異性scFv抗体(VκE5/VH2およびVκE5/VH4)が、相補的可変ドメインの不在のもとでβ-galとの結合について選択したVκE5sd可変ドメイン(実施例5に記載)を相補的可変ドメインの不在のもとでAPSとの結合について選択したVH2およびVH4可変ドメイン(実施例3に記載)と組合わせることにより作製できることを実証する。
a.C κ ベクターおよびC κ /gIIIベクターの構築
Cκ遺伝子を、Fabライブラリーから選択した個々のクローンA4(Griffithら、1994)から、CkBACKNOTを5'(バック)プライマーとしておよびCKSACFORFLを3'(フォワード)プライマーとして用いて(表1)、PCR増幅した。30サイクルのPCR増幅を、Pfuポリメラーゼを酵素として用いたことを除いてIgnatovichら(1997)に記載の通り実施した。PCR産物をNotI/EcoRIを用いて消化し、Notl/EcoRI消化したベクターpHEN14Vκ(図13)中にライゲートしてCκベクターを作製した(図14)。
CH遺伝子を、Fabライブラリーから選択した個々のクローンA4(Griffithら、1994)から、CHBACKNOTを5'(バック)プライマーとしておよびCHSACFORを3'(フォワード)プライマーとして用いて(表1)、PCR増幅した。30サイクルのPCRを上記の通り実施した。PCR産物をNotI/BglIIを用いて消化し、Notl/BglII消化したベクターPACYC4VH(図16)中にライゲートしてCHベクターを作製した(図17)。
この実施例は、VκとVH可変ドメインが異なるポリペプチド鎖上に位置するときにVκE5/VH2 scFv抗体の二重特異性が保持されることを実証する。さらに、VκE5/VH2 Fabクローンのβ-galおよびAPSとの結合は競合になる。対照的に、VκE5/VH2 scFv抗体は両方の抗原と同時に結合することができる。
Claims (13)
- 第1の結合特異性を有する単一免疫グロブリン重鎖可変ドメインおよび第2の結合特異性を有する相補的単一免疫グロブリン軽鎖可変ドメインを含んでなる二重特異性リガンドを生産する方法であって、
a)第1のエピトープと結合する能力により単一免疫グロブリン重鎖可変ドメインを選択するステップ、
b)第2のエピトープと結合する能力により単一免疫グロブリン軽鎖可変ドメインを選択するステップ、
c)それらの可変ドメインを組み合わせるステップ;ならびに
d)前記第1および第2のエピトープと結合する能力により二重特異性リガンドを選択するステップ、
を含んでなる前記方法。 - 前記免疫グロブリン重鎖可変ドメインを、該免疫グロブリン重鎖可変ドメインと協同して前記第1のエピトープと結合する相補的免疫グロブリン軽鎖可変ドメインの不在のもとで前記第1のエピトープとの結合について選択する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記免疫グロブリン軽鎖可変ドメインを、該免疫グロブリン軽鎖可変ドメインと協同して前記第2のエピトープと結合する相補的免疫グロブリン重鎖可変ドメインの不在のもとで前記第2のエピトープとの結合について選択する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記免疫グロブリン重鎖可変ドメインを、前記免疫グロブリン軽鎖可変ドメインと異なる第3の相補的可変ドメインの存在のもとで前記第1のエピトープとの結合について選択する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 第1と第2のエピトープが結合について競合し、二重特異性リガンドが両方のエピトープと同時に結合できない、請求項2〜4のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 第1と第2のエピトープが独立して結合し、二重特異性リガンドが両方のエピトープと同時に結合できる、請求項2〜4のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 二重特異性リガンドが溶液中で平衡した第1の形態と第2の形態を含んでなり、両方のエピトープが第1の形態と独立して結合するが第2の形態との結合については競合する、請求項5または6に記載の方法。
- 可変ドメインが前記エピトープに対する免疫グロブリンから誘導される、請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記第1および第2のエピトープが別々の抗原上に存在する、請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記第1および第2のエピトープが同じ抗原上に存在する、請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 可変ドメインが単一抗体ドメインのレパートリーから誘導される、請求項1〜10のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記レパートリーを繊維状バクテリオファージの表面上にディスプレイして、バクテリオファージレパートリーの抗原への結合により単一抗体ドメインを選択する、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも1つの可変ドメインの配列を突然変異またはDNAシャッフリングにより改変した、請求項1〜12のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
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-
2002
- 2002-06-28 DE DE60237282T patent/DE60237282D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-06-28 DK DK02748987.1T patent/DK1399484T3/da active
- 2002-06-28 EP EP02748987A patent/EP1399484B1/en not_active Revoked
- 2002-06-28 WO PCT/GB2002/003014 patent/WO2003002609A2/en active Application Filing
- 2002-06-28 JP JP2003508989A patent/JP4303105B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-06-28 AU AU2002319402A patent/AU2002319402B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2002-06-28 CA CA2447851A patent/CA2447851C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-06-28 AT AT02748987T patent/ATE477280T1/de active
-
2003
- 2003-12-23 US US10/744,774 patent/US20040219643A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2003002609A3 (en) | 2003-08-21 |
DE60237282D1 (de) | 2010-09-23 |
EP1399484B1 (en) | 2010-08-11 |
CA2447851C (en) | 2012-08-28 |
EP1399484A2 (en) | 2004-03-24 |
DK1399484T3 (da) | 2010-11-08 |
WO2003002609A2 (en) | 2003-01-09 |
JP2005504524A (ja) | 2005-02-17 |
AU2002319402B2 (en) | 2008-09-11 |
US20040219643A1 (en) | 2004-11-04 |
CA2447851A1 (en) | 2003-01-09 |
ATE477280T1 (de) | 2010-08-15 |
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