JP2021533552A - 電気化学セル用の負極 - Google Patents
電気化学セル用の負極 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2021533552A JP2021533552A JP2021527026A JP2021527026A JP2021533552A JP 2021533552 A JP2021533552 A JP 2021533552A JP 2021527026 A JP2021527026 A JP 2021527026A JP 2021527026 A JP2021527026 A JP 2021527026A JP 2021533552 A JP2021533552 A JP 2021533552A
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- Prior art keywords
- battery
- pellet
- pellets
- electrode
- iron
- Prior art date
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- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 677
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 650
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 226
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 215
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 118
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 115
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 76
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 168
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 168
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 127
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 95
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 94
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 77
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 77
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 76
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 claims description 55
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 53
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 53
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 51
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 48
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 47
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910001567 cementite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- KSOKAHYVTMZFBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron;methane Chemical compound C.[Fe].[Fe].[Fe] KSOKAHYVTMZFBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000004484 Briquette Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000012255 powdered metal Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000012256 powdered iron Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(II,III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]O[Fe]=O SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910015902 Bi 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052595 hematite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011019 hematite Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- LIKBJVNGSGBSGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Fe+3].[Fe+3] LIKBJVNGSGBSGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052976 metal sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000005077 polysulfide Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001021 polysulfide Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000008117 polysulfides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007781 pre-processing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000005587 carbonate group Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 abstract description 35
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 102
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 59
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 42
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 40
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 40
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 39
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 37
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 36
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 35
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 33
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 33
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 32
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- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 27
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 27
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- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 25
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- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 23
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- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 22
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 22
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 22
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 21
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 21
- 230000032258 transport Effects 0.000 description 19
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 17
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 17
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- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
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- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 12
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- RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe](Cl)Cl RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 12
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 12
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- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 10
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- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 10
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 10
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- XQAXGZLFSSPBMK-UHFFFAOYSA-M [7-(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-3-ylidene]-dimethylazanium;chloride;trihydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.[Cl-].C1=CC(=[N+](C)C)C=C2SC3=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C3N=C21 XQAXGZLFSSPBMK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
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- AEIXRCIKZIZYPM-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxy(oxo)iron Chemical compound [O][Fe]O AEIXRCIKZIZYPM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
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- UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiourea Chemical compound NC(N)=S UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- NNLOHLDVJGPUFR-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium;3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxy-2-oxohexanoate Chemical compound [Ca+2].OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(=O)C([O-])=O.OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(=O)C([O-])=O NNLOHLDVJGPUFR-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
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- FSYKKLYZXJSNPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sarcosine Chemical compound C[NH2+]CC([O-])=O FSYKKLYZXJSNPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- QEBDLIWRLCPLCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N selanylidenebismuth Chemical compound [Bi]=[Se] QEBDLIWRLCPLCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- GCLGEJMYGQKIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-H sodium hexametaphosphate Chemical compound [Na]OP1(=O)OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])O1 GCLGEJMYGQKIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
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- AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium thiosulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000019345 sodium thiosulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- RPACBEVZENYWOL-XFULWGLBSA-M sodium;(2r)-2-[6-(4-chlorophenoxy)hexyl]oxirane-2-carboxylate Chemical compound [Na+].C=1C=C(Cl)C=CC=1OCCCCCC[C@]1(C(=O)[O-])CO1 RPACBEVZENYWOL-XFULWGLBSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000000527 sonication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000629 steam reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- YPMOSINXXHVZIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylideneantimony Chemical compound [Sb]=S YPMOSINXXHVZIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QXKXDIKCIPXUPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenemercury Chemical compound [Hg]=S QXKXDIKCIPXUPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WWNBZGLDODTKEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenenickel Chemical compound [Ni]=S WWNBZGLDODTKEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003826 tablet Substances 0.000 description 1
- LRBQNJMCXXYXIU-NRMVVENXSA-N tannic acid Chemical compound OC1=C(O)C(O)=CC(C(=O)OC=2C(=C(O)C=C(C=2)C(=O)OC[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@H](OC(=O)C=3C=C(OC(=O)C=4C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=4)C(O)=C(O)C=3)[C@@H](OC(=O)C=3C=C(OC(=O)C=4C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=4)C(O)=C(O)C=3)[C@@H](OC(=O)C=3C=C(OC(=O)C=4C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=4)C(O)=C(O)C=3)O2)OC(=O)C=2C=C(OC(=O)C=3C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=3)C(O)=C(O)C=2)O)=C1 LRBQNJMCXXYXIU-NRMVVENXSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940033123 tannic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000015523 tannic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920002258 tannic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940073455 tetraethylammonium hydroxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- LRGJRHZIDJQFCL-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetraethylazanium;hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].CC[N+](CC)(CC)CC LRGJRHZIDJQFCL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000001577 tetrasodium phosphonato phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- AFNRRBXCCXDRPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin(ii) sulfide Chemical compound [Sn]=S AFNRRBXCCXDRPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J tin(iv) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Sn](Cl)(Cl)Cl HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 239000011032 tourmaline Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052613 tourmaline Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940070527 tourmaline Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000004684 trihydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- GBXQPDCOMJJCMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethyl-[6-(trimethylazaniumyl)hexyl]azanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].C[N+](C)(C)CCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C GBXQPDCOMJJCMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- BPLKQGGAXWRFOE-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethylsulfoxonium iodide Chemical compound [I-].C[S+](C)(C)=O BPLKQGGAXWRFOE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000002268 wool Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Zn+2] DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
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- H01M4/044—Activating, forming or electrochemical attack of the supporting material
- H01M4/0445—Forming after manufacture of the electrode, e.g. first charge, cycling
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- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、2018年7月27日に出願された「Negative Electrodes for Metal−Air Batteries」という名称の米国特許仮出願第62/711,253号、2019年1月10日に出願された「Negative Electrodes for Metal−Air Batteries」という名称の米国特許仮出願第62/790,688号、および2019年6月28日に出願された「Negative Electrodes for Metal−Air Batteries」という名称の米国特許仮出願第62/868,511号に対する優先権の利益を主張するものである。3つすべての出願の内容は全体が、参照によりあらゆる目的のために本明細書に組み込まれる。
Claims (95)
- 第1の電極、
電解質、および
第2の電極を含む電池であって、
前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極の一方または両方は、直接還元鉄(「DRI」)を含む、電池。 - 前記DRIは、ペレットの形態である、請求項1に記載の電池。
- 前記ペレットは、前記ペレットの総質量に基づき、元素質量で少なくとも約60重量%の鉄を含む、請求項2に記載の電池。
- 前記ペレットは、前記ペレットの総質量に基づき、少なくとも約60重量%の金属性鉄を含み、
前記ペレットは、4mm〜20mmの平均粒子サイズを有し、
前記ペレットは、前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極の少なくとも1つの総質量の少なくとも60パーセントを構成する、請求項2に記載の電池。 - 前記ペレットは、前記ペレットの総質量に基づき、少なくとも約80重量%の金属性鉄を含む、請求項4に記載の電池。
- 前記ペレットは、前記ペレットの総質量に基づき、約90重量%〜約98重量%の金属性鉄を含む、請求項5に記載の電池。
- 前記ペレットは、球形、棒形、円板形、プレート形、ブリケット形、またはそれらの組合せである、請求項2に記載の電池。
- 前記ペレットは、ブリケット形であり、ホットブリケット鉄を含む、請求項7に記載の電池。
- 前記ホットブリケット鉄は、粉末鉄微粉または鉄ペレットで形成されている、請求項8に記載の電池。
- 前記ペレットは、約10mm〜約500mmの範囲の平均長さ、約5mm〜約250mmの範囲の平均幅、および約5mm〜約200mmの範囲の平均高さを有する、請求項8に記載の電池。
- 前記DRIは、鉄鉱石、直接還元等級の鉄鉱石、還元タコナイト、ウスタイト、マグネタイト、ヘマタイト、セメンタイト、酸化鉄、またはそれらの任意の組合せを含む、請求項1に記載の電池。
- 前記DRIは、DRI微粉または粉末を含む、請求項1に記載の電池。
- 前記ペレットは、約10容積%〜約90容積%の範囲の平均内部多孔度を有する、請求項2に記載の電池。
- 前記ペレットは、約0.19m2/g〜約18m2/gの範囲の平均比表面積を有する、請求項2に記載の電池。
- 前記ペレットは、1〜10ミクロンの範囲の容積加重平均孔サイズを有する、請求項2に記載の電池。
- 前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極の少なくとも1つは、0.1cmよりも大きな厚さを有する、請求項2に記載の電池。
- 前記ペレットは、球形であり、約0.5mm〜約10cmの範囲の平均直径を有する、請求項2に記載の電池。
- 前記ペレットは、前記ペレットの総重量に基づき、0.5重量パーセントよりも多くのシリカ含有化合物を含む、請求項2に記載の電池。
- 前記ペレットは、前記ペレットの総質量に基づき、元素質量で約1重量%〜約5重量%のシリカ含有化合物を含む、請求項2に記載の電池。
- 前記ペレットは、前記ペレットの総質量に基づき、元素質量で約1重量%〜約25重量%のシリカ含有化合物を含む、請求項2に記載の電池。
- 前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極の少なくとも1つにおける前記ペレットの充填割合は、30%〜74%である、請求項2に記載の電池。
- 前記ペレットは、
鉄を含む一次相、および
ケイ素または別の金属を含む二次相
を含む、請求項2に記載の電池。 - 前記ペレットは、
鉄を含む一次相、および
セメンタイトを含む二次相
を含む、請求項2に記載の電池。 - 前記二次相は、シリカまたはケイ酸塩を含む、請求項23に記載の電池。
- 前記二次相は、チタン、バナジウム、マンガン、マグネシウム、カルシウム、リン、炭素、アルミニウム、ジルコニウム、またはそれらの任意の組合せを含む、請求項23に記載の電池。
- 前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極の少なくとも1つは、前記ペレットの単層または前記ペレットの複数層を含む、請求項2に記載の電池。
- 前記電解質は、前記ペレット間に浸潤されている、請求項2に記載の電池。
- 前記ペレットと電気的に接続されている集電体をさらに含む、請求項2に記載の電池。
- 前記集電体は、前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極の少なくとも1つの下部表面、前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極の少なくとも1つの側面と接触しているか、前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極の少なくとも1つにわたって延在するか、またはそれらの任意の組合せである、請求項28に記載の電池。
- 前記ペレットは、塊成焼結鉄ペレットである、請求項2に記載の電池。
- 前記塊成焼結鉄ペレットは、連続送給焼成炉、バッチ式焼成炉、高炉、または任意の他のタイプの炉を使用して製造される、請求項30に記載の電池。
- 前記第2の電極は、スラリーまたはゲルをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の電池。
- 前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極の少なくとも1つは、前記ペレットおよびより小さな金属粒子組成物の混合物を含む複合金属電極である、請求項1に記載の電池。
- 前記より小さな金属粒子組成物は、粉末金属供給原料である、請求項33に記載の電池。
- 前記粉末金属供給原料は、前記電解質により湿潤されている、請求項34に記載の電池。
- 前記より小さな金属粒子組成物は、DRI微粉、海綿鉄、アトマイズ鉄、またはそれらの任意の組合せを含む、請求項33に記載の電池。
- 前記ペレットは、DRタコナイトを含む、請求項36に記載の電池。
- 前記ペレットは、前記電池を含むデュアルユースエネルギー貯蔵プラントにおける第1段階の稼動にて合成され、前記デュアルユースエネルギー貯蔵プラントにおける第2段階の稼動にて前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極の少なくとも1つに負荷される、請求項2に記載の電池。
- 前記ペレットは、互いに接触している2つまたはそれよりも多くのペレット間にマクロ孔が作出されるように、床に充填されており、
前記ペレットは各々、それらのそれぞれの外側表面にマイクロ孔を含む、
請求項2に記載の電池。 - 前記ペレットは、一緒に融合されている、請求項39に記載の電池。
- 前記ペレットは、化学的、機械的、熱的、電気的、および/または電気化学的に前加工されて、前記ペレットの少なくとも部分が融合され、床に充填されている、請求項2に記載の電池。
- 液体電解質を前記充填床の前記ペレットにわたって流動させるように構成されているポンプをさらに含む、請求項41に記載の電池。
- 前記ペレットは各々、それらのそれぞれの外側表面にマイクロ孔を含む、請求項2に記載の電池。
- 前記ペレットは、前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極の少なくとも1つに設置する前に前記ペレットをエッチング浴に浸漬することにより作出される孔を含む、請求項2に記載の電池。
- 前記エッチング浴は酸浴である、請求項44に記載の電池。
- 前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極の少なくとも1つは、Bi2O3または金属硫化物を含む添加物ペレットをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の電池。
- 前記添加物ペレットは、FeS、FeS2、Na2S、またはそれらの組合せを含む、請求項46に記載の電池。
- 前記ペレットは、破砕直接還元鉄(「DRI」)前駆体および/またはDRI微粉で構成される焼結鉄ペレットである、請求項2に記載の電池。
- 前記ペレットは、前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極の少なくとも1つに設置される前に、機械的、化学的、電気的、電気化学的、および/または熱的に前加工されている、請求項2に記載の電池。
- 前記前加工は、前記ペレットをプレ充電することを含む、請求項49に記載の電池。
- 前記ペレットは、前記電池の稼動前は、少なくとも部分的にセメンタイト(Fe3C)で初期構成されている、請求項2に記載の電池。
- 前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極の少なくとも1つは、前記ペレットと前記電池の集電体との間の界面を形成するように構成された粉末鉄の層をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の電池。
- 前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極の少なくとも1つの充電状態(SOC)および/または健全性状態をモニターするように構成されたモニタリングシステムをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の電池。
- 前記モニタリングシステムは、コントローラーに接続された1つまたは複数のセンサーを含む、請求項53に記載の電池。
- 前記1つまたは複数のセンサーは、ひずみゲージ、モスバウアー分光計、CCD検出器、超音波振動子、イオン感知電極、熱電対、およびガスセンサーからなる群から選択される、請求項54に記載の電池。
- 前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極の少なくとも1つは、前記ペレットおよび前記ペレットの個々のペレット間に分散されている導電性材料の混合物を含む複合金属電極である、請求項2に記載の電池。
- 前記導電性材料は、1つもしくは複数の導電性繊維、1つもしくは複数のワイヤ、1つもしくは複数のメッシュ、および/または1つもしくは複数のシートを含む、請求項56に記載の電池。
- 前記第1の電極は、負極であり、前記DRIを含む、請求項1に記載の電池。
- 1つまたは複数の添加物を前記電解質に添加するように構成された添加物送達システムをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の電池。
- 前記添加物送達システムは、液体添加物または固体添加物を送達する、請求項59に記載の電池。
- 前記1つまたは複数の添加物は、塩を含む、請求項59に記載の電池。
- 前記塩は、炭酸塩またはポリ硫化物塩である、請求項61に記載の電池。
- 前記1つまたは複数の添加物は、硫黄に基づく添加物を含む、請求項59に記載の電池。
- 前記1つまたは複数の添加物は、界面活性剤添加物を含む、請求項59に記載の電池。
- 前記1つまたは複数の添加物は、自己放電を軽減し、および/または水素発生反応を抑制するように構成されている、請求項59に記載の電池。
- 前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極の少なくとも1つは、圧縮力下にある、請求項1に記載の電池。
- 前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極の少なくとも1つは、追加の導電性材料を含む、請求項1に記載の電池。
- 前記追加の導電性材料は、鉄含有ペレットを取り囲んでいる、請求項67に記載の電池。
- 前記追加の導電性材料は、箔、シート、網、またはワイヤである、請求項67に記載の電池。
- エネルギー貯蔵プラントを稼働するための方法であって、
前記エネルギー貯蔵プラントを稼働して活性物質を生産すること、および
前記活性物質を、長期エネルギー貯蔵のための前記エネルギー貯蔵プラントで使用すること
を含む方法。 - 前記活性物質の生産には、再生可能エネルギーが使用された、請求項70に記載の方法。
- 1つまたは複数の電池を含むバルクエネルギー貯蔵システムであって、前記1つまたは複数の電池の少なくとも1つは、
第1の電極、
電解質、および
第2の電極を含み、前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極の一方または両方は、直接還元鉄(「DRI」)を含む、バルクエネルギー貯蔵システム。 - DRIを含む前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極の少なくとも1つは、直接還元鉄(「DRI」)ペレットを含む負極である、請求項72に記載のバルクエネルギー貯蔵システム。
- 前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極の少なくとも1つは、添加物ペレットをさらに含む、請求項73に記載のバルクエネルギー貯蔵システム。
- 前記添加物ペレットは、FeS、FeS2、Bi2O3、または金属硫化物で構成される、請求項74に記載のバルクエネルギー貯蔵システム。
- 前記DRIは、破砕直接還元鉄(「DRI」)前駆体および/またはDRI微粉で構成される焼結鉄ペレットである、請求項72に記載のバルクエネルギー貯蔵システム。
- 前記DRIは、前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極の少なくとも1つに設置される前に機械的、化学的、および/または熱的に前加工された直接還元鉄(「DRI」)ペレットで構成される、請求項72に記載のバルクエネルギー貯蔵システム。
- 前記DRIは、前記ペレットの総質量に基づき少なくとも約60重量%の金属性鉄を含み、前記DRIは、4mm〜20mmの平均粒子サイズを有する直接還元鉄ペレットを含み、前記直接還元鉄ペレットは、前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極の少なくとも1つの総質量の少なくとも60パーセントを構成する、請求項72に記載のバルクエネルギー貯蔵システム。
- 前記バルクエネルギー貯蔵システムは、長期エネルギー貯蔵(LODES)システムである、請求項78に記載のバルクエネルギー貯蔵システム。
- 少なくとも24時間にわたって電荷を保持するように構成されている長期エネルギー貯蔵システムであって、
a)筐体
b)第1の電極であって、
(i)約60%〜約90%の鉄、および
(ii)SiO2、Al2O3、MgO、CaO、およびTiO2からなる群から選択される材料の1つまたは複数を含む約1%〜約40%の成分
を含む第1の電極、
c)第2の電極、ならびに
d)電解質
を含むシステム。 - 約1.5%〜約7.5%のSiO2を含む、請求項80に記載のシステム。
- 約0.3%〜約3%のAl2O3を含む、請求項80に記載のシステム。
- 約0.25%〜約2%のMgOを含む、請求項80に記載のシステム。
- 約0.75%〜約2.5%のCaOを含む、請求項80に記載のシステム。
- 約0.25%〜約1.5%のTiO2を含む、請求項80に記載のシステム。
- 1%〜10%のSiO2を含む、請求項80に記載のシステム。
- 0.2%〜5%のAl2O3を含む、請求項80に記載のシステム。
- 0.1%〜10%のMgOを含む、請求項80に記載のシステム。
- 0.9%〜10%のCaOを含む、請求項80に記載のシステム。
- 0.05%〜5%のTiO2を含む、請求項80に記載のシステム。
- 前記鉄の少なくとも50%はFe0である、請求項80、81、84、88、または90に記載のシステム。
- 前記鉄の少なくとも50%は金属性鉄である、請求項80、81、84、88、または90に記載のシステム。
- 前記鉄は、Fe0、Fe2+、およびFe3+を含む、請求項80、81、84、88、または90に記載のシステム。
- 前記貯蔵システムは、少なくとも約100MWの電力定格、少なくとも約100時間の定格持続時間、および少なくとも約2,000MWhの定格エネルギーを有する、請求項80、81、87、83、または89、または90に記載のシステム。
- 前記貯蔵システムは、約50MW〜約500MWの範囲の電力定格、約25時間〜約500時間の範囲の定格持続時間、および約3,000MWh〜約90,000MWhの定格エネルギーを有する、請求項80、81、87、83、または89、または90に記載のシステム。
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WO2020023912A1 (en) | 2020-01-30 |
MX2021000733A (es) | 2021-05-12 |
US20230369576A1 (en) | 2023-11-16 |
CA3105128A1 (en) | 2020-01-30 |
US20200036002A1 (en) | 2020-01-30 |
MA53343A (fr) | 2022-03-23 |
BR112021000258A2 (pt) | 2021-04-20 |
US11552290B2 (en) | 2023-01-10 |
KR20210027538A (ko) | 2021-03-10 |
EP3830888A1 (en) | 2021-06-09 |
EP3830888A4 (en) | 2022-06-08 |
US20220344647A9 (en) | 2022-10-27 |
AU2019310592A1 (en) | 2021-01-21 |
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