JP2009502171A - Cd37特異的及びcd20特異的結合分子を用いたb細胞の減少 - Google Patents
Cd37特異的及びcd20特異的結合分子を用いたb細胞の減少 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
ドであって、重鎖FR4が配列番号78(WGRGTLVTVSS)のアミノ酸配列を含む、ポリペプチドが含まれる。
本発明のさらなる側面及び詳細は、以下の実施例から明らかになるだろうが、この実施例は、限定するというよりむしろ例証することを意図する。実施例1には、CD37特異的結合分子の生成を記載する;実施例2は、TRU−016及び様々なCD37特異的抗体が、同一又は重複するエピトープを認識することを実証する;実施例3には、TRU−016が、C1q結合及び古典的補体活性化経路の活性化を欠損することを示す;実施例4は、TRU−016多量体の活性及び結合を実証する;実施例5には、CD20特異的結合分子の生成を記載する;実施例6には、TRU−016と、TRU−015又はリツキサンとの組み合わせが、B細胞におけるアポトーシスを相乗的に増加させることを示す;実施例7には、TRU−016と、CD20特異的抗体又はSMIPとの組み合わせが、CDCを相乗的に増加させることを示す;実施例8は、TRU−016が、CD20特異的抗体及びSMIPのADCC及びCDC活性を増大させることを実証する;実施例9は、TRU−016が、B細胞におけるアポトーシスを誘導することを実証する;実施例10には、CD37特異的SMIPとCD20特異的抗体との組み合わせが、マウス腫瘍異種移植モデルにおいて腫瘍体積を相乗的に減少させることを示す;実施例11には、単独のCD37特異的SMIPも、マウス腫瘍異種移植モデルにおいて腫瘍体積を減少させることを示す;図12は、TRU−016が、他のB細胞表面レセプターのCDC活性に影響を及ぼさないことを実証する;実施例13は、TRU−016が、MHCII、CD19、CD80/86、及びCD40を含む様々な標的レセプターのCDC活性を増大させないことを実証する;実施例14は、TRU−016が、腫瘍を有するマウスにおいて、in vivo生存率を増加させることを示すさらなるデータを提供する;実施例15は、TRU−016が、in vitroにおいて、CLL細胞のフルダラビン誘導細胞死を強めることを実証する;実施例16には、TRU−016が、リツキシマブ抵抗性細胞において、細胞毒性を直接誘起することを示す;実施例17には、TRU−016が、CD19+初代CLL B細胞において、チロシンリン酸化を誘起することを示す;かつ実施例18は、ヒト化TRU−016分子を提供する。
(CD37特異的結合分子の生成)
CD37特異的SMIPは、共有の米国仮特許出願第10/627,556号、並びに米国特許出願公開第2003/133939号、同第2003/0118592号、及び同第2005/0136049号に記載されている。例となるSMIPはTRU−016であり、下記のとおりこれを生成する。
(TRU−016及び様々なCD37特異的抗体は、CD37上の同一又は重複エピトープと結合する)
TRU−016及び以前に記載された他のCD37特異的抗体により結合されるCD37エピトープを同定するために実験を実施した。
(TRU−016は、C1qとの結合、及び古典的補体活性化経路の活性化を欠損する)
TRU−016二量体ピーク(dimer peak)が、B細胞標的の有意なレベルの補体依存性死滅を媒介できない理由を探索するために実験を実施した。1つの可能性は、TRU−016二量体が、正常ヒトIgG1抗体と比較した、補体カスケードの構成要素との結合低下を示すことであった。従って、実験を実施し、TRU−016が、古典的補体活性化経路を活性化できるかどうかを、C1qと結合したTRU−016を探索することにより測定した。C1qは、血清補体系を活性化するC1酵素複合体のサブユニットであり、古典的補体活性化経路の認識要素である。
(TRU−016多量体の活性及び結合)
溶液中、多量体型のTRU−016(TRU−016多量体)の生物学的活性を調べるために実験を実施した。第一に、溶液中のTRU−016融合タンパク質のサイズを測定するために、プロテインA精製物質をSEC HPLCにより分析し、TRU−016が、溶液中、多量体型で存在することを明らかにした(図4)。
(CD20特異的結合分子の生成)
CD20特異的SMIPは、共有の米国特許出願公開第2003/133939号、同第2003/0118592号、及び同第2005/0136049号に記載されている。例となるCD20特異的SMIPであるTRU−015の生成を以下に記載する。
(TRU−016と、TRU−015又はリツキサンとの組み合わせは、B細胞におけるアポトーシスを相乗的に増加させる)
B細胞系アポトーシスに対するB細胞標的SMIPの効果を調べるための実験を実施した。各SMIPを個別に試験し、ついで組み合わせて試験した。サンプルは、インキュベーション反応の開始後、24及び48時間の両方において分析した。アネキシン/PI分析を以下のとおり実施した:BJAB(Ed Clark, University of Washingtonにより提供)、Ramos(ATCC#CRL−1596)、及びDaudi細胞を、3×105細胞/mL及び20μg/mLのSMIPタンパク質で、10%FBSを含むIscoves(Gibco)完全媒体中、5%CO2下、37℃、24又は48時間インキュベートした。加えて、20μg/mLのヤギ抗ヒトIgGを反応物に添加し、細胞表面上で試薬を架橋させた。ついで、BD Pharmigen Apoptosis Detection Kit I(#556547)を用いて、アネキシンV−FITC及びヨウ化プロピジウムで細胞を染色し、キットの指示に従って処理した。簡単に述べると、冷PBSで細胞を2回洗浄し、「結合バッファー」に1×106細胞/mLで細胞を再懸濁した。ついで、結合バッファー中、100μLの細胞を、5μLのアネキシンV−FITC及び5μLのヨウ化プロピジウムで染色した。細胞を穏やかにボルテックスし、暗所下、室温、15分間インキュベートした。ついで、400μLの結合バッファーを各サンプルに添加した。ついで、Cell Questソフトウェア(Becton Dickinson)を用いてFACsCalibur(Becton Dickinson)でこれらを読み取り分析した。
(TRU−016と、CD20特異的抗体又はSMIPとの組み合わせは、CDCを相乗的に増加させる)
B細胞に対する、TRU−016と、CD20特異的抗体又はSMIPとの組み合わせのCDC活性を測定するために実験を実施した。組み合わせ実験のために選択した試薬の量は、0.5μg/mLのTRU−016であり、他方、TRU−015もまた0.5μg/mLであった。リツキサンの濃度は、単一試薬のCDC実験においてより高い活性を示したことから、通常は0.04〜0.06μg/mLであった。ある実験において、CD20試薬の濃度は、準最適濃度(suboptimal concentration)で一定に保ち、他方、TRU−016の濃度は変化させて、CDCに対する増幅効果を観察するために必要なCD37に対する試薬の最小レベルを探索した。
(TRU−016は、CD20特異的抗体及びSMIPのADCC及びCDC活性を増幅する)
TRU−016 SMIPと、CD20特異的抗体又はSMIPとの組み合わせが、B細胞標的に対して、ADCC及びCDC活性を増大させ得るかどうかを測定するために実験を実施した。
(TRU−016は、B細胞におけるアポトーシスを誘導する)
B細胞系アポトーシスに対するTRU−016の効果を調べる実験を実施した。異なるB細胞レセプターを標的とするTRU−016分子のアポトーシスに対する効果の初めのアッセイは、依然としてより高いオーダーの凝集を含むプロテインA精製物質を用いて実施した。CD37抗体又は改変TRU−016分子で処理してから24時間後に、アポトーシス活性の測定としてアネキシンVポジティブ細胞パーセンテージを使用し、かつ結合標的としてRamos及びBJAB細胞の両方を使用した複数の実験において、類似パターンの増加アポトーシスが観察された(データは示さず)。
(TRU−016とリツキシマブとの組み合わせは、マウス腫瘍異種移植モデルにおいて腫瘍体積を相乗的に減少させる)
組み合わせ療法を探索するマウス腫瘍異種移植研究を、ヌードマウス(Harlan)、及びRamos又はDaudiヒト腫瘍系を用いて実施した。Ramos又はDaudi腫瘍細胞を、それらが80%の密集度を達成するまで、IMDM/10%FBS中、T150フラスコ中で増殖させた。マウス1匹当たり、500万個(5×106)の細胞を腫瘍接種材料として使用した。全体積0.1 mL又は5.0×107/mLで、PBSを用いて、右側に細胞を皮下注射した。ヌードマウスに腫瘍を成長させ、腫瘍サイズ/体積に基づいてグループ分けした。各処理グループについて、平均腫瘍体積がおよそ222 mm3(範囲=152〜296mm3)である12匹のマウスを使用した。平均腫瘍体積が237〜251 mm3の範囲であるものもいくつか使用した。以下の試薬の一つを、0日、2日、4日、6日、及び8日に動物に静脈注射(IV)した:単一試薬として、TRU−016 GPC POI(対象ピーク)、200μg/マウス;リツキサン、200μg/マウス、又は200若しくは400μg/マウスのヒトIgG(コントロール)、あるいは以下の組み合わせ試薬:マウス1匹当たり、それぞれ100μgのリツキサン+TRU−016;又はマウス1匹当たり、それぞれ200μgのリツキサン+TRU−016。腫瘍体積は、実験が完了するまで(犠牲又は寛解)、キャリパーを用いて毎日測定した。各動物について、処理時間の関数として腫瘍体積をプロットし、各グループ内で結果を平均化もした。
(TRU−016は、マウス腫瘍異種移植モデルにおいて、腫瘍体積を減少させ、生存率を増加させる)
マウス腫瘍異種移植研究は、ヌードマウス(Harlan)及びRamos又はDaudiヒト腫瘍系を用いて実施した。3つの異なる研究を、TRU−016又は他の試験試薬での処理時間における腫瘍タイプ及び腫瘍サイズに基づいて実施した。Ramos又はDaudi腫瘍細胞を増殖し、(5×106)細胞を右側に皮下注射して、腫瘍を有する各処理マウスを接種した。ヌードマウスに腫瘍を成長させ、腫瘍サイズ/体積に基づいてグループ分けした。第一の研究において、各処理グループについて、155〜237 mm3の平均腫瘍体積を有する12匹のマウスを使用した。以下の試薬の一つを、0日、2日、4日、6日、及び8日に動物に静脈注射(IV)した:リツキシマブ、200μg/マウス;TRU−016 GPC二量体ピーク、200μg/マウス;又はヒトIgG(コントロール)、400μg/マウス。腫瘍体積は、実験が完了するまで(犠牲又は寛解)、キャリパーを用いて毎日測定した。各動物について、処理時間の関数として腫瘍体積をプロットし、各グループ内で結果を平均化もした。グループ平均を図22Aに示し、他方、図22Bには、時間の関数として、各マウスグループについての生存パーセンテージデータの比較を示す。
(TRU−016は、他のB細胞表面レセプターのCDC活性に影響を及ぼさない)
TRU−016分子が、CD20に加えて、例えば、MHCII、CD19、CD80/86、及びCD40などの他のB細胞表面レセプターに対する抗体処理によりもたらされるCDC活性レベルを増幅するかを測定するために、CD20−CD37に対する組み合わせについてまさに記載した実験と類似した実験パネルを実施した。
(TRU−016は、MHCII、CD19、CD80/86、及びCD40を含む他の標的レセプターのCDC活性を増幅しない)
TRU−016分子が、CD20に加えて他のB細胞表面レセプターに対する抗体処理によりもたらされるCDC活性レベルを増幅するかを測定するために、CD20−CD37に対する組み合わせについて記載した実験(実施例8を参照されたい)と類似の実験パネルを実施した。これらの実験結果を図23に示す。一般に、これらのレセプターに対する抗体を単独で、又はTRU−016と組み合わせて使用した場合、CDC活性レベルに有意な差は存在しなかった。CDCレベルは、準最適濃度のTRU−016とともに使用した場合、CD19及びCD45に対する試薬に反応してわずかに増加した。しかし、CDCレベルの差は、CD20−CD37組み合わせについて観察されたもの(実施例8を参照されたい)に比べれば全く有意ではなかった。CD20及びCD37に対する試薬を組み合わせて使用した場合のCDCの増幅に加えて、抗MHCII(HB10a)、抗CD19、抗CD45(9.4)、又はCTLA4Igを準最適用量のリツキサンと組み合わせて使用した場合に観察される死滅レベルの増幅が存在するようである。
(TRU−016は、マウス腫瘍異種移植モデルにおいて生存率を増加させる)
実施例11に記載したものを超えるマウス腫瘍異種移植研究を実施し、ヌードマウス(Harlan)及びRamos又はDaudiヒト腫瘍細胞系のいずれかを用いて、長期生存の増加についてのTRU−016の有効性を調べた。
(TRU−016は、in vitroにおいて、CLL細胞のフルダラビン誘導性細胞死を増強する)
フルダラビンは、血液学的悪性腫瘍の治療で使用される化学療法剤である。フルダラビンは、リボヌクレオチド還元酵素及びDNAポリメラーゼを妨げることによりDNA合成を阻害するプリン類似体である。フルダラビンは、分裂及び静止細胞の両方に対して活性である。フルダラビンは、慢性リンパ球性白血病(CLL)の治療に非常に効果的であり、クロラムブシルなどの単独のアルキル化剤よりも高い反応率を生じる(Rai et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 343:1750−1757, 2000)。フルダラビンは、緩慢性リンパ腫及び非ホジキンリンパ腫の治療において、シクロホスファミド、ミトキサントロン、デキサメタゾン、及びリツキシマブとの様々な組み合わせで使用される。しかし、フルダラビンに対する抵抗性もまた治療で観察されている。フルダラビンは、CLL細胞においてカスパーゼ依存性アポトーシスを誘導し、TRU−016により媒介されるアポトーシスは、カスパーゼ活性化に依存しないようである。本研究では、CLL細胞に対する、TRU−016とフルダラビンとの効果を調べた。
(TRU−016は、リツキシマブ抵抗性細胞において、直接的な細胞毒性を誘起する)
本明細書に開示するとおり、リツキシマブは、NHL、FCC、MCL、DLCL、SLL、及びCLLの治療で使用されるモノクローナル抗体である。本研究は、リツキシマブに抵抗性のある細胞において直接的な細胞毒性を誘起するTRU−016の有効性を測定するために実施した。
(TRU−016は、CD19+初代CLL B細胞において、チロシンリン酸化を誘起する)
TRU−016が、B細胞におけるシグナル伝達をどのようにして誘起するかを測定するために、チロシンリン酸化に対するTRU−016の効果を調べるための実験を実施した。
(ヒト化TRU−016分子)
実施例1に記載したとおり、CD37特異的SMIP(例えば、TRU−016)は、共有の米国仮特許出願第10/627,556号、並びに米国特許出願公開第2003/133939号、同第2003/0118592号、及び同第2005/0136049号に記載されている。これらの記載は、参照により本明細書に援用される。例となるCD37特異的SMIPであるTRU−016ポリペプチド(配列番号2)を生成し、本明細書に記載した。本実施例では、ヒト化TRU−016 SMIPを提供する。
Claims (117)
(b)配列番号64の軽鎖CDR2アミノ酸配列、又は配列番号64の1つ若しくは2つのアミノ酸が交換されているその変異体;及び
(c)配列番号66の軽鎖CDR3アミノ酸配列、又は配列番号66の1つ若しくは2つのアミノ酸が交換されているその変異体、
を含む、請求項50記載のヒト化CD37特異的SMIPポリペプチド。
(b)配列番号65の重鎖CDR2アミノ酸配列、又は配列番号65の1つ若しくは2つのアミノ酸が交換されているその変異体;及び
(c)配列番号67〜69からなる群から選択される重鎖CDR3アミノ酸配列、又は配列番号67〜69のいずれか一つの1つ若しくは2つのアミノ酸が交換されているその変異体、
を含む、請求項50記載のヒト化CD37特異的SMIPポリペプチド。
(b)配列番号72の軽鎖FR2アミノ酸配列、又は配列番号72の1つ若しくは2つのアミノ酸が交換されているその変異体;
(c)配列番号74の軽鎖FR3アミノ酸配列、又は配列番号74の1つ若しくは2つのアミノ酸が交換されているその変異体;及び
(d)配列番号76の軽鎖FR4アミノ酸配列、又は配列番号76の1つ若しくは2つのアミノ酸が交換されているその変異体、
を含む、請求項50記載のヒト化CD37特異的SMIPポリペプチド。
(b)配列番号73の重鎖FR2アミノ酸配列、又は配列番号73の1つ若しくは2つのアミノ酸が交換されているその変異体;
(c)配列番号75の重鎖FR3アミノ酸配列、又は配列番号75の1つ若しくは2つのアミノ酸が交換されているその変異体;及び
(d)配列番号77若しくは78の重鎖FR4アミノ酸配列、又は配列番号77若しくは78の1つ若しくは2つのアミノ酸が交換されているその変異体、
を含む、請求項50記載のヒト化CD37特異的SMIPポリペプチド。
(b)B細胞減少用キットを使用するためのプロトコル、
を含む、B細胞減少用キット。
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