CN106977761A - 发泡剂和含氟取代烯烃组合物以及起泡方法 - Google Patents
发泡剂和含氟取代烯烃组合物以及起泡方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN106977761A CN106977761A CN201710015360.2A CN201710015360A CN106977761A CN 106977761 A CN106977761 A CN 106977761A CN 201710015360 A CN201710015360 A CN 201710015360A CN 106977761 A CN106977761 A CN 106977761A
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Abstract
本申请涉及发泡剂和含氟取代烯烃组合物以及起泡方法。氟代乙烯包括四氟丙烯的各种用途,特别是公开了HF0‑1234在各种应用包括作为发泡剂的各种用途。
Description
本申请是申请日为2006年6月26日、申请号为201310282248.7、名称为″发泡剂和含氟取代烯烃组合物以及起泡方法″的发明专利申请的分案申请。CN201310282248.7是申请日为2006年6月26日、申请号为 200680031112.7、名称为“发泡剂和含氟取代烯烃组合物以及起泡方法”的发明专利申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及在许多应用中有益的组合物、方法和体系,特别是包括换热系统如制冷系统中的组合物。在优选的方面,本发明提供了包括至少一种本发明的多氟化烯烃致冷剂的组合物。
背景技术
氟烃化合物基流体已广泛地用于许多商用和工业中,包括作为气溶胶推进剂和发泡剂。因为与这些流体中的一些使用相关的可疑的环境问题,包括相对较高的全球变暖潜能,在使用具有低乃至零臭氧消耗潜能的液体如氢氟烃(“HFC”)时,它愈加理想。所以希望使用不含氯氟烃(“CFC”)或氢氯氟烃(“HCFC”)实际数量的液体。此外,一些HFC液体可能具有与之相关的相对高全球变暖潜能,当在使用特性中维持理想的性能时,希望尽可能使用具有低全球变暖潜能的氢氟烃或其它氟化液体。另外,在一些环境中希望使用不在沸腾和蒸发分馏的单组分液体或类似共沸物的混合物。
如上述所述,近年来已经增加了对地球大气和气候潜在损害的关注,在这方面已确定一些氯基化合物特别可疑。含氯组合物(如氯氟烃(CFC)、氢氯氟烃(HCF)等)作为工作流体在加热传递系统如冷冻和空调系统的使用,由于与消耗臭氧特性相关的许多这样化合物而被厌恶。因此越来越需要新的氟烃和氢氟烃化合物和组合物,它们在这些和其它应用中作为有吸引力的组合物备选方案。例如,它希望通过非含氯化合物替换含氯化合物如氢氟烃(HFC)来改进含氯系统如发泡剂系统或制冷系统,这样将不会消耗臭氧层。通常工业上需要考虑环境安全性,不断地寻找新的氟烃基混合物以作为CFC和HCFC的替换物。然而,任何潜在的取代也必须具有存在于大部分广泛使用液体的那些特性,尤其像当用作发泡剂时给予优良绝热性质和其它理想的起泡特征,例如适当的化学稳定性、低毒或无毒性、低易燃性或不易燃性,这在很多情况下被认为重要的。
此外,令人满意地认为通常CFC发泡剂替换物是有效的,其无需将大型工程改变为常规起泡生成系统。
用于制备常规发泡体的方法和组合物,例如热塑体原料和热固化原料很早就是已知的。这些方法和组合物一般使用化学和/或物理发泡剂在聚合物基体中生成泡沫结构。这样的发泡剂包括如偶氮化合物、各种挥发性有机物(VOCs)和氯氟烃(CFC)。化学发泡剂一般进行某种形式的化学反应,包括与原料进行化学反应生成聚合母体(通常在预定温度/压力下)引起气体如氮气、二氧化碳或一氧化碳的释放。一种最常用的化学发泡剂是水。物理发泡剂一般溶于聚合物或聚合物前体原料,然后体积膨胀(再次在预定温度/压力下)以有助于泡沫结构的形成。经常使用的物理发泡剂与热塑性泡沫体有关,尽管化学发泡剂可代替物理发泡剂或与热塑性泡沫体相关的物理发泡剂一起使用。例如,已知使用化学发泡剂与聚氯乙烯基发泡体的形成相关。当然,可能一些含有它们的化合物和组合物可以立刻构成一种化学和物理发泡剂。
过去CFC通常在异氰酸酯基发泡体如刚性和柔韧性聚氨酯和聚异氰脲酯发泡体的制备中用作标准发泡剂。例如,CCl3F(CFC-11)已经成为一种标准发泡剂。然而,由于这种材料释放进入大气损害同温层中的臭氧层,所以通过国际条约禁止使用这种材料。结果,纯净的CFC-11 用作标准发泡剂用于生成热固化发泡体如异氰酸酯基发泡体和酚醛发泡体通常不再常见。
氯氟烃的问题导致更频繁地使用含氢氯氟烃(HCFC)。例如 CHCl2CF3(HCFC-123)、CH2ClCHClF(HCFC-141b)在大气中具有较短的使用寿命。然而,当氢氯氟烃相对于氯氟烃来说被认为是对环境无害的发泡剂,这样的化合物还包含一些氯,因此具有“臭氧消耗潜能”(称作“ODP”)。由于非零ODP,氢氯氟烃已成为从使用中最后除去的目标。
另一个已知类型发泡剂是非氯化、部分氢化的氟烃(称作“HFC”)。目前作为发泡剂使用的一些氢氯氟烃具有最少一个潜在严重的问题,即它们通常具有较高的固有热导特性(即很差的保温性)。另一方面,一些更现代的氢氯氟烃发泡剂如CF3CH2CF2H(“HFC-245fa”)制造的发泡体提供了改良的保温性,部分由于HFC-245fa低导热性和部分由于 HFC-245fa给予发泡体的优良的胞状结构。HFC-245fa已经广泛用于保温应用,特别是冷柜、制冷机、冷柜/制冷机和雾化发泡体应用。尽管如此,许多氢氯氟烃液体共有具有较高的全球变暖潜力的缺点,当在使用特性中维持预期性能时,使用氢氟烃或其它氟化液体具有尽可能低的全球变暖潜能。即使更现代的氢氯氟烃如HFC-245fa、 HFC-134a、HFC-365mfc等,虽然低于其它氢氯氟烃,显示了更高理想的全球变暖潜能。因此,在发泡体保温特别是硬质泡沫保温中使用氢氯氟烃作为发泡剂,导致氢氯氟烃在商业发泡体保温中是发泡剂较低理想的候选者。
烃类发泡剂也是已知的。例如,Hutzen的美国专利第5,182,309 号教导了异戊烷和正戊烷在各种乳状液混合物中的用途。烃类发泡剂的另一个例子是环戊烷,如Volkert的美国专利第5,096,933号所教导。尽管许多烃类发泡剂如环戊烷和戊烷的异构体是零臭氧消耗剂,显示了极低的全球变暖潜能,由于发泡剂产生的发泡体缺乏与如 HFC-245fa发泡剂产生发泡体相同的保温效率,所以这样的材料不完全理想。进一步,烃类发泡剂极易燃,这很不理想。同时,一些烃类发泡剂在一些情况下与生成发泡体的资料不能充分混溶,如许多聚酯多元醇通常用于聚异氰脲酯改进的聚氨酯发泡体。这些烷烃的使用常常需要化学表面活性剂得到合适的混合物。
因此对新的化合物和组合物需要日益增加,迄今为止,在这些和其它应用中组合物是有吸引力的选择。因此,申请人认识导新氟烃基化合物和组合物的需要,其提供有效的选择,考虑导环境安全替换氯氟烃和氢氯氟烃。然而,它通常被认为是非常理想的,任意潜在取代必须同时具有特性或给予发泡体特性,至少与大部分广泛使用的发泡剂如汽相导热性(低k-系数)、低毒或无毒等比较相联系。
在许多应用中一种这样其它潜在重要的特性是易燃性。也就是说,考虑到在许多应用中重要性或实质性,特别包括在发泡剂应用中,使用的化合物是不易燃或不燃的。如在本文中术语“不易燃”意指根据签署日为2002年的ASTM标准E-681确定的来确定化合物或组合物的不易燃,引入本文作为参考。不幸地是,另外可能理想用于致冷剂组合物的许多氢氯氟烃是不易燃的。例如,氟代烷二氟乙烷(HFC-152a) 和氟代烯烃1,1,1-三氟丙烯(HFO-1243zf)各自易燃,不能在许多应用中使用。
在Tapscott的美国专利5,900,185中教导了使用含溴卤代烃添加剂以减少一些原料包括发泡体发泡剂的易燃性。在该专利中添加剂据说是高效率特性和短大气使用寿命,即低臭氧损耗潜能(ODP)和低全球变暖潜能(GWP)。
在Tapscott中当所描述的溴化烯烃可作为与一些原料相关的阻燃剂的有效浓度,其没有公开使用这些原料作为发泡剂。此外,可以相信这些化合物可能也具有一些缺点。例如,由于这些化合物较高的分子量,申请人承认在Tapscott中许多化合物作为发泡剂具有相对低效率。此外,由于这些化合物较高的沸点,可以相信在Tapscott中公开的这些化合物当用作发泡剂将遇到难题。此外,申请人知道许多化合物具有高水平的取代作用,可以具有讨厌的毒性性质和/或其它讨厌的性质,如潜在环境上讨厌的生物蓄积。当Tapscott指出具有2到6 碳原子的含溴链烯同时可以包含氟取代基,通过注释“由于与对流层的羟基自由基反应,非氟含溴代烷将具有非常短的大气使用寿命,该专利看起来显示从环境安全的立场上是不足够理想的”(Co1.8, 1.34-39)。
此外,通常理想的考虑发泡剂替换为有效,在发泡体制备和形成中无需大型工程转换为常规设备和系统。
申请人因此开始意识对组合物的需要,特别是发泡剂、发泡合成物、泡沫制品和方法,以及生成发泡体的系统,其提供有益的特性和 /或避免以上注意的一种或多种缺点。申请人因此开始意识对组合物的需要,特别是发泡剂,即在大量应用中潜在地使用,从而避免以上注意的一种或多种缺点。
本发明涉及在大量应用中有用的组合物、方法和系统,特别包括涉及与聚合发泡体相关的组合物、方法、系统和药剂。
发明内容
申请人发现上述提到的需要和其它需要,可对发泡剂组合物、起泡组合物、发泡体和/或泡沫制品满意,其包含一个或多个C2-C6氟代烯烃、更优选一个或多个C3-C6氟代烯烃和更加优选一种或多种具有如下式I化合物:
XCFZR3-Z (1)
这里X是C1、C2、C3、C4或C5不饱和、取代或未被取代的烷基,R各自独立为Cl、F、Br、I或H,z是1-3,它通常优选是具有至少四(4)卤素取代基的本发明氟代烯烃,其中至少三个是F,甚至更优选其中没有Br。
用于实施方案中至少存在一个Br取代基,优选组合物不含氢。在这些实施方案中,同时也通常优选Br取代基在不饱和碳上,甚至更优选Br取代基在非末端不饱和碳上。在该类型的一个特别优选的化合物是CF3CBr=CF2,包括其所有异构体。
在一些实施方案中,非常优选的式I化合物具有3-5个氟取代基的丙烯、丁烯、戊烯和己烯,其它取代基可存在或不存在。在一些优选实施方案中,R不为Br,优选不饱和基团不包含溴取代基。丙烯、四氟丙烯(HFO-1234)和氟氯代丙烯(如三氟单氯代丙烯(HFCO-1233)),甚至更优选CF3CC1=CH2(HFO-1233xf)以及在一些实施方案中特别优选CF3CH=CHCl(HFO-1233zd))。
在一些实施方案中,优选五氟丙烯,包括特别是那些氢取代基在末端不饱和碳的五氟丙烯,如CF3CF=CFH(HFO-1225yez),特别由于申请人已发现这些化合物与至少化合物CF3CH=CF2(HFO-1225zc)相比具有较低的毒性。
在丁烯之中,在一些实施方案中特别优选氟氯丁烯。
在本文中术语“HFO-1234”意指所有的四氟丙烯。四氟丙烯之中包括1,1,1,2-四氟丙烯(HFO-1234yf),以及顺式-和反式-1,1,1,3-四氟丙烯(HFO-1234ze)。在本文中术语“HFO-1234ze”一般指的是 1,1,1,3-四氟丙烯,不论其是为顺式或反式异构体。术语“顺式HFO-1234ze”和“反式HFO-1234ze”在本文中各自描述的是顺式和反式的1,1,1,3-四氟丙烯。因此术语“HFO-1234ze”包括在顺式 HFO-1234ze、反式HFO-1234ze及其这些的所有组合和混合物。
术语“HFO-1233”在本文中指的是所有的三氟、单氯代丙烯。三氟、单氯代丙烯之中包括1,1,1,三氟-2,氯-丙烯(HFCO-1233xf),以及顺式-和反式-1,1,1,三氟-3,氯代丙烯(HFCO-1233zd)。术语 HFCO-1233zd在本文中一般指的是1,1,1,三氟-3,氯代-丙烯,不论其是为顺式或反式异构体。术语“顺式HFCO-1233zd”和“反式 HFCO-1233zd”在本文中各自描述的是1,1,1,三氟-3,氯代丙烯的顺式和反式异构体。因此术语“HFCO-1233zd”包括在顺式HFCO-1233zd、反式HFCO-1233zd及其所有它们的组合和混合物。
术语“HFO-1225”在本文中指的是所有的五氟丙烯。这些分子之中包括1,1,1,2,3-五氟丙烯(HFO-1225yez),及其顺式和反式异构体。因此在本文中术语HFO-1225yez一般指的是1,1,1,2,3-五氟丙烯,不论其是为顺式或反式异构体。因此术语“HFO-1225yez”包括在顺式 HFO-1225yez、反式HFO-1225yez及其所有它们的组合和混合物。
本发明同时提供了利用本发明组合物的方法和系统,包括用于发泡体起泡的方法和系统。
本发明可以包括以下方案:
1.一种发泡剂包含:(a)至少一种式I的氟代烯烃:
XCFzR3-Z (I)
这里X是C1、C2、C3、C4或C5不饱和的、取代或未被取代烷基,R各自独立为Cl、F、Br、I或H,z是1-3,条件是如果Br存在于化合物中,那么化合物不包含氢;
和(b)至少选自一种共发泡剂、表面活性剂、聚合物调节剂、增韧剂、着色剂、染料、溶解增强剂、流变调节剂、增塑剂、火焰抑制剂、抗菌剂、粘度降低调节剂、填料、蒸气压调节剂、成核剂、催化剂的助剂和这些助剂任意两种或多种的组合。
2.方案1的发泡剂,其中所述至少一种氟代烯烃包含经3-5个氟取代的至少一种三碳和/(或)至少一种四碳链烯。
3.方案1的发泡剂,其中所述至少一种氟代烯烃包含顺式 HFO-1234ze或反式HFO-1234ze或这些的组合。
4.方案1的发泡剂,其中所述至少一种氟代烯烃包含至少一种经3-5 个氟取代的丁烯。
5.方案1的发泡剂,其中所述至少一种氟代烯烃是式II的化合物:
这里R各自独立为Cl、F、Br、I或H
R′是(CR2)nY,
Y是CRF2
和n是0或1。
6.方案5的发泡剂,其中Y是CF3。
7.方案5的发泡剂,其中在不饱和末端碳原子上至少一个R不是F。
8.方案5的发泡剂,其中在不饱和末端碳原子上至少一个R是H。
9.方案1的发泡剂,其全球变暖潜能(GWP)不大于约150。
10.方案1的发泡剂,其臭氧消耗潜能(ODP)不大于约0.05。
11.方案1的发泡剂,其中所述氟代烯烃包括在不饱和末端碳原子上具有不超过一个氟取代基。
12.方案1的发泡剂,其中所述至少一种氟代烯烃包含一个未饱和的未端碳原子且不饱和末端碳原子上至少一个取代基是H。
13.方案1的发泡剂,其中所述式I化合物不包含Br。
14.方案1的发泡剂,其中所述化合物包含至少一个氯取代基。
15.方案14的发泡剂,其中所述化合物包含HFCO-1233。
16.方案14的发泡剂,其中所述HFCO-1233包含HFCO-1233xf。
17.方案14的发泡剂,其中所述HFCO-1233包含HFCO-1233zd。
18.方案1的发泡剂,其中所述至少一种式I化合物存在于组合物中数量为从约5重量%至约95重量%的发泡剂。
19.方案1的发泡剂,其中所述助剂包含至少一种共发泡剂。
20.方案19的发泡剂,其中所述至少一种共发泡剂包含一种或多种 C1-C4HFC。
21.方案20的发泡剂,其中所述一种或多种HFC选自二氟甲烷 (HFC-32)、氟代乙烷(HFC-161)、二氟乙烷(HFC-152)、三氟乙烷 (HFC-143)、四氟乙烷(HFC-134)、五氟乙烷(HFC-125)、五氟丙烷 (HFC-245)、六氟丙烷(HFC-236)、七氟丙烷(HFC-227ea)、五氟丁烷(HFC-365)、六氟丁烷(HFC-356),所有这些氢氟烃的异构体,以及两种或多种这些化合物的组合。
22.方案19的发泡剂,其中所述至少一种共发泡剂包含一种或多种 C4-C6烃类。
23.方案22的发泡剂,其中所述一种或多种烃类选自异戊烷、正戊烷、环戊烷、丁烷和异丁烷,以及两种或多种这些化合物的组合。
24.一种发泡性组合物,包含泡沫体赋型剂和发泡剂,所述发泡剂包含至少一种式I的氟代烯烃:
XCFzR3-Z (I)
这里X是C1、C2、C3、C4或C5不饱和的、取代或未被取代烷基,R各自独立为Cl、F、Br、I或H,z是1-3,条件是如果Br存在于化合物中,那么化合物不包含氢。
25.方案24的发泡性组合物,其中所述泡沫体赋型剂包含至少一种热固性泡沫体成分。
26.方案25的发泡性组合物,其中所述至少一种热固性泡沫体成分包含能够形成聚氨脂泡沫体的组合物。
27.方案25的发泡性组合物,其中所述至少一种热固性成分包含能够形成聚异氰脲酯泡沫体的组合物。
28.方案25的发泡性组合物,其中所述至少一种热固性成分包含能够形成酚醛泡沫体的组合物。
29.方案24的发泡性组合物,其中所述泡沫体赋型剂包含至少一种热塑性泡沫成分。
30.方案29的的发泡性组合物,其中所述至少一种热塑性泡沫成分包含热塑性聚合物。
31.方案29的的发泡性组合物,其中所述至少一种热塑性成分包含聚烯烃。
32.方案31的发泡性组合物,其中所述聚烯烃选自单乙烯基芳香化合物、乙烯基化合物、丙烯基化合物和这些化合物的组合。
33.一种泡沫体预混合组合物,其包含多元醇和含有至少一种式I 氟代烯烃的发泡剂:
XCFzR3-Z (I)
这里X是C1、C2、C3、C4或C5不饱和的、取代或未被取代烷基,R各自独立为Cl、F、Br、I或H,z是1-3,条件是如果Br存在于化合物中,那么化合物不包含氢。
34.一种生成泡沫体的方法,其包括将可发泡和/或发泡组合物加入含至少至少一种式I氟代烯烃的发泡剂中:
XCFzR3-Z (I)
这里X是C1、C2、C3、C4或C5不饱和的、取代或未被取代烷基,R各自独立为Cl、F、Br、I或H,z是1-3,条件是如果Br存在于化合物中,那么化合物不包含氢。
35.一种泡沫体,其包含大量聚合单元和包含在一个所述单元的组合物,所述组合物包含:
XCFzR3-Z (I)
这里X是C1、C2、C3、C4或C5不饱和的、取代或未被取代烷基,R各自独立为Cl、F、Br、I或H,z是1-3,条件是如果Br存在于化合物中,那么化合物不包含氢。
36.方案35的泡沫体,其形式为一种或多种的块、片、薄片、刚性发泡体、开口泡沫体、闭孔泡沫体、弹性泡沫体、integeral skin泡沫体、冰箱泡沫体和制冷器泡沫体。
37.方案35的泡沫体,其在40°F时的k-因子K-因子(BTU in/hr ft2°F)不大于约0.14。
38.方案35的泡沫体,其在75°F时的k-因子K-因子(BTU in/hr ft2°F)不大于约0.16。
39.方案35的泡沫体,其在平行方向的屈服压力强度为至少约 12.5%。
40.方案35的泡沫体,其在正交方向的屈服压力强度为至少约 12.5%。
41.方案1的发泡剂,其中所述助剂包含至少一种共发泡剂,其选自水、二氧化碳、CFC、HCC、HCFC、C1-C5醇、C1-C4醛、C1-C4酮、C1-C4 醚和这些化合物的组合。
42.方案24的发泡性组合物,其中泡沫体赋型剂是热塑性塑料和进一步包含选自C1-C5醇、C1-C4醚的化合物和这些化合物组合的所述发泡剂。
43.方案24的发泡性组合物,泡沫体赋型剂是热塑性塑料和进一步包含乙醇的所述发泡剂。
44.方案24的发泡性组合物,其中泡沫体赋型剂是热塑性塑料和进一步包含选自二甲醚、二乙醚和其组合的化合物的发泡剂。
45.方案24的发泡性组合物,泡沫体赋型剂是热塑性塑料和进一步包含甲酸甲酯的所述发泡剂。
46.方案1的发泡剂,其中所述式I的化合物具有至少四(4)卤素取代基。
47.方案46的发泡剂,其中所述至少四(4)卤素取代基包含至少三个氟取代基。
附图说明
图1是本申请实施例1A中使用的容器的草图。
具体实施方式
组合物
本发明组合物通常可以由发泡剂组合物或可起泡组合物构成。在所有情况下,本发明需要如这里描述的至少一种氟代烯烃化合物和任意其它成分,其中一些在以下详细描述。
A.氟代烯烃
本发明的优选实施方案意指包含至少一种含有2-6个、优选3-5个、更优选3-4个碳原子和在一些实施方案中最优选3个碳原子和至少一个碳-碳双键的氟代烯烃的组合物。这里提及的本发明氟代烯烃化合物有时为了作为如果至少含有一个氢的氢氟烯烃或“四氟丙烯”的目的。尽管预期本发明的四氟丙烯可包含两个碳碳双键,目前不优选考虑这些化合物。由于四氟丙烯同时也包含至少一个氯原子,这里有时使用的名称HFCO。
如上所述,本发明组合物包含与式I一致的一个或多个化合物。在优选实施方案中,组合物包括一个或多个以下的式II化合物:
这里R各自独立为Cl、F、Br、I或H
R′是(CR2)nY,
Y是CRF2
和n是0、1、2或3,优选0或1,然而它通常优选是化合物中不存在 Br或当化合物存在Br时,化合物不存在氢。
在非常优选实施方案中,Y是CF3,n是0或1(多数优选0),至少一个残基Rs是F,优选R不为Br,或者当Br存在时,在化合物中没有氢。在某些实施方式中优选在式II中R不为Br。
根据这里包含的教导,申请人相信通常以上确定的式I和II化合物有效,并在发泡剂组合物中通常显示有用。然而,申请人意外和出乎意料地发现具有根据上述分子式结构的一些化合物显示与其它这些化合物相比具有非常理想的低水平的毒性。因此可以容易理解,发泡剂组合物的调配物的这一发现具有潜在巨大的优点和益处。更特别地,申请人相信式I或式II化合物(优选其中Y是CF3,n是0或1)具有相对低水平的毒性,其中在不饱和末端碳原子上至少一个R是H,至少一个残基Rs是F或Cl。申请人也相信这些化合物所有的结构、几何和立体异构体是有效且有益的低毒。
在一些优选实施方案中,本发明的化合物包含一个C3或C4的HFO或 HFCO,优选一个C3的HFO,更优选根据式I化合物,其中X是卤素取代的C3亚烷基以及z是3。这些实施方案确定X是氟和/或氯取代的C3烯烃基,以下是在一些实施方案中优选的C3烯烃基基团:
-CH=CF-CH3
-CF=CH-CH3
-CH2-CF=CH2
-CH2-CH=CFH2
因此,这些实施方案包含以下优选的化合物:CF3-CH=CF-CH3; CF3-CF=CH-CH3;CF3-CH2-CF=CH2;CF3-CH2-CH=CFH;以及这些彼此和/ 或与根据式I或式II的其它化合物的结合。
在一些优选实施方案中,本发明的化合物包含一个C3或C4的HFCO,优选一个C3的HFCO,更优选根据式II化合物,其中Y是CF3,n是0,其中在不饱和末端碳原子上至少一个R是H,至少一个残基Rs是Cl。
HFCO-1233是这样一个优选化合物的例子。
在非常优选实施方案中,特别是包含上述低毒化合物的实施方案中n是0。在一些非常优选实施方案中,本发明的组合物包含一个或多个四氟丙烯,包括HFO-1234yf、(顺式)HFO-1234ze和(反式)HFO-1234ze,在一些实施方案中通常优选HFO-1234ze,非常优选 HFO-1234ze。尽管(顺式)HFO-1234ze和(反式)HFO-1234ze的性质至少在一些方面不同,预期这些化合物的每一个可单独或与这里描述的各个应用、方法和系统相关的其它化合物、包括其立体异构体一起适于使用。例如,由于相对低的沸点(-19℃),(反式)HFO-1234ze可优选用于一些系统,然而(顺式)HFO-1234ze具有+9℃的沸点,可优选作为其它应用。当然,在许多实施方案中顺式和反式异构体的结合是可接受和/或优选的。因此,除非另有说明,可以理解术语“HFO-1234ze”和1,3,3,3-四氟丙烯意指两种立体异构体,该术语的使用指的是表明顺式和反式异构体在一定的目的应用和/或是有用的。
HFO-1234化合物是已知原料,列表于化学文摘数据库。美国专利第2,889号,379;第4,798,818号和第4,465,786号描述了通过各种饱和和不饱和含卤素C3化合物催化汽相氟化作用生产氟代丙烯如CF3CH =CH2,所述专利均引入本文作为参考。EP 974,571也引入本文作为参考,其公开了通过使1,1,1,3,3-五氟丙烯(HFC-245fa)在蒸汽相中与铬基催化剂在高温下接触,或者在液相中与KOH、NaOH、Ca(OH)2或 Mg(OH)2的醇溶液接触来制备1,1,1,3-四氟丙烯。此外,结合标题为“制备氟代丙烯的方法”,具有代理案号(H0003789(26267))的未决美国专利申请概括性描述了用于制备本发明的化合物的方法,也引入本文作为参考。申请概括性描述了用于制备本发明的化合物的方法,也引入本文作为参考。
其它根据本发明使用的优选化合物包括五氟丙烯,包括其所有的异构体(如HFO-1225),四和五氟代丁烯,包括其所有的异构体(如 HFO-1354和HFO-1345)。当然,本发明组合物可包含本发明宽范围内或本发明任意优选范围内两个或更多化合物的组合。
本发明组合物,特别是那些包含HFO-1234(包括HFO-1234ze和 HFO-1234yf),有用许多重要的理由被认为具有有利的性质。例如,申请人相信,基于至少部分数学模型,本发明的氟代烯烃不会对大气化学具有真正的负面影响,与一些其它卤化类型相比对臭氧损耗只有可以忽略的影响。因此本发明优选的组合物具有基本上没有臭氧损耗的优点。与许多目前使用的氢氟烯烃相比优选的组合物也基本上不导致全球变暖。
在一些优选的结构中,本发明的组合物具有全球变暖潜能(GWP) 不大于约1000,更优选不大于约500,并且甚至更优选不大于约150。在一些实施方案中,本发明组合物的GWP不大于约100,甚至更优选不大于约75。如这里使用的“GWP”用于计算相对于二氧化碳并超过100 年时间范围,在“全球臭氧研究和监控工程世界气象协会的报告《臭氧损耗的科学评定》,2002”中所定义,引入本文作为参考。
在一些优选的结构中,本发明的组合物具有臭氧损耗潜能(ODP) 不大于0.05,更优选不大于0.02,并且甚至更优选不大于约零。如这里使用的“ODP”,在″全球臭氧研究和监控工程世界气象协会的报告《臭氧损耗的科学评定》,2002″中所定义,引入本文作为参考。
本发明组合物包含式I化合物特别是HFO-1234,以及甚至更优选 HFO-1234ze的数量视具体的应用而定可以变化很大,组合物包含大于痕量和少于100%本发明宽范围的化合物。此外,本发明的组合物可以是恒沸、类似恒沸物或非恒沸的。在优选实施方案中,本发明组合物特别是发泡剂组合物,包含式I和/或式II化合物,优选HFO-1234和更优选HFO-1234ze和/或HFO-1234yf,其数量在约1重量%至约99重量%之间,更优选从约5重量%至约95重量%,且甚至更优选从40重量%到约90 重量%。
B.其它组分-发泡剂组合物
在本发明一些实施方案中预期发泡剂组合物包括或基本上由这里一个或多个式I化合物组成。因此,本发明包括方法和系统,其包括使用本发明一个或多个化合物作为发泡剂,而无需另外的组分的任何实际数量的存在。然而,不在式I或式II化合物范围内的一个或多个化合物或组分是任选的,但优选包括在本发明的发泡剂组合物内。这些任选其它化合物包括但不局限于,同样作为发泡剂的其它化合物 (为了方便起见,在下文中指的是但不为了限制作为共发泡剂)、表面活性剂、聚合物调节剂、增韧剂、着色剂、染料、溶解增强剂、流动学调节剂、增塑剂、易燃抑调配物、抗菌剂、粘度降低调节剂、填料、蒸气压调节剂、成核剂、催化剂等。在一些优选实施方案中,分散剂、细胞稳定剂、表面活性剂和其它添加剂可同时并入本发明的发泡剂组合物。一些表面活性剂是任选的,但优选被加到作为细胞稳定剂。一些代表性的原料通常以DC-193、B-8404和L-5340的名称出售,在美国专利第2,834,748号、第2,917,480号和第2,846,458号中公开了聚硅氧烷聚乙二醇阻断共聚合物,引入本文作为参考。其他用于发泡剂混合物任选的添加剂可以包括阻燃剂如三(2-氯乙基)磷酸酯、三(2-氯丙基)磷酸酯、三(2,3-二溴丙基)-磷酸酯、三(1,3-二溴丙基)-磷酸酯、磷酸氢二铵、各种卤化芳族化合物、氧化锑、三水合铝、聚氯乙烯等。
至于成核剂,所有具有成核功能性的已知化合物和原料都可用于本发明,特别包括滑石。
当然,其它化合物和/或组分调节组合物(如成本,举例来说)的具体性能也可包括在本发明组合物中,所有这些化合物和组分在本发明宽范围内存在。
因此,除式I化合物(包括特别是HFO-1234ze和/或HFO-1234yf)之外,本发明组合物的优选实施方案包括一个或多个共发泡剂。根据本发明的共发泡剂可以包含物理发泡剂、化学发泡剂(在一些实施方案中优选包含水)或具有物理和化学发泡剂性质结合的发泡剂。也可理解发泡剂包括在本发明的组合物中,包括式I化合物以及共发泡剂,除要求表征为发泡剂之外,可以显示其性质。例如,本发明发泡剂组合物预期可以包括组分,包括上述式I化合物,其也赋予发泡剂组合物或加入的起泡组合物一些有益的性质。例如,在本发明的范围内,式I化合物或共发泡剂同时可作为聚合物调节剂或粘度降低调节剂。
尽管根据本发明,预期可以使用大量共发泡剂,在一些实施方案中,优选本发明的发泡剂组合物包括一个或多个氢氯氟烃作为共发泡剂,更优选一个或多个C1-C4氢氯氟烃和/或一个或多个烃类,更优选 C4-C6烃类。例如,关于氢氟烃,本发明发泡剂组合物可以包括一种或多种二氟甲烷(HFC-32)、氟代乙烷(HFC-161)、二氟乙烷(HFC-152)、三氟乙烷(HFC-143)、四氟乙烷(HFC-134)、五氟乙烷(HFC-125)、五氟丙烷(HFC-245)、六氟丙烷(HFC-236)、七氟丙烷(HFC-227ea)、五氟丁烷(HFC-365)、六氟丁烷(HFC-356)以及所有这些氢氟烃的异构体。
关于烃类,本发明发泡剂组合物可包括在一些优选实施方案中,例如,用于热固性发泡体的异、正和/或环戊烷或用于热塑塑料发泡体的异丁烷。当然其它原料如水、二氧化碳、氯氟烃(如三氯氟甲烷 (CFC-11)和二氯二氟甲烷(CFC-12))、氢氯代烃(HCCs如二氯乙烯(优选反式二氯乙烯)、氯乙烷和氯丙烷)、HCFC、C1-C5乙醇(例如乙醇和 /或丙醇和/或丁醇)、C1-C4醛、C1-C4酮、C1-C4醚(包括醚(如二甲醚和二乙醚)、二醚(如二甲氧基甲烷和二乙氧基甲烷))和甲酸甲酯,包括任意这些的结合,尽管由于负面的环境影响在许多实施方案中预期不优选这些组分。在一些实施方案中,优选一种或多种以下HFC异构体在本发明组合物中作为共发泡剂:
1,1,1,2,2-五氟乙烷(HFC-125)
1,1,2,2-四氟乙烷(HFC-134)
1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷(HFC-134a)
1,1-二氟乙烷(HFC-152a)
1,1,1,2,3,3,3-七氟丙烷(HFC-227ea)
1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙烷(HFC-236fa)
1,1,1,3,3-五氟丙烷(HFC-245fa)和
1,1,1,3,3-五氟丁烷(HFC-365mfc)。
任意上述附加共发泡剂的相对量以及任意附加组分可以包括在本发明组合物中,根据组合物具体的应用可在本发明一般宽范围内变化很大,所有这些相对数量被认为是本文的范围内。然而,申请人注意到根据本发明式I化合物至少确定一个具有的优点,例如HFO-1234ze在这些化合物中相对不易然。因此,在一些实施方案中,优选本发明发泡剂组合物包含至少一种共发泡剂和根据式I化合物一定数量足以产生完全不易然的共发泡剂。因此,在这些实施方案中,与式I化合物相比共发泡剂的相对数量至少部分取决于共发泡剂的的易燃性。
本发明的发泡剂组合物可包括广泛数量范围的化合物。然而,根据本发明用作发泡剂的优选组合物,通常优选式I的化合物,并且甚至更优选式II化合物,存在的组合物数量至少为约1重量%,更优选至少约5重量%,且甚至更优选至少约15重量%。在一些优选实施方案中,发泡剂包含至少约50重量%的本发明发泡剂化合物,在一些实施方案中发泡剂包括本发明的主要化合物。在这方面人们注意到使用一个或多个共发泡剂与本发明的新的特征和基本特征一致。例如,在许多实施方案中,预期水作为共发泡或与其它共发泡剂(例如戊烷,特别是环戊烷)结合。
例如,预期可以包含本发明的发泡剂组合物,优选至少约15重量%的组合物,HFO-1234yf、顺式HFO-1234ze、反式HFO-1234ze或两个或更多这些化合物的组合。在许多优选实施方案中,含水的共发泡剂包括在组合物内,在组合物中大部分优选用于热固化发泡体的使用。在一些优选实施方案中,本发明发泡剂组合物包含顺式HFO-1234ze和反式HFO-1234ze的组合,其顺式:反式重量比为约1∶99至约50∶50,更优选从约10∶90至约30∶70。在一些实施方案中,喜欢使用顺式 HFO-1234ze和反式HFO-1234ze的组合我从约1∶99至约10∶90的顺式:反式重量比,优选从约1∶99至约5∶95。当然,在一些实施方案中理想的是使用组合,其中顺式异构体比反式异构体存在于更高浓度,作为实例,例如起泡组合物的使用改变为使用液体发泡剂。
在一些优选实施方案中,发泡剂组合物包含从约30重量%至约95 重量%的式I化合物,更优选式II化合物,并且甚至更优选一个或多个 HFO-1234化合物,共发泡剂从约5重量%至约90重量%,更优选从约5重量%至约65重量%。这些实施方案确定共发泡剂包含和大体上优选包括 H2O、氢氟烃、烃类、醇(优选C2、C3和/或C4醇)、CO2及其组合。在优选实施方案中,其中共发泡剂包含H2O,组合物包含为发泡剂组合物总数的约5重量%至约50重量%,更优选为发泡剂总数的约10重量%至约40 重量%,且甚至更优选从约10重量%至约20重量%。在优选实施方案中,其中共发泡剂包含CO2,组合物包含CO2为发泡剂总数的约5重量%至约 60重量%,更优选从约20%至约50%,并且甚至更优选从约40%至约50%。
在优选实施方案中,其中共发泡剂包含醇(优选C2、C3和/或C4 醇),组合物包含乙醇为发泡剂总数的约5重量%至约40重量%,更优选从约10%至约40%,并且甚至更优选从约15%至约25%。
由于组合物包括HFC共发泡剂,HFC共发泡剂(优选C2、C3、C4和/ 或C5HFC),并且甚至更优选二氟甲烷(HFC-152a)(HFC-152a特别优选用于挤出热塑性塑料)和/或五氟丙烷(HFC-245)),优选存在于组合物的数量为发泡剂组合物总数的约5重量%至约80重量%,更优选从约10%至约75%,并且甚至更优选从约25%到约75%。此外,在这些实施方案中,HFC优选C2-C4 HFC,并且甚至更优选C3 HFC,在一些实施方案中,非常优选具有五氟化C3 HFC,如HFC-245fa。
对于包含HC共发泡剂的组合物,HC共发泡剂(优选C3、C4和/或C5 HC)优选存在于组合物的数量为发泡剂组合物总数的约5重量%至约80 重量%,更优选从约5%至约80%,并且甚至更优选从约20%到约60%。
C.其它组分-起泡组合物
本发明的一个方面提供了起泡组合物。本领域技术人员已知起泡组合物通常包括能够生成发泡体的一个或多个组分。如这里使用,术语“发泡体发泡剂”意指一个组分或组分的组合,其能够形成泡沫构造,优选通常多孔状发泡体结构。本发明的起泡组合物包括这些组分和发泡剂化合物,优选根据本发明的式I化合物。在一些实施方案中,一个或多个组分能够生成包含热固组分的发泡体,其能够生成发泡体和/或起泡组合物。热固组分的例子包括聚氨酯和聚异氰脲酯发泡体组合物以及酚醛泡沫体组合物。通过使用各种添加剂如催化剂和表面活性剂原料来可以提高该反应和泡沫法,其用来控制和调整单体大小和在泡沫构造形成期间稳定泡沫构造。此外,预期与本发明发泡剂组合物相关的上述任意一个或多个补充组分可以并入本发明起泡组合物。在这些热固化发泡体实施方案中,在起泡组合物中包括一个或多个本发明组合物作为部分发泡剂或作为两个或更多部分起泡组合物的部分,优选包括一个或多个组分能够反应和/或在发泡体适当条件下形成发泡体微孔结构。
本发明的一些其它实施方案中,能够起泡的一种或多种组分包含热塑材料,特别是热塑性聚合物和/或树脂。热塑性泡沫组分的例子包括聚烯烃,例如式Ar-CHCH2的单乙烯基芳香化合物,其中Ar是苯系芳烃基团如聚苯乙烯(PS)。根据本发明其它合适的例子包括各种乙烯树脂,包括乙烯均聚物如聚乙烯和乙烯共聚物、聚丙烯(PP)和聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)。在一些实施方案中,热塑塑料起泡组合物是一种可压塑的组合物。
方法和系统
可以预期所有目前用于生成发泡体的已知和可用的方法和系统容易修改用于与之相关的本发明。例如,本发明的方法根据本发明通常需要加入发泡剂变为可起泡或发泡体生成组合物,然后优选通过一个步骤或一系列步骤,包括根据本发明导致发泡剂的体积膨胀,使组合物起泡。通常,预期目前使用的用于加入发泡剂和起泡的系统和装置容易修改用于与之相关的本发明。事实上,可以相信本发明的一个优点是提供一种改良的发泡剂,其通常适用于现有起泡法和系统。因此,本领域技术人员可以理解本发明包含用于形成各种类型发泡体的方法和系统,包括热固化发泡体、热塑性泡沫体和就地成形的发泡体。因此,本发明的一个方面在常规处理条件下与常规起泡装置如聚氨酯起泡设备相关的本发明发泡剂的使用。因此本发明的方法包括母料 (masterbatch)型操作、混合型操作、加入第三液流发泡剂和在发泡体塔头加入发泡剂。
关于热塑性泡沫体,优选的方法通常包含将根据本发明的发泡剂加入到热塑性材料,优选的热塑性聚合物如聚烯烃,然后使热塑性材料达到有效引起起泡的条件。例如,将发泡剂加入到热塑性材料的步骤可包含将发泡剂引入到含有热塑塑料的螺旋挤压机中,引发起泡的步骤可包含降低热塑性材料上的压力,因此导致发泡剂的膨胀并有助于材料的起泡。
本领域技术人员可以理解,特别考虑到这里包含公开的顺序和方法,其中生成本发明发泡剂和/或加入到起泡组合物中,通常不影响本发明的可操作性。例如,在可压塑发泡体的情况下,发泡剂的各种组分,甚至起泡组合物的组分在引入到挤出设备之前不可能混和,或者甚至这些组分在挤出设备中不被加到相同的位置。此外,发泡剂可以直接引入或作为预混合料的一部分,然后进一步加到起泡组合物的其它部分。
因此,在一些实施方案中,希望在挤压机中第一位置引入一种或多种发泡剂组分,其位于在加入一种或多种发泡剂其它组分位置的上游区,以期望这些在挤压机中聚集和/或用这样的方式更有效地操作。尽管如此,在一些实施方案中,发泡剂的两种或多种组分提前化合,共同引入到起泡组合物中,直接或作为预混合料的部分,然后进一步被加到起泡组合物的其它部分。本发明的一个实施方案涉及发泡体成型法,优选聚氨酯和聚异氰脲酯发泡体。本领域公知的这些方法通常包含提供本发明的一种发泡剂组合物,加入(直接或间接地)发泡剂组合物至起泡组合物,在有效形成发泡体或微孔结构的条件下对起泡组合物反应。如在“聚氨酯化学和技术,卷I和II,Saunders and Frisch, 1962,John Wiley andSons,New York,NY”中所描述本领域公知的任意方法,这里一并引用作为参考,根据本发明的发泡体实施方案可以使用或修改使用。通常,这些优选的方法包括通过化合异氰酸酯、多元醇或多元醇混合物来制备聚氨酯或聚异氰脲酯发泡体,发泡剂或发泡剂的混合物包含一种或多种本发明组合物,其它原料如催化剂、表面活性剂和任意阻燃剂、着色剂或其它添加剂。
在许多应用中方便地提供在预混合调配物的聚氨酯或聚异氰脲酯组分。更一般地,发泡体调配物被预混合为两种组分。第一组分包含异氰酸酯和任意一些表面活性剂和发泡剂,通常称为“A”组分。第二组分包含多元醇或多元醇混合物、表面活性剂、催化剂、发泡剂、阻燃剂和其它异氰酸酯反应性的组分,通常称为″B″组分。因此,通过将A和B副组分(side components)一起混和容易制备聚氨酯或聚异氰脲酯发泡体,或者人工混合进行小规模的制备,优选机器混合技术生成块、厚片、薄片、现浇板(pour-in-place)和其它产品、雾化应用发泡体(spray applied foams)、泡沫等。任意地,其它成分如阻燃剂、着色剂、辅助发泡剂和甚至其它多元醇可以加入作为一种或多种附加液流至混合头(mix head)或反应点。然而,它们大部分优选都引入如上所述的一种B-组分。
本发明方法和系统同时包括生成一种包含本发明发泡剂的组分发泡体,优选聚氨酯泡沫。在一些优选实施方案中,发泡体赋型剂包含一部分发泡剂,优选通过溶解在发泡体赋型剂中,其在容器内部压力下是液体,发泡剂的第二部份作为一种分离气相存在。在这些系统中,使用含有/溶解的发泡剂在很大程度上会引起发泡体的膨胀,气相分离操作给予发泡体赋型剂推进力。这些一元系统一般和优选包装在一个容器中,如一种气雾剂型罐,因此本发明的发泡剂优选提供发泡体和/或能量膨胀以从包装输送发泡体/发泡材料,优选提供发泡体和能量膨胀。在一些实施方案中,这些系统和方法包含用充分配制系统(优选异氰酸酯/多元醇系统)填充包装,并将本发明的气态发泡剂加入包装中,优选一种气雾剂型罐。如在“聚氨酯化学和技术,卷I 和II,Saunders and Frisch,1962,John Wiley and Sons,NewYork, NY”中所描述本领域公知的任意方法,这里一并引用作为参考,根据本发明的发泡体生成实施方案可以使用或修改使用。
同时预期在一些实施方案中当在超临界或靠近超临界状态时作为一种发泡剂可以理想地使用现有组合物。
发泡体
本发明同时涉及所有从含有发泡剂的聚合物发泡体调配物制备的发泡体(包括但不限于闭孔泡沫体、开口泡沫体、刚性发泡体、弹性泡沫体、integeral skin泡沫体等),发泡剂包含本发明的组合物。申请人已发现发泡体特别是热固性发泡体如聚氨酯泡沫的一个优点,优选与热固性发泡体实施方案有关,本发明能够达到异常的如通过K- 因子或蒸发潜热测定的热性能,特别和优选在低温条件下。尽管预期本发明发泡体,特别是本发明的热固性发泡体可以用于多种的应用中,在一些优选实施方案中本发明包含本发明的设备发泡体,包含冰箱发泡体、制冷机发泡体、冰箱/制冷机发泡体、面板发泡体和其它冷或低温的制造业应用。
除了本发明许多优选的发泡剂相关的臭氧损耗潜能和低全球变暖潜能之外,在一些优选实施方案中根据本发明的发泡体提供了一种或多种优越的特征、特性和/或性能,包含:保温效率(特别用于热固性发泡体)、体积稳定、抗压强度、保温性能的老化。在一些非常优选的实施方案中,本发明提供了热固性发泡体,包括这些发泡体形成泡沫制品,相对于使用数量相同的发泡剂(或一般使用的发泡剂 HFC-245fa)而没有根据本发明的式I化合物制备的发泡体,其显示了提高的导热性。在一些非常优选的实施方案中,本发明的热固性发泡体,优选聚氨酯泡沫在40°F时显示了K-因子(BTU in/hr ft2)不大于约0.14,更优选不大于0.135,甚至更优选不大于0.13。此外,在一些实施方案中,优选热固性发泡体,优选本发明的聚氨酯泡沫在 75。F时显示了K-因子(BTU in/hr ft2)不大于约0.16,更优选不大于0.15,甚至更优选不大于0.145。
在其它优选实施方案中,本发明发泡体相对于超出本发明范围发泡剂产生发泡体显示了提高的机械性能。例如,本发明的一些优选实施方案提供了发泡体和具有更优越抗压强度的泡沫制品,优选比通过利用在含有环戊烷发泡剂的大体相同条件下产生的发泡体高至少约 10相对百分比、甚至优选至少约15相对百分比。此外,在一些实施方案中优选根据本发明产生的发泡体,其具有与在大体相同的条件下通过制造发泡体产生的压缩强度相比较的一个商业基础,除其中发泡剂包括HFC-245fa之外。在一些优选实施方案中,本发明的发泡体显示了至少约12.5%(在平行和垂直方向)的屈服压力强度,在所述的各个方向上甚至更优选至少约13%产率。
实施例
处于描述本发明但非限制其范畴的目的,提供以下实施例。
实施例1A-聚苯乙烯泡沫体
该实施例阐明了根据本发明两个优选实施方案发泡剂的使用,即 HFO-1234ze和HFO-1234yf的使用以及聚苯乙烯发泡体的生产。已确定试验性装置和规程有助于确定具体的发泡剂和聚合物是否能够生产发泡体和发泡体的质量。研磨的聚合物(Dow Polystyrene685D)和发泡剂大体包括在容器中化合的HFO-1234ze。图1阐明了该容器的草图。容器体积是200cm3,其由两个管子法兰和2英寸直径设计40不锈钢管4英寸长部分制备。将容器放置在烘箱中,其温度设定为约190°F至约285°F,优选聚苯乙烯的温度设定为265°F,在那里保持直到达到温度平衡。
然后释放容器中的压力,迅速产生发泡体聚合物。发泡剂使聚合物塑化如同聚合物溶解。因此使用这种方法生产的两种发泡体结果密度在表1中获得使用反式HFO-1234ze和HFO-1234yf产生发泡体的密度。数据显示根据本发明可获得的的泡沫聚苯乙烯。在这方面人们注意到在大约室温下聚苯乙烯的体积密度是1050kg/m3或65.625 1b/ft3。
表1
实施例1B-聚苯乙烯泡沫体
该实施例显示了在双螺杆类型挤压机中成形的HFO-1234ze单独作为用于聚苯乙烯泡沫体发泡剂的性能。用于该实施例的装置是 Leistritz双螺杆挤压机,其具有以下特性:
30毫米共旋转螺杆
L∶D比率=40∶1。
挤压机被分成10个部分,各自表示L∶D为4∶1。将聚苯乙烯树脂引入第一部分,将发泡剂引入第六部分,挤出物在第十部分流出。该挤压机主要作为熔融/混合挤压机。随后的冷却挤压机串接连接,设计参数是:
Leistritz双螺杆挤压机
30毫米共旋转螺杆
L∶D比率=40∶1。
Die:5.0毫米环
聚苯乙烯树脂即Nova化学常规挤出级聚苯乙烯,称为Nova 1600,在如上所述条件下送入挤压机。该树脂具有的推荐温度为375°F-525 °F。在挤压机冲模上的压力为约1320磅/平方英寸(psi),冲模上的温度为约115℃。
将基本由反式HFO-1234ze构成的发泡剂将如到挤压机如上所述的场所,其包含以发泡剂总量为基础按重量比为约0.5%的滑石作为成核剂。使用根据本发明的发泡剂在浓度按重量比为10%、12%和14%生产发泡体。生产的发泡体密度在约0.1克每立方厘米至0.07克每立方厘米范围之内,其孔度为约49至约68微米。直径为约30毫米的发泡体具有很好品质的感观,非常精细的孔度,且没有可视或表观气孔或空隙。
实施例1C-聚苯乙烯泡沫体
重复实施例1B的程序,除了发泡剂包含按重量比为约50%的反式 HFO-1234ze和按重量比为约50%的HFC-245fa以及成核剂浓度如实施例1B所示。发泡剂浓度为约10%和12%时制备泡沫聚苯乙烯。产生的发泡体密度为约0.09克每立方厘米,孔度为约200微米。直径为约30毫米的发泡体具有很好品质的感观,非常精细的孔度,且没有可视或表观气孔或空隙。
实施例1D-聚苯乙烯泡沫体
重复实施例1B的程序,除了发泡剂包含按重量比为约80%的反式 HFO-1234ze和按重量比为约20%的HFC-245fa以及成核剂浓度如实施例1B所示。发泡剂浓度为约10%和12%时制备泡沫聚苯乙烯。产生的发泡体密度为约0.08克每立方厘米,孔度为约120微米。直径为约30毫米的发泡体具有很好品质的感观,非常精细的孔度,且没有可视或表观气孔或空隙。
实施例1E-聚苯乙烯泡沫体
重复实施例1B的程序,除了发泡剂包含按重量比为约80%的反式 HFO-124ze和按重量比为约20%的HFC-245fa以及成核剂浓度如实施例 1B所示。发泡剂浓度为约10%和12%时制备泡沫聚苯乙烯。发泡体密度为约0.1克每立方厘米,孔度为约30微米。直径为约30毫米的发泡体具有很好品质的感观,非常精细的孔度,且没有可视或表观气孔或空隙。
实施例1F-聚苯乙烯泡沫体
重复实施例1E的程序,除了忽略成核剂。发泡体密度为约0.1克每立方厘米,孔度为约400微米。直径为约30毫米的发泡体具有很好品质的感观,非常精细的孔度,且没有可视或表观气孔或空隙。
实施例2-聚氨酯泡沫压力强度
该实施例显示了HFO-1234ze及其异构体的性能,与烃类共发泡剂结合使用,特别是在聚氨酯泡沫的压力强度性能中含有HFO-1234ze和环戊烷共发泡剂组合物的应用。提供一种市售的冷冻设备型聚氨酯泡沫调配物(发泡体赋型剂)。
多元醇混合包括商业的多元醇、催化剂和表面活性剂。改变该调配物与气态的发泡剂结合使用。标准商业聚氨酯加工设备用于发泡体成形工序。生成气态发泡剂组合包含浓度大约为发泡剂总量的60摩尔百分比的HFO-1234ze(包含其异构体)和浓度大约为40摩尔百分比的环戊烷。该实施例阐明HFO-1234ze(包含其异构体)与环戊烷共发泡剂结合的组合物的物理性能特性。以下表2报道了与使用含HFC-245fa和含环戊烷发泡剂制备的发泡体比较,使用本发明发泡剂的类似机制的聚氨酯泡沫的压缩强度。
表2
通过该实施例说明一个意外的结果是能够加工HFO-1234ze,在常规泡沫体加工设备中HFC-1234ze/HFC的混合物,特别是聚氨酯加工设备。迄今为止潜在显著的优点是允许使用各种类型的系统和设备类型进行泡沫体加工,包括:母料类型混合设备、气态发泡剂混合设备、发泡剂加入到第三液流或在发泡体头部加入发泡剂。
实施例3-聚氨酯泡沫K-因子
制备一种聚氨酯泡沫并使适合于作为商业“应用类型”聚氨酯调配物的使用。在实施例2中描述的相同发泡体调配物的使用与在发泡体成形工序中相同规格商业聚氨酯加工设备的使用相关。除发泡剂之外,使用相同部件、系统和设备以各自系统制备几种体系。除了根据本发明的发泡剂,也各自测试了HFC-134a、HFC-245fa和环戊烷作为发泡剂。在各自系统中,将发泡剂以大体相同的摩尔浓度加入多元醇混合物。多元醇混合物包括商业的多元醇、催化剂和表面活性剂。根据标准工业制造操作制备发泡体,例如用于为了冷冻应用制备发泡体的工业操作。用K-因子评估制备的发泡体,在下面的表3中报道了这种信息。以比较目的为基准,用HFC-134a制备发泡体可用来对照工业数据。这些发泡体的K-因子数据在表3中显示
表3
当HFO-1234ze发泡剂在聚氨酯调配物中被取代时,这个实施例显示了HFO-1234ze及其异构体的K-因子性能。HFO-1234ze在相同摩尔浓度下取代了基准发泡体。表3的数据阐明了HFO-1234ze发泡体的K-因子显著地超过HFC-134a或环戊烷发泡体。
实施例4-聚氨酯泡沫K-因子
该实施例显示了使用与聚氨酯发泡体制备相关的含有 HFO-1234ze(包括其异构体)与各种HFC共发泡剂结合的发泡剂性能。除发泡剂之外,使用实施例2和3相同发泡体调配物、设备和程序。制备的发泡剂包含在浓度约为80重量%总发泡剂的HFO-1234ze(包括其异构体)和在浓度约为20重量%总发泡剂的HFC-245fa。除了根据本发明的发泡剂,也各自测试了HFC-134a和环戊烷作为发泡剂。在各自系统中,将发泡剂以大体相同的摩尔浓度加入多元醇混合物。使用这些发泡剂然后生成发泡体,测定发泡体的K-因子。当与HFC共发泡剂结合使用时,下面表4阐明了HFO-1234ze(包括其异构体)组合物的K-因子性能。
表4
通过该实施例阐明的一个出乎意料的结果是在常规聚氨酯加工设备中能够处理HFO-1234ze和HFC-1234ze/HFC混合物。这是迄今为止潜在地的一个巨大的优势,它允许用各种型式的系统和设备包括:母料类型混合设备、气态发泡剂混合设备、发泡剂的第三流体加入或在发泡体顶部加入发泡剂来进行发泡体加工。
实施例5-聚氨酯泡沫K-因子
该实施例进一步显示根据本发明作为用于聚氨酯发泡体生产的发泡剂出乎意料的性能。制备了三种应用聚氨酯泡沫,除了使用不同的发泡剂,使用相同的材料生成各个聚氨酯泡沫。多元醇系统可以购得,应用型调配物适合于液体喷射剂的使用。使用发泡体机来生成发泡体。使用的发泡剂摩尔浓度基本上相同。形成后,将发泡体切成适合于测定K-因子的样品,在以下表5B中显示了结果。发泡剂组合物基于总发泡剂重量百分比在下面表5A中公开:
表5A
发泡体 | A | B | C |
HFC-1234ze* | 85 | 0 | 60 |
HFC-245fa | 15 | 100 | 11 |
环戊烷 | 0 | 0 | 29 |
*100%顺式
表5B
在表8C中报道的结果阐明了本发明的化合物(HFO-1234ze)与环戊烷和HFC-245fa结合使用作为热固性发泡体的共发泡剂,当单独或与HFC-245fa一起使用时,在这些水平上不会以有害方式影响 HFO-1234ze的K-因子性能。因为heretofor环戊烷在发泡剂调配物中以大量的数量使用会对K-因子性能有有害的影响。
实施例6-聚氨酯泡沫K-因子
如在实施例5中使用相同的多元醇调配物和异氰酸酯进行甲乙丙丁试验。人工混合制备发泡体,发泡剂包括根据式II的化合物,即 HFCO-1233zd(CF3CH=CHCl)*在实施例5中以几乎相同摩尔百分数的起泡组合物作为发泡剂。以下表6显示K-因子。
Claims (10)
1.一种发泡剂包含:(a)至少一种式I的氟代烯烃:
XCFzR3-Z (I)
这里X是C1、C2、C3、C4或C5不饱和的、取代或未被取代烷基,R各自独立为Cl、F、Br、I或H,z是1-3,条件是如果Br存在于化合物中,那么化合物不包含氢;
和(b)至少选自一种共发泡剂、表面活性剂、聚合物调节剂、增韧剂、着色剂、染料、溶解增强剂、流变调节剂、增塑剂、火焰抑制剂、抗菌剂、粘度降低调节剂、填料、蒸气压调节剂、成核剂、催化剂的助剂和这些助剂任意两种或多种的组合。
2.权利要求1的发泡剂,其中所述至少一种氟代烯烃包含顺式HFO-1234ze或反式HFO-1234ze或这些的组合。
3.权利要求1的发泡剂,其中所述化合物包含至少一个氯取代基。
4.权利要求3的发泡剂,其中所述化合物包含HFCO-1233。
5.权利要求1的发泡剂,其中所述至少一种式I化合物存在于组合物中数量为从约5重量%至约95重量%的发泡剂。
6.权利要求1的发泡剂,其中所述助剂包含至少一种共发泡剂。
7.一种发泡性组合物,包含泡沫体赋型剂和发泡剂,所述发泡剂包含至少一种式I的氟代烯烃:
XCFzR3-Z (I)
这里X是C1、C2、C3、C4或C5不饱和的、取代或未被取代烷基,R各自独立为Cl、F、Br、I或H,z是1-3,条件是如果Br存在于化合物中,那么化合物不包含氢。
8.一种泡沫体预混合组合物,其包含多元醇和含有至少一种式I氟代烯烃的发泡剂:
XCFzR3-Z (I)
这里X是C1、C2、C3、C4或C5不饱和的、取代或未被取代烷基,R各自独立为Cl、F、Br、I或H,z是1-3,条件是如果Br存在于化合物中,那么化合物不包含氢。
9.一种生成泡沫体的方法,其包括将可发泡和/或发泡组合物加入含至少至少一种式I氟代烯烃的发泡剂中:
XCFzR3-Z (I)
这里X是C1、C2、C3、C4或C5不饱和的、取代或未被取代烷基,R各自独立为Cl、F、Br、I或H,z是1-3,条件是如果Br存在于化合物中,那么化合物不包含氢。
10.一种泡沫体,其包含大量聚合单元和包含在一个所述单元的组合物,所述组合物包含:
XCFzR3-Z (I)
这里X是C1、C2、C3、C4或C5不饱和的、取代或未被取代烷基,R各自独立为Cl、F、Br、I或H,z是1-3,条件是如果Br存在于化合物中,那么化合物不包含氢。
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