ES2728672T3 - Composiciones que contienen olefinas sustituidas con flúor - Google Patents
Composiciones que contienen olefinas sustituidas con flúor Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ES2728672T3 ES2728672T3 ES10011164T ES10011164T ES2728672T3 ES 2728672 T3 ES2728672 T3 ES 2728672T3 ES 10011164 T ES10011164 T ES 10011164T ES 10011164 T ES10011164 T ES 10011164T ES 2728672 T3 ES2728672 T3 ES 2728672T3
- Authority
- ES
- Spain
- Prior art keywords
- refrigerant
- compositions
- present
- compounds
- heat
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 67
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 title description 7
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 title description 3
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 title description 3
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229920001515 polyalkylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- -1 polyol esters Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 32
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 18
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 description 15
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000004378 air conditioning Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 7
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoromethane Chemical compound FC NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexafluoropropylene Chemical compound FC(F)=C(F)C(F)(F)F HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 4
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 4
- CDOOAUSHHFGWSA-OWOJBTEDSA-N (e)-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound F\C=C\C(F)(F)F CDOOAUSHHFGWSA-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000012809 cooling fluid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019404 dichlorodifluoromethane Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- PXBRQCKWGAHEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichlorodifluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(Cl)Cl PXBRQCKWGAHEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane Chemical compound FCC(F)(F)F LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NDMMKOCNFSTXRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoroprop-1-ene Chemical class FC(F)C(F)=C(F)F NDMMKOCNFSTXRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NPNPZTNLOVBDOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-difluoroethane Chemical compound CC(F)F NPNPZTNLOVBDOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FXRLMCRCYDHQFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene Chemical compound FC(=C)C(F)(F)F FXRLMCRCYDHQFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FDMFUZHCIRHGRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C=C FDMFUZHCIRHGRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VOPWNXZWBYDODV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorodifluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)Cl VOPWNXZWBYDODV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920004449 Halon® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 241000699670 Mus sp. Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000700159 Rattus Species 0.000 description 2
- 150000004996 alkyl benzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MEXUFEQDCXZEON-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromochlorodifluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(Cl)Br MEXUFEQDCXZEON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RJCQBQGAPKAMLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromotrifluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)Br RJCQBQGAPKAMLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010696 ester oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 231100000824 inhalation exposure Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 231100000053 low toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 2
- MSSNHSVIGIHOJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentafluoropropane Chemical compound FC(F)CC(F)(F)F MSSNHSVIGIHOJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920013639 polyalphaolefin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- DMUPYMORYHFFCT-UPHRSURJSA-N (z)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound F\C=C(/F)C(F)(F)F DMUPYMORYHFFCT-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PGJHURKAWUJHLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FCC(F)=C(F)F PGJHURKAWUJHLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QAERDLQYXMEHEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)=CC(F)(F)F QAERDLQYXMEHEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CDOOAUSHHFGWSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene Chemical compound FC=CC(F)(F)F CDOOAUSHHFGWSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YACLCMMBHTUQON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloro-1-fluoroethane Chemical class CC(F)Cl YACLCMMBHTUQON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004604 Blowing Agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- XWCDCDSDNJVCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorofluoromethane Chemical compound FCCl XWCDCDSDNJVCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000282414 Homo sapiens Species 0.000 description 1
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical class CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000122 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000007059 acute toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000403 acute toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001476 alcoholic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000926 atmospheric chemistry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- YNKZSBSRKWVMEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromo-chloro-fluoromethane Chemical class FC(Cl)Br YNKZSBSRKWVMEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LHMHCLYDBQOYTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromofluoromethane Chemical compound FCBr LHMHCLYDBQOYTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000013844 butane Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012459 cleaning agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000110 cooling liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005068 cooling lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004334 fluoridation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008282 halocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000005828 hydrofluoroalkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 description 1
- BWHLPLXXIDYSNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N ketorolac tromethamine Chemical compound OCC(N)(CO)CO.OC(=O)C1CCN2C1=CC=C2C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 BWHLPLXXIDYSNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical class CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100000956 nontoxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000361 pesticidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23G—CLEANING OR DE-GREASING OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY CHEMICAL METHODS OTHER THAN ELECTROLYSIS
- C23G5/00—Cleaning or de-greasing metallic material by other methods; Apparatus for cleaning or de-greasing metallic material with organic solvents
- C23G5/02—Cleaning or de-greasing metallic material by other methods; Apparatus for cleaning or de-greasing metallic material with organic solvents using organic solvents
- C23G5/028—Cleaning or de-greasing metallic material by other methods; Apparatus for cleaning or de-greasing metallic material with organic solvents using organic solvents containing halogenated hydrocarbons
- C23G5/02803—Cleaning or de-greasing metallic material by other methods; Apparatus for cleaning or de-greasing metallic material with organic solvents using organic solvents containing halogenated hydrocarbons containing fluorine
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
- C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
- C09K5/044—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds
- C09K5/045—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds containing only fluorine as halogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N29/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing halogenated hydrocarbons
- A01N29/02—Acyclic compounds or compounds containing halogen attached to an aliphatic side-chain of a cycloaliphatic ring system
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
- A62D—CHEMICAL MEANS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES OR FOR COMBATING OR PROTECTING AGAINST HARMFUL CHEMICAL AGENTS; CHEMICAL MATERIALS FOR USE IN BREATHING APPARATUS
- A62D1/00—Fire-extinguishing compositions; Use of chemical substances in extinguishing fires
- A62D1/0092—Gaseous extinguishing substances, e.g. liquefied gases, carbon dioxide snow
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C19/00—Acyclic saturated compounds containing halogen atoms
- C07C19/08—Acyclic saturated compounds containing halogen atoms containing fluorine
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C21/00—Acyclic unsaturated compounds containing halogen atoms
- C07C21/02—Acyclic unsaturated compounds containing halogen atoms containing carbon-to-carbon double bonds
- C07C21/18—Acyclic unsaturated compounds containing halogen atoms containing carbon-to-carbon double bonds containing fluorine
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/04—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent
- C08J9/12—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent
- C08J9/14—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent organic
- C08J9/143—Halogen containing compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/04—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent
- C08J9/12—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent
- C08J9/14—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent organic
- C08J9/143—Halogen containing compounds
- C08J9/144—Halogen containing compounds containing carbon, halogen and hydrogen only
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/04—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent
- C08J9/12—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent
- C08J9/14—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent organic
- C08J9/143—Halogen containing compounds
- C08J9/144—Halogen containing compounds containing carbon, halogen and hydrogen only
- C08J9/146—Halogen containing compounds containing carbon, halogen and hydrogen only only fluorine as halogen atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K21/00—Fireproofing materials
- C09K21/06—Organic materials
- C09K21/08—Organic materials containing halogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
- C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
- C09K5/044—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M131/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing halogen
- C10M131/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing halogen containing carbon, hydrogen and halogen only
- C10M131/04—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing halogen containing carbon, hydrogen and halogen only aliphatic
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M141/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential
- C10M141/04—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential at least one of them being an organic halogen-containing compound
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M171/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by purely physical criteria, e.g. containing as base-material, thickener or additive, ingredients which are characterised exclusively by their numerically specified physical properties, i.e. containing ingredients which are physically well-defined but for which the chemical nature is either unspecified or only very vaguely indicated
- C10M171/008—Lubricant compositions compatible with refrigerants
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
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Abstract
Una composición refrigerante que comprende: (a) al menos un fluoroalqueno de la Fórmula II: donde cada R es, independientemente, Cl, F, Br, I o H; R' es (CR2)nY; Y es CF3; n es 0; al menos una R en el átomo de carbono terminal insaturado es H y al menos uno de los R restantes es F, y b) un lubricante seleccionado del grupo que consiste en ésteres de poliol y polialquilenglicoles.
Description
DESCRIPCIÓN
Composiciones que contienen olefinas sustituidas con flúor
Campo de la invención
Esta invención está relacionada con composiciones refrigerantes que comprenden al menos una olefina multifluorada de la presente invención y un lubricante de polialquilenglicol o de éster de poliol.
Antecedentes de la invención
Los fluidos basados en fluorocarbonos se han utilizado ampliamente en muchas aplicaciones comerciales e industriales. Por ejemplo, los fluidos basados en fluorocarbonos se utilizan con frecuencia como fluido de trabajo en sistemas como acondicionamiento de aire, bombas de calor y aplicaciones de refrigeración. El ciclo de compresión de vapor es uno de los procedimientos más habitualmente empleados para lograr la refrigeración o el calentamiento en un sistema de refrigeración. El ciclo de compresión de vapor implica habitualmente el cambio de fase del refrigerante desde la fase de líquido a la fase de vapor a través de la absorción de calor a una presión relativamente baja y luego desde la fase de vapor a la fase de líquido a través de la eliminación de calor a una presión y temperatura relativamente bajas, comprimiendo el vapor a una presión relativamente elevada, condensando el vapor hasta la fase líquida a través de la eliminación de calor a esta presión y temperatura relativamente elevadas, y reduciendo luego la presión para empezar el ciclo de nuevo.
Mientras que la finalidad principal de la refrigeración es eliminar calor de un objeto u otro fluido a una temperatura relativamente baja, la finalidad principal de una bomba de calor es agregar calor a una temperatura más alta en relación con el ambiente
Ciertos fluorocarbonos han sido un componente preferido en muchos fluidos de intercambio de calor, como los refrigerantes, durante muchos años en muchas aplicaciones. Por ejemplo, los fluoroalcanos, como los derivados clorofluorometano y clorofluoroetano, han extendido su uso como refrigerantes en aplicaciones que incluyen acondicionamiento de aire y aplicaciones de bomba de calor debido a su combinación única de propiedades químicas y físicas. Muchos de los refrigerantes habitualmente empleados en los sistemas de compresión de vapor son fluidos de componentes individuales o mezclas azeotrópicas.
En los últimos años ha aumentado la preocupación sobre los posibles daños a la atmósfera y al clima terrestre, y ciertos compuestos basados en cloro han sido identificados como particularmente problemáticos en este sentido. El uso de composiciones que contienen cloro (tal como clorofluorocarbonos (CFC), hidroclorofluorocarbonos (HCF) y similares) como refrigerantes en sistemas de acondicionamiento de aire y de refrigeración se ha visto desfavorecido debido a las propiedades de agotamiento de la capa de ozono asociadas con muchos de estos compuestos. Así, ha habido una creciente necesidad de nuevos compuestos fluorocarbonados e hidrofluorocarbonados y composiciones que ofrezcan alternativas para las aplicaciones de refrigeración y de bombas de calor. Por ejemplo, se ha vuelto deseable readaptar los sistemas de refrigeración que contienen cloro sustituyendo los refrigerantes que contienen cloro por compuestos refrigerantes que no contienen cloro y que no agotarán la capa de ozono, como los hidrofluorocarbonos (HFC):
En general, se considera importante, sin embargo, que cualquier posible refrigerante sustituto también debe poseer aquellas propiedades presentes en muchos de los fluidos más ampliamente utilizados, tal como excelentes propiedades de transferencia de calor, estabilidad química, baja o ninguna toxicidad, no inflamabilidad y compatibilidad con lubricantes, entre otras.
Los demandantes han llegado a comprender que la compatibilidad con lubricantes es de particular importancia en muchas de las aplicaciones. Más concretamente, es muy deseable que los fluidos de refrigeración sean compatibles con el lubricante utilizado en la unidad de compresión, utilizado en la mayoría de los sistemas de refrigeración. Desafortunadamente, muchos fluidos de refrigeración que no contienen cloro, incluidos los HFC, son relativamente insolubles y/o inmiscibles en los tipos de lubricantes utilizados tradicionalmente con los CFC y los HFC, incluidos, por ejemplo, aceites minerales, alquilbencenos o poli(alfa-olefinas). Para que una combinación de lubricante-fluido de refrigeración funcione a un nivel deseable de eficiencia dentro de un sistema de refrigeración por compresión, acondicionamiento de aire y/o bomba de calor, el lubricante debe ser lo suficientemente soluble en el líquido de refrigeración en un amplio intervalo de temperaturas de funcionamiento. Dicha solubilidad disminuye la viscosidad del lubricante y le permite fluir más fácilmente en todo el sistema. En ausencia de dicha solubilidad, los lubricantes tienden a quedar atascados en las bobinas del evaporador del sistema de refrigeración, acondicionamiento de aire o bomba de calor, así como otras partes del sistema, y reducen así la eficiencia del sistema.
Con respecto a la eficiencia en uso, es importante señalar que una pérdida en el rendimiento termodinámico del refrigerante o en la eficiencia energética puede tener impactos ambientales secundarios a través del aumento en el uso de combustibles fósiles derivado de un aumento de la demanda de energía eléctrica.
Además, generalmente se considera deseable que los sustitutos de refrigerante CFC sean efectivos sin grandes cambios de ingeniería en la tecnología de compresión de vapor convencional que se utiliza actualmente con refrigerantes CFC.
La inflamabilidad es otra propiedad importante para muchas aplicaciones. Es decir, se considera importante o esencial en muchas aplicaciones, incluyendo especialmente en aplicaciones de transferencia de calor, utilizar composiciones que no sean inflamables. Así, con frecuencia es beneficioso utilizar en tales composiciones compuestos que no sean inflamables. Tal como se utiliza en el presente documento, el término "no inflamable" se refiere a compuestos o composiciones que se determina que son no inflamables según lo determinado conforme a la norma ASTm E-681, fechada en 2002. Desafortunadamente, muchos HFC que de otra manera podrían ser deseables para su uso en composiciones refrigerantes no son no inflamables. Por ejemplo, el fluoroalcano difluoroetano (HFC-152a) y el fluoroalqueno 1,1,1-trifluoropropeno (HFO-1243zf) son inflamables y, por lo tanto, no viables para su uso en muchas aplicaciones.
Los fluoroalquenos superiores, es decir, los alquenos sustituidos con flúor que tienen al menos cinco átomos de carbono, se han sugerido para su uso como refrigerantes. La patente de EE.UU. n.° 4.788.352 - Smutny se refiere a la producción de compuestos fluorados C5 a Cs que tienen al menos algún grado de insaturación. La patente de Smutny identifica dichas olefinas superiores de ser conocidas por su utilidad como refrigerantes, pesticidas, fluidos dieléctricos, fluidos de transferencia de calor, disolventes e intermedios en varias reacciones químicas (véase la columna 1, líneas 11-22).
Mientras que las olefinas fluoradas descritas en Smutny pueden tener cierto nivel de efectividad en las aplicaciones de transferencia de calor, se cree que tales compuestos pueden tener, también, ciertas desventajas. Por ejemplo, algunos de estos compuestos pueden tender a atacar a los sustratos, especialmente plásticos de uso general como resinas acrílicas y resinas de ABS. Por otro lado, los compuestos olefínicos superiores descritos en Smutny también pueden ser indeseables en ciertas aplicaciones debido al nivel potencial de toxicidad de tales compuestos que pueden surgir como resultado de la actividad pesticida observada en Smutny. También, tales compuestos pueden tener una temperatura de ebullición que es demasiado alta para hacerlos útiles como refrigerante en ciertas aplicaciones.
Los derivados bromofluorometano y bromoclorofluorometano, particularmente bromotrifluorometano (Halón 1301) y el bromoclorodifluorometano (Halón 1211) han obtenido un uso generalizado como agentes de extinción de incendios en áreas cerradas como cabinas de aviones y salas de ordenadores. Sin embargo, el uso de varios halones se está reduciendo gradualmente debido a su elevado potencial de reducción de la capa de ozono. Además, como los halones se utilizan con frecuencia en áreas donde están presentes los seres humanos, las sustituciones adecuadas deben ser, también, seguras para los seres humanos en las concentraciones necesarias para sofocar o extinguir el fuego.
El documento JP-A-H04-110388 divulga un medio de transferencia de calor para bombas de calor y motores térmicos, que comprende un compuesto orgánico representado por la fórmula molecular C3HmFn donde m es de 1 a 5, n es de 1 a 5, y m n = 6, y que tiene un doble enlace.
El documento US 3723318 describe refrigerantes y propelentes de aerosoles basados en trifluoropropeno (CF3CH=CH2).
El documento US 5714083 divulga un fluido refrigerante que contiene hexafluoropropeno (HC-1216) e hidrocarburos como sustituto de CFC-12.
El documento WO 98/05723 divulga un refrigerante que contiene hexafluoropropeno (R1216), clorodifluorometano (R22) y un hidrocarburo C1-C6 como sustituto de los CFC.
El documento US 6300378 divulga el uso de aditivos halocarbonados que contienen bromo, como los alquenos que contienen bromo, que pueden utilizarse para disminuir o eliminar la inflamabilidad de los refrigerantes, agentes sopladores de espuma, agentes limpiadores (disolventes), propelentes de aerosoles y esterilizantes.
Así, los demandantes han llegado a comprender la necesidad de composiciones que son útiles en sistemas y procedimientos de calefacción y refrigeración por compresión de vapor, evitando al mismo tiempo una o más de las desventajas indicadas anteriormente.
Sumario
Los demandantes han encontrado que la necesidad antes mencionada, y otras necesidades, pueden ser satisfechas por composiciones de refrigerante que comprenden
(a) al menos un fluoroalqueno de Fórmula II:
donde cada R es, independientemente, Cl, F, Br, I o H;
R' es (CR2)nY;
Y es CF3;
n es 0;
al menos un R en el átomo de carbono terminal insaturado es H y al menos uno de los R restantes es F y b) un lubricante seleccionado del grupo que consiste en ésteres de poliol y polialquilenglicoles.
Descripción detallada de las formas de realización preferidas
Composiciones
La presente invención se refiere a composiciones refrigerantes que comprenden (a) al menos un fluoroalqueno de la siguiente Fórmula II:
donde cada R es independientemente Cl, F, Br, I o H
R' es (CR2)nY,
Y es CF3 ;
n es 0;
al menos un R en el átomo de carbono terminal insaturado es H y al menos uno de los R restantes es F, y (b) un lubricante seleccionado de polialquilenglicoles y ésteres de poliol
Los demandantes creen que un nivel de toxicidad relativamente bajo está asociado con compuestos de Fórmula II, donde Y es CF3 , en donde al menos una R en el carbono terminal insaturado es H, y al menos uno de los R restantes es F. Los demandantes creen, también, que todos los isómeros estructurales, geométricos y estereoisómeros de estos compuestos son eficaces y de toxicidad beneficiosamente baja.
En ciertas formas de realización preferidas, las composiciones de la presente invención comprenden uno o más compuestos seleccionados del grupo constituido por tetrafluoropropenos (HFO-1234), pentafluoropropenos (HFO-1225) y combinaciones de éstos.
Es incluso más preferible que los compuestos de la presente invención sean los compuestos de tetrafluoropropeno y pentafluoropropeno en los que el carbono terminal insaturado no tenga más de un F sustituyente, concretamente: 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropeno (HFO-1234ze); 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropeno (HFO-1234yf); y 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropeno (HFO-1225ye), y cualquiera y todos los estereoisómeros de cada uno de estos. El demandante ha descubierto que estos compuestos tienen un nivel de toxicidad aguda muy bajo, medido mediante exposición por inhalación en ratones y ratas. Por otra parte, los demandantes han constatado que un grado relativamente alto de toxicidad puede estar asociado con ciertos compuestos adaptables para su uso con las composiciones actuales, a saber, aquellos compuestos que tienen más de un F en el carbono insaturado terminal, o que no tienen al menos un H en el carbono insaturado terminal. Por ejemplo, los demandantes han descubierto que 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropeno (HFO-1225zc) muestra un grado de toxicidad inaceptablemente alto, medido mediante exposición por inhalación en ratones y ratas.
Los compuestos preferidos de la presente invención, a saber, HFO-1225 y HFO-1234, son materiales conocidos y se enumeran en las bases de datos de Chemical Abstracts. HFO-1225 está disponible comercialmente, por ejemplo, de Syntex Chemical Co. Por otro lado, los procedimientos se describen generalmente en la bibliografía sobre patentes para la producción de fluoroalquenos. Por ejemplo, la producción de fluoropropenos como CFs CH=CH2 por fluoración catalítica en fase de vapor de diversos compuestos C3 , saturados e insaturados que contienen halógenos, se describe en las patentes de EE.UU. n.° 2.889.379; 4.798.818 y 4.465.786. La patente de EE.UU. n.° 5.532.419 divulga un proceso catalítico en fase de vapor para la preparación de fluoroalqueno utilizando un cloro- o bromo-halofluorocarbono y HF. El
documento EP 974.571 divulga la preparación de 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoropropeno poniéndose en contacto con 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropano (HFC-245fa) en fase vapor con un catalizador basado en cromo a temperatura elevada, o en fase líquida con una solución alcohólica de Ko H, NaOH, Ca(OH)2 o Mg(OH)2. Además, los procedimientos para producir compuestos según el presente invención se describen generalmente en relación con la solicitud de patente de EE.UU. presentada simultáneamente titulada "Process for Producing Fluorpropenes" que lleva número de expediente legal (H0003789 (26267)).
Se cree que las composiciones actuales poseen propiedades que son ventajosas por una serie de importantes razones. Por ejemplo, los demandantes creen, basados al menos en parte en el modelado matemático, que las fluoroolefinas de la presente invención no tendrán un efecto negativo sustancial sobre la química atmosférica, siendo contribuyentes insignificantes para el agotamiento de la capa de ozono en comparación con algunas otras especies halogenadas. Las composiciones preferidas de la presente invención tienen, así, la ventaja de no contribuir sustancialmente al agotamiento de la capa de ozono. Las composiciones preferidas tampoco contribuyen sustancialmente al calentamiento global en comparación con muchos de los hidrofluoroalcanos actualmente en uso.
Preferiblemente, las composiciones de la presente invención tienen un potencial de calentamiento global (GWP, siglas en inglés) no mayor de 150, más preferiblemente no mayor de 100 e incluso más preferiblemente no mayor de 75. Como se utiliza en el presente documento, "GWP" se mide en relación con el de dióxido de carbono y en un horizonte temporal de 100 años, como se define en "The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 2002, a report of the World Meteorological Association’s Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project”.
Las composiciones actuales tienen, también, preferiblemente, un potencial de agotamiento de la capa de ozono (ODP) no mayor de 0,05, más preferiblemente no mayor de 0,02 e incluso más preferiblemente aproximadamente cero. Como se utiliza en el presente documento, "ODP " es como se define en "The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 2002, a report of the World Meteorological Association’s Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project”".
Composiciones de transferencia de calor
Aunque se contempla que las composiciones de la presente invención pueden incluir los compuestos de la presente invención en cantidades muy variadas, por lo general se prefiere que las composiciones refrigerantes de la presente invención comprendan compuestos según la Fórmula II, en una cantidad que sea al menos aproximadamente de 50% en peso, e incluso más preferiblemente al menos aproximadamente de 70% en peso, de la composición.
Las composiciones de la presente invención pueden incluir otros componentes con el fin de mejorar o proporcionar cierta funcionalidad a la composición, o en algunos casos reducir el costo de la composición. Por ejemplo, las composiciones refrigerantes según la presente invención, especialmente las utilizadas en los sistemas de compresión de vapor, incluyen un lubricante, generalmente en cantidades desde aproximadamente 30 a aproximadamente 50 por ciento en peso de la composición. Por otra parte, las presentes composiciones pueden incluir, también, un compatibilizador, como el propano, con el fin de ayudar a la compatibilidad y/o solubilidad del lubricante. Tales compatibilizadores, incluidos propano, butanos y pentanos, están presentes, preferiblemente, en cantidades desde aproximadamente 0,5 a aproximadamente 5 por ciento en peso de la composición. También se pueden añadir combinaciones de tensioactivos y agentes solubilizantes a las presentes composiciones para ayudar a la solubilidad del aceite, según lo divulgado por la patente de EE.UU. n.° 6.516.837. Los lubricantes de refrigeración habitualmente empleados, tales como ésteres de poliol (POE) y polialquilenglicoles (PAG) que se utilizan en la maquinaria de refrigeración con refrigerantes de hidrofluorocarbono (HFC) se utilizan con las composiciones refrigerantes de la presente invención.
Procedimientos y sistemas
Las composiciones de la presente invención se pueden utilizar en sistemas de refrigeración, de acondicionamiento de aire y de bomba de calor.
Procedimientos de transferencia de calor
Los procedimientos de transferencia de calor divulgados en el presente documento comprenden, en general, proporcionar una composición de la presente invención y hacer que el calor sea transferido a o desde la composición al cambiar la fase de la composición. Por ejemplo, los presentes procedimientos proporcionan enfriamiento absorbiendo calor de un fluido o artículo, preferiblemente por evaporación de la presente composición refrigerante en las proximidades del cuerpo o fluido a enfriar para producir el vapor que comprende la presente composición. Preferiblemente los procedimientos incluyen la etapa adicional de comprimir el vapor refrigerante, habitualmente con un compresor o equipo similar para producir vapor de la presente composición a una presión relativamente elevada. Generalmente, la etapa de comprimir el vapor da como resultado la adición de calor al vapor, causando así un aumento en la temperatura del vapor a presión relativamente alta. Preferiblemente, los presentes procedimientos incluyen la eliminación de este vapor, a relativamente alta temperatura y alta presión, al menos una parte de calor añadido por las
etapas de evaporación y compresión. La etapa de eliminación de calor incluye preferiblemente la condensación de vapor a alta temperatura y alta presión mientras el vapor está en un estado de presión relativamente alta para producir un líquido a presión relativamente alta que comprende una composición de la presente invención. Este líquido a presión relativamente alta experimenta, entonces, preferiblemente, una disminución nominalmente isoentálpica de la presión para producir un líquido a relativamente baja temperatura y baja presión. En tales formas de realización, este líquido refrigerante de menor reducida es el que luego es vaporizado por calor transferido desde el cuerpo o fluido a enfriar.
En otra forma de realización del procedimiento de la divulgación, las composiciones de la invención se pueden utilizar en un procedimiento para la producción de calefacción que comprende la condensación de un refrigerante que comprende las composiciones en las proximidades de un líquido o cuerpo a calentar. Tales procedimientos, como se mencionó anteriormente en el presente documento son, con frecuencia, ciclos inversos al ciclo de refrigeración descrito anteriormente.
Ejemplos
Se proporcionan los siguientes ejemplos con el fin de aclarar la presente invención.
Ejemplo 1 de referencia
El coeficiente de rendimiento (COP) es una medida universalmente aceptada del rendimiento de un refrigerante, especialmente útil en la representación de la eficiencia termodinámica relativa de un refrigerante en un ciclo específico de calefacción o refrigeración que implica la evaporación o condensación del refrigerante. En ingeniería de refrigeración, este término expresa la relación de refrigeración útil frente a la energía aplicada por el compresor en comprimir el vapor. La capacidad de un refrigerante representa la cantidad de refrigeración o calefacción que proporciona y ofrece cierta medida de la capacidad de un compresor para bombear cantidades de calor para un caudal volumétrico dado de refrigerante. En otras palabras, dado un compresor específico, un refrigerante con una mayor capacidad entregará más capacidad de refrigeración o potencia calorífica. Un medio para estimar el COP de un refrigerante en condiciones específicas de funcionamiento es a partir de las propiedades termodinámicas del refrigerante utilizando técnicas estándar de análisis de ciclo de refrigeración (véase, por ejemplo, R.C. Downing, FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS HANDBOOK, Capítulo 3, Prentice-Hall, 1988).
Se proporciona un sistema de ciclo de refrigeración/acondicionamiento de aire donde la temperatura del condensador es de aproximadamente 66 °C (150 °F) y la temperatura del evaporador es de aproximadamente -37 °C (-35 °F) bajo la compresión nominalmente isoentrópica con una temperatura de entrada al compresor de aproximadamente 10 °C (50 °F). El COP se determina para varias composiciones de la presente invención en un intervalo de 5 temperaturas de condensador y evaporador y se informa en la siguiente Tabla I, basado en HFC-134a con un valor de COP de 1,00, un valor de capacidad de 1,00 y una temperatura de descarga de 79 °C (175 °F).
Tabla I
Este ejemplo muestra que algunos de los compuestos preferidos para su uso con las presentes composiciones tienen, cada uno, una mejor eficiencia energética que HFC-134a (1,02, 1,04 y 1,13 en comparación con 1,00) y el compresor que utiliza las presentes composiciones refrigerante producirá temperaturas de descarga (70 °C (158 °F), 74 °C (165 °F) y 68 °C (155 °F) en comparación con 79 °C (175)), lo cual es ventajoso ya que tal resultado probablemente dará lugar a menores problemas de mantenimiento.
Ejemplo 2
Se prueba la miscibilidad de HFO-1225ye y HFO-1234ze con varios lubricantes de refrigeración. Los lubricantes probados son aceite mineral (C3), alquilbenceno (Zerol 150), aceite de éster (Mobil EAL 22 cc y Solest 120), aceite de
polialquilenglicol (PAG) (aceite de refrigeración Goodwrench para sistemas 134a), y un aceite poli(alfa-olefina) (CP6005-100). Para cada combinación refrigerante/aceite, se prueban tres composiciones, a saber, 5, 20 y 50 por ciento en peso de lubricante, siendo el resto de cada uno de ellos el compuesto de la presente invención que se está probando.
Las composiciones de lubricante se colocan en tubos de vidrio de pared gruesa. Los tubos son evacuados, se añade el compuesto refrigerante según la presente invención, y luego se sellan los tubos. Los tubos se colocan después en una cámara climática con baño de aire, cuya temperatura varía desde aproximadamente -50 °C a 70 °C. En intervalos de aproximadamente 10 °C, se hacen observaciones visuales del contenido del tubo para comprobar la existencia de una o más fases líquidas. En el caso de que se observe más de una fase líquida, se informa de que la mezcla es inmiscible. En el caso de que se observe solo una fase líquida, se informa que la mezcla es miscible. En aquellos ejemplos en los que se observaron dos fases líquidas, pero con una de las fases líquidas ocupando sólo un volumen muy pequeño, se informa de que la mezcla es parcialmente miscible.
Los lubricantes de polialquilenglicol y de aceite de éster se consideraron miscibles en todas las proporciones probadas en todo el intervalo de temperatura, excepto que para las mezclas HFO-1225ye con polialquilenglicol, la mezcla refrigerante se encontró que era inmiscible en el intervalo de temperatura de -50 °C a -30 °C y ser parcialmente miscible de -20 a 50 °C. A una concentración de 50 por ciento en peso del PAG en el refrigerante y en 60 °, la mezcla de refrigerante/PAG era miscible. A 70 °C, era miscible desde el 5 por ciento en peso de lubricante en el refrigerante hasta el 50 por ciento en peso de lubricante en el refrigerante.
Ejemplo 3
La compatibilidad de los compuestos y composiciones refrigerantes de la presente invención con aceites lubricantes de PAG mientras se encuentra en contacto con los metales utilizados en sistemas de refrigeración y de acondicionamiento de aire se ensayó a 350 °C, representando condiciones mucho más severas de las que se encuentran en muchas aplicaciones de refrigeración y de acondicionamiento de aire.
Los cupones de aluminio, cobre y acero se añaden a los tubos de vidrio de paredes gruesas. Se añaden dos gramos de aceite a los tubos. Luego se evacuan los tubos y se añade un gramo de refrigerante. Los tubos se colocan en un horno a 350 °F durante una semana y se hacen observaciones visuales. Al final del período de exposición, se retiran los tubos.
Este procedimiento se realizó para las siguientes combinaciones de aceite y el compuesto de la presente invención:
a) HFC-1234ze y aceite de PAG de Goodwrench GM
b) HFC1243 zf (compuesto de referencia) y aceite de PAG de Goodwrench GM
c) HFC-1234ze y aceite de PAG MOPAR-56
d) HFC-1243 zf (compuesto de referencia) y aceite de PAG MOPAR-56
e) HFC-1225 ye y de aceite PAG MOPAR-56.
En todos los casos, hay un cambio mínimo en el aspecto de los contenidos del tubo. Esto indica que los compuestos y composiciones refrigerantes de la presente invención son estables en contacto con aluminio, acero y cobre que se encuentran en los sistemas de refrigeración y de acondicionamiento de aire, y los tipos de aceites lubricantes que van a incluirse probablemente en tales composiciones o que se utilizan con tales composiciones en este tipo de sistemas.
Ejemplo comparativo
Los cupones de aluminio, cobre y acero se añaden a un tubo de vidrio de pared gruesa con aceite mineral y CFC-12 y se calientan durante una semana a 350 °C, como en el ejemplo 3. Al final del período de exposición, se retira el tubo y se realizan observaciones visuales. Se observó que los contenidos líquidos se ennegrecían, lo que indicaba que había una gran descomposición de los contenidos del tubo.
El CFC-12 y el aceite mineral han sido hasta ahora la combinación elegida para muchos sistemas y procedimientos de refrigeración. Así, los compuestos y composiciones refrigerantes de la presente invención poseen una estabilidad significativamente mejor con muchos aceites lubricantes habitualmente empleados que la combinación, ampliamente utilizada, de refrigerante-aceite lubricante de la técnica anterior.
Claims (6)
1. Una composición refrigerante que comprende:
(a) al menos un fluoroalqueno de la Fórmula II:
donde cada R es, independientemente, Cl, F, Br, I o H;
R' es (CR2)nY;
Y es CF3;
n es 0;
al menos una R en el átomo de carbono terminal insaturado es H y al menos uno de los R restantes es F, y b) un lubricante seleccionado del grupo que consiste en ésteres de poliol y polialquilenglicoles.
2. Una composición según la reivindicación 1, que tiene un Potencial de Calentamiento Global (GWP) no mayor de aproximadamente 150, preferiblemente no mayor de aproximadamente 100, más preferiblemente no mayor de aproximadamente 75.
3. Una composición según cualquier reivindicación precedente, que tiene un Potencial de Agotamiento del Ozono (ODP) no mayor de 0,05, preferiblemente no mayor de 0,02, más preferiblemente de aproximadamente cero.
4. Una composición según la reivindicación 1, en donde dicho fluoroalqueno de Fórmula II está presente en una cantidad de al menos aproximadamente 50% en peso.
5. Una composición según la reivindicación 1, en donde dicho fluoroalqueno de Fórmula II está presente en una cantidad de al menos aproximadamente 70% en peso.
6. Una composición según la reivindicación 1, en donde dicho lubricante está presente en una cantidad de aproximadamente 30% a aproximadamente 50% en peso.
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