WO2011102851A1 - Appareils et procédés pour stocker et/ou filtrer une substance - Google Patents

Appareils et procédés pour stocker et/ou filtrer une substance Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011102851A1
WO2011102851A1 PCT/US2010/045668 US2010045668W WO2011102851A1 WO 2011102851 A1 WO2011102851 A1 WO 2011102851A1 US 2010045668 W US2010045668 W US 2010045668W WO 2011102851 A1 WO2011102851 A1 WO 2011102851A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
substance
sorption
layer
layers
media
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2010/045668
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English (en)
Inventor
Roy E. Mcalister
Original Assignee
Mcalister Roy E
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US12/707,651 external-priority patent/US8075748B2/en
Priority claimed from US12/707,656 external-priority patent/US8075749B2/en
Priority claimed from US12/707,653 external-priority patent/US8172990B2/en
Application filed by Mcalister Roy E filed Critical Mcalister Roy E
Priority to JP2012526835A priority Critical patent/JP2013503310A/ja
Priority to BR112012004093A priority patent/BR112012004093A2/pt
Priority to CN201080048882.9A priority patent/CN102884361B/zh
Priority to PCT/US2010/045668 priority patent/WO2011102851A1/fr
Priority to RU2012111668/06A priority patent/RU2499949C1/ru
Priority to EP10846282.1A priority patent/EP2470822A4/fr
Publication of WO2011102851A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011102851A1/fr

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N5/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus combined or associated with devices profiting from exhaust energy
    • F01N5/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus combined or associated with devices profiting from exhaust energy the devices using heat
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G7/00—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for
    • F03G7/04—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for using pressure differences or thermal differences occurring in nature
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • C01B3/22—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by decomposition of gaseous or liquid organic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
    • C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/20—Graphite
    • C01B32/21—After-treatment
    • C01B32/22—Intercalation
    • C01B32/225—Expansion; Exfoliation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L3/00—Gaseous fuels; Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by subclass C10G, C10K; Liquefied petroleum gas
    • C10L3/06—Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by C10G, C10K3/02 or C10K3/04
    • C10L3/10—Working-up natural gas or synthetic natural gas
    • C10L3/108—Production of gas hydrates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
    • C25B1/01—Products
    • C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
    • C25B1/01—Products
    • C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
    • C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
    • C25B1/01—Products
    • C25B1/24—Halogens or compounds thereof
    • C25B1/26—Chlorine; Compounds thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
    • C25B11/03—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form perforated or foraminous
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B13/00—Diaphragms; Spacing elements
    • C25B13/02—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by shape or form
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B3/00—Electrolytic production of organic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
    • C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21C—MINING OR QUARRYING
    • E21C50/00—Obtaining minerals from underwater, not otherwise provided for
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G5/00—Profiting from waste heat of combustion engines, not otherwise provided for
    • F02G5/02—Profiting from waste heat of exhaust gases
    • F02G5/04—Profiting from waste heat of exhaust gases in combination with other waste heat from combustion engines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B13/00—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates
    • F03B13/12—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy
    • F03B13/14—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy using wave energy
    • F03B13/16—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy using wave energy using the relative movement between a wave-operated member, i.e. a "wom" and another member, i.e. a reaction member or "rem"
    • F03B13/18—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy using wave energy using the relative movement between a wave-operated member, i.e. a "wom" and another member, i.e. a reaction member or "rem" where the other member, i.e. rem is fixed, at least at one point, with respect to the sea bed or shore
    • F03B13/1885—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of machines or engines with driving or driven apparatus; Power stations or aggregates characterised by using wave or tide energy using wave energy using the relative movement between a wave-operated member, i.e. a "wom" and another member, i.e. a reaction member or "rem" where the other member, i.e. rem is fixed, at least at one point, with respect to the sea bed or shore and the wom is tied to the rem
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G3/00—Other motors, e.g. gravity or inertia motors
    • F03G3/08—Other motors, e.g. gravity or inertia motors using flywheels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G7/00—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for
    • F03G7/04—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for using pressure differences or thermal differences occurring in nature
    • F03G7/05—Ocean thermal energy conversion, i.e. OTEC
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B33/00—Steam-generation plants, e.g. comprising steam boilers of different types in mutual association
    • F22B33/18—Combinations of steam boilers with other apparatus
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D11/00—Central heating systems using heat accumulated in storage masses
    • F24D11/002—Central heating systems using heat accumulated in storage masses water heating system
    • F24D11/005—Central heating systems using heat accumulated in storage masses water heating system with recuperation of waste heat
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H8/00—Fluid heaters characterised by means for extracting latent heat from flue gases by means of condensation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S10/00—Solar heat collectors using working fluids
    • F24S10/40—Solar heat collectors using working fluids in absorbing elements surrounded by transparent enclosures, e.g. evacuated solar collectors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S20/00—Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments
    • F24S20/20—Solar heat collectors for receiving concentrated solar energy, e.g. receivers for solar power plants
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
    • F24S23/30—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with lenses
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
    • H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
    • H01M8/0656—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants by electrochemical means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/18—Regenerative fuel cells, e.g. redox flow batteries or secondary fuel cells
    • H01M8/184—Regeneration by electrochemical means
    • H01M8/186—Regeneration by electrochemical means by electrolytic decomposition of the electrolytic solution or the formed water product
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0205—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step
    • C01B2203/0211—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a non-catalytic reforming step
    • C01B2203/0216—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a non-catalytic reforming step containing a non-catalytic steam reforming step
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0283—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a CO-shift step, i.e. a water gas shift step
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/04—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a purification step for the hydrogen or the synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/042—Purification by adsorption on solids
    • C01B2203/043—Regenerative adsorption process in two or more beds, one for adsorption, the other for regeneration
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/06—Integration with other chemical processes
    • C01B2203/061—Methanol production
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/12—Feeding the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/1205—Composition of the feed
    • C01B2203/1211—Organic compounds or organic mixtures used in the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/1235—Hydrocarbons
    • C01B2203/1241—Natural gas or methane
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/80—Aspect of integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas not covered by groups C01B2203/02 - C01B2203/1695
    • C01B2203/84—Energy production
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
    • C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
    • C02F2303/10—Energy recovery
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D2200/00—Heat sources or energy sources
    • F24D2200/16—Waste heat
    • F24D2200/26—Internal combustion engine
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D2200/00—Heat sources or energy sources
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    • F24D2200/29—Electrical devices, e.g. computers, servers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D2200/00—Heat sources or energy sources
    • F24D2200/16—Waste heat
    • F24D2200/30—Friction
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
    • F24S23/70—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors
    • F24S23/71—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors with parabolic reflective surfaces
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D7/10—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged one within the other, e.g. concentrically
    • F28D7/103—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged one within the other, e.g. concentrically consisting of more than two coaxial conduits or modules of more than two coaxial conduits
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
    • Y02B10/20—Solar thermal
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Definitions

  • the present technology relates to the storage and/or filtration of a substance by an apparatus comprising a sorption media.
  • Oil's byproducts fuel cars, ships, and planes, and in much of the world it is burned to produce electricity.
  • oil is a very useful substance, the earth contains only a limited quantity, and the earth's inhabitants, both plants and animals, are harmed directly and indirectly when oil is extracted from the ground and when its byproducts are combusted for energy.
  • people In order to preserve the environment and meet the energy needs of a growing world population, people must substitute alternative substances in place of oil.
  • hydrogen and methane are gasses at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, and therefore far less dense than liquid hydrocarbons like gasoline and diesel. Consequently, hydrogen gas contains only about .01079 megajoules per liter ("MJ/I") and methane gas contains only about .0378 MJ/I, while gasoline contains about 32 MJ/I and diesel contains about 38.6 MJ/I. If gasses like hydrogen and methane are to replace hydrocarbons on a world level, they must be able to be stored in a manner that compensates for their low energy densities by volume.
  • a first approach is to store the gas at a very high pressure. While this method is useful for many applications, including transporting gasses through pipelines, it is infeasible for most typical applications because substantial energy is wasted compressing the gas. Also, a tank capable of withstanding high pressure is too heavy for most vehicles, planes, or other machines that might be fueled by the compressed gas.
  • Another approach is to store the gas as a liquid or slush. This approach suffers from a number of drawbacks, including extensive storage costs. For example, like hydrogen, one of the most viable alternatives to oil, many gasses boil at very low temperatures, meaning they must be cryogenically stored, and cooling the gas to a liquid or slush and keeping it cooled would waste a substantial amount of energy.
  • Hydrogen and other gasses may also be stored at higher energy densities per volume as an absorbed substance or as a metal hydride.
  • metal hydrides include rare earth metals and have energy densities per weight that are lower than hydrocarbons because of the heavy metals used for storage.
  • materials that receive hydrogen such as activated carbon granules, carbonized tissues, zeolites, and hydride particles, are poor thermal conductors, meaning that the rate at which these materials may be cooled to absorb a gas and the rate that these materials may be heated to release a gas are both limited. These materials may also degrade or produce dust and debris, which may contaminate released gas and clog delivery conduits, fittings, valves, and filters of a storage system.
  • FIG. 1 is schematic cross-sectional side view of a vessel for storing and/or filtering a substance configured in accordance with an embodiment of the technology.
  • FIG. 2A is a blown-up schematic cross-sectional side view of parallel layers of a sorption media including surface structures configured in accordance with an embodiment of the technology.
  • FIG. 2B is a blown-up schematic cross-sectional side view of parallel layers of a sorption media including surface structures configured in accordance with an embodiment of the technology.
  • FIG. 2C is a blown-up schematic cross-sectional side view of parallel layers of a sorption media including surface structures configured in accordance with an embodiment of the technology.
  • FIG. 2D is a blown-up schematic cross-sectional side view of parallel layers of a sorption media including surface structures configured in accordance with an embodiment of the technology.
  • FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of a process for loading a substance in a sorption media in accordance with an embodiment of the technology.
  • FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of a process for unloading a substance from a sorption media in accordance with an embodiment of the technology.
  • FIG. 5 is a side view of a vessel for storing and/or filtering a substance configured in accordance with an embodiment of the technology.
  • FIG. 6A is a schematic cross-sectional side view of a vessel for storing and/or filtering a substance configured in accordance with an embodiment of the technology.
  • FIG. 6B is a blown-up schematic cross-sectional side view of an area of a vessel for storing and/or filtering a substance configured in accordance with an embodiment of the technology.
  • FIG. 6C is a blown-up schematic cross-sectional side view of an area of a vessel for storing and/or filtering a substance configured in accordance with an embodiment of the technology.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of an apparatus for filtering a substance configured in accordance with an embodiment of the technology.
  • FIG. 8 is an isometric view of an apparatus for filtering a substance configured in accordance with an embodiment of the technology.
  • FIG. 9 a schematic cross-sectional side view of a vessel for storing and/or filtering a substance and an associated system configured in accordance with an embodiment of the technology.
  • a sorption media comprises parallel layers of a sorption material that are spaced apart by a certain distance or varying distances.
  • a substance is presented at an edge of the sorption media. The edge of the sorption media provides access to zones between layers of the sorption media.
  • Heat may be transferred away from the sorption media to facilitate and/or cause the sorption media to load (i.e. absorb and/or adsorb) molecules of the substance into the sorption media.
  • a voltage of a first polarity may be applied to the sorption media to facilitate and/or cause the sorption media to load molecules of the substance.
  • a pressure experienced by the sorption media may be increased to facilitate and/or cause the sorption media to load molecules of the substance.
  • the sorption media also comprises surface structures that load the substance.
  • a catalyst facilitates the loading of a substance into the sorption media. A substance can be unloaded from the sorption media by transferring heat to the sorption media, applying a voltage of an opposite polarity than the first polarity to the sorption media, and/or by reducing a pressure experienced by the sorption media.
  • the sorption media is encapsulated in a vessel.
  • the sorption media is configured in a tube.
  • the sorption media loads all molecules of a substance, while in other embodiments the sorption media loads only molecules of a specific compound or molecules of specific compounds of a substance.
  • the sorption media filters a substance.
  • the sorption media stores a substance.
  • a catalyst is applied to at least a portion of the sorption media to catalyze a chemical reaction between a substance loaded into the sorption media and another substance.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of a vessel 2 for storing and/or filtering a substance according to an embodiment of the technology.
  • the vessel 2 receives a substance, such as a gas, through a first port 10, and the substance is passed through a perforated passageway 4 that runs through a sorption media 6 within the vessel 2.
  • a first valve 13 and a second valve 18 may be opened or closed by varying degrees to control the amount of a substance entering or exiting the vessel 2.
  • the substance is presented through perforations of the perforated passageway 4 to a first edge 15 of the sorption media 6, which comprises parallel disk-shaped layers of a sorption material that loads (i.e., absorbs and/or adsorbs) the substance onto the layers of sorption material and in zones between the layers, reducing the volume of the substance that is loaded into the sorption media. Consequently, the vessel 2 can be configured to store a substance at a density much higher than the density at which the substance exists at atmospheric temperature and pressure.
  • the vessel 2 includes a second port 11 that can be used to expel the substance once it is released from the sorption media 6.
  • the vessel 2 is configured so that only a particular compound of the substance is loaded by the sorption media 6, and the remaining compounds of the substance are passed through the vessel 2 without being loaded. Consequently, the vessel 2 can also be configured to filter a substance.
  • the sorption media 6 of the vessel 2 comprises parallel layers of a sorption material, on and between which molecules of the substance are adsorbed and absorbed.
  • Suitable materials for the parallel layers include graphene, graphite, boron nitride, ceramics, metals, or polymers, including various combinations and permutations of these materials.
  • the material has a high availability for thermal transfer, which allows heat to be transferred throughout each layer and removed from each layer to facilitate the loading or unloading of a substance from the sorption media 6.
  • the material is electrically conductive, and a voltage is applied across a layer of the parallel layers to facilitate the loading or unloading of a substance.
  • Graphene is an example of a suitable material for the sorption media 6 because it is electrically conductive and has a high availability for thermal transfer.
  • each parallel layer is only one atom thick, while in other embodiments, some or all of the layers are greater than one atom thick.
  • the thermal and electrical conductivities of a layer of the sorption media 6 are adjusted by changing the thickness of the layer.
  • the sorption media 6 can be manufactured and configured into parallel layers using any of a number of techniques.
  • the parallel layers of the sorption media are exfoliated from a single crystal.
  • a single graphite crystal is grown and/or machined into a desired shape, such as a disc, and layers as thin as an atom are exfoliated off of the crystal.
  • a hole may be bored through the graphite crystal before it is exfoliated, and a central substrate, such as the perforated passageway 4, may hold the crystal in place while it is being exfoliated.
  • 61/304,403 which are incorporated herein by reference, describe suitable systems and methods for exfoliating single crystals to produce layers of sorption material as thin as one atom. Many other materials may be exfoliated using similar techniques, including compounds such as mica, zeolite-forming minerals, and boron nitride.
  • the layers of the sorption media 6 can also be formed by dehydrogenating a compound.
  • energy can be applied to a hydrocarbon, such as methane, to dissociate the hydrocarbon, producing carbon and hydrogen.
  • Electricity for example, can be applied to the methane for a sufficient time to produce enough carbon for a layer of the sorption media.
  • the resulting carbon can be deposited on a substrate or framed into a desired shape. These graphene deposits will self-organize into the layers of the sorption media, which may be configured on a substrate parallel to one another.
  • FIG. 2A shows a blown-up schematic cross-sectional side view of an area 200 of the sorption media 6 according to an embodiment of the technology.
  • Various surface structures 20 are applied on the surface of parallel layers 22 of the sorption media 6. These surface structures 20 can include nano-tubes 20a, nano- scrolls 20b, and various other high surface nano structures, such as porous, exfoliated, carbonized tissues, rods 20c, and flower-like structures 20d. In some embodiments, the surface structures allow the sorption media to load more of a substance.
  • the surface structures allow the sorption media to load a particular compound of a substance. In some embodiments, the surface structures enable the sorption media to load and/or unload molecules of a substance more rapidly. In some embodiments, a particular type of surface structure is preferred over another surface structure. For example, in some embodiments, a nano-scroll may be preferred over a nano-tube. The nano-scroll may be able to load and unload molecules of a substance more quickly than a nano-tube can because the nano-scroll may be able to load and unload multiple molecules of a substance at the same time while a nano-tube may only be able to load or unload one molecule at a time.
  • a first type of surface structure loads a first compound and a second type of surface structure loads a second compound.
  • the surface structures 20 are composed of material that is electrically conductive and/or has a high availability for thermal transfer. In some embodiments, the surface structures are composed of carbon.
  • the surface structures can be configured on the layers of the sorption media 6 using a number of different techniques.
  • the co-pending applications referenced above disclose a number of methods for configuring the surface structures 20 on surfaces of the parallel layers 22.
  • the surface structures are epitaxially oriented by the lattice structure of the layer to which they are applied.
  • the surface structures are coated on a layer of the sorption material before an adjacent layer is configured next to the layer.
  • a compound is dehydrogenated on a layer of the sorption media 6 to form the surface structures 20.
  • the surface structures act as spacers between parallel layers of the sorption media 6, separating them by a desired distance.
  • the distance between the parallel layers is only large enough to load a one-molecule-thick layer of a substance onto the surfaces of each of the parallel layers. In other embodiments, the distance is large enough to load molecules onto the surfaces of each of the parallel layers and at least a one- molecule-thick layer of a substance in a zone between the parallel layers, not on the surface of the layers. For example, molecules of a substance may be loaded onto a surface of the layers 22 of the sorption media 6 and into zones 204 between the layers 22.
  • the parallel layers of the sorption media 6 are configured 90 A apart. Parallel layers of the sorption media 6 may be separated by 90 A, for example, to load natural gas.
  • the layers of the sorption media 6 are configured at a distance greater than 90 A or less than 90 A. For example, in some embodiments, the distance is 120 A or greater, and in other embodiments, the distance is less than 60 A.
  • the distance between each layer of the sorption media 6 is the same, while in other embodiments the distance between layers varies or is the same between only some of the parallel layers.
  • some of the parallel layers may be spaced a distance that enables the loading of molecules of a first compound, such as methane, and some of the parallel layers may be spaced a distance that enables the loading of molecules of a second compound, such as hydrogen.
  • FIG. 2B shows a blown-up schematic cross-sectional side view of the area 200 of the sorption media 6 according to another embodiment of the technology. Surface structures 20 are applied to the parallel layers 22 of the sorption media 6.
  • the parallel layers 22 are spaced apart by different distances so that a first zone 210 is a different size from a size of a second zone 212, which is also a different size from a size of a third zone 21 .
  • the varied spacing may allow for the preferential loading of different molecules into the various zones.
  • the first zone 210 may be configured to load methane and the second zone 212 may be configured to load hydrogen.
  • FIG. 2C shows a blown-up schematic cross-sectional side view of the area 200 of the sorption media 6 according to another embodiment of the technology.
  • the layers 22 of the sorption media 6 are spaced apart from one anther by varying distances so that the sorption media comprises zones of a first size, such as zone 222, and zones of a second size, such as zone 224.
  • the surface structures 20 vary in size. For example, in FIG. 2B, some nano-tubes 20a are longer than other nano-tubes 20a. In some embodiments, varying the size of the surface structures changes the rate at which they may load and unload a substance. In some embodiments, the sizes of the surface structures are increased or decreased to preferentially load a first compound over a second compound, or to vary the spacing between layers of the sorption media 6.
  • a zone between layers of sorption media includes only a first type of surface structure.
  • the third zone 214 includes only nano-tubes.
  • a zone between parallel layers of the sorption media may only include a particular type of surface structure to accommodate a specific compound.
  • the third zone 214 may include only nano-tubes 20a because nano-tubes are able to load hydrogen at a higher density than nano-scrolls, and hydrogen is to be loaded into the third zone 214.
  • a zone between layers of sorption media includes only two types of surface structures to accommodate a specific compound or compounds.
  • the second zone 212 may include only nano-scrolls 20b and rods 20c because nano-scrolls are able to load methane at a high density, and rods, although not able to load methane at a high density, are able to load and unload methane at a high rate. Therefore, the nano-scrolls 20b and rods 20c might compensate for each others' weakness in a particular application.
  • all of the surface structures configured on layers of a sorption media may be of one type.
  • a sorption media may include only nano- tubes for a particular application.
  • the surface structures 20 are oriented perpendicular to the layers 22 of the sorption media. In other embodiments, at least some of the surface structures 20 are not oriented perpendicular to the layers 22 of the sorption media and are instead oriented at a different angle. In FIG. 2C, the surface structures 20 are oriented at different angles from the layers 22 than 90- degrees. A surface structure may be oriented at a particular angle to increase the surface area of the surface structure, to increase the rate that molecules are loaded by the surface structure, to increase a loading density of the surface structure, to preferentially load a molecule of a particular compound, or for another reason.
  • the surface structures are composed of a different material from the material of the layer of sorption media 6 that it is attached to.
  • FIG. 2D shows a blown-up schematic cross-sectional side view of the area 200 of the sorption media 6 according to another embodiment of the technology.
  • the parallel layers 22 of sorption media are composed of a first material, such as graphene.
  • the surface structures 20 are composed of a second material, such as boron nitride.
  • a boron interface is applied to the graphene before the boron nitride is deposited to the parallel layers 22.
  • the surface structures may be composed of any of a number of different materials.
  • the nano-tubes 20a, nano-scrolls 20b, rods 20c, and/or flower-like structures 20d are composed of boron hydride, diborane (B 2 H 6 ), sodium aluminum hydride, Mghb, LiH, titanium hydride, and/or another metal hydride or another compound.
  • a boron hydride formation on a boron interface is endothermic, having a heat of formation that must be removed through the parallel layer to which it is applied.
  • Hydrogen for example, may be rapidly loaded to form a relatively unstable hydrogen storage because of the excellent thermal conductivity of boron hydride, which similarly allows for rapid unloading of the hydrogen.
  • the distance between parallel layers may be controlled using any of a number of techniques.
  • surface structures are applied on the surface of the layers of sorption media 6 and are configured to separate parallel layers of the sorption media 6 by a specific distance.
  • the surface structures 20 from adjacent layers such as the surface structures in a zone 226, contact one another, regulating the size of the zone 226.
  • the parallel layers are configured on a supporting substrate, such as the perforated passageway 4, and like charges are applied to parallel layers, repelling the layers from one another to achieve a desired separation.
  • the parallel layers may also be separated by a desired distance by depositing atoms or compounds that act as spacers between the layers during manufacturing or while the layers are being configured on a substrate. For example, when a compound is dehydrogenated, separator atoms or molecules may be applied between each layer of the sorption media 6 that is produced.
  • parallel layers of sorption media 6 are formed from a host material that is heated, causing it to expand, and thus allowing separator atoms or compounds to be inserted between layers, which prevents the host material from contracting into the zones that have the separator atoms or compounds.
  • the distance between two layers of the sorption media 6 can also be controlled by a phase change in a layer or in a spacer between the two layers that induces a force that is sufficient to provide the work necessary to space the layers at a predetermined distance.
  • the distance between layers may be adjusted to provide structural support for the vessel 2, to facilitate the transfer of heat to and from the layers, to allow light to pass between the layers, for catalytic purposes, and/or for dampening purposes.
  • FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of a process for loading a substance into the sorption media 6.
  • a substance is presented at an edge of the sorption media.
  • An edge of the sorption media 6 includes an area that provides access to the zones between layers of the sorption media.
  • the vessel 2 of FIG. 1 comprises disk-shaped layers and the inside edge 15 of the sorption media 6 provides access to the zones between layers of the sorption media. Molecules of the substance may be loaded from the inside edge 15 of the sorption media 6.
  • molecules of the substance are adsorbed onto surfaces of the layers of the sorption media 6.
  • the sorption media 6 may load a substance when heat is transferred away from the sorption media 6, when a voltage is applied to the sorption media 6, and/or when a pressure experienced by the sorption media 6 is increased.
  • a catalyst facilitates or causes the loading of a substance.
  • molecules of the substance are adsorbed onto the surface of surface structures that are configured on layers of the sorption media 6.
  • molecules of the substance may be adsorbed onto the surface of a nano- rod that is configured on a surface of a layer of the sorption media.
  • molecules of the substance are absorbed into the surface structures.
  • molecules of the substance may be absorbed into a nano-tube that is located on a surface of a layer of the sorption media 6.
  • molecules of the substance are absorbed into zones between layers of the sorption media 6.
  • molecules of the substance are not absorbed as a gas solution into a zone between two layers of the sorption media 6 until molecules have been adsorbed onto the surface of the layers in such a density that there is no remaining surface for the molecules to be adsorbed onto and the remaining molecules that are loaded are absorbed as a gas solution into the zone between the two layers.
  • molecules of the substance are adsorbed via the edge of the sorption media 6 and force previously adsorbed molecules deeper into the sorption media 6 until the force from newly adsorbed molecules forces the previously adsorbed molecules to become suspended in a zone between layers of the sorption media, becoming part of an absorbed gas solution.
  • molecules of the substance are absorbed before some molecules of the substance are adsorbed, or molecules of the substance are absorbed at the same time as molecules of the substance are adsorbed.
  • FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of a process for unloading a substance from the sorption media 6.
  • molecules of the substance are desorbed from an adsorbed state on the surface of layers of the sorption media 6.
  • molecules that have been loaded into a sorption media may be unloaded by transferring heat to the sorption media, by applying a voltage across the sorption media that is an opposite polarity of the voltage applied to load the molecules, by reducing a pressure experienced by the sorption media, and/or by other mechanisms, such as irradiating the sorption media and physically disturbing the sorption media.
  • molecules of the substance are desorbed from an adsorbed state on the surface of surface structures of the sorption media 6.
  • molecules of the substance are desorbed from an absorbed state inside the surface structures of the sorption media 6.
  • different kinds of surface structures are able to desorb molecules of an absorbed substance at different rates.
  • a nano-flower-like structure will desorb an adsorbed substance faster than a nano-tube, which may only be able to desorb one molecule of an absorbed substance at a time.
  • molecules of the substance are desorbed from an absorbed state from zones between layers of sorption media 6.
  • desorbed molecules are expelled from the sorption media out an edge of the sorption media.
  • molecules that are adsorbed and thus in contact with the sorption media are desorbed first.
  • absorbed molecules are desorbed first.
  • molecules that are adsorbed on a surface of the layers of the sorption media, molecules that are adsorbed on a surface of the surface structures of the sorption media, molecules that are absorbed in surface structures, and molecules that are absorbed in zones between layers of the sorption media are desorbed together.
  • the sorption media is generally able to unload molecules of a loaded substance at a high volume.
  • the sorption media may unload molecules analogously to the way in which a capacitor unloads a stored electric charge.
  • a substance is introduced into the vessel 2 through either the first port 10 or the second port 1 1 , and the substance is presented to the sorption media 6 via the perforated passageway 4.
  • the perforated passageway 4 is a perforated tube.
  • the perforated passageway 4 is a wire cloth.
  • the perforated passageway 4 can longitudinally reinforce the vessel 2 and it can also circulate fluids to cool or heat the sorption media 6.
  • the vessel 2 includes more ports or fewer ports than two. For example, a vessel for storing a substance may include only one port.
  • the sorption media 6 loads a substance that is presented to the inside edge 15 of the sorption media through the perforations in the perforated passageway 4.
  • the sorption media 6 loads molecules of the substance from the inside edge 15 of the sorption media 6.
  • the vessel 2 includes a casing 16 on the outside edge 17 of the parallel layers to contain the volume within the vessel 2, which prevents the loaded molecules of the substance from escaping the vessel via outside edges 17 of the parallel layers.
  • the casing 16 comprises a low permeability membrane 14.
  • Suitable membrane materials include graphite foil; wrapped, deep-drawn, or spin-formed titanium, aluminum, or stainless steel; and electro-formed nickel.
  • Various composites may also be used for a membrane, including metallized thin films of polyethylene terephthalate, ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polyolefins. Materials that can be used for metallizing include iron, aluminum titanium, chromium, nickel, or sputtered alloys.
  • the membrane 14 is electrically conductive and/or has a high ability to transfer heat.
  • the membrane 14 is secured to the outside edges 17 of the parallel layers of the sorption material using a high strength adhesive or a diffusion braze formula.
  • Various adhesives may be used to secure the membrane 14 to the outside edges 17 of the parallel layers, including thermosets such as apoxis, phenol- formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde, silicones, and addition-polyimides, including those containing siloxane; and thermoplastics such as aromatic polyesters, unsated polyesters, and polyetherimides.
  • the outside edges 17 may also be coated with a substance to diffusion bond the membrane 14 on the outside edges 17 of the parallel layers, including, for example, a diamond-like substance.
  • Various other carbon deposits can also be used to secure the membrane 14 to the outside edges 17 of the parallel layers.
  • the casing may also reinforce the vessel 2 in a direction transverse to the radial reinforcement of the perforated passageway 4 using high strength rovings, yarns, or fibers applied over the membrane 14.
  • longitudinal corrugations such as the heat transfer fins described in U.S. Patent No. 6,503,584 may be applied over the membrane.
  • Axial reinforcement rovings may be applied over the heat transfer fins to spread the load of the corrugated surface over the membrane 14 while avoiding interference with the exchange of heat between the membrane 14 and the fins.
  • heat is removed from the sorption media 6 to facilitate the loading of a substance, and heat is added to the sorption media 6 to facilitate the unloading of a substance that the sorption media 6 has loaded.
  • the layers of the sorption media 6 may be composed of a material that has a high availability for thermal transfer, which enables heat to be transferred to and from the layers of the sorption media 6 and even into and out of the surface structures 20 that are configured on the parallel layers.
  • the vessel 2 depicted in FIG. 1 includes various components that are designed to transfer heat to and from the sorption media 6.
  • the vessel 2 includes a continuous heat-transfer tube 8 that surrounds the periphery of the sorption media 6, which is able to transfer heat to and from the parallel layers of the sorption media 6.
  • the casing 16 includes an outer casing 19 that protects and insulates the vessel 2 and heat-transfer tube 8, and provides structural support for the sorption media and the heat-transfer tube 8.
  • FIG. 5 shows a side view of the vessel 2 without an outer casing.
  • the heat-transfer tube 8 is wrapped around the periphery of the vessel 2 and positioned directly on the membrane 14.
  • a pump 21 which includes a cooling element and a heating element, can circulate heated or cooled argon, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, or another gas or fluid through the tube 8 to add or remove heat from the sorption media 6. In some embodiments, heat is also transferred to and from the sorption media 6 by passing a heated or cooled gas or liquid through the perforated passageway 4.
  • Heat can also be applied to the sorption media 6 using other methods.
  • additional tubes are configured within the vessel through which a heat-exchanging fluid or gas passes.
  • resistive heating elements are configured within the vessel to transfer heat to the sorption media 6.
  • the casing 16 of the vessel 2 and the membrane 14 are substantially transparent and allow light to enter the vessel 2 and contact surface structures 20 that are photoactive, heating the surface structures and the layers of sorption media 6.
  • photoactive elements are placed between outside edges 17 of the parallel layers to receive a maximum amount of light. D. Pressure Swing
  • a substance is loaded into or unloaded from the sorption media by shifting a pressure within the vessel.
  • a pressure inside the vessel 2 is adjusted by closing the second valve 18 and pumping a substance through the first port 10 until pressure within the vessel increases to a point that the sorption media 6 begins loading the substance.
  • the vessel 2 is connected within a high pressure pipeline, causing the pressure within the vessel to remain high enough that the sorption media 6 can load some of a substance or a particular component of the substance that passes through the vessel 2.
  • a vessel 2 that loads only a particular compound of a substance may be used as a filter.
  • the pressure within the vessel 2 can also be adjusted by storing a substance at a high pressure within the sorption media 6 and by opening the first valve 13 or the second valve 18 to reduce the pressure within the vessel 2.
  • natural gas may be loaded at a high pressure within the vessel 2 and the second valve 18 may be opened to reduce the pressure within the vessel 2, causing the sorption media 6 to unload the natural gas.
  • a substance is loaded into the vessel 2 through the first valve 3 and the second valve 18 is closed partway, impeding the flow of the substance through the vessel 2, increasing the pressure within the vessel 2, and causing the sorption media 6 to load some of the substance.
  • a pressure swing is caused by applying an electric charge to the sorption media 6.
  • a voltage is applied across layers of the sorption media 6 to facilitate the loading or unloading of a substance.
  • a voltage is applied to the sorption media 6, it can load a substance more quickly, load different compounds of the substance than when the voltage is not applied, load a substance at a lower temperature or pressure, and/or load more of a substance into the zones between the layers, thereby increasing a storage density of the vessel 2.
  • FIG. 6A is a schematic cross-sectional side view of the vessel 2 including a power supply 601 that comprises circuitry and a power source that may be connected to the vessel 2 to apply a voltage to at least some of the parallel layers of the sorption media 6.
  • the membrane 14 is composed of an electrically conductive material, such as graphene.
  • a first terminal 605 of the power supply 601 is electrically connected to the membrane 14.
  • the perforated passageway 4 is also composed of an electrically conductive material, such as titanium, Monel 400, or copper.
  • a second terminal 606 is electrically connected to the perforated passageway 4.
  • a gasket 602 composed of a dielectric material electrically separates the membrane 14 and the perforated passageway 4.
  • the membrane 14 is electrically connected to the sorption media 6, and likewise, the perforated passageway 4 is electrically connected to each of the inside edges 15 of the parallel layers of sorption media 6. Consequently, an electric charge is applied across each of the parallel layers of sorption media 6.
  • the membrane electrically connects to the layers of the sorption media 6 through various circuits 608, causing a different voltage to be applied across different layers of the sorption media 6 when a voltage is applied between the membrane 14 and the perforated passageway 4.
  • the circuits 608 are configured between the membrane 14 and the sorption media 6.
  • the circuits 608 are configured as part of the membrane 14 or outside the membrane.
  • FIG. 6B is a blown-up schematic cross-sectional side view of an area 610 of the vessel according to an embodiment of the technology.
  • the circuits 608 include various components that connect the membrane 14 to at least some layers of the sorption media 6.
  • conductive elements 620 electrically connect the membrane 14 to some layers of the sorption media but not to other layers of the sorption media 6, creating charged zones 613 between layers of the sorption media that are electrically connected to the membrane 14 and uncharged zones 61 1 between layers of the sorption media that are not electrically connected to the membrane 14.
  • a charge gradient is applied across multiple layers of the sorption media 6.
  • a charge gradient may be applied across twenty adjacent layers of the sorption media 6, wherein each layer has an electric charge applied to it that is less than the next adjacent layer.
  • a charge gradient is useful when filtering a particular substance or substances from a group of substances. For example, if a charge gradient is applied across twenty consecutive layers and a substance is introduced into the vessel 2, particular components of the substance having a high dielectric strength will be loaded in the middle of the charge gradient where the charge gradient is strongest. Particular components of the substance having a low dielectric strength will consequently be loaded on the ends of the charge gradient, where the charge gradient is weakest.
  • nitrogen and hydrogen are loaded into the sorption media when a charge gradient is applied, the nitrogen would be loaded in the middle of the gradient and the hydrogen would be loaded on either sides of the gradient.
  • FIG. 6C is a blown-up schematic cross-sectional side view of the area 610 of the vessel according to an embodiment of the technology.
  • the circuits 608 include various components that connect the membrane 14 to at least some layers of the sorption media 6.
  • a first resistor 624 has a first impedance
  • a second resistor 625 has a second impedance
  • a third resistor 626 has a third impedance
  • a fourth resistor 627 has a fourth impedance
  • a fifth resistor 628 has a fifth impedance
  • a sixth resistor 630 has a sixth impedance.
  • the resistors connect the membrane 14 to parallel layers 22 of the sorption media 6.
  • the first impedance is greater than the second impedance, which is greater than the third impedance, which is greater than the fourth impedance, and so on. Therefore, when an electric charge is applied to the membrane 14, the layer of sorption media connected to the membrane 14 via the sixth resistor 630 experiences a higher voltage than the layer of sorption media connected to the membrane 14 via the fifth resistor 628, and so forth.
  • the layer of sorption media connected to the membrane 14 via the first resistor 624 would experience the lowest voltage out of the depicted layers 22.
  • layers of the sorption media 6 may be electrically separated by a dielectric material.
  • the power supply is configured to supply a voltage of a first polarity to the vessel 2 and it is also configured to supply a voltage of an opposite polarity to the vessel.
  • the power supply is configured so that the first terminal 605 may be the cathode and the second terminal 606 may be the anode to load the sorption media, and the first terminal 605 may be switched to the anode and the second terminal 606 switched to the cathode to unload the sorption media.
  • catalysts are applied to the parallel layers to facilitate the loading or unloading of a substance or to catalyze a chemical reaction.
  • catalysts may be applied on a surface of a layer of the sorption media 6 (i.e., on a surface of a layer facing an adjacent layer) or only on the edges of the layers.
  • a first layer of the sorption media 6 is coated with a catalyst before a second layer of the sorption media 6 adjacent to the first layer is configured.
  • a catalyst is only applied on the inside edge 15 or outside edge 17 of the sorption media 6.
  • a catalyst facilitates the loading of a particular substance into the sorption media 6 and/or causes the substance to be loaded more quickly or more densely into the sorption media 6.
  • a substance including hydrogen and methane may be presented at the inside edges 15 of the parallel layers of sorption media.
  • a catalyst comprising a refractive carbide, such as a titanium carbide or an iron carbide (e.g., Fe 3 C) may be applied on the inside edges 15 of the parallel layers and cause them to load the hydrogen and not the methane.
  • a catalyst consisting of 48% iron, 49% titanium, and 3% yttrium may be applied to the sorption media 6 to facilitate the loading of hydrogen out of natural gas.
  • a catalyst catalyzes a chemical reaction between two compounds and a product of the reaction is loaded into the sorption media 6.
  • ozone may be produced from air using ionizing ultraviolet radiation or an induced spark.
  • the ozone may be reacted with methane using a catalyst such as chromia that is applied to the inside edges 15 of the layers of sorption material, producing oxygen and methanol, either of which is loaded by the sorption media 6.
  • a second product of the reaction passes through the vessel 2 and out the second port 1 1 , while in other embodiments, at least a portion of the second product is also loaded by the sorption media 6.
  • a substance that is presented to the inside edges 15 of the layers of sorption media 6 contains methane and water, and an iron carbide catalyst is applied on the inside edges 15 of the layers of sorption media 6.
  • Energy is applied to the sorption media 6, causing a chemical reaction between the methane and water, which produces methanol and water.
  • the sorption media then loads the methanol and the water.
  • the vessel when the vessel is used as a filter, the vessel must be periodically disconnected so that the loaded substance can be emptied from the vessel 2. For example, if carbon dioxide is filtered from a stream of methane gas, the sorption media 6 may become saturated with carbon dioxide and the carbon dioxide may need to be removed from the sorption media e before more carbon dioxide can be filtered from the methane gas.
  • Suitable catalysts include copper, zinc, or zirconia promoted with manganese; zirconium or manganese doped and promoted with copper or zinc; copper, zinc, or zirconium doped with manganese; or oxides of iron, manganese, nickel, chromium, vanadium, and other transition metals.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of a filter 700 that can continuously filter a stream of a substance without needing to be unloaded of a loaded substance.
  • the filter 700 is configured in a tube 702 and includes a sorption media 708 comprised of parallel layers of a sorption material.
  • the parallel layers are shaped like a disk, and consequently, the filter 700 includes an inner zone 710 that is framed by inside edges 726 of the parallel layers, and an outer zone 706 that is framed by outside edges 728 of the parallel layers of sorption media 708 and a tube 704 within the tube 702.
  • Tube 702 serves as a containment shield for air or refractory insulation in the space between tube 702 and tube 704.
  • a perforated passageway 71 1 is configured along the inside edges 726 of the parallel layers.
  • the layers of the sorption media 708 may be composed of any of the materials discussed above with respect to the vessel 2 and the layers of the sorption media 708 may be produced and configured using any of the methods discussed above.
  • a membrane (not pictured) is applied on the outside edges 728 of the parallel layers of sorption material 708.
  • the catalyst is applied on the inside edges 726 of the parallel layers of sorption material or on the surfaces of these layers.
  • a catalyst is applied on the outside edges 728 of the parallel layers of the sorption material to facilitate a chemical reaction at the outer zone 706.
  • a resistive heating element 712 is included within the tube 704.
  • the perforated passageway 711 is connected to structural supports that assist in suspending the filter 700 within the tube 702.
  • FIG. 8 is an isometric view of the filter 700 that is configured in accordance with an embodiment of the technology.
  • the perforated passageway 711 extends beyond the sorption media 708 and supporting members 830 are configured between the perforated passageway 71 1 and the inside of the tube 704 (the tube 704 depicted in FIG 8 is transparent and tube 702 is not depicted for purposes of clarity).
  • the supporting members 830 help support the sorption media 708 so that it may be suspended within the tube 704.
  • the filter 700 filters a substance when a particular component of the substance is loaded from the inner zone 711 by the sorption media 708 and the remainder of the substance is expelled from the filter 700.
  • the inner zone 710 receives a substance 718 from a first end 722 of the filter 700 and passes a filtered substance 720 through the second end 724 of the filter 700.
  • the outer zone 706 receives a reactant 714 on the second end 724 of the filter 700 and passes a product 716 of a chemical reaction through the first end 722 of the filter 700.
  • a particular component of the substance 718 is loaded by the sorption media.
  • the loaded substance travels radially toward the outside edges 728 of the parallel layers, and each additional molecule that is loaded by the sorption media pushes previously loaded molecules further toward the outside edges 728.
  • a loaded molecule reaches the outside edges 728 of the sorption media 708, a chemical reaction occurs between the molecule and the reactant 714, facilitated by a catalyst that was applied on the outer edges of the parallel layers of sorption material.
  • the filter 700 is configured in the exhaust path of a combustion engine and acts as a counter-current heat exchanger and is used to create a useful compound out of the engine's exhaust. Exhaust from the combustion engine is supplied from the first end 722 of the filter 700 in the inner zone 710 of the filter 700. Methane, which can be provided from a renewable feedstock, is supplied from the second end 724 of the filter 700 in the outer zone 706. In operation, heat that is normally rejected through a radiator can be added to the filter 700 where heat is needed for an endothermic reaction. For example, the heat can be added to the methane before it enters the outer zone 706.
  • the resistive heating element 712 may also heat the methane.
  • the sorption media 708 of the filter 700 absorbs the steam that is present in the exhaust. Water molecules are pushed radially outward toward the outer edges 728 of the sorption media 708.
  • the outer edges 728 of the sorption media 708 may include a catalyst, such as an alloy composed of 48% iron, 49% titanium, and 3% yttrium. The combination of heat, methane, and water at the site of the catalyst causes the chemical reaction that is described by Equation 1.
  • the resulting carbon monoxide and hydrogen pass through the outer zone 706 out the first side 722 of the filter 700 and may be stored or used immediately as a fuel.
  • the exhaust from the engine, excluding the water that was loaded by the sorption media 708, is passed out the filter through the second side 724 of the filter 700.
  • the remaining exhaust may be stored or filtered further.
  • the exhaust may include argon, which may be filtered and stored in a vessel after the exhaust is passed out the filter 700.
  • a particular portion of the substance 718 is loaded by the sorption media 708 and is unloaded out the outer edges 728 of the sorption media 708 without being a reactant in a chemical reaction. Instead, the particular portion of the substance 718 that is loaded by the sorption media 708 is passed to another system, discarded, or stored. Likewise, the filtered substance 720 may be discarded, stored, or used elsewhere. In some embodiments, the first end 722 and the second end 724 of the filter include nozzles that separate the substance 718 from the product 716 and the reactant 714 from the filtered substance 720.
  • the filter 700 comprises various heat-transferring components to transfer heat to and from the sorption media 708 to assist in loading or unloading a substance or facilitating a chemical reaction.
  • the filter 700 may include any of the heat-transfer components described above, including, for example, resistive heating elements or heat-exchanging tubes that pump a heated or cooled gas or liquid.
  • the filter 700 includes a component that applies electric potential to the sorption media 708 to facilitate the loading or unloading of a substance.
  • the filter 700 may include any of the components described above for applying electric potential to a layer of the sorption media 700.
  • the substance 718 may be introduced in the inner zone 710 at a pressure that is much higher than the pressure of the reactant that is introduced in the outer zone 706, resulting in a pressure differential to cause the sorption media 708 to load a component of the substance 718.
  • the parallel layers of the storage material may also include various surface structures, such as those described above.
  • FIG. 9 shows a cross-sectional side view of the vessel 2 connected to a system 900 that supplies a substance through the perforated passageway 4 to be loaded into the sorption media 6, that passes a heated or cooled gas or liquid through the perforated passageway 4 to transfer heat to and from the sorption media 6 to facilitate the loading or unloading of the substance, and that connects an output port of the vessel 2 to additional systems or apparatuses to which a released substance can be supplied.
  • a valve 7 may be opened to allow a substance, such as hydrogen or natural gas, to flow into the vessel 2 to be loaded by the sorption media 6.
  • the heat- transfer tube 8 removes heat from the sorption media 6 by circulating a gas or liquid that is colder than the sorption media 6.
  • the sorption media 6 loads the substance.
  • the sorption media 6 includes surface structures.
  • the substance is cooled before entering the vessel 6.
  • the substance is mixed with a cooled heat-transfer substance to facilitate the loading of the substance.
  • a cooling component 36 may be configured to cool a heat-transfer substance to a temperature that is lower than the temperature of the sorption media 6, and the cooled heat-transfer substance may be circulated through the perforated passageway 4 with the substance to be loaded.
  • the sorption media 6 can unload the loaded substance. As before, the sorption media 6 can be heated by passing a liquid or gas that is hotter than the sorption media 6 through the heat-transfer tube 8. Additionally, the sorption media 6 can be heated by passing a heated gas or liquid through the perforated passageway 4.
  • the system 900 includes a generator 40 that supplies energy to a heat exchanger 34, which heats a gas or liquid that is then circulated through the perforated passageway 4.
  • the heat exchanger 34 may heat argon, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, or another heat-exchanging substance, which may be then pumped through the perforated passageway 4 to heat the sorption media 6.
  • the vessel 2 prevents the loaded substance from mixing with the circulated heat- exchanging substance by directing the unloading of the loaded substance to a central tube (not pictured) of the perforated passageway 4 or to a peripheral zone.
  • the mixture may be filtered after it is expelled from the vessel 2.
  • the mixture passes through the second port 11 of the vessel 2 and may be delivered through a filter 30 that is comprised of a micro-filter or a membrane 42 to purify the mixture.
  • Suitable micro-filters and membranes include organic membranes, such as select polymers like ion-permeable polymers produced by establishing a charge to induce the release of a substance, and inorganic membranes, such as palladium, PdAg, or an alloy of iron, titanium, copper, and rhenium.
  • the unloaded substance or the mixture of the released substance and the heat-exchanging substance may be supplied to other systems and/or storage apparatuses, including a fuel cell 32, a spark injection system 9 (through four-way valve 48 and valve 38), or through the four-way valve 48 to the heat exchanger 34 where it is heated to a higher temperature and passed back through the perforated passageway 4.
  • the mixture may also be passed outside of the system 900 through another port (not shown).
  • the unloaded substance or the mixture may be delivered to a pipeline or another system.
  • Various apparatuses and methods are described above to facilitate loading a substance in a sorption media. For example, heat may be transferred to and from sorption media, a charge may be applied to layers of sorption media, or pressure within a vessel or between zones of a sorption media may be changed, all of which can facilitate the loading of the substance into the sorption media. While some embodiments are described as employing only one such method to facilitate the loading or unloading of the substance, one skilled in the art will appreciate that more than one loading or unloading method may be employed at the same time. For example, the layers of the sorption material can be cooled to load a substance and an electric charge can be applied to the layers to increase the rate at which molecules of the substance are loaded.
  • ultrasonic vibrations are applied to sorption media of a vessel or filter to facilitate the loading or unloading of a substance.
  • the sorption media is selectively radiated to facilitate the loading or unloading of a substance.
  • sorption media are described as having a particular shape, such as a disk, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the sorption media may comprise other shapes.
  • the sorption media may comprise parallel rectangular layers of a sorption material.
  • a substance is presented to first edges of the rectangular layers where the rectangular layers load the substance, and the rectangular layers unload the substance at second edges of the layers where the substance can be a reactant in a chemical reaction.
  • One advantage of the technology is that it allows gasses like natural gas and hydrogen to be stored at energy densities comparable to hydrocarbons.
  • Another advantage of the technology is that a waste product, such as an engine's exhaust, may be filtered and reacted with another compound to produce a useful and renewable compound.
  • Another advantage of the technology is that a fuel may can be produced, filtered, and stored at a location at which the fuel will also be consumed, obviating the need to transport fuel over great distances from a fuel source to the location at which the fuel will be consumed.

Abstract

L'invention concerne des appareils, des systèmes et des procédés pour charger une substance dans un milieu de sorption et/ou décharger une substance d'un milieu de sorption. On présente une substance sur un bord du milieu de sorption qui comporte des couches parallèles de matière de sorption. Pour charger (c'est-à-dire, par absorption et/ou par adsorption) la substance dans le milieu de sorption, on transfert de la chaleur hors du milieu de sorption, on applique une tension de chargement sur le milieu de sorption, et/ou on augmente une pression par rapport au milieu de sorption. Pour décharger la substance du milieu de sorption, on transfert de la chaleur dans le milieu de sorption, on applique, sur le milieu de sorption, une tension dont la polarité est opposée à celle de la tension de chargement, et/ou on abaisse une pression par rapport au milieu de sorption. Dans certains modes de réalisation, le milieu de sorption comporte des structures de surface qui peuvent charger des molécules de la substance.
PCT/US2010/045668 2009-08-27 2010-08-16 Appareils et procédés pour stocker et/ou filtrer une substance WO2011102851A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2012526835A JP2013503310A (ja) 2009-08-27 2010-08-16 物質を貯蔵する及び／又はフィルタリングするための装置及び方法
BR112012004093A BR112012004093A2 (pt) 2009-08-27 2010-08-16 aparelhos, métodos e sistemas para armazenar e/ou filtrar uma substância
CN201080048882.9A CN102884361B (zh) 2009-08-27 2010-08-16 用于储存和/或过滤物质的装置和方法
PCT/US2010/045668 WO2011102851A1 (fr) 2009-08-27 2010-08-16 Appareils et procédés pour stocker et/ou filtrer une substance
RU2012111668/06A RU2499949C1 (ru) 2009-08-27 2010-08-16 Устройства и способы хранения и/или фильтрования вещества
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US12/707,651 US8075748B2 (en) 2009-02-17 2010-02-17 Electrolytic cell and method of use thereof
US12/707,656 2010-02-17
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USPCT/US2010/024497 2010-02-17
US12/707,653 2010-02-17
PCT/US2010/024497 WO2010096503A1 (fr) 2009-02-17 2010-02-17 Cellule électrolytique et son procédé d'utilisation
US12/707,656 US8075749B2 (en) 2009-02-17 2010-02-17 Apparatus and method for gas capture during electrolysis
US12/707,653 US8172990B2 (en) 2009-02-17 2010-02-17 Apparatus and method for controlling nucleation during electrolysis
PCT/US2010/024499 WO2010096505A1 (fr) 2009-02-17 2010-02-17 Appareil et procédé de capture de gaz au cours d'une électrolyse
PCT/US2010/024498 WO2010096504A1 (fr) 2009-02-17 2010-02-17 Appareil et procédé de contrôle de la nucléation au cours d'une électrolyse
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