TWI462379B - 製造由矽或以矽為主的材料構成的結構化粒子的方法 - Google Patents
製造由矽或以矽為主的材料構成的結構化粒子的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 title claims description 58
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 3
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 title 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 title 1
- 239000002210 silicon-based material Substances 0.000 title 1
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 claims description 78
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 63
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 62
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 55
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 54
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 34
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 34
- -1 nitrate ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 27
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 19
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrate group Chemical group [N+](=O)([O-])[O-] NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrazine Chemical compound NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000013590 bulk material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims 1
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000003486 chemical etching Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 235000019531 indirect food additive Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001960 metal nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 25
- 101710134784 Agnoprotein Proteins 0.000 description 22
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 18
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 14
- SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver(1+) nitrate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]N(=O)=O SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 235000012431 wafers Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 230000006911 nucleation Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 8
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910001961 silver nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VCJMYUPGQJHHFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O VCJMYUPGQJHHFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 4
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- FOIXSVOLVBLSDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver ion Chemical class [Ag+] FOIXSVOLVBLSDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC1=CC=CC(Br)=C1F PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001963 alkali metal nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011863 silicon-based powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- OGFYIDCVDSATDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver silver Chemical compound [Ag].[Ag] OGFYIDCVDSATDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010344 sodium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000004317 sodium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 206010036790 Productive cough Diseases 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021607 Silver chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010306 acid treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 210000003298 dental enamel Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000635 electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001493 electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001448 ferrous ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007380 fibre production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008204 material by function Substances 0.000 description 1
- CEQFOVLGLXCDCX-WUKNDPDISA-N methyl red Chemical compound C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C1\N=N\C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O CEQFOVLGLXCDCX-WUKNDPDISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhenium atom Chemical compound [Re] WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011856 silicon-based particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver monochloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Ag+] HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000003802 sputum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000024794 sputum Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
- C01B33/02—Silicon
- C01B33/021—Preparation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K13/00—Etching, surface-brightening or pickling compositions
- C09K13/04—Etching, surface-brightening or pickling compositions containing an inorganic acid
- C09K13/08—Etching, surface-brightening or pickling compositions containing an inorganic acid containing a fluorine compound
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic System or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/30—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26
- H01L21/302—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26 to change their surface-physical characteristics or shape, e.g. etching, polishing, cutting
- H01L21/306—Chemical or electrical treatment, e.g. electrolytic etching
- H01L21/30604—Chemical etching
- H01L21/30608—Anisotropic liquid etching
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/049—Manufacturing of an active layer by chemical means
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1395—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Description
本發明係關於一種製造表面上具有經蝕刻柱狀物之粒子之方法,一種藉由使該柱狀物與底下粒子分離而製造矽纖維之方法,包含此粒子或纖維作為其活性材料之電極,電化電池及鋰可充電電池陽極。
鋰可充電電池目前使用以石墨為主之陽極。矽用被以取代石墨作為活性陽極材料係為習知(參見,例如,M. Winter,J. O. Besenhard,M. E. Spahr,及P.Novak發表於Adv. Mater. 1998,10,No. 10之用於可充電鋰池之嵌入型電極材料)且已建議矽陽極材料可為矽之柱狀物(或纖維)形式。
製造此矽柱狀物之方法係敘述於Peng K-Q,Yan,Y-J,Gao S-P,及Zhu J.,Adv. Materials,14
(2002),1164-1167,Adv. Functional Materials,(2003),13,No 2 February,127-132及Adv. Materials,16
(2004),73-76。Peng等人已顯示一種藉由化學方法製造奈米柱狀物之方式。根據此方法,可為n-或p-型且具有曝露於溶液之{111}面之矽晶圓於50℃及使用以下溶液被蝕刻:5M HF及20mM AgNO3
。在這些文獻中所假設之機制為經分離之銀奈米簇於起始階段(成核)被無電沉積於矽表面上。在第二(蝕刻)階段,該銀銀奈米簇及圍繞其四周之矽面積作為局部電極,其造成圍繞銀奈米簇之面積中之矽電解氧化而形成SiF6
陽離子之,其自蝕刻位置擴散離開而留下為柱狀物形式之在銀奈米簇底下之矽。
K. Peng等人之Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.,44
(2005),2737-2742及K. Peng等人之Adv. Funct. Mater.,16
(2006),387-394係關於一種蝕刻矽晶圓之方法,其類似於Peng
等人早期之文獻,但是成核/銀奈米粒子沉積步驟及蝕刻步驟係在不同溶液中進行。在第一(成核)步驟中,將矽晶片置於4.6M HF及0.01M AgNO3
溶液中1分鐘。然後在不同之溶液(即4.6M HF及0.135M Fe(NO3
)3
)中進行第二(蝕刻)步驟。二道步驟係在50℃進行。在這些文獻中,對蝕刻步驟建議不同於更早文獻的機制,即在銀(Ag)奈米粒子底下之矽被移除且該奈米粒子逐漸沉入塊狀矽中,留下矽管(columns)於不直接位於銀奈米粒子之下的面積。
為了提高生長於矽晶圓上之柱狀物之均勻度及密度及生長速度,已在WO2007/083152中建議在醇存在下進行該方法。
WO2009/010758揭示蝕刻矽粉末而非晶圓,以便將矽材料使用於鋰離子電池。所得到的柱狀物粒子,其實例如圖2所示,包含在其表面上之柱狀物且所有所得到的粒子可被用於電池之陽極材料;或者,該柱狀物可自粒子被切斷而形成矽纖維且只有矽纖維被用於製造陽極。該所用蝕刻方法與WO2007/083152中所揭示者相同。
本發明第一方面係提供一種蝕刻矽而形成柱狀物之方法;該方法涉及將銀沉積至矽之上而成為蝕刻程序之一部分。在矽已被蝕刻之後依然存在的銀可藉由硝酸之處理而被移除。本發明提供一種方法,藉此可回收被移除之銀,從而降低總體方法之成本。
本發明人已發現藉由將銀溶於硝酸中而自矽回收係可能的,且該回收銀溶液可直接被使用於另外矽之蝕刻且可重覆進行此循環程序。
本發明之方法包含:以包含HF,Ag+
離子及硝酸鹽離子之蝕刻溶液處理可為顆粒形式或塊狀(bulk)材料(例如晶圓)形式之矽,藉此蝕刻矽而形成在其表面具有經蝕刻柱狀物之粒子,該矽包含銀之表面沉積物,自廢棄之蝕刻溶液分離經蝕刻矽,使用硝酸將來自經蝕刻矽之銀溶解而形成包含Ag+
離子及硝酸鹽離子之溶液,混合包含Ag+
離子及硝酸鹽離子之溶液與另外HF而形成另外之蝕刻溶液,以及使用另外之蝕刻溶液處理另外矽。
經廢棄之蝕刻溶液亦可被回收:其可藉與另外HF混合而被再生且與包含Ag+
離子及硝酸鹽離子之溶液混合而形成另外的蝕刻溶液。
在以下敘述中,本發明將參考顆粒矽之蝕刻而形成經蝕刻矽粒子而敘述。然而,相同考量亦適用於為塊狀材料形式(即矽晶圓)之矽。
該方法將以二道步驟進行,成核及蝕刻。在成核中,根據以下反應,銀島被無電沉積於矽顆粒上:
4Ag+
+4e-
→4Ag(金屬)
成核將大致上花費1分鐘。
蝕刻較佳沿著某晶面進行且以致於矽被蝕刻成為管狀。矽係根據以下方程式進行:
Si+6F-
→SiF6 2-
+4e-
半反應(1)
藉由半反應(1)產生之電子經由矽被導向沉積之銀,在此進行相反反應,其中在溶液中之銀離子被還原成為銀元素:
4Ag+
+4e-
→4Ag(金屬)半反應(2)
經沉積之銀元素形成樹枝狀結晶(dendrites),其自起初沉之銀島延伸。樹枝狀結晶將會相同粒子上及其他粒子上之樹枝狀結晶互聯,因而形成墊(mat)。樹枝狀結晶之互聯加速電解質方法,其係因為有更多可進行還原半反應(2)之位置且電荷可被離域化。方法中將會釋出一些氣體且此可能造成該墊漂浮。
雖然該方法可被攪動,卻無必要如此,如果攪動使該墊(mat)分離將可能不利。
顆粒矽起始材料可包含未經摻雜矽、p型或n型之經摻雜矽或混合物,例如矽-摻雜鋁之矽。以矽具有一些摻雜較佳,因為其改良蝕刻方法期間之矽傳導率。吾人發現具有1019
至1020
載體/cc之p-摻雜矽表現良好。此材料可得自於研磨摻雜矽,例如來自IC產業之矽,且然後對經研磨材料進行篩選而得到具有所要尺寸之顆粒。
或者,該顆粒可為經商業販售的相對低純度之冶金等級矽;冶金等級矽特別適合,因為相對高之缺陷密度之故(相較於半導體產業中所用的矽晶圓)。此導致低電阻以及因此高導電率,當矽柱狀物粒子或纖維被用作可充電電池之陽極材料時係有利的。此矽可被研磨及分等級。冶金等級矽之實例為來自Elkem(Norway)之”Silgrain”,其可經研磨及篩選(若有需要)而製得具有平均粒子直徑範圍為5至500μm,例如15至500μm,較佳15至40μm之粒子以作為柱狀物粒子,以及50至500μm以製造纖維。顆粒之截面可為規則或不規則。當製造矽纖維時,在移除纖維後殘留的顆粒可被回收供另外蝕刻之用。
顆粒可具有90.00質量%或更大、較佳為99.0%至99.99%之矽純度。此矽可被任何材料摻雜,例如鍺、磷、鋁、銀、硼及/或鋅。
用於蝕刻之顆粒可為結晶性,例如單或聚結晶性,其具有等於或大於所需柱狀物高度之微晶。多結晶性粒子可包含任何數目之結晶,例如2或更多。
此方法可在0℃至70℃之溫度進行,雖然最容易在室溫下進行此方法,因為只有非常昂貴之容器將能夠在往上述最末端範圍之溫度下承受高度腐蝕之HF。為此之故,溫度一般不會超過40℃。因為其係放熱,若有需要,反應混合物可在方法過程中被冷卻。
用於反應容器之較佳材料為聚丙烯,但是其他耐HF材料可取而代之。
蝕刻程序應該在當矽已被充分蝕刻以提供定義良好之高度為1至100μm,例如3至100μm,更佳5至40μm之柱狀物時終止。用於柱狀物粒子之柱狀物高度一般為5至15μm,且當在製造纖維時將會更大,例如10至50μm。此方法之最適期間將視溶液中材料濃度、矽之傳導率、溫度及相對於矽數量之蝕刻溶液之數量而定。
柱狀物一般會自其底部(即其連接於底下矽之處)漸漸縮小,且柱狀物在其底部之直徑一般為0.08至0.70μm大小,例如0.1至0.5μm,例如0.2至0.4μm,以及例如0.3μm或以上。因此柱狀物一般將具有大於10:1的縱橫比。柱狀物可實質上為圓形截面,但是無必要如此。
柱狀物表面密度可被用於定義在粒子表面上之柱狀物密度。在本文中,被定義為F=P/[R+P],其中F為柱狀物表面密度;P為柱狀物所占據之粒子之總表面積;以及R為未被柱狀物占據之粒子之總表面積。
柱狀物表面密度愈大,每單位矽粒子電極之鋰容量愈大且可用於製造纖維之可供收獲之柱狀物數量愈大。例如,使用上述來自Elken(Norway)之具有預蝕刻平均粒子直徑400μm之矽粉,可製得所有表面具有柱狀物高度約為10至30μm,直徑約為0.2至0.5μm且柱狀物表密度F為10至50%,更典型為30%之柱狀物。
在另外實例中,具有預蝕刻平均粒子直徑為約63至80μm之顆粒被發現用於製造具有高度約為10至15μm,覆蓋率約為30%且直徑約為0.2至0.5μm的柱狀物。
成核階段及樹枝狀結晶生長需要銀存在於溶液中,但是此等一旦完成,蝕刻僅需要溶液中可被還原之離子之存在。此可為銀(半反應2),但是同樣地無必要如此,且因為銀係昂貴的,較佳使用一些銀以外的其他相反反應。在WO2007/083152中,本案申請人等已建議添加硝酸鐵以提供鐵離子,其可在相反反應中被還原成為亞鐵離子。該申請人等亦建議還原氫離子作為可替代相反反應。
吾人已發現最適化之相反反應為在溶液中之硝酸鹽離子,其適合硝酸銀之回收而形成另外的蝕刻溶液。雖然WO2007/083152建議硝酸鹽離子被加入蝕刻步驟,此係為硝酸銀或硝酸鐵形式。二者皆昂貴,且又以前者特別昂貴。除了在經回收之銀溶液中之硝酸鹽,可在蝕刻開始前或蝕刻方法期間或二者將另外的硝酸鹽加入蝕刻溶液。較佳部分藉由蝕刻程序添加另外的硝酸鹽,且吾人將硝酸鹽添加至蝕刻溶液作為鹼金屬硝酸鹽,特別是硝酸鈉,或作為硝酸銨,因為這些材料具有高溶解度但是也比硝酸鐵便宜且具有惰性陽離子(Na+
及NH4 +
),假使其在數個回收期間累積於溶液中不會造成損害。
根據一具體實例,蝕刻溶液係實質上不含鐵離子(鐵或亞鐵)。”實質上不含”意指具有濃度不足以對該方法具有材料效應且應該大致上小於0.05重量%且小於5mM,例如小於2.5mM。
WO2007/083152的特徵為成核階段中應該有醇存在且應該為1至40%之數量。WO2007/083152之方法係在晶片或晶圓上進行且吾人已發現,在矽顆粒上進行之本方法之內容,不需要有醇存在且其存在使方法變得複雜,因為其係為另外組分,當控制溶液中之濃度時必須予以考量。據上所述,用於本發明之溶液,根據本發明一具體實例,實質上不含醇,從而其意指任何醇之數量係小於對該方法具有材料效應之濃度且可小於0.5體積%。
在本發明蝕刻程序起始所用之溶液具有HF濃度為5至10M,例如7M至9M且一般為6至8M,例如約7或7.5M。無需在該方法期間添加另外的HF,雖然假使大量材料被蝕刻時係可能的。
為了使銀島及樹枝狀結晶沉積,Ag+
離子之濃度可為0.01M至0.1M之範圍,例如0.02至0.06M且一般為約0.03M。Ag+
離子之數量較佳係不足以參與該方法中所有矽之蝕刻但應該被限於僅足以造成島及樹枝狀結晶之數量。然後藉由硝酸鹽離子之還原提供與蝕刻半反應相反的半反應。在蝕刻反應已開始之後,較佳不將銀加入溶液。
如所示,NO3 -
之還原可對矽之蝕刻(半反應(1))提供相反反應且可存在數量為0.02M至0.2M之濃度,例如0.04M至0.08M。銀大致上係以硝酸鹽形式被添加,因為其他鹽類大致上不溶解。此將提供一些所需要的硝酸鹽離子且藉由添加鹼金屬硝酸鹽例如硝酸鈉或硝酸銨而構成任何平衡。為了提供用於蝕刻的額外硝酸鹽離子,硝酸鹽離子可在方法期間加入。
由於矽之蝕刻之故,SiF6 2-
將存在於溶液中。該溶液亦可包含來自回收之硝酸銀之硝酸。
在蝕刻之前,蝕刻溶液之組成可藉由添加鹼(較佳NaOH或NH4
OH)加以調整,因為鹼價格便宜且陽離子為高度可溶性。硝酸可被用於使溶液酸化。
除了水以外,根據本發明具體實例之溶液可不包含其他組分。此溶液在方法起始時基本上由以下組成:5至10M(例如6至8M)HF,0.01至0.1M Ag+
離子,0.02至0.2M NO3 -
離子,水,氫及羥基離子,以及視需要的:SiF6 2-
離子,鹼金屬或銨離子,以及附帶添加物及雜質。
在蝕刻完成後,經蝕刻粒子將自廢棄蝕刻溶液中被分離。其將保留在蝕刻方法期間沉積之銀。使用硝酸可使銀從經蝕刻粒子被溶解而形成包含Ag+
離子及硝酸鹽離子之溶液,其可藉由與另外HF混合而被直接回收而形成另外的蝕刻溶液。也可以添加硝酸銀。
除了銀之回收,廢棄蝕刻溶液可藉由添加額外的HF以及經回收的含Ag+
離子及硝酸鹽離子的溶液而被再生而形成另外的蝕刻溶液。
如果廢棄蝕刻溶液被回收,SiF6 2-
離子可累積於蝕刻溶液中,雖然不必然如此,因為一些蝕刻溶液將會伴隨經蝕刻矽產物且將大致上在矽產物沖洗時被棄置。
本文中所述方法揭示將鈉鹽例如氫氧化物及硝酸鹽添加至蝕刻溶液。這些鈉鹽可被相對應銨鹽置換且此係有利的,因為(NH4
)2
SiF6
遠比Na2
SiF6
更容易溶解且因此如果有SiF6 2-
離子之累積,在無沉澱時有大量被保留於溶液中。
自廢棄蝕刻溶液被分離之經蝕刻粒子可在溶解來自經蝕刻粒子之銀之前被沖洗及排出。
相對於矽顆粒數量之所用蝕刻溶液數量應該足以蝕刻所需要柱狀物。吾人已發現對20克矽顆粒而言3公升蝕刻溶液提供優良結果,但是相對比例可能需要隨著數量按比例增加或減少而調整。
本發明將在參考以下一或多個非限制性實施例加以例示:
實施例1-獲得柱狀物粒子
此反應係在體積為8公升的聚乙烯容器中進行。蓋子具有孔洞供加入組分及攪拌器。
使用以下反應物
反應係在室溫(10-25℃)進行。
第一循環
分別含有2.56M及3.65MAgNO3
/HNO3
之35毫升AgNO3
/HNO3
溶液與3公升之7M HF溶液於反應室中反應,以及然後加入溶於30毫升水中之5.1克NaOH(或4.5克NH4
OH)。所得溶液含有0.0299M AgNO3
。AgNO3
/HNO3
溶液可自早期蝕刻程序回收(參考下述)但是若無可用者,可自商用販售之硝酸銀及硝酸之來源而製得。
20克經篩選及沖洗之Si粉末(<40μm)藉由漏斗經由容器蓋孔添加,且然後用手使用棒入經由蓋孔溫和攪動內含物達1分鐘。讓此反應混合物靜置40分鐘。在第一個1至2分鐘於蝕刻溶液表面上形成矽加上銀之墊。
經過40分鐘,加入15克NaNO3
(或13克NH4
NO3
)。將NaNO3
(或NH4
NO3
)溶於50毫升水中,以及然後經由漏斗添加。然後,在完成NaNO3
(或NH4
NO3
)之添加之後,攪拌此溶液約1分鐘。讓混合物另外靜置50分鐘。然後,在離方法開始90分鐘,當蝕刻幾乎完成時,開始將廢棄蝕刻溶液泵入貯存室,其花費約4至5分鐘,以致於總蝕刻時間約為95分鐘。
當下以3至4公升水沖洗該墊三次。前二次沖洗係與水接觸5分鐘,而第三次沖洗為一分鐘沖洗。
含有經蝕刻矽粒子及銀之濕墊被儘可能地快速排乾,然後將該墊置入300毫升玻璃燒杯。然後加入20毫升水及20毫升濃(68%,GPR RECTAPUR,VWR),讓混合物靜置數小時,之後溶液將分成二層。上層為澄澄溶液(含AgNO3
之稀HNO3
,指的是”AgNO3
/HNO3
”)且底層為經蝕刻之Si粒子。小心倒出上層AgNO3
/HNO3
溶液且留著供未來使用。總溶液約為120毫升。
第二循環
當下再使用來自第循環之廢棄蝕刻溶液且藉由添加35毫升回收的AgNO3
/HNO3
溶液及150毫升40% HF,然後加入溶於30毫升水中之5.1克NaOH(或4.5克NH4
OH)。
然後將20克矽顆粒加入再活化的蝕刻溶液,如同在第一循環。經過40分鐘後,加入15克NaNO3
(或13克NH4
NO3
)。讓混合物另外靜置50分鐘。然後,在添加矽後90分鐘,當蝕刻幾乎完成時,開始將廢棄蝕刻溶液泵入貯存室(約花4至5分鐘),且總蝕刻時間約為95分鐘。
然後以3至4公升水沖洗墊三次。前二次沖洗係與水接觸5分鐘,而第三次沖洗為一分鐘沖洗。
含有經蝕刻矽粒子及銀之濕墊應該儘快被硝酸處理以除去銀,及進一步被沖洗及濕式貯存。硝酸處理與第一批次類似,但是取而代之的是添加20毫升HNO3
+20毫升水以除去來自經蝕刻粒子之銀,使用來自第一批次之20毫升HNO3
+20毫升AgNO3
/HNO3
溶液以減少被回收之AgNO3
/HNO3
溶液中之水量(即增加被回收液體中之AgNO3
及HNO3
濃度)。
硝酸銀/硝酸液被回收至下一個循環。
第三及另外循環
與第二循環相同。
變化
不在每一循環之後收集AgNO3
/HNO3
溶液且在後續循環中予以使用,取而代之,經HNO3
處理之產物批次(經蝕刻矽及AgNO3
/HNO3
溶液)可被合併及一起處理以用於蝕刻另外的矽顆粒。
數批次經HNO3
處理之產物(例如10批次,其總計約1000毫升)被收集及轉移至離心桶。然後該批次混合物被離心約15分鐘且收集AgNO3
/HNO3
溶液(#1)之上層。然後將200毫升去離子水加入具有經蝕刻溶液之底層之該離心桶,讓混合物靜置30分鐘,然後再度被離心15分鐘。收集上層澄清溶液(#2)並混合先前溶液(#1)供回收使用。
為了移除來自經蝕刻矽產物之溶液殘留物,可進行二次以上沖洗及離心。來自另外處理之溶液被稱為#3及#4溶液。一般而言,95%或稍多一些之銀可被再使用於#1及#2溶液。#3及#4將被一起貯存且被NaCl處理,以將銀沉澱為AgCl供再使用(但不為回收)。
對照組
#1及#2混合物中之銀及HNO3
濃度可被個別分析。銀離子濃度係藉由以指示劑Fe(NO3
)3
滴定NH4
SCN而獲得。HNO3
濃度可藉由以NaOH滴定及以甲基紅作指示劑而獲得。最後,如上所述,被回收之AgNO3
/HNO3
溶液之組成可視需要藉由添加一些固態AgNO3
及/或濃HNO3
而調整,以期使每一次回收AgNO3
/HNO3
溶液中之AgNO3
及HNO3
濃度一致。
實施例2-獲得纖維
反應容器及反應物係與實施例1相同。反應再度係在室溫下進行。
40毫升AgNO3
/HNO3
溶液與3公升7M HF溶液於反應室中混合,然後加入溶液30毫升水中之5.9克NaOH(或5..2克NH4
OH)。最終溶液含有0.033M AgNO3
。
20克Si粉末(J272.1)經由漏斗於容器頂端加入且使用棒經由蓋孔用手溫和攪拌內容物1分鐘。讓反應混合物靜置40分鐘。於第一個1至2分鐘內,在蝕刻溶液表面上形成矽加上銀之”墊”。
在40分鐘終了,添加14克NaNO3
(或12克NH4
NO3
)。將NaNO3
(或NH4
NO3
)溶於50毫升水中,然後經由在反應容器蓋之漏斗添加。在添加硝酸鹽後,攪拌此溶液約1分鐘。讓混合物另外靜置50分鐘。然後,在離方法開始90分鐘,當蝕刻幾乎完成時,開始將廢棄蝕刻溶液泵入貯存室,其花費約4至5分鐘,以致於總蝕刻時間約為95分鐘。
當下以3至4公升水沖洗該墊三次。前二次沖洗係與水接觸5分鐘,而第三次沖洗為一分鐘沖洗。含有經蝕刻矽粒子及銀之濕墊被儘快地被硝酸處理以如實施例1所述除去銀。然後(再度依照實施例1之程序)粒子自銀/硝酸液體被分離且經蝕刻矽進一步被沖洗且以濕式貯存。硝酸銀/硝酸液體可被回收。
第二循環
當下再使用來自第一循環之廢棄蝕刻溶液且藉由添加40毫升回收的AgNO3
/HNO3
溶液及150毫升40% HF,然後加入溶於30毫升水中之5.9克NaOH(或5.2克NH4
OH)。
然後將20克矽顆粒加入再活化的蝕刻溶液,如同在第一循環。經過40分鐘後,加入14克NaNO3
(或12克NH4
NO3
)。讓混合物另外靜置50分鐘。然後,在添加矽後90分鐘,當蝕刻幾乎完成時,開始將廢棄蝕刻溶液泵入貯存室(約花4至5分鐘),且總蝕刻時間約為95分鐘。
然後以3至4公升水沖洗墊三次。前二次沖洗係與水接觸5分鐘,而第三次沖洗為一分鐘沖洗。
含有經蝕刻矽粒子及銀之濕墊應該快速被硝酸處理以除去銀,及進一步被沖洗及濕式貯存,如在與第一循環有關者所述。
第三及進一步循環
與第二循環相同。
可自所得附有柱狀物之粒子獲取纖維,其係藉由超音波將粒子置於燒杯或任何合適容器內,以惰性液體如乙醇或水覆蓋該粒子,以及使其進行超音波攪拌。經發現在數分鐘內,見到該液體呈混濁且藉由電子顯微鏡檢視可觀察到該柱狀物在此階段已自該粒子移除。
該柱狀物可以二階段方法自粒子移除。在第一階段,該粒子於水中被沖洗數次,且視需要於低真空系統中乾燥以移除水。在第二階段,該粒子於超音波浴中被攪拌以使該柱狀物分離。此等被懸浮於水,然後使用離心機予以分離。
圖1係為柱狀物粒子之電子顯微鏡照片。
Claims (19)
- 一種蝕刻矽的方法,該方法包括:以包含HF、Ag+ 離子及硝酸鹽離子之第一溶液處理矽而形成經蝕刻矽,該矽包含銀之表面沉積物,自廢棄第一溶液分離該經蝕刻矽,使用硝酸將來自該經蝕刻矽之銀溶解而形成包含Ag+ 離子及硝酸鹽離子之溶液,混合該包含Ag+ 離子及硝酸鹽離子之溶液與另外的HF而形成另外溶液,以及使用該另外溶液處理另外的矽。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項的方法,其中該另外的HF係由該廢棄第一溶液及額外的HF構成。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項的方法,其中自該廢棄第一溶液被分離之該經蝕刻矽在溶解來自經蝕刻矽之銀之前被沖洗及排出。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項的方法,其中該第一溶液包括:5至10M HF,0.01至0.1M Ag+ 離子,0.02至0.2M NO3 - 離子。
- 根據申請專利範圍第4項的方法,其中該第一溶液基本上係由以下組成:5至10M,例如6至8M HF,0.01至0.1M Ag+ 離子, 0.02至0.2M NO3 - 離子,水,氫及羥基離子。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1至5項中任一項的方法,其中該第一溶液具有HF濃度為7至9M。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1至5項中任一項的方法,其中該第一溶液中的Ag+ 濃度為0.02至0.06M的範圍。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1至5項中任一項的方法,其中該第一溶液中存在的NO3 - 數量為0.04M至0.08M。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1至5項中任一項的方法,其中在一或多個步驟中於使用該第一溶液處理及形成蝕刻矽期間,將另外的NO3 - 離子加入該第一溶液中,另外的NO3 - 離子係以鹼金屬硝酸鹽形式被加入。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1至5項中任一項的方法,其中矽係為具有粒子尺寸範圍為5至500μm的顆粒矽。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1至5項中任一項的方法,其係在0℃至70℃的溫度進行。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1至5項中任一項的方法,其中該處理步驟係進行至少10分鐘。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1至5項中任一項的方法,其包括調整該另外溶液的組成,以致於其具有與第一溶液大約相同的Ag+ 離子、NO3 - 離子及HF組成。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1至5項中任一項的方法,其中來自二或多個方法的該廢棄第一溶液一起被收集且所得到收集的經蝕刻矽以批次被硝酸處理。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1至5項中任一項的方法,其包括進一步的步驟為藉一或多次刮拭、攪拌或化學蝕刻使結構從所得到的經蝕刻矽分離而形成矽纖維。
- 一種蝕刻矽以形成在其表面上具有經蝕刻結構的矽的方法,該方法包括:(i)以包含HF、Ag+ 離子及硝酸鹽離子之第一溶液將銀沉積至矽上;(ii)蝕刻沉積至矽的銀以得到具有銀之表面沉積物之經蝕刻矽;(iii)自廢棄第一溶液分離該經蝕刻之沉積銀之矽;(iv)使用硝酸處理以除去銀之表面沉積物以形成包含Ag+ 離子及硝酸鹽離子之溶液,(v)混合該包含Ag+ 離子及硝酸鹽離子之溶液與另外的HF以形成另外溶液;以及(vi)使用該另外溶液處理另外的矽。
- 根據申請專利範圍第16項的方法,其中該第一溶液另外包括SiF6 2- 離子,至少一種選自由鹼金屬與銨離子組成之群組之化合物;以及附帶添加物及雜質。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1或16項的方法,其中矽為顆粒或塊狀材料。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1或16項的方法,其中經蝕刻 矽表面上具有經蝕刻柱狀物。
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US8932759B2 (en) | 2015-01-13 |
CN102239584B (zh) | 2014-12-10 |
JP2012505506A (ja) | 2012-03-01 |
CN102239584A (zh) | 2011-11-09 |
GB2464157B (en) | 2010-09-01 |
GB2464157A (en) | 2010-04-14 |
WO2010040986A1 (en) | 2010-04-15 |
JP2012114091A (ja) | 2012-06-14 |
JP5000787B2 (ja) | 2012-08-15 |
TW201027614A (en) | 2010-07-16 |
GB0818644D0 (en) | 2008-11-19 |
US20110250498A1 (en) | 2011-10-13 |
KR101158891B1 (ko) | 2012-06-25 |
EP2342774A1 (en) | 2011-07-13 |
KR20110079717A (ko) | 2011-07-07 |
JP5575097B2 (ja) | 2014-08-20 |
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