NO342922B1 - Bruddresistente administrasjonsformer med forsinket frigiving - Google Patents
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- NO342922B1 NO342922B1 NO20074412A NO20074412A NO342922B1 NO 342922 B1 NO342922 B1 NO 342922B1 NO 20074412 A NO20074412 A NO 20074412A NO 20074412 A NO20074412 A NO 20074412A NO 342922 B1 NO342922 B1 NO 342922B1
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Abstract
Oppfinnelsen vedrører en administrasjonsform omfattende en fysiologisk virksom substans (A); ev. et eller flere fysiologisk godtakbare hjelpestoffer (B); en syntetisk eller naturlig polymer (C); ev. en naturlig, halvsyntetisk eller syntetisk voks (D); hvorved administrasjonsformen har en bruddfasthet på minst 400 N og under fysiologiske betingelser i det minste delvis frigir den fysiologisk virksomme substansen (A).
Description
Foreliggende oppfinnelse vedrører en administrasjonsform for administrering av en fysiologisk virksom substans (A) der administrasjonsformen er mekanisk stabilisert slik at den med vanlige metoder som å hamres, males, støtes i morter osv. ikke eller i det minste bare vanskelig kan deles opp i mindre stykker. Substansen (A) frigjøres fra administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen under fysiologiske forhold med en i det minste delvis forsinket profil.
Mange fysiologisk virksomme substanser som kosttilskudd, legemidler osv. produseres som retard-formuleringer, det vil si i motsetning til vanlige formuleringer (for eksempel de såkalte ”immediate release”-formuleringer) avgis substansene fra disse formuleringene forsinket til organismen over et til sammenligning langt tidsrom som ofte er flere timer. Frigivelsen av substansen fra administrasjonsformen på den ene siden og en metabolisering eller utskillelse gjennom organismen på den annen siden sikrer en relativ jevn blodplasmaverdi av den gitte substansen. Derfor kan antallet av dosisenhetene som må tas av pasienten per dag reduseres, ofte er inntaket bare nødvendig én eller to ganger daglig.
Retard-formuleringer kan i spesielle tilfeller også redusere omfanget av substansens bivirkninger. For eksempel forekommer økte bivirkninger ved noen legemidler når i det minste forbigående, en viss grensekonsentrasjon av legemidlet overskrides. Slike legemidler er derfor for ”immediate release”-formuleringer stort sett uegnet, særlig hvis man ønsker administrering bare to eller tre ganger per dag. Slike legemidler gis derfor vanligvis som retard-formuleringer hvorved en kontinuerlig frigivelse av virkestoffet sikres og man unngår at høye konsentrasjoner oppstår over kort tid.
I retard-formuleringer er den fysiologisk virksomme substansen vanligvis enten lagt ned i en matriks som styrer frigivelsen, og/eller administrasjonsformen er overtrukket med en film som styrer frigivelsen.
Særlig eldre pasienter har ofte vanskelig for å svelge faste administrasjonsformer som tabletter, gelatinekapsler osv. De setter tablettene i halsen og får iblant sterke aversjoner mot denne typen administrasjonsformer.
For å løse dette problemet ble det utviklet forskjellige apparater som skulle dele opp faste administrasjonsformer i mindre deler eller pulverisere dem (”tablet crusher”). Slike apparater anvendes for eksempel av pleiepersonalet i alders- og pleiehjem. De pleietrengende personene får så administrasjonsformene ikke som tabletter osv., men som pulver, for eksempel for å unngå problemene ved svelging av tabletter.
Derimot er oppdelingen av administrasjonsformene med slike apparater problematisk når det ved administrasjonsformene dreier seg om retard-formuleringer. Oppdelingen fører nemlig som oftest til at den indre strukturen i administrasjonsformen som er ansvarlig for den retarderte frigivelsen ødelegges, hvorved den retarderende virkningen oppheves. På grunn av oppdelingen forkortes diffusjonsveiene til de fysiologisk virksomme substansene og/eller diffusjonsbarrierene fjernes. På denne måten oppviser en retard-formulering, ved hvilken den forsinkede frigivelsen skulle oppnås med et filmovertrekk, dette etter oppdelingen bare på en liten prosentandel av faststoffoverflaten. Følgelig frigis på relativ kort tid etter administreringen ofte hele den fysiologisk virksomme substansen som administrasjonsformen opprinnelig inneholdt, slik at det plutselig for et relativt kort tidsrom oppnås en til sammenligning veldig høy plasmakonsentrasjon av substansen. De opprinnelige retard-formuleringene blir på denne måten ”immediate release”-formuleringer.
Alt etter substansens fysiologiske virkekraft kan dette føre til alvorlige bivirkninger, og kan i ekstremtilfeller til og med medføre pasientens død. Eksempler for substanser med et slikt farepotensiale er antiparkinsonmidler, antiepileptika, antidiabetika, antihypertensiva, antiarytmika osv.
Vanligvis vet personene som deler opp administrasjonsformene for seg selv eller andre ikke om denne faren. Det er blitt kjent dødsfall som sannsynligvis kan føres tilbake til at en sykepleier eller en annen pleier har pulverisert retard-formuleringer. For ytterligere detaljer henvises for eksempel til J.E. Mitchell, Oral Dosage Forms That Should Not Be Crushed: 2000 Update. Hospital Pharmacy, 2000; H. Miller et al., To Crush or Not to Crush, Nursing 2000; R. Grittith et al., Tablet Crushing and the law: the implications for nursing; Prof. Nurse 2003; J.G. Schier et al, Fatality from administration of labetalol and crushed extended-release nifedipine, Ann. Pharmacotherapy 2003; A. James, The legal and clinical implications of crushing tablet medication, Nurse Times 2005, 100(50), 28-9; og P. Cornish, "Avoid the Crush": hazards of medication administration in patients with dysphagia or a feeding tube, CMAJ.2005, 172(7), 871-2.
Også for små barn kan retard-formuleringer være problematiske. Barn kan ofte ikke se forskjell på faste administrasjonsformer og sukkertøy. Finner barn slike administrasjonsformer for eksempel fordi foreldrene uaktsomt har latt disse være tilgjengelige, er det fare for at barna tror at administrasjonsformene er sukkertøy og putter dem i munnen og tygger dem. Dreier det seg om retard-formuleringer som inneholder et legemiddel i en dosering som er bestemt for voksne, er det i et slikt tilfelle fare for at barnet allerede på grunn av den større legemiddelmengden er utsatt for en overdosering. Ved å tygge administrasjonsformen blir retard-virkningen opphevet og faren for overdosering blir enda større fordi dosisen som allerede er for høy, frigis innenfor et sterkt forkortet tidsintervall som allerede for voksne er farlig, men som for et barn kan ha enda mer drastiske følger.
Det å tygge retard-formuleringer kan også hos voksne føre til en overdosering av substansen som formuleringen inneholder. For eksempel tygger voksne administrasjonsformene helt bevisst fordi de – ofte på grunn av uvitenhet rundt beskaffenheten og formålet med en retard-formulering – tror at midlet på denne måten virker raskere.
En kjent mulighet for å redusere farene som oppstår ved at man deler opp retardformuleringer, er å tilsette administrasjonsformen antagonister, det vil si motmidler eller forbindelser som fører til fysiologiske forsvarsreaksjoner hvorved den fysiologiske virkningen av tilsetningsstoffene om mulig bare utvikler seg når administrasjonsformen ble delt opp før administreringen. Denne metoden har imidlertid den ulempen at den fysiologisk virksomme substansen likevel gis i ikke-retardert form og at organismen belastes med en ytterligere fysiologisk virksom substans, for eksempel med et motmiddel, eller at en forsvarsreaksjon som for eksempel brekninger utløses.
Schroeder, R. et al., "Granulierung hydrophober wirkstoffe im planetwalzenextruder granulation of hydrophobic actives with the planetary roller extruder", Pharmazeutische Industrie, Aulendorf, DE, (2003), vol.65, no.4, ISSN 0031-711X, sidene 367 – 372 beskriver tabletter som omfatter et aktivt stoff (f.eks. Mefenaminsyre eller ibuprofen) og polymerer (Polyvidon og cellulose.) Tablettene har en bruddstyrke på ca.1 MPa og i det minste delvis retarded frigivelse.
WO 2005/016313 beskriver en doseringsform som er termisk formet uten å bli ekstrudert og som er beskyttet mot misbruk, omfattende minst en syntetisk eller naturlig polymer som har en bruddstyrke på minst 500 N.
WO 2005/016314 beskriver en administreringsform som er sikret mot misbruk og som er termoformet uten ekstrudering, omfattende minst en syntetisk eller naturlig polymer som har en motstand mot brudd på minst 500 N.
US 6488963 beskriver farmasøytiske formuleringer omfattende en smelteeksstruerbar blanding av en terapeutisk forbindelse og et høymolekylært poly (etylenoksyd) i et i det vesentlige ikke-filmlignende preparat.
Det er derfor behov for farmasøytiske administrasjonsformer med retardert frigivelse som minsker faren for overdosering slik at man kan unngå bruk av motmiddel osv.
Oppfinnelsen går ut på å skaffe en administrasjonsform som har fordeler overfor administrasjonsformene til teknikkens stand. Administrasjonsformen skal frigi en fysiologisk virksom substans retardert, men skal minske faren for overdosering, særlig på grunn av en ikke forskriftsmessig håndtering av administrasjonsformen som tygging, maling, oppdeling i en morter osv.
Det ble overraskende funnet at denne oppgaven kan løses med en administrasjonsform som omfatter
-en fysiologisk virksom substans (A) (= komponent (A));
-ev. et eller flere fysiologisk godtakbare hjelpestoffer (B) (= komponent (B));
-en syntetisk eller naturlig polymer (C) (= komponent (C));
-ev. en naturlig, halvsyntetisk eller syntetisk voks (D) (= komponent (D));
(1) ikke er en tablett med en bruddstyrke på minst 500 N, hvilken tablett har en totalvekt på 300,0 mg, en diameter på 10 mm og en krumningsradius på 8 mm; kan oppnås ved å komprimere en blanding oppvarmet til 80 °C og bestående av 100 mg tramadol hydroklorid og 200 mg polyetylenoksid med en molekylvekt på 7000 000 per tablett ved hjelp av et tabletteringsverktøy med overstempel, understempel og matrise under opprettholdelse av det påførte trykk i minst 15 sekunder; frigir 15%, 52%, 80% og 99% av substans (A) etter henholdsvis 30 min, 240 min, 480 min og 720 min, i en in vitro bestemmelse av frigivelse som per Pharm. Eur. i en bladrøreapparatur inneholdende frigjøringsmediet ved en rotasjonshastighet på 75 rpm; og hvori ved testens start blir tabletten tilsatt 600 ml kunstig magesaft med pH 1,2, hvilken pH økes ved tilsetning av alkalisk oppløsning til 2,3 etter 30 min til 6,5 etter ytterligere 90 min og til 7,2 etter ytterligere 60 min;
(2) ikke er en tablett med en bruddstyrke på minst 500 N, hvilken tablett har en totalvekt på 300,0 mg, en diameter på 10 mm og en krumningsradius på 8 mm; kan oppnås ved å komprimere en blanding oppvarmet til 80 °C og bestående av 100 mg tramadol hydroklorid og 200 mg polyetylenoksid med en molekylvekt på 7000 000 per tablett ved hjelp av et tabletteringsverktøy med overstempel, understempel og matrise under opprettholdelse av det påførte trykk i minst 15 sekunder; hvor blandingen fylles i matrisen av tabletteringsverktøyet; frigir 15%, 52%, 80% og 99% av substans (A) etter henholdsvis 30 min, 240 min, 480 min og 720 min, i en in vitro bestemmelse av frigivelse som per Pharm. Eur. i en bladrøreapparatur inneholdende frigivelsesmediet ved en rotasjonshastighet på 75 rpm; og hvori ved testens start blir tabletten tilsatt 600 ml kunstig magesaft med pH 1,2, hvilken pH økes ved tilsetning av alkalisk oppløsning til 2,3 etter 30 min til 6,5 etter ytterligere 90 min og til 7,2 etter ytterligere 60 min;
(3) ikke er en tablett med en bruddstyrke på minst 500 N, hvilken tablett har en totalvekt på 150,0 mg, en diameter på 7 mm; kan oppnås ved å komprimere en blanding oppvarmet til 80 °C og bestående av 50 mg tramadol hydroklorid og 100 mg polyetylenoksid med en molekylvekt på 7000 000 per tablett ved hjelp av et tabletteringsverktøy med overstempel, understempel og matrise under opprettholdelse av det påførte trykk i minst 15 sekunder; frigir 15%, 52%, 80% og 99% av substans (A) etter henholdsvis 30 min, 240 min, 480 min og 720 min, i en in vitro bestemmelse av frigivelse som per Pharm. Eur. i en bladrøreapparatur inneholdende frigivelsesmediet ved en rotasjonshastighet på 75 rpm; og hvori ved testens start blir tabletten tilsatt 600 ml kunstig magesaft med pH 1,2, hvilken pH økes ved tilsetning av alkalisk oppløsning til 2,3 etter 30 min til 6,5 etter ytterligere 90 min og til 7,2 etter ytterligere 60 min;
(4) ikke er en tablett med en bruddstyrke på minst 500 N, hvilken tablett har en totalvekt på 300,0 mg, en diameter på 10 mm og en krumningsradius på 8 mm; kan oppnås ved å komprimere en blanding oppvarmet til 80 °C og bestående av 100 mg tramadol hydroklorid, 20 mg xanthan gum og 180 mg polyethylenoxid med en molekylvekt på 7000 000 per tablett ved hjelp av et tabletteringsverktøy med overstempel, understempel og matrise under opprettholdelse av det påførte trykk i minst 15 sekunder; frigir 14%, 54%, 81% og 99% av substans (A) etter henholdsvis 30 min, 240 min, 480 min og 720 min, i en in vitro bestemmelse av frigivelse som per Pharm. Eur. i en bladrøreapparatur inneholdende frigivelsesmediet ved en rotasjonshastighet på 75 rpm; og hvori ved testens start blir tabletten tilsatt 600 ml kunstig magesaft med pH 1,2, hvilken pH økes ved tilsetning av alkalisk oppløsning til 2,3 etter 30 min til 6,5 etter ytterligere 90 min og til 7,2 etter ytterligere 60 min; (5) ikke er en avlang tablett med en bruddstyrke på minst 500 N, hvilken tablett har en totalvekt på 150,0 mg, en lengde på 10 mm og en bredde 5 mm; kan oppnås ved å komprimere en blanding oppvarmet til 90 °C og bestående av 50 mg tramadol hydroklorid, 10 mg xanthan gum og 90 mg polyethylenoksid med en molekylvekt på 7000 000 per tablett ved hjelp av et tabletteringsverktøy med overstempel, understempel og matrise under opprettholdelse av det påførte trykk i minst 15 sekunder; frigir 22%, 50%, 80%, 90% og 99% av substans (A) etter henholdsvis 30 min, 120 min, 240 min, 360 min og 480 min, i en in vitro bestemmelse av frigivelse som per Pharm. Eur. i en bladrøreapparatur inneholdende frigivelsesmediet ved en rotasjonshastighet på 75 rpm; og hvori ved testens start blir tabletten tilsatt 600 ml kunstig magesaft med pH 1,2, hvilken pH økes ved tilsetning av alkalisk oppløsning til 2,3 etter 30 min til 6,5 etter ytterligere 90 min og til 7,2 etter ytterligere 60 min; (6) ikke er en tablett med en bruddstyrke på minst 500 N, hvilken tablett har en totalvekt på 150,0 mg, en diameter 10 mm og en krumningsradius på 8 mm; kan oppnås ved å komprimere en blanding oppvarmet til 80 °C og bestående av 20 mg oxycodone hydroklorid, 20 mg xanthan gum og 110 mg polyethylenoksid med en molekylvekt på 7000 000 per tablett ved hjelp av et tabletteringsverktøy med overstempel, understempel og matrise under opprettholdelse av det påførte trykk i minst 15 sekunder; og frigir 17%, 61%, 90% og 101,1% av substans (A) etter henholdsvis 30 min, 240 min, 480 min og 720 min, i en in vitro bestemmelse av frigivelse som per Pharm. Eur. i en bladrøreapparatur inneholdende fosfatbuffer frigivelsesmediet med pH 6,8 ved 37 °C, som beskrevet i USP og en rotasjonshastighet på 75 rpm;
(7) ikke er en tablett med en bruddstyrke på minst 500 N, hvilken tablett har en totalvekt på 341,2 mg, en diameter 10 mm og en krumningsradius på 8 mm; kan oppnås ved å oppløse 0,2 mg butylhydroksytoluen i 96% etanol, tørking av 7,7% etanolisk oppløsning oppnådd ved 40 ° C i 12 timer i nærvær av 221 mg polyetylen oksid med en molekylvekt på 7000 000 og ved deretter å komprimere dem sammen med en blanding oppvarmet til 80 °C og bestående av 100 mg tramadol hydroklorid, 20 mg hydroksypropylmetyl cellulose per tablett ved hjelp av et tabletteringsverktøy med overstempel, understempel og matrise under opprettholdelse av det påførte trykk i minst 15 sekunder; og frigir 17%, 59%, 86% og 98% av substans (A) etter henholdsvis 30 min, 240 min, 480 min og 720 min, i en in vitro bestemmelse av frigivelse som per Pharm. Eur. i en bladrøreapparatur inneholdende frigivelsesmediet ved en rotasjonshastighet på 75 rpm; og hvori ved testens start blir tabletten tilsatt 600 ml kunstig magesaft med pH 1,2, hvilken pH økes ved tilsetning av alkalisk oppløsning til 2,3 etter 30 min til 6,5 etter ytterligere 90 min og til 7,2 etter ytterligere 60 min;
(8) ikke er en tablett med en bruddstyrke på minst 500 N, hvilken tablett har en totalvekt på 341,0 mg, en diameter 10 mm og en krumningsradius på 8 mm; kan oppnås ved å komprimere en blanding oppvarmet og bestående av 100 mg tramadol hydroklorid, 221 mg polyetylenoksid med en molekylvekt på 7000 000 og 20 mg hydroksypropylmetyl cellulose per tablett ved hjelp av et tabletteringsverktøy med overstempel, understempel og matrise under opprettholdelse av det påførte trykk i minst 15 sekunder; og frigir 17%, 59%, 86% og 98% av substans (A) etter henholdsvis 30 min, 240 min, 480 min og 720 min, i en in vitro bestemmelse av frigivelse som per Pharm. Eur. i bladrøreapparatur inneholdende frigivelsesmediet ved en rotasjonshastighet på 75 rpm; og hvori ved testens start blir tabletten tilsatt 600 ml kunstig magesaft med pH 1,2, hvilken pH økes ved tilsetning av alkalisk oppløsning til 2,3 etter 30 min til 6,5 etter ytterligere 90 min og til 7,2 etter ytterligere 60 min;
(9) ikke er en biplanar tablett tablett med en bruddstyrke på minst 500 N, hvilken tablett har en totalvekt på 335,0 mg; kan oppnås ved å oppløse 0,2 mg butylhydroksytoluen i 96% etanol, blanding av den 7,7% etanolisk oppløsning oppnådd med 150 mg polyetylen oksid med en molekylvekt på 7000 000 i en høyhastighetsblander i 30 minutter, og deretter tilsette 17,8 mg polyetylen oksid med en molekylvekt på 7000 000 og omrøring i 30 min og deretter tørking ved 40 °C i 12 timer; tilsetning av 100 mg tramadol hydroklorid, 33,5 mg hydroksypropylmetyl cellulose og 33,5 mg polyetylenglykol; og ekstrudere blandingen i en tvillingskrue ekstruder under nitrogenatmosfære ved en skruehastighet på 100 rpm, en gjennomstrømning på 4 kWh, en produkttemperatur på 125 ° C og en manteltemperatur på 120 ° C.
Hvorved administrasjonsformen har en bruddfasthet på minst 400 N, foretrukket minst 420 N, mer foretrukket minst 440 N, enda mer foretrukket minst 460 N, mest foretrukket minst 480 N og særlig minst 500 N, og under fysiologiske forhold frigir den fysiologisk virksomme substansen (A) i det minste delvis retardert. Følgelig omfatter administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen en fysiologisk virksom substans (A) med en i det minste delvis forsinket frigivelse.
Administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen har over et stort temperaturområde en mekanisk fasthet, i tillegg til bruddfastheten ev. også tilstrekkelig hardhet og slagseighet slik at den praktisk ikke kan deles opp eller pulveriseres ved tygging, knusing i morter, hamring osv., og heller ikke pulveriseres ved hjelp av kommersielt tilgjengelige apparater for pulverisering. Skjønt dette oppnås ikke nødvendigvis ved hardheten av administrasjonsformen. Særlig også slagfastheten kan føre til at administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen riktignok lar seg deformere utenfra ved mekanisk innvirkning, for eksempel med en hammer, men den deler seg ikke opp i bruddstykker. En oppdeling lykkes selv ikke når administrasjonsformen først avkjøles for å øke dens sprøhet, eksempelvis til temperaturer på -25°C, -40°C eller for eksempel i flytende nitrogen.
Dette resulterer i at den retarderte frigivelsen opprettholdes og en overdosering på grunn av en ikke forskriftsmessig håndtering av administrasjonsformen hindres effektivt.
De fordelaktige egenskapene til administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen, særlig også de mekaniske egenskapene, fås ikke automatisk ved at komponentene (A), (C), ev. (B) og ev. (D) bearbeides ved hjelp av en eller annen fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av administrasjonsformen. Det er derimot vanligvis nødvendig å velge egnede apparatanlegg og stille inn egnede parametere, særlig trykk/kraft, temperatur og tid. Administrasjonsformer med de ønskede egenskapene fås bare hvis komponentene i fremstillingen i tilstrekkelig lang tid utsettes for det nødvendige trykket ved den nødvendige temperaturen . Selv om altså vanlige apparatanlegg anvendes, må produksjonsprotokollene vanligvis tilpasses for å oppnå de nødvendige kriterier.
Med retardert frigivelse menes ifølge oppfinnelsen fortrukket en frigivelsesprofil der den fysiologisk virksomme substansen frigis med det målet å oppnå en forlenget terapeutisk virkning over et lengre tidsrom ved redusert inntaksfrekvens. Dette oppnås særlig ved peroral administrering. Uttrykket "med i det minste delvis retardert frigivelse" omfatter ifølge oppfinnelsen enhver administrasjonsform som sikrer en modifisert frigivelse av de fysiologisk virksomme substansene som administrasjonsformen inneholder. Administrasjonsformene er fortrinnsvis overtrukkede eller ikke overtrukkede administrasjonsformer som fremstilles med spesielle hjelpestoffer i henhold til spesielle fremgangsmåter og ved kombinasjon av begge mulighetene for målrettet å forandre frigivelseshastigheten eller frigivelsesstedet.
Vedrørende det tidsmessige forløpet av frigivelsen omfatter administrasjonsformene ifølge oppfinnelsen følgende typer: utvidet frigivelse, forsinket frigivelse, trinnvis frigivelse, forlenget frigivelse og jevn forlenget frigivelse.
For beskrivelsesformål definerer "forsinket frigivelse" fortrinnsvis en forsinket frigivelse av den fysiologisk virksomme substansen for et definert, endelig tidsrom (lag time) hvoretter dets slutt frigivelsen skjer uhindret. "Trinnvis frigivelse" definerer fortrinnsvis den initiale frigivelsen av en første delmengde av den fysiologisk virksomme substansen fulgt av i det minste en ytterligere delmengde som frigis deretter. "Forlenget frigivelse" definerer fortrinnsvis en frigivelse med redusert frigivelsesrate for å opprettholde en terapeutisk virkekraft, for å forhindre toksiske virkninger eller av andre terapeutiske grunner. "Jevn forlenget frigivelse" definert fortrinnsvis en stadig frigivelse over et forholdsvis langt tidsrom for å redusere hyppigheten av administreringen. For ytterligere detaljer henvises for eksempel til K.H. Bauer, Lehrbuch der Pharmazeutischen Technologie, 6. Auflage, WVG Stuttgart, 1999; og European Pharmacopeia.
I en foretrukket utførelsesform frigir administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen under fysiologiske forhold etter 5 timer høyst 99%, mer foretrukket høyst 90%, mer foretrukket høyst 75%, enda mer foretrukket høyst 50%, mest foretrukket høyst 40% og særlig høyst 30% av substansen (A). Særlig foretrukket er det da at administrasjonsformen i dette tilfellet hverken inneholder tramadol hydroklorid eller oksykodon hydroklorid, foretrukket ikke noe opioid [N02A] (for betydningen av "N02A" se nedenfor). Frigivelsen undersøkes fortrinnsvis i henhold til de standardiserte fremgangsmåtene i Europäisches Arzneimittelbuch, fortrinnsvis under betingelsene angitt i eksempel 1.
Fortrinnsvis har administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen under fysiologiske forhold etter 30 minutter frigitt 0,1 til 75 vekt%, etter 240 minutter 0,5 til 95 vekt%, etter 480 minutter 1,0 til 100 vekt% og etter 720 minutter 2,5 til 100 vekt% av den fysiologisk virksomme substansen (A).
Andre foretrukkede frigivelsesprofiler 1 til 5 er sammenfattet i tabellen nedenfor [angivelser i vekt% frigitt komponent (A)]:
Foretrukket er frigivelsesmåten til administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen i stor grad uavhengig av frigivelsesmediets pH-verdi, det vil si frigivelsesprofilen i syntetisk tarmvæske tilsvarer i det vesentlige frigivelsesprofilen i syntetisk magesaft. Avviket mellom de to frigivelsesprofiler utgjør fortrinnsvis på hvert tidspunkt av målingen høyst 20%, mer foretrukket høyst 15%, enda mer foretrukket høyst 10%, enda mer foretrukket høyst 7,5%, mest foretrukket høyst 5% og særlig høyst 2,5%.
Administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen oppviser fortrinnsvis en enhetlig frigivelsesmåte. Dermed er det foretrukket at den fysiologisk virksomme substansen (A)s frigivelsesmåte er enhetlig interindividuell (det vil si sammenlignet med administrasjonsformer fremstilt med den samme fremgangsmåten) og/eller innenfor en enkel administrasjonsform (det vil si sammenlignet med delsegmenter av den samme administrasjonsformen). Fortrinnsvis avviker ved en slik sammenligning av to prøver med en masse på fortrinnsvis 500 mg hver, den totalt frigitte virkestoffmengden på hvert tidspunkt av målingen med høyst 20%, foretrukket med høyst 15%, mer foretrukket med høyst 10%, mer foretrukket med høyst 7,5%, mest foretrukket med høyst 5,0% og særlig med høyst 2,5%.
Frigivelsesprofilen til administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen er fortrinnsvis lagringsstabil, foretrukket ved lagring ved forhøyet temperatur, for eksempel ved 37°C, i 3 måneder i forseglede beholdere. I denne forbindelse betyr "lagringsstabil" at de to frigivelsesprofiler avviker når den initiale frigivelsesprofilen sammenlignes med frigivelsesprofilen etter lagringen på tidspunktet av målingen med høyst 20%, mer foretrukket med høyst 15%, enda mer foretrukket med høyst 10%, enda mer foretrukket med 7,5%, mest foretrukket med 5,0% og særlig med 2,5%.
Ved å anvende bestemte polymerer i passende mengde og under passende forhold oppnås ifølge oppfinnelsen at administrasjonsformen oppviser en bruddfasthet på minst 400 N, foretrukket minst 420 N, mer foretrukket minst 440 N, enda mer foretrukket 460 N, mest foretrukket 480 N og særlig minst 500 N (målt som angitt i beskrivelsen; den foretrukkede metoden for bestemmelse av bruddfastheten er en variant av metoden "Resistance to Crushing of Tablets" beskrevet i European Pharmacopeia 5,0 på side 235, 2.9.8). Dermed lykkes det å forhindre en oppdeling, for eksempel en pulverisering av administrasjonsformen med de vanlige midlene.
Med en oppdeling menes ifølge oppfinnelsen pulveriseringen av administrasjonsformen under kraftinnvirkning med de vanlige midlene som for eksempel morter og pistill, hammer, klubbe eller andre vanlige midler for pulverisering, særlig også innretninger utviklet spesielt for dette formål (tablet crusher), der en eventuelt oppstått finandel (partikkelstørrelse 0,3 mm eller mindre) på 5 vekt% ikke må overskrides.
Administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen er dermed egnet for å forhindre overdosering av fysiologisk virksomme substanser, særlig av kosttilskudd og legemidler som er skaffet til veie som retard-formuleringer. Det kan gis avkall på motmidler, stimulerende midler osv. I tillegg til å forhindre overdosering og derav følgende risiker for pasienten, sikrer administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen at de andre fordelene ved en retard-formulering, som for eksempel en jevn frigivelse over et lengre tidsrom, blir opprettholdt og kan ikke uten videre oppheves.
For å oppnå den nødvendige bruddfastheten til administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen anvendes minst et syntetisk eller naturlig polymer (C) som bidrar vesentlig til administrasjonsformens økte bruddfasthet. Administrasjonsformens bruddfasthet utgjør minst 400 N, foretrukket minst 420 N, mer foretrukket minst 440 N, enda mer foretrukket minst 460 N, mest foretrukket minst 480 N og særlig minst 500 N der bruddfastheten bestemmes etter en metode angitt i beskrivelsen. I en foretrukket utførelsesform er administrasjonsformens bruddfasthet minst 500 N, mer foretrukket minst 600 N, mer foretrukket minst 700 N, enda mer foretrukket minst 800 N, enda mer foretrukket minst 900 N, mest foretrukket minst 1000 N og særlig minst 1100 N.
I tillegg til bruddfastheten utmerker administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen seg også ved ytterligere mekaniske egenskaper, eksempelvis ved sin hardhet, slagseighet, støtelastisitet og/eller sin elastisitetsmodul, ev. også ved lave temperaturer (for eksempel under -24°C, under -40°C eller i flytende nitrogen).
I en foretrukket utførelsesform har administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen en densitet på minst 0,80 eller minst 0,85 g/cm3, mer foretrukket minst 0,90 eller minst 0,95 g/cm3, enda mer foretrukket minst 1,00, minst 1,05 eller minst 1,10 g/cm3, mest foretrukket i området 0,80 til 1,35 g/cm3 og særlig i området fra 0,95 til 1,25 g/cm3.
Administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen utmerker seg ved en til sammenligning homogen densitetsfordeling. Fortrinnsvis avviker densitetene til to av administrasjonsformens delsegmenter med et volum på 1,0 mm3 med høyst ±10%, mer foretrukket med høyst ±7,5%, enda mer foretrukket med høyst ±5,0%, mest foretrukket med høyst ±2,5% og særlig med høyst ±1,0%.
Administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen utmerker seg ved en til sammenligning homogen fordeling av den fysiologisk virksomme substansen (A). Fortrinnsvis avviker mengden til komponenten (A) i to av administrasjonsformens delsegmenter med et volum på 1,0 mm3 med høyst ±10%, mer foretrukket med høyst ±7,5%, enda mer foretrukket med høyst ±5,0%, mest foretrukket med høyst ±2,5% og særlig med høyst ±1,0%.
Totalvekten av administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen ligger fortrinnsvis i området fra 0,01 g til 1,5 g, mer foretrukket fra 0,05 g til 1,2 g, enda mer foretrukket fra 0,1 g til 1,0 g, mest foretrukket fra 0,2 g til 0,9 g og særlig fra 0,25 g til 0,8 g.
Polymeren (C) er et polyalkylenoksyd valgt fra gruppen bestående av polymetylenoksid, polyetylenoksid, polypropylenoksid, deres kopolymerer, deres blokk-kopolymerer og blandinger derav, hvor polymer (C) har en viskositetsgjennomsnittlig molekylvekt på minst 0,5106 g/mol.
Fortrinnsvis inneholder administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen minst et polymer (C) valgt fra gruppen bestående av polyalkylenoksid, fortrinnsvis polymetylenoksid, polyetylenoksid, polypropylenoksid; polyetylen, polypropylen, polyvinylklorid, polykarbonat, polystyren, polyakrylat, poly(hydroksyfettsyrer) som for eksempel poly(3-hydroksybutyrat-co-3-hydroksyvalerat) (Biopol R), poly(hydroksyvaleriansyre), polykaprolakton, polyvinylalkohol, polyesteramid, polyetylensuksinat, polylakton, polyglykolid, polyuretan, polyvinylpyrrolidon, polyamid, polylaktid, polyacetal (for eks. polysakkarider ev. med modifiserte sidekjeder), polylaktidglykolid, polyortoester, polyanhydrid, blokkpolymer av polyetylenglykol og polybutylentereftalat (Polyactive R), polyanhydrid (Polifeprosan), deres copolymerer og blandinger av minst to av de nevnte polymerer.
Foretrukket er høymolekulære, termoplastiske polyalkylenoksider, særlig polyetylenoksid, polypropylenoksid og deres (blokk-)copolymerer. Særlig foretrukket er høymolekulære polyalkylenoksider, særlig polyetylenoksider med en fortrinnsvis vektmidlere molekylvekt (Mw) eller viskositetsmidlere molekylvekt (M) av minst 0,5 106 g/mol, foretrukket minst 1,0106 g/mol, mer foretrukket minst 2,5106 g/mol, enda mer foretrukket minst 5,0106 g/mol, mest foretrukket minst 7,5105 g/mol eller 7,5106 g/mol og særlig minst 10106 g/mol, foretrukket 1,0106 til 15106 g/mol. Fagmannen kjenner til egnede metoder hvordan Mwhhv. Mkann bestemmes. Fortrinnsvis utføres bestemmelsen av Mmed reologiske målinger og bestemmelsen av Mwmed gelpermeasjonskromatografi (GPC) på egnede faser.
Polymerene (C) har ved 25 °C fortrinnsvis en viskositet på 4.500 til 17.600 mPa s (cP), målt i en 5 vekt% vandig løsning ved hjelp av et Brookfield viskosimeter, modell RVF (spindel nr.1 hhv. 3 / rotasjonshastighet 2 opm), fra 400 til 4.000 mPa s (cP), målt i en 2 vekt% vandig løsning ved hjelp av det nevnte viskosimeter (spindel nr.1 hhv.3 / rotasjonshastighet 10 opm) hhv. fra 1.650 til 10.000 mPa s (cP), målt i en 1 vekt% vandig løsning ved hjelp av det nevnte viskosimeter (spindel nr.2 / rotasjonshastighet 2 opm).
Polymeren (C) anvendes fortrinnsvis som pulver. Det kan være vannløselig.
Polymeren (C) anvendes fortrinnsvis i en mengde av minst 20 vekt%, mer foretrukket minst 30 vekt%, enda mer foretrukket minst 40 vekt%, mest foretrukket minst 50 vekt% og særlig minst 60 vekt% beregnet på totalvekten til administrasjonsformen. I en foretrukket utførelsesform ligger mengden i området fra 20 til 49 vekt%, beregnet på administrasjonsformens totalvekt.
Administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen egner seg for administrering av flere fysiologisk virksomme substanser (A) i én administrasjonsform. Fortrinnsvis inneholder administrasjonsformen bare en bestemt fysiologisk virksom substans (A), foretrukket et kosttilskudd eller et legemiddel (= farmasøytisk virkestoff).
Vektandelen til den fysiologisk virksomme substansen (A) beregnet på totalvekten til administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen ligger foretrukket i området 0,01 til 95 vekt%, mer foretrukket 0,5 til 80 vekt%, enda mer foretrukket 1,0 til 70 vekt%, mest foretrukket 5,0 til 60 vekt% og særlig 10 til 50 vekt%. I en foretrukket utførelsesform er vektandelen større enn 20 vekt%.
I en foretrukket utførelsesform til administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen inneholder den ikke noe psykotrop virkende substans. Fagmannen er kjent med hvilke substanser som har en psykotrop virkning. Vanligvis har substanser som virker på psykiske prosesser en psykotrop virkning, det vil si en spesifikk virkning på psykiske funksjoner. Substanser med psykotrop virkning kan dermed ha innflytelse på stemningen, enten gjøre den lysere eller dempe den. For beskrivelsesformål hører særlig opioider, stimulerende midler, tranquilizers (barbiturater og benzodiazepiner) og ytterligere bedøvelsesmidler til substansene med psykotrop virkning. Fortrinnsvis dreier det seg ved substanser med psykotrop virkning om substanser som særlig ved applikasjon som ikke er i henhold til bestemmelsen (særlig med henblikk på misbruk), bevirker overfor den orale administreringen som er i henhold til bestemmelsen, en raskere tilstrømning av virkestoffet med det resultatet som en misbruker ønsker, nemlig kicket. Dette kicket kan for eksempel oppnås når den pulveriserte administrasjonsformen appliseres nasalt, det vil si at den snuses. Fortrinnsvis er substanser med psykotrop virkning slike substanser som (ved den relevante doseringen, administrasjonsformen og applikasjonsmåten) påvirker den menneskelig forstands aktivitet og/eller sanseiakttagelsen på en slik måte at de prinsipielt egner seg for misbruk.
Følgende opiater, opioider, tranqillizers og andre bedøvelsesmidler er substanser med psykotrop virkning og omfattes derfor ifølge oppfinnelsen foretrukket ikke av administrasjonsformen: Alfentanil, allobarbital, allylprodin, alfaprodin, alprazolam, amfepramon, amfetamin, amfetaminil, amobarbital, anileridin, apokodein, barbital, bemidon, benzylmorfin, bezitramid, bromazepam, brotizolam, buprenorfin, butobarbital, butorfanol, kamazepam, karfentanil, katin / D-norpseudoefedrin, klordiazepoksid, klobazam, klofedanol, klonazepam, klonitazen, klorazepat, klotiazepam, kloksazolam, kokain, kodein, cyclobarbital, cyclorfan, cyprenorfin, delorazepam, desomorfin, dekstromoramid, dekstropropoksyfen, dezocin, diampromid, diamorfon, diazepam, dihydrokodein, dihydromorfin, dihydromorfon, dimenoksadol, dimefetamol, dimetyltiambuten, dioksafetylbutyrat, dipipanon, dronabinol, eptazocin, estazolam, etoheptazin, etylmetyltiambuten, etylloflazepat, etylmorfin, etonitazen, etorfin, fenkamfamin, fenetyllin, fenpipramid, fenproporex, fentanyl, fludiazepam, flunitrazepam, flurazepam, halazepam, haloksazolam, heroin, hydrokodon, hydromorfon, hydroksypetidin, isometadon, hydroksymetylmorfinan, ketazolam, ketobemidon, levacetylmetadol (LAAM), levometadon, levorfanol, levofenacylmorfan, levoksemacin, lofentanil, loprazolam, lorazepam, lormetazepam, mazindol, medazepam, mefenorex, meperidin, meprobamat, metapon, meptazinol, metazocin, metylmorfin, metamfetamin, metadon, metaqualon, 3-metylfentanyl, 4-metylfentanyl, metylfenidat, metylfenobarbital, metyprylon, metopon, midazolam, modafinil, morfin, myrofin, nabilon, nalbufen, nalorfin, narcein, nikomorfin, nimetazepam, nitrazepam, nordazepam, norlevorfanol, normetadon, normorfin, norpipanon, opium, oksazepam, oksazolam, oksykodon, oksymorfon, Papaver somniferum, papaveretum, pernolin, pentazocin, pentobarbital, petidin, fenadokson, fenomorfan, fenazocin, fenoperidin, piminodin, folkodein, fenmetrazin, fenobarbital, fentermin, pinazepam, pipradrol, piritramid, prazepam, profadol, proheptazin, promedol, properidin, propoksyfen, remifentanil, sekbutabarbital, sekobarbital, sufentanil, temazepam, tetrazepam, tilidin (cis og trans)), tramadol, triazolam, vinylbital, N-(1-metyl-2-piperidinoetyl)-N-(2-pyridyl)propionamid, (1R,2R)-3-(3-dimetylamino-1-etyl-2-metyl-propyl)-fenol, (1R, 2R, 4S)-2- (dimetylamino)metyl-4-(p-fluorbenzyloksy)-1-(mmetoksyfenyl)cycloheksanol, (1R, 2R)-3-(2-dimetylaminometyl-cycloheksyl)-fenol, (1S, 2S)-3(3-dimetylamino-1-etyl-2-metyl-propyl)-fenol, (2R, 3R)-1-dimetylamino-3(3-metoksy-fenyl)-2-metyl-pentan-3-ol, (1RS, 3RS, 6RS)-6-dimetylaminometyl-1-(3-metoksy-fenyl)-cycloheksan-1,3-diol, fortrinnsvis som racemate, 3-(2-dimetylaminometyl-1-hydroksy-cycloheksyl)-fenyl 2-(4-isobutyl-fenyl)-propionat, 3-(2-dimetylaminometyl-1-hydroksy-cycloheksyl)fenyl 2-(6-metoksy-naftalen-2-yl)-propionat, 3-(2-dimetylaminometyl-cycloheks-1-enyl)-fenyl 2-(4-isobutyl-fenyl)-propionat, 3-(2-dimetylaminometyl-cycloheks-1-enyl)-fenyl 2-(6-metoksy-naftalen-2-yl)-propionat, (RR-SS)-2-acetoksy-4-trifluorometyl-benzoesyre 3-(2-dimetylaminometyl-1-hydroksy-cycloheksyl)-fenyl ester, (RR-SS)-2-hydroksy-4-trifluorometyl-benzoesyre 3-(2-dimetylaminometyl-1-hydroksy-cycloheksyl)-fenyl ester, (RR-SS)-4-kloro-2-hydroksy-benzoesyre 3-(2-dimetylaminometyl-1-hydroksycycloheksyl)-fenylester, (RR-SS)-2-hydroksy-4-metyl-benzoesyre 3-(2-dimetylaminometyl-1-hydroksy-cycloheksyl)-fenylester, (RR-SS)-2-hydroksy-4-metoksy-benzoesyre 3-(2-dimetylaminometyl-1-hydroksy-cycloheksyl)-fenyl-ester, (RR-SS)-2-hydroksy-5-nitro-benzoesyre 3-(2-dimetylaminometyl-1-hydroksycycloheksyl)-fenylester, (RR-SS)-2’,4’-difluoro-3-hydroksy-bifenyl-4-karbonsyre 3-(2-dimetylaminometyl-1-hydroksy-cycloheksyl)-fenylester samt tilsvarende stereoisomere forbindelser, deres tilsvarende derivater, fysiologisk godtagbare enantiomerer, stereoisomerer, diastereomerer og racemate og deres fysiologisk godtagbare derivater, eksempelvis etere, estere eller amider, og deres fysiologisk godtagbare forbindelser, særlig deres salter og solvater, eksempelvis hydroklorider.
Særlig foretrukket inneholder administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen ingen substans valgt fra gruppen bestående av opioider [A07DA, N01AH, N02A, R05DA, R05FA,], barbityrater [N01AF, N01AG, N03AA], benzodiazepin-derivater [N03AE], midler for behandling av opiatavhengighet [N07BC], anksiolytika [N05B], hypnotika og sedativa [N05C], psykostimulerende midler, midler for behandling av oppmerksomhetsmangel/hyperaktivitetsforstyrrelser (ADHD) og nootropika [N06B], antiemetika [A04A], avmagringsmidler unntatt dietetika [A08A], sentral virkende muskelrelaksantier [M03B] og motgifter [V03AB]. Betegnelsene angitt i hakeparentes tilsvarer ATC-indeksen som brukes av WHO for klassifisering av legemidler (foretrukket stand: januar 2005 eller 2006). Med tanke på ytterligere detaljer til ATC-indeksen kan eksempelvis henvises til U. Fricke, J. Günther, Anatomisch-therapeutischchemische Klassifikation mit Tagesdosen für den deutschen Arzneimittelmarkt:
Methodik der ATC-Klassifikation und DDD-Festlegung. ATC-Index mit DDD-Angaben, Wissenschaftliches Institut der AOK; og Swiss Pharmaceutical Society, Index Nominum: International Drug Directory, CRC Press; 18th edition (January 31, 2004).
I en foretrukket utførelsesform inneholder administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen ingen forbindelse valgt fra gruppen bestående av
(1) analgetika som f.eks. aspirin, acetaminophen, deflunisal osv.;
(2) anestetika som f.eks. lidokain, prokain, Benzokain, Xylocain osv.;
(3) antiartritika og betennelseshemmende midler som f.eks. fenylbutazon, indometacin, sulindac, deksametason, ibuprofen, allopurinol, oksyfenbutazon probenecid, kortison, hydrokortison, betametason, deksametason, fluokortolon, prednisolon, triamcinolon, indometacin, sulindac samt dens salter og relevante sulfider osv.; (4) antiastmatika som f.eks. teofyllin, efedrin, beklometason dipripionat, epinefrin osv.; (5) urinveisdesinfiserende midler som f.eks. sulfarmetoksazol, trimetoprim, nitrofurantoin, norfloksicin osv.;
(6) antikoagulerende midler som f.eks. heparin, bishydroksykumarin, warfarin osv.; (7) antikonvulsiva som f.eks. difenylhydantoin, diazepam osv.;
(8) antidepressiva som f.eks. amitriptylin, klordiazepoksid, perfenazin, protriptylin, imipramin, doksepin osv.;
(9) substanser som egner seg for behandling av diabetes og for regulering av blodsukkeret som f.eks. insulin, tolbutamid, tolazamid, somatotropin, acetoheksamid, klorpropamid osv.;
(10) antineoplastika som f.eks. adriamycin, fuouracil, metotreksat, asparaginase osv.; (11) antipsykotika som f.eks. proklorperazin, litiumkarbonat, litiumcitrat, tioridazin, molindon, flufenazin, trifluoperazin, perfenazin, amitriptylin, triflupromazin osv.; (12) antihypertensiva som f.eks. spironolakton, metyldopa, hydralazin, klonidin, klorotiazid, deserpidin, timolol, propanolol, metaprotol, prazosin hydroklorid, reserpin osv.;
(13) muskelrelakserende midler som f.eks. mefalan, danbrolene, cyclobenzaprine, metokarbarnol, diazepam, succinoylklorid osv.;
(14) protozomidler som f.eks. kloramfenikol, kloroquine, trimetoprim og sulfametoksazol;
(15) spermicider som f.eks. nonoksynol;
(16) antibakterielle substanser som f.eks. beta-laktamantibiotika, tetracykline, kloramfenikol, neomycin, cefoksitin, tienamycin, gramicidin, bacitracin, sulfonamide, aminoglykosidantibiotika, tobramycin, nitrofurazon, nalidiksinsyre og analoger og den antimikrobielle kombinasjon av fludalanin/pentizidon;
(17) antihistaminer og dekongestiva som f.eks. perilamin, klorfeniramin (f.eks.
klorfeniramin maleat), tetrahydrozolin og antazolin;
(18) antiparasitære midler som f.eks. ivermecitin;
(19) antivirale midler som f.eks. acyclovir og interferon;
(20) antifungale, amøbicide, trikomonacide midler eller protozomidler som f.eks. polyoksyetylennonylfenol, alkylarylsulfonat, oksykinolinsulfat, miconazolnitrat, sulfanilamid, kandicidin, sulfisoksazol, nysatidin, klotrimazol, metronidazol osv. og (21) losoksantron, teofyllin eller β-hydroksyetyl-teofyllin (etofyllin), difenhydramin hhv. dens hydroklorid, diltiazem hhv. dens hydroklorid, og difenyletyl(adenosin).
I en foretrukket utførelsesform inneholder administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen ingen stoffer som irriterer nese og/eller svelg, det vil si stoffer som når de blir applisert, fremkaller en reaksjon i kroppen som er så ubehagelig for pasienten at han ikke vil fortsette med appliseringen, eksempelvis svie eller på fysiologisk måte, noe som motvirker opptaket til virkestoffet, f.eks. ved økt sekretdannelse fra nesen eller ved nysing. Ytterligere eksempler for stoffer som irriterer nese og/eller svelg er slike stoffer som fremkaller svie, kløe, nysing, en økt sekretdannelse eller en kombinasjon av minst to av disse irritasjoner. Tilsvarende stoffer og deres vanligvis anvendte mengder er kjent for fagmannen. Noen av stoffene som irriterer nese og/eller svelg beror på et eller flere innholdsstoffer eller en eller flere plantedeler av en sterkstoffdroge. Tilsvarende sterkstoffdroger er fagmannen i og for seg kjent med og de er for eksempel beskrevet i "Pharmazeutische Biologie - Drogen und ihre Inhaltsstoffe" av Prof. Dr. Hildebert Wagner, 2., bearbeitete Auflage, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart-New York, 1982, sidene 82 ff. Denne beskrivelsen innføres herved som referanse og gjelder som en del av denne patentbeskrivelse.
Videre inneholder administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen fortrinnsvis ingen antagonister for den fysiologisk virksomme substansen (A), foretrukket ingen antagonister mot psykotrope substanser, særlig ingen antagonister mot opioider.
Antagonister egnet for en gitt fysiologisk virksom substans (A) er kjent for fagmannen, og de kan foreligge som sådan eller i form av tilsvarende derivater, særlig estere eller etere, eller i form av tilsvarende fysiologisk godtagbare forbindelser, særlig i form av deres salter eller solvater. Fortrinnsvis inneholder administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen ingen antagonister valgt fra gruppen omfattende nalokson, naltrekson, nalmefen, nalid, nalmekson, nalorfin eller nalufin, hver ev. i form av en tilsvarende fysiologisk godtagbar forbindelse, særlig i form av en base, et salt eller solvat og ikke noe nevroleptikum, f.eks. en forbindelse valgt fra gruppen omfattende haloperidol, prometacin, flufenazin (fluofenozin), perfenazin, levomepromazin, tioridazin, perazin, klorpromazin, klorprotiksin (klorproteaksin), zuclopentiksol (zucklopanteksol), flupentiksol (flupenteksol), protipendyl (pritipendyl), zotepin, benperidol (penperidol), pipamperon (piparmeron), melperon (melperol) og bromperidol.
Utover dette inneholder administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen fortrinnsvis ikke noe emetikum. Emetika er kjent for fagmannen og kan foreligge som sådan eller i form av tilsvarende derivater, særlig estere eller etere, eller i form av tilsvarende fysiologisk godtagbare forbindelser, særlig i form av deres salter eller solvater. Fortrinnsvis inneholder administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen ikke noe emetikum på basis av et eller flere innholdsstoffer av Radix Ipecacuanhae (ipeccuanha), f.eks. på basis av innholdsstoffet emetin som f.eks. beskrevet i "Pharmazeutische Biologie – Drogen und ihre Inhaltsstoffe“ av Prof. Dr. Hildebert Wagner, 2. bearbeitete Auflage, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, New York 1982. Beskrivelsen i denne litteraturen innføres herved som referanse og gjelder som en del av denne patentbeskrivelsen. Fortrinnsvis inneholder administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen heller ikke apomorfin som emetikum.
Endelig inneholder administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen fortrinnsvis heller ikke noe bitterstoff. Bitterstoffer samt mengdene som er virksomme ved anvendelse finnes i US- 2003/0064099 A1 hvis beskrivelse skal gjelde som forklaring av foreliggende søknad og herved er innført som referanse. Eksempler for bitterstoffer er aromaoljer som peppermynteolje, eukalyptusolje, bittermandelolje, mentol, fruktaromastoffer, aromastoffer fra sitroner, appelsiner, lime, grapefrukt eller blandinger derav, og/eller denatonium-benzoat.
Administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen inneholder dermed fortrinnsvis hverken substanser med psykotrop virkning eller stoffer som irriterer nese og/eller svelg, eller antagonister for den fysiologisk virksomme substansen (A), eller emetika eller bitterstoffer.
I en foretrukket utførelsesform inneholder administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen som fysiologisk virksom substans (A) et kosttilskudd. Kosttilskudd inneholder fortrinnsvis et eller flere næringsstoffer i konsentrert og dosert, for næringsmidler ikke typisk form. De skal i alle tilfeller supplere den daglige næring der en forsyning med næring ikke er tilstrekkelig eller der det ønskes er supplement. Fortrinnsvis er kosttilskuddet valgt fra gruppen bestående av vitaminer, mineraler, sporelementer, enzymer, fettsyrer, aminosyrer og antioksidanter. Særlig foretrukkede kosttilskudd er vitaminer, provitaminer og deres derivater, særlig retinol, kalcitriol, tokoferol, fyllokinon, tiamin, riboflavin, folsyre, niacin (særlig nikotinamid), pantotensyre, pyridoksal, kobalamin, L-askorbinsyre, biocytin, biotin og karotinoider.
I en foretrukket utførelsesform inneholder administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen som fysiologisk virksom substans (A) et legemiddelstoff (= farmasøytisk virkestoff) som begrunner anvendelsen av administrasjonsformen som legemiddel og er årsaken til dens virkning. Som legemiddelstoffer i administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen kan prinsipielt alle kjente legemiddelstoffer anvendes hvorved legemiddelstoffene som sådan kan foreligge i administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen i form av sine derivater, særlig estere eller etere, eller i form av fysiologisk godtagbare forbindelser, særlig i form av sine salter eller solvater, som racemate eller i anriket form av ett eller flere stereoisomerer (enatiomerer eller diastereomerer) .
Særlig foretrukket inneholder administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen en substans (A) eller flere substanser (A) valgt fra gruppen bestående av
<->midler for behandling og forebygging av sykdommer i ernæringssystemet og stoffskiftesykdommer [A], særlig stomatologika [A01], midler for behandling og forebygging av syrebetingede sykdommer [A02], midler for behandling og forebygging av funksjonelle gastrointestinale forstyrrelser [A03], serotonin-5HT3-antagonister [A04AA], antihistaminika [A04AB], midler for galle- eller leverterapi [A05], laksantier [A06], intestinale antiinfektiva [A07A], intestinale absorbentier [A07B], elektrolytter med karbohydrater [A07C], intestinale antiflogistika [A07E], mikrobielle antidiarrhoika [A07F], digestiva inklusive enzymer [A09], antidiabetika [A10], vitaminer [A11], mineraler [A12], anabolika for systemisk anvendelse [A14] og appetittstimulerende midler [A15];<->midler for behandling og forebygging av sykdommer i blodet og i de bloddannende organer [B], særlig antitrombotiske midler [B01], antihemorragika [B02], antianemika [B03] og andre hematologika [B06];
<->midler for behandling og forebygging av sykdommer i det kardiovaskulære systemet [C], særlig midler for hjerteterapi [C01], antihypertonika [C02], diuretika [C03], perifere vasodilatatorer [C04], vasoprotektorer [C05], antihypotonika [C06A], β-adrenozeptor-antagonister [C07], kalsiumkanalblokkere [C08], midler med virkning på renin-angiotensin-systemet [C09] og lipidsenkende midler [C10];
<->dermatika [D], særlig antimykotika for systemisk anvendelse [D01B], antipsoriatika for systemisk anvendelse [D05B], aknemidler for systemisk anvendelse [D10B];
<->midler for behandling og forebygging av sykdommer i urogenitalsystemet og seksualhormoner [G], særlig gynekologiske antiinfektiva og antiseptika [G01], rifremmende midler [G02A], rihemmende sympatomimetika [G02CA], prolaktinhemmere [G02CB], hormonelle kontraseptiva for systemisk anvendelse [G03] og urologika [G04];
<->systemiske hormonpreparater med unntak av seksualhormoner og insuliner [H], særlig hypofyse- og hypotalamushormoner og analoger [H01], kortokosteroider for systemisk anvendelse [H02], skjordbruskkjertelpreparater [H03], pankreashormoner [H04] og midler for regulering av kalsiumhomøostasen [H05];
<->antiinfektiva for systemisk anvendelse [J], særlig antibiotika for systemisk anvendelse [J01], antimykotika for systemisk anvendelse [J02], midler mot mykobakterier [J04], antivirale midler for systemisk anvendelse [J05], immunsera og immunglobuliner [J06] og vaksiner [J07];
<->antineoplastiske og immunmodulerende midler [L]; særlig antineoplastiske midler [L01], midler for endokrin terapi [L02], immunstimulerende midler [L03] og immunsuppressiva [L04];
<->midler for behandling og forebygging av sykdommer i musklene og i skjelettsystemet [M]; særlig antiflogistika og antirevmatika [M01], perifer virkende muskelrelakserende midler [M03A], direkte virkende muskelrelakserende midler [M03C], giktmidler [M04] og midler for behandling av bensykdommer [M05];
<->midler for behandling og forebygging av sykdommer i nervestystemet [N]; særlig salisylsyre od dens derivater [N02BA], pyrazoloner [N02BB], anilider [N02BE], meldrøye-alkaloider [N02CA], kortikosteroid-derivater [N02CB], selektive serotonin-5HT1-agonister [N02CC], hydantoin-derivater [N03AB], oksazolidin-derivater [N03AC], succinimid-derivaten [N03AD], karboksamidderivaten [N03AF], fettsyrederivater [N03AG], antiparkinsonmidler [N04]), antipsykotika [N05A], antidepressiva [N06A], antidementiva [N06D], parasympatomimetika [N07A] og antivertiginosa [N07C];
<->antiparasitære midler, insektisider og repellentier [P], særlig midler mot protozosykdommer [P01], antihelmintika [P02] og midler mot ektoparasitter inklusive antiscabiosa, insektisider og repellentier [P03];
<->midler for behandling og forebygging av sykdommer i respirasjonskanalen [R], særlig rinologika [R01], hals- og svelgterapeutika [R02], midler ved obstruktive sydommer i luftveiene [R03], ekspektorantier utelukkende kombinasjoner med antitussiva [R05C] og antihistaminika for systemisk anvendelse [R06];
<->midler for behandling og forebygging av sykdommer i sanseorganene [S], særlig otologika [S02];
<->generelle dietetika [V06] og radioterapeutika [V10]
hvorved også her betegnelsene angitt i hakeparentes tilsvarer ATC-indeksen som brukes av WHO for klassifisering av legemidler (foretrukket stand: Januar 2005 eller 2006).
Administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen inneholder en substans (A) eller flere substanser (A) valgt fra gruppen bestående av 4-aminometylbenzoesyre, abakavir, abamectin, abciksimab, abibendan, abrin, acamprosat, acarbose, acebutolol, aceclidin, aceclofenac, acediasulfon, acemetacin, acenokumarol, acetazolamid, aceteddiksyre, acetyldigoksin, acetylandromedol, acetylcystein, beta-acetyldigoksin, acetylhistamin, acetylsalicylsyre, acetyltiokolin, aciclovir, acipimoks, acitretin, aclarubicin, aconitin, acriflaviniumklorid, acrivastin, actinokvinol, acylaminopenicillin, adalimumab, adapalen, adefovir, adefovir dipivoksil, adenosin, adenosinfosfat, adenosintrifosfat, adipiodon, adrenalin, aescin, agalsidase alfa, agalsidase beta, agaricinsyre, ajmalin, alanin, albendazol, alcuronium, aldesleukin, aldosteron, alemtuzumab, alendronsyre, alfacalcidol, alfuzosin, algeldrat F, alitretinoin, alizaprid, allantoin F, allopurinol, allylisorodanat, almasilat F, almotriptan, alfa-acetyldigoksin, alprenolol, alprostadil, alteplase, aluminiumglycinat F, aluminiumhydroksyd F, aluminiumfosfat F, aluminiumtriformiat, amantadin, ambazon, ambroksol, ambutonium bromid, maursyre, amicacin, amidefrin, amidotrizoesyre, amifostin, amikacin, amilorid, aminoeddiksyre, aminoglutetimid, aminofyllin, aminokvinurid, amiodaron, amisulprid, amitriptylin, amitryptilin, amlodipin, amorolfin, amoksicillin, amfotericin B, ampicillin, amprenavir, amylmetakresol, amylnitrit, anagrelid, anakinra, anastrozol, ancrod, anistreplase, antazolin, antitrombin III, apomorfin, apraklonidin, aprepitant, aprindin, aprotinin, arcitumomab, arginin, aripiprazole, arsentrioksid, artemeter, articain, askorbinsyre, asparagin, L-asparaginase, asparaginsyre, atazanavir, atenolol, atomoksetin, atorvastatin, atosiban, atovakvon, atracurium, atracurium besilat, atropin, auranofin, azapropazon, azatioprin, azelainsyre, azelastin, azidotymidin, azitromycin, azlocillin, aztreonam, N2-alanyllevoglutamid, p-aminosalicylsyre,
bacampicillin, bacitracin, baclofen, balsalazid, bambuterol, bametan, bamipin, barbeksaclon, bariumsulfat F, barnidipin, basiliksimab, batroksobin, becaplermin, beclometason, bendamustin (bedamustin), befunolol, bemiparin, benactyzin, benazepril, bencyclan, bendazac, bendroflumetiazid, benperidol (penperidol), benproperin, benserazid, benzaserid, benzatin, benzatropin, benzbromaron, benzokain, benzoylperoksid, benzyklan, benzydamin, benzylpenicillin, benzylfenylglykolat, betakaroten, betahistidin, betahistin, betametason, betanekol, betaksolol, betanekolklorid, betiatid, bevacizumab, beksaroten, bezafibrat, bibenzoniumbromid, bicalutamid, bicisat, bifonazol, bimatoprost, biperiden, bisoprolol, bivalirudin, bleomycin, koagulasjonsfaktor VII, VIII, IX, X, XIII, bornapin, bornaprin, bortezomib, bosentan, botulinumtoksin type b, brimonidin, brinzolamid, brivudin, bromheksin, bromokriptin, bromperidol, bromfeniramin, brotizolam, budesonid, budipin, bufeksamac, buflomedil, bumetanid, bunazosin, bufenin, bupivakain, bupranolol, bupropion, buserelin, buspiron, busulfan, butalamin, butanilikain, butenafin, butetamat, butinolin, butizid, butylscopolaminium,
5-klorcarvacrol, C1-esterase-inhibitor, cabergolin, cadeksomerjod, cafedrin, calcipotriol, calcitonin, calcitriol, camylofin, candesartan cileksetil, canrenoinsyre, capecitabin, capreomycin, capsaicin, captopril, carazolol, carbaldrat F, carbamazepin, carbasalatcalcium, carbenoksolon, carbidopa, carbimazol, carbinoksamin, carboplatin, carglumic acid, carglumsyre, carmustin, caroverin, carteolol, carvedilol, caspofungin, cefaclor, cefadroksil, cefaleksin, cefaloridin, cefamandol, cefazolin, cefdinir, cefepim, cefetametpivotil, cefiksim, cefodizim, cefoperazon, cefotaksim, cefotiam, cefoksitin, cefpirom, cefpodoksim, cefpodoksimproksetil, cefprozil, ceftazidim, ceftibuten, ceftizoksim, ceftriakson, cefuroksim, celecoksib, celiprolol, certoparin, cetirizin, cetrimid, cetrimoniumbromid, cetroreliks, cetuksimab, cetylpiridinium, chenodeoksykolsyre, kinidin, kinin, kinin-jerncitrat F, kinintannat F, klorambucil, kloramfenikol, klorbutinol, klorheksidin, klormidazol, klorobutanol, klorokvin, kloroksylenol, klorfenamin, klorfenesin, klorfenoksamin, klorpromazin, klorprotiksen (klorproteaksin), klortalidon, klortetracyklin, klorzoksazon, kolin, chondroitinsulfat, choriogonadotropin alfa, choriongonadotropin, chrysarobin, chymotrypsin, ciclesonid, cicletanin, ciclopiroks, ciclosporin, cidofovir, cilastatin, cilazapril, cimetidin, cinacalcet, cinchocain, cinnarizin, cinolazepam, ciprofloksacin, cisaprid, cisatracurium besilat, cisplatin, citalopram, citicolin, cladribin, claritromycin, clavulansyre, clemastin, clenbuterol, clindamycin, cliokvinol, klobetasol, klobetason, klobutinol, klocortolon, klodronsäure, klofibrat, klomifen, klomipramin, klonazepam, klonidin, klopamid, klopidogrel, klostebolacetat, klostridium botulinum, klotrimazol, kloksikvin, klozapin, cocarboksylase, colchicin, colecalciferol, colesevelam, colestipol, colestyramin, colfoscerilpalmitat, colistin, collyrium Zinci F, corticorelin, corticotrofin, kortison, kresol, kroconazol, cromoglicinsyre, crotamiton, cryofluoran, kumarin, cyanamid, cyanocobalamin, cyclizin, cyclobutyrol, cyclopentolat, cyclofosfamid, cycloserin, cyproheptadin, cyproteron, cystein, cytarabin, cytarabine,
2,4-diklorbenzylalkohol, 2-dietylaminoetanol, dacarbazin, daclizumab, dactinomycin, dalfopristin, dalteparin, danaparoid, danazol, dantrolen, dapiprazol, dapson, darbepoetin alfa, darifenacin, daunorubicin, deamol, deanol (deanolace), decarbazin, dectaflur F, deferipron, deferoksamin, delapril, demeclocyclin, denaverin, depreotid, dekvalinium, desfluran, desipramin, desirudin, deslanosid, desloratadin, desmeninol, desmopressin, desogestrel, desoksimetason, desoksyribonuklease, detajmium, deksametason, deksklorfeniramin, deksibuprofen, deksketoprofen, deksrazoksan, dekstran, dekstrometorfan, diacerein, diacetylmorfin, dibenzepin, dibotermin alfa, diclofenac, diclofenamid, didanosin, dienestrol, dienogest, dietylstilbestrol, difloksacin, diflucortolon, diflunisal, digitoksin, digoksin, dihydralazin, dihydroergokornin, dihydroergokristin, dihydroergokryptin, dihydroergotamin, dihydroergotoksin, dihydrotachysterol, diisopropylamin, dikaliumclorazepat, diltiazem, dimenhydrinat, dimepranol, dimerkaprol, dimetylsulfoksid, dimetinden, dinatriumselenit, dinoprost, dinoproston, diosmin, difenhydramin, difenoksylat, difenylpyralin, dipivefrin, diprofyllin, dipyridamol, disopyramid, dinitrogenmonoksid, distigmin, disulfiram, ditranol, diksyrazin, d-norpseudoefedrin, dobesilatcalcium, dobutamin, docetaksel, dofetilid, dolasetron, domperidon, donepezil, dopamin, dopeksamin, dornase alfa, dorzolamid, dosulepin, doksapram, doksazosin, doksepin, doksorubicin, doksycyclin, doksylamin, drofenin, droperidol, drospirenon, drotrecogin alfa, duloksetine, dutasterid, dydrogesteron, N,N`-dihydroksymetyl-urinstoff,
ebastin, econazol, ecotiopatjodid, efalizumab, efavirenz, eflornitin, jern III-ammonium citrat F, jernoksid superparamagnetisk, elcatonin, eletriptan, emedastin, emepronium, emepronium carragenat, emetin, emtricitabine, enalapril, enalaprilat, enfluran, enfuvirtid, enoksacin, enoksaparin, entacapon, efedrin, efedrin racefedrin, epinastin, epinefrin, epirubicin, eplerenon, epoetin alfa, epoetin Beta, epoetin Delta, epoprostenol, eprazinon, eprosartan, eptacog alfa, eptifibatid, eptotermin alfa, erdostein, ergocalciferol, ergometrin, ergotamid, ertapenem, erytromycin, escitalopram, esmolol, esomeprazol, estradiol, estramustin, estriol, estron, etacrynsyre, etamivan, etanercept, etacridin, etambutol, etaverin, etinylestradiol, etisteron, etosuksimid, etidronsyre, etilefrin, etodolac, etofenamat, etofibrat, etofyllin, etomidat, etonogestrel, etoposid, etoricoksib, everolimus, eksametazim, eksemestan, ezetimib,
3-fluortyrosin, famciclovir, famotidin, felbamat, felbinac, felodipin, fenbufen, fendilin, fenofibrat, fenoterol, fentikonazol, feksofenadin, fibrinogen, fibrinolysin, filgrastim, finasterid, flavoksat, flekainid, flukloksacillin, flukonazol, fludarabin, fludeoksyglukose [18F], fludrokortison, flufenaminsyre, flumazenil, flumetason, flunarizin, flunisolid, fluocinolon acetonid, fluocinonid, fluokortolon, flufenazin (fluofenozin), fluorescein dilaurat, fluorescein-natrium, fluorometolon, fluorouracil, fluorfosforsyre, fluorsilan, fluoksetil, fluoksetin, flupentiksol, flufenazin, flupirtin, flupredniden, flurbiprofen, flutamid, flutikason, flutrimazol, fluvastatin, fluvoksamin, folinsyre, follitropin alfa, follitropin beta, folsyre, fomepizol, fomivirsen, fondaparinuks, formestan, formoterol, fosamprenavir, foscarnet, fosfestrol, fosfomycin, fosinopril, fosfenytoin, fotemustin, framycetin, framycetin, frovatriptan, fulvestrant, furosemid, fusafungin, fusidinsyre, fytinsyre,
gabapentin, gadobensyre, gadobutrol, gadodiamid, gadopentetsyre, gadoteridol, gadotersyre, gadotersyre-meglumin, gadoksetsyre, galantamin, gallopamil, ganciclovir, ganirelix, gatifloksacin, gemcitabin, gemfibrozil, gentamicin, gepefrin, gestoden, glatiramer, glibenclamid, glibornurid, gliklazid, glimepirid, glipizid, gliquidon, glisoksepid, glucagon, glutamin, glutaminsyre, glycopyrronium, glycopyrroniumbromid, glycyrretinsyre, gonadorelin, goserelin, gramicidin, granisetron, grepafloksacin, griseofulvin, G-strofantin, guajacol, guanetidin, guanfacin,
13C-urinstoff, 4-hydroksysmørsyre, halcinonid, halofantrin, halometason, haloperidol, halotan, hem, hematoporfyrin, heparin, hepatitis B-vaksine, heptaminol, heksobarbital, heksobendin, heksoprenalin, histamin, histidin, homatropin, homofenazin, humanalbumin, hyaluronidase, hydralazin, hydrastinin, hydrokinon, hydroklorotiazid, hydrokortison, hydrotalcit F, hydroksokobalamin, hydroksykarbamid, hydroksyklorokvin, hydroksycin, hydroksylamin, hydroksyprogesteron, hydroksyzin, hymecromon,
ibandronsyre, ibopamin, ibritumomab tiuksetan, ibuprofen, ibutilid, idarubicin, ifosfamid, iloprost, imatinib, imatinib mesilate, imidapril, imiglucerase, imipenem, imipramin, imikvimod, immunocyanin, indanazolin, indapamid, indinavir, indiumklorid [111In], indobufen, indometacin, indoramin, infliksimab, inosin, insulin, insulin aspart, insulin detemir, insulin glargin, insulin glulisine, insulin lispro, interferon alfa, interferon alfa-2b, interferon alfacon-1, interferon beta, interferon beta-1a, interferon beta-1b, interferon gamma, iobitridol, jod, jodamid, jodiksanol, ioflupan [123l], ioheksol, iomeprol, iopamidol, iopentol, iopromid, iosarcol, iotrolan, iotroksinsyre, ioversol, ioksaglinsyre, ioksitalaminsyre, ipatropium, irbesartan, irinotecan, irinotecan, isepamicin, isoaminil, isokonazol, isofluran, isoleucin, isoniazid, isonikotinsyre, isoprenalin, isosorbid, isospagluminsyre, isotretinoin, isokssuprin, isradipin, itrakonazol,
josamycin,
kaliumpermanganat, kanamycin, kawain, kebuzon, ketamin, ketokonazol, ketoprofen, ketorolak, ketotifen, kollagenase, kreosot,
labetalol, lacidipin, laktitol, lamivudin, lamotrigin, lanreotid, lansoprazol, laronidase, latanoprost, leflunomide, lenograstim, lepirudin, lerkanidipin, letrozol, leucin, leuprorelin, levallorfan, levamisol, levetiracetam, levobunolol, levobupivakain, levokabastin, levocetirizin, levodopa, levofloksacin, levofolinatkalsium, levomepromazin, levometadyl, levonorgestrel, levopropylheksedrin, levosimendan, levotyroksin, lidokain, lincomycin, lindan, linezolid, liotyronin, lisinopril, lisurid, lobelin, lodoksamid, lofepramin, lomefloksacin, lomustin, lonazolak, loperamid, lopinavir, loratadin, lorazepamoksid, lornoksikam, losartan, loteprednol, lovastatin, lumefantrin, lutropin alfa, lymecyclin, lynestrenol, lypressin, lysin,
magaldrat F, magnesiumpidolat, magnesium-L-aspartat, mangafodipir, manidipin, maprotilin, mebendazol, mebeverin, meklofenoksat, mekloksamin, meklozin, medrogeston, medroksyprogesteron, mefenaminsyre, meflokvin, megestrol, melagatran, melitracen, melperon (melperol), melfalan, memantin, menadion, mepacrin, mepartricin, mefenytoin, mepindolol, mepivakain, mepyramin, mekvinol, merkaptamin, merkaptopurin, meropenem, mesalazin, mesna, mesterolon, mesuksimid, metaklazepam, metamizol, metamfetamin, metenolon, metenolonacetat, metformin, metantelinium, metazolamid, metenamin, metionin, metoheksital, metotreksat, 5-metoksypsoralen, 8-metoksypsoralen, metyl 5-aminolevulinat, metylbenaktyziumbromid, metyldopa, metylergometrin, metylprednisolon, metylrosanilinium, metyltestosteron, metyltioniumklorid, metysergid, metildigoksin, metipranolol, metoklopramid, metoprolol, metiksen (metriksen), metronidazol, meksiletin, mezlocillin, mianserin, mikonazol, midodrin, mifepriston, miglitol, miglustat, milnacipran, milrinon, miltefosin, minocyclin, minoksidil, mirtazapin, misoprostol, mitobronitol, mitomycin, mitotane, mitoksantron, mivakuriumklorid, mivakuronium, mizolastin, moklobemid, moeksipril, molgramostim, molsidomin, mometason, monokloreddiksyre, montelukast, moroktokog alfa, moksaverin, moksifloksacin, moksonidin, mupirocin, mykofenolat mofetil,
nadifloksacin, nadrolondekanonat, nadroparinkalsium, naftidrofuryl, naftifin, nalbufin, nalid, nalmefen, nalmekson, nalokson, naltrekson, nalufin, nafazolin, 2-naftol, naproksen, naratriptan, naratriptan, nateglinid, natrium aurotiomalat, natrium fenylbutyrate, natriumfluorid, natriumhyaluronat, natriumjodid [131I], natriummolybdat[99Mo], natriumfenylbutyrat, n-butyl-P-aminobenzoat, nbutylskopolaminiumbromid, nebivolol, nedokromil, nefazodon, nefopam, nelfinavir, neomycin, neostigmin, neostigmin metilsulfat, netilmicin, nevirapin, n-heptyl-2-fenylglycinat, nikardipin, nicergolin, nicetamid, niklosamin, nikoboksil, nikorandil, nikotin, nikotinaldehyd, nikotinamid, nikotinresinat, nikotinsyre, nikotinsyreester, nikotinylalkohol, nifedipin, nifluminsyre, nifuratel, nilvadipin, nimesulid, nimodipin, nimorazol, nimustin (nimustatin), nisoldipin, nitisinon, nitrendipin, nitrogenmonoksid, nitrofurantoin, nitroglycerin, nizatidin, n-metylefedrin, nonacog alfa, nonivamid, noradrenalin, norelgestromin, norepinefrin, norethisteron, norfenefrin, norfloksacin, norgestimat, norgestrel, nortriptylin, noskapin, nystatin,
olbidoksimklorid, olktafluoropropan, oktokog alfa, oktodrin, oktreotid, odansetron, ofloksacin, olaflur F, olanzapin, olmesartan medoksomil, olopatadin, olsalazin, omeprazol, omokonazol, ondansetron, opipramol, oral koleravaksine, orciprenalin, orlistat, ornipressin, orfenadrin, oseltamivir, osteogenes protein-1( BMP-7), oksaprozin, oksatomid, okskarbazepin, oksedrintartrat, oksetakain, oksikonazol, oksilofrin, oksitropium, 2-okso-3-metylsmørsyre, 2-okso-3-metylvaleriansyre, 2-okso-3-fenylpropionsyre, 2-okso-4-metylvaleriansyre, oksprenolol, oksybuprokain, oksybutynin, oksyfedrin, oksymetazolin, oksytetracyclin, oksytocin,
paklitaksel, palinavir, palivizumab, palonosetron, pamidronsyre, pankuronium (pankurmium), pantoprazol, papaverin, paracetamol, paraldehyd, parekoksib, parikalcitol, parnaparin, paromomycin, paroksetin, pefloksacin, pegfilgrastim, peginterferon alfa, pegvisomant, pemetreksed, penbutolol, penciklovir, penfluridol, penicillamin, pentaeritrityl Tetranitrat, pentamidin, pentetrazol, pentetreotid, pentosan polysulfatnatrium, pentoksifyllin, pentoksyverin, perazin, perklorsyre, perflenapent, perflisopent, perflutren, pergolid, perindopril, perfenazin, fenacetin, fenamazid, fenazon, fenazopyridin, feniramin, fenol, fenolftalein, fenoksybenzamin, fenoksymetylpenicillin, fenprocoumon, fentolamin, fenylalanin, fenylbutazon, fenylefrin, fenylpropanolamin, fenyltoloksamin, fenytoin, floroglucin, foledrin, ftalylsulfatiazol, fysostigmin, fytomenadion, fytosterin, pikrinsyre, pilokarpin, pimekrolimus, pimozid, pinaveriumbromid, pindolol, pioglitazon, pipamperon, pipazetat, pipekuroniumbromid, pipemidsyre, pipenzolat, piperacillin, piprinhydrinat, piracetam, pirarubicin, pirbuterol, pirenzepin, piritramid, piroksikam, pivmecillinam, pizotifen, podofyllotoksin, polidokanol, polykarbofil, polyestradiolfosfat, polymyksin-B, polystyrolsulfonsyre, porfimer, prajmalin, prajmaliumbitartrat, pramipeksol, pranoprofen, prasteron, pravastatin, prazepam, prazosin, prednikarbat, prednisolon, prednison, pregabalin, proglumetacin (preglumetacin), pridinol, prilokain, primaquin, primidon, prokain, prokainamid, prokarbazil, prokarbazin, procyklidin, progesteron, proglumetacin, proglumid, proguanil, prolin, prometazin, propacetamol, propafenon, propanolol, propicillin, propiverin, propofol, propranolol, propyltiouracil, propyfenazon, protamin, protaminsulfat, protein C, protipendyl (pritipendyl), protrombin, protionamid, protirelin, proksymetakain, proksyfyllin, pseudoefedrin, pulmonal, pyrantel, pyrazinamid, pyridostigmin, pyridostigminbromid, pyridoksin, 3-pyridylmetanol, pyrimetamin, pyrition-sink, pyritinol, pyrogallol, pyrvinium, pyrvinium embonat,
Kvikksølvamidoklorid, kvetiapin, kvinagolid, kvinapril, kvinupristin,
rabeprazol, racekadotril, racefedrin, raloksifen, raltitreksed, ramipril, ranitidin, rasagilin, rasburikase, raubasin, reboksetin, repaglinid, reproterol, reserpin, resorcin, reteplase, retinol, reviparin, ribavirin, riboflavin, rifabutin, rifampicin, rifamycin, rifaksimin, rilmenidin, riluzol, rimeksolon, risedronsyre, risperidon, ritonavir, rituksimab, rivastigmin, rizatriptan, rokuroniumbromid, rofecoksib, ropinirol, ropivakain, rosiglitazon, rødt kvikksølvsulfid F, roksatidin, roksitromycin,
salbutamol, salicylsyre, salmeterol, salpetersyre, salpeterholdig syre, salverin, samarium [153sm] leksidronam, sakvinavir, svovelheksafluorid, scopolamin, selegilin, selensulfid, serin, sermorelin, sertakonazol, sertindol, sertralin, sevelamer, sevofluran, sibutramin, sølvklorid F, sildenafil, silibinin, simvastatin, sirolimus, solifenacin, formaldehydløsning, somatostatin, somatropin, sotalol, spagluminsyre, spartein, spectinomycin, spiramycin, spirapril, spironolakton, stavudin, streptodornase, streptokinase, streptomycin, strontium ranelate, strontiumklorid, stryknin, sukralfat F, sulbaktam, sulesomab, sulfacetamid, sulfadiazin, sulfadimetoksin, sulfaguanidin, sulfamerazin, sulfametoksazol, sulfametoksydiazin, sulfametrol, sulfanilamid, sulfasalazin, sulfatiazol, sulfisomidin, sulindak, sulodeksid, svovelheksafluorid, sulpirid, sulproston, sultamicillin, sultiam, sumatriptan, suksametonium,
takalcitol, takrolimus, tadalafil, tamoksifen, tamsulosin, tasonermin, taurolidin, tazaroten, tazobaktam, tegafur, teikoplanin, telitromycin, telmisartan, temoporfin, temozolomid, tenekteplase, teniposid, tenofovir, tenofovir disoproksil, tenoksikam, terazosin, terbinafin, terbutalin, terfenadin, teriparatid, terizidon, terlipressin, testosteron, testosteronpropionat, testosteronundekanonat, tetrakain, tetrakosaktid, tetracyklin, tetrafluoroborat-1+, tetrofosmin, tetryzolin, talliumklorid [201Tl], teobromin, teodrenalin, teofyllin, tiamazol, tiamin, tietylperazin, tiokolchikosid, tiopental, tioridazin, tiotepa, treonin, trombin, trombokinase, tymol, tyrotropin alfa, tiagabin, tianeptin, tiaprid, tibolon, tiklopidin, tiludronsyre, timolol, tinzaparin, tiokonazol, tioguanin, tiotropiumbromid, tirilazad, tirofiban, tisopurin, tizamidin, tizanidin, tobramycin, tokainid, tolazolin, tolbutamid, tolkapon, tolfenaminsyre, tolmetin, tolperison, tolterodin, topiramat, topotekan, torasemid, toremifen, tramazolin, trandolapril, traneksamsyre, tranylcypromin, trapidil, trastuzumab, travoprost, trazodon, tretinoin, triamcinolon, triamcinolonacetonid, triamteren, trikloreddiksyre, trietylperazin, trifluoperazin, triflupromazin, triheksyfenidyl, trimebutin, trimekain, trimegeston, trimetazidin, trimetoprim, trimipramin, tripelenamin, triprolidin, triptorelin, tritokvalin, trofosfamid, tromantadin, trometamol, tropikamid, tropisetron, trospium, tryptofan, tubokurarinklorid, tulobuterol, tyloksapol, tyrosin, tyrotricin,
unoproston, urapid, urapidil, urokinase, ursodeoksykolsyre,
valaciklovir, valdekoksib, valganciklovir, valin, valproinsyre, valsartan, vankomycin, vardenafil, vekuronium (vekurmium), vekuroniumbromid, venlafaksin, verapamil, verteporfin, vigabatrin, viloksacin, vinblastin, vinkamin, vinkristin, vindesin, vinorelbin, vinpocetin, vikvidil, vorikonazol, votumumab,
hydrogenperoksyd,
xantinolnikotinat, ximelagatran, xipamid, xylometazolin,
yohimbin, yttrium90Y-klorid,
zalcitabin, zaleplon, zanamivir, zidovudin, sinkacetatdihydrat, sinkklorid, sinksitrat, sinksulfat, ziprasidon, zofenopril, zoledronsyre, zolmitriptan, zolpidem, zolpidemtartrat, zonisamid, zopiklon, zotepin og zuklopentiksol (zucklopanteksol).
Ovennevnte forbindelser er hovedsakelig betegnet med sine internasjonale frinavn (INN) og kjent for fagmannen. Vedrørende ytterligere detaljer kan henvises til International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for Pharmaceutical Substances, World Health Organisation (WHO).
I en foretrukket utførelsesform inneholder administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen en substans (A) valgt fra gruppen bestående av 1,1-(3-dimetylamino-3fenylpentametylen)-6-fluor-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol, særlig hemisitratet; 1,1-[3-dimetylamino-3-(2-tienyl)pentametylen]-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol, særlig sitratet; og 1,1-[3-dimetylamino-3-(2-tienyl)pentametylen]-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]-6-fluoroindol, særlig hemisitratet. Ovennevnte substanser er kjent i teknikkens stand (sml. WO 2004/043967, WO 2005/066183).
For å oppnå den nødvendige bruddfastheten av administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen kan dessuten i tillegg anvendes en naturlig, halvsyntetisk eller syntetisk voks (D) (= komponent (D)). Foretrukket er voks med et mykningspunkt på minst 50°C, mer foretrukket minst 55°C, enda mer foretrukket minst 60°C, mest foretrukket minst 65°C og særlig foretrukket minst 70°C. Særlig foretrukket er carnaubavoks og bivoks. Helt spesielt foretrukket er carnaubavoks. Carnaubavoks er en naturlig voks som utvinnes fra bladene av carnaubapalmen og den har et mykningspunkt på minst 80°C. Når vokskomponenten brukes i tillegg, anvendes den sammen med minst et polymer (C) i en slik mengde at administrasjonsformen oppviser en bruddfasthet på minst 400 N, foretrukket minst 500 N.
Som hjelpestoffer (B) kan de vanlig kjente hjelpestoffene anvendes som brukes for formuleringer av faste administrasjonsformer. Fortrinnsvis er dette myknere som triacetin og polyetylenglykol, fortrinnsvis et lavmolekulært polyetylenglykol, hjelpestoffer som påvirker frigivelsen av virkestoffet, fortrinnsvis hydrofobe eller hydrofile, fortrinnsvis hydrofile polymerer, helt spesielt foretrukket hydroksipropylmetylcellulose, og/eller antioksidanter. Fortrinnsvis anvendes som hydrofile matriksmaterialer polymerer, særlig foretrukket celluloseeter, celluloseester og/eller akrylharpikser. Helt spesielt foretrukket brukes som matriksmaterialer etylcellulose, hydroksypropylmetylcellulose, hydroksypropylcellulose, hydroksimetylcellulose, polyester(met)akrylsyre og/eller deres derivater som deres salter, amider eller estere.
Som antioksidanter egner seg askorbinsyre, butylhydroksyanisol (BHA), butylhydroksytoluol (BHT), salter av askorbinsyren, monotioglycerin, fosforholdig syre, vitamin C, vitamin E og dens derivater, natriumbisulfit, særlig foretrukket butylhydroksytoluol eller butylhydroksyanisol og α-tokoferol.
Antioksidanten anvendes fortrinnsvis i mengder av 0,01 til 10 vekt%, fortrinnsvis 0,03 til 5 vekt%, beregnet på totalvekten av administrasjonsformen.
Administrasjonsformene ifølge oppfinnelsen utmerker seg ved at de på grunn av sin bruddfasthet ikke kan pulveriseres ved hjelp av de vanlige midler for oppdeling som morter og pistill. En overdosering er dermed praktisk utelukket. For å øke administrasjonsformens bruddfasthet ytterligere kan administrasjonsformene ifølge oppfinnelsen som hjelpestoffer (B) inneholde ytterligere midler som øker bruddfastheten.
Administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen er fortrinnsvis fast og egner seg for oral, vaginal eller rektal, fortrinnsvis for oral administrering. Fortrinnsvis er den ikke i filmform. I en ytterligere foretrukket utførelsesform foreligger administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen i form av en tablett, en kapsel eller i form av et oralt osmotisk terapeutisk system (OROS).
I en foretrukket utførelsesform foreligger administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen som tablett.
Administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen kan foreligge i multipartikulær form, fortrinnsvis i form av mikrotabletter, mikrokapsler, mikropellets, granulater, sfæroider, perler eller pellets, ev. fylt i kapsler eller presset i tabletter, fortrinnsvis for oral administrering. Ved dette oppviser fortrinnsvis de enkelte partikler som sådan en bruddfasthet på minst 400 N, ev. også en derav fremstilt tablett.
Fortrinnsvis har de multipartikulære formene en størrelse hhv. fordeling av størrelse i området av 0,1 til 3 mm, særlig foretrukket i området av 0,5 til 2 mm. Alt etter den ønskede administrasjonsformen anvendes samtidig også de vanlige hjelpestoffene (B) for formuleringen av administrasjonsformen.
Administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen kan fremstilles med forskjellige fremgangsmåter som beskrives nærmere nedenfor; oppfinnelsen vedrører også administrasjonsformer som fås i henhold til en av disse fremgangsmåtene:
Fremgangsmåten for fremstilling av administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen omfatter fortrinnsvis følgende trinn:
a) Blanding av komponentene (A), ev. (B), (C), ev. (D);
b) ev. førforming av blandingen oppnådd fra trinn (a), fortrinnsvis under innvirkning av varme og/eller kraft på den fra (a) oppnådde blandingen hvorved den tilførte varmemengden foretrukket ikke er tilstrekkelig for å varme opp komponent (C) til dens mykningspunkt;
c) herding av blandingen under varme- og kraftinnvirkning der varmetilførselen kan skje under og/eller før kraftinnvirkningen, og den tilførte varmemengden er tilstrekkelig for å varme opp komponent (C) i det minste til dens mykningspunkt;
d) ev. oppdeling av den herdede blandingen;
e) ev. forming av administrasjonsformen; og
f) ev. påføring av et filmovertrekk.
Varmen kan tilføres direkte eller ved hjelp av ultralyd. Kraftinnvirkningen og/eller formingen av administrasjonsformen kan eksempelvis skje ved direkte tablettering eller ved hjelp av egnede ekstrudere, særlig med dobbelskrueekstrudere (dobbelvalseekstrudere) eller med planetvalseekstrudere.
De følgende femgangsmåtevariantene er spesielt foretrukket:
Fremgangsmåtevariant 1:
I denne utførelsesformen fremstilles administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen fortrinnsvis uten bruk av ekstruder idet komponentene (A), ev. (B), (C) og den ev. foreliggende komponent (D) fortrinnsvis blandes og den oppnådde blandingen ev. etter en granulering formes med kraftinnvirkning til administrasjonsformen under forutgående eller samtidig varmeinnvirkning .
Denne oppvarmingen og kraftinnvirkningen for fremstilling av administrasjonsformen skjer uten bruk av ekstruder.
Blandingen av komponentene (A), ev. (B), (C) og ev. (D) skjer i et blandingsapparat som er kjent for fagmannen. Blandingsapparatet kan eksempelvis være en rulleblander, risteblander, skjæreblander eller tvangsblander.
Den oppnådde blandingen formes fortrinnsvis med kraftinnvirkning direkte til administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen under forutgående eller samtidig varmeinnvirkning. For eksempel kan blandingen formes til tabletter ved direkte tablettering. Ved en direkte tablettering med samtidig varmeinnvirkning oppvarmes blandingen som skal presses ved hjelp av tabletteringsverktøyet, det vil si understemplet, overstemplet og matrisen, i det minste til polymerkomponenten (C)s mykningspunkt og presses. Ved en direkte tablettering under forutgående varmeinnvirkning oppvarmes godset som skal presses umiddelbart før tabletteringen i det minste til komponent (C)s mykningstemperatur, og presses deretter ved hjelp av tabletteringsverktøyet.
På denne måten kan 300 mg pulverblanding presses i et tabletteringsverktøy med overstempel, understempel og matrise for tabletter med 10 mm diameter og en kurvaturradius på 8 mm ved en temperatur på 80°C hvorved presstrykket ved en kraftinnvirkning på eksempelvis 2 kN eller 4 kN for eksempel opprettholdes i 15 sek.
Den oppnådde blandingen av komponent (A), ev. (B), (C) og ev. komponent (D) kan også først granuleres og deretter under forutgående eller samtidig varmeinnvirkning under kraftinnvirkningen formes til administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen.
Hver kraftinnvirkning vedvarer inntil administrasjonsformen har oppnådd en bruddhardhet på minst 400 N, 420 N, 440 N, 460 N, 480 N, fortrinnsvis minst 500 N.
Granuleringen kan utføres ved våtgranulering eller smeltegranulering i kjente granulatorer.
Hvert av de nevnte fremgangsmåtetrinnene, særlig oppvarming og samtidig eller påfølgende kraftinnvirkning for fremstilling av administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen skjer uten bruk av ekstruder.
Fremgangsmåtevariant 2:
Ved denne fremgangsmåtevarianten fremstilles administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen ved termodeformering ved hjelp av en ekstruder uten at det derved kan observeres en misfarging av ekstrudatet.
For å undersøke hvor stor misfargingen ved termoformgiving er, fastslås først fargingen av blandingen av utgangskomponentene som administrasjonsformen består av uten tilsetning av en fargegivende komponent som for eksempel et fargepigment eller en farget komponent ( f. eks. α-tokoferol). Denne sammensetningen termoformes deretter ifølge oppfinnelsen idet samtlige fremgangsmåtetrinn inklusive kjølingen av ekstrudatet utføres i inertgassatmosfære. For sammeligningens skyld fremstilles samme sammensetning ifølge den samme fremgangsmåten, men uten inertgassatmosfære. Fargingen bestemmes av utgangssammensetningen i administrasjonsformen fremstilt ifølge oppfinnelsen og administrasjonsformen fremstilt for sammenligning.
Bestemmelsen skjer ved hjelp av "Munsell Book of Colour" av Munsell Colour Company Baltimore, Maryland, USA, utgave 1966. Hvis fargingen i administrasjonsformen som er termoformet ifølge oppfinnelsen oppviser en farging med identifikasjonsnr. N 9,5/, høyst en farging med identifikasjonsnr. 5Y 9/1, klassifiseres termodeformeringen som "uten misfarging". Hvis administrasjonsformen oppviser en farging med identifikasjonsnr.5Y 9/2 eller mer, bestemt i henhold til Munsell Book of Colour, klassifiseres termodeformeringen som "med misfarging".
Overraskende oppviser administrasjonsformene ifølge oppfinnelsen ingen misfarging i henhold til ovennevnte klassifisering, hvis hele fremgangsmåten i inertgassatmosfære, fortrinnsvis i en nitrogenatmosfære, utføres ved hjelp av en ekstruder for termoformgivning.
Denne varianten ifølge oppfinnelsen for fremstilling av administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen er karakterisert ved at man
z) blander komponenten (A), ev. (B), (C) og den ev. foreliggende komponent (D),
y) varmer opp den oppnådde blandingen i ekstruderen minst til mykningspunktet til komponent (C) og ekstruderer under kraftinnvirkning gjennom ekstrudererens utgangsåpning,
x) deler opp ekstrudatet som fortsatt er plastisk og former det til administrasjonsformen eller
w) former det avkjølte og ev. igjen oppvarmede oppdelte ekstrudatet til administrasjonsformen,
hvorved fremgangsmåtetrinnene y) og x) og ev. fremgangsmåtetrinnene z) og w) utføres i inertgassatmosfære, fortrinnsvis nitrogenatmosfære.
Blandingen av komponentene i henhold til fremgangsmåtetrinn z) kan likeledes skje allerede i ekstruderen.
Blandingen av komponentene (A), ev. (B), (C) og ev. (D) kan også skje i et blandingsapparat kjent for fagmannen. Blandingsapparatet kan eksempelvis være en rulleblander, risteblander, skjæreblander eller tvangsblander.
Fortrinnsvis forsynes komponent (C) før blandingen med de andre komponentene og den ev. foreliggende komponent (D) ifølge oppfinnelsen med en antioksidant. Dette kan skje ved at man blander de to komponentene (C) og antioksidanten, fortrinnsvis ved at antioksidanten løses i et lett fordampende løsningsmiddel eller suspenderes, og denne løsningen eller suspensjonen blandes homogent med komponent (C) og den ev. foreliggende komponent (D), og løsningsmidlet fjernes ved tørking, fortrinnsvis i inertgassatmosfære.
Blandingen fra ekstruderen som er oppvarmet i ekstruderen, og fortrinnsvis er smelteflytende minst til komponent (C)s mykningspunkt ekstruderes gjennom en dyse med minst en boring.
For gjennomføring av fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen kreves egnede ekstrudere, fortrinnsvis skrueekstrudere (valseekstrudere) idet ekstrudere med to skruer (valser) er spesielt foretrukket.
Ekstruderingen utføres fortrinnsvis slik at utvidelsen av ekstruderingsstrengen på grunn av ekstruderingen utgjør fortrinnsvis høyst 50%, det vil si at eksempelvis ved anvendelse av en ekstruderingsdyse med en diameter på 6 mm har den ekstruderte strengen en diameter på høyst 9 mm. Mer foretrukket er strengutvidelsen høyst 40%, enda mer foretrukket 35%, mest foretrukket høyst 30% og særlig foretrukket høyst 25%. Man har overraskende funnet at strengutvidelsen ved for sterk mekanisk belastning av det ekstruderte materialet i ekstruderen er betydelig, noe som resulterer i ikke ønskede uregelmessigheter i egenskapene til den ekstruderte strengen, særlig i de mekaniske egenskapene.
Fortrinnvis oppviser ekstruderen minst to temperatursoner hvorved i den første sonen, som etterfølges av en inntrekks- og ev. blandingssone, finner oppvarmingen av blandingen minst til komponent (C)s mykningspunkt sted. Blandingens gjennomstrømning ligger fortrinnsvis ved 2,0 kg til 8,0 kg/time.
Etter oppvarming minst til komponent (C)s mykningspunkt transporteres den smeltede blandingen ved hjelp av skruene, den homogeniseres ytterligere, komprimeres ev. kompakteres slik at den umiddelbart før utløp fra ekstruderingsdysen har et minstetrykk på 5 bar, fortrinnsvis minst 10 bar, og ekstruderer som ekstruderingsstreng eller ekstruderingsstrenger gjennom dysen alt etter hvor mange boringer dysen har.
Dysegeometrien hhv. geometrien for boringene kan velges fritt. Dysen eller boringene kan ha et rundt, avlangt eller ovalt tverrsnitt hvorved det runde tverrsnittet fortrinnsvis har en diameter på 0,1 mm til 15 mm og det avlange tverrsnittet fortrinnsvis foreligger med en maksimal lengdetilpassning på 21 mm og en 10 mm stor utvidelse på tvers. Fortrinnsvis har dysen hhv. boringene et rundt tverrsnitt. Mantelen til ekstruderen som brukes ifølge oppfinnelsen kan være oppvarmet eller kjølt. Tempereringen, det vil si oppvarming eller kjøling, velges i forhold til om blandingen som skal ekstruderes har minst en gjennomsnittstemperatur (produkttemperatur) tilsvarende komponent (C)s mykningstemperatur og ikke overstiger en temperatur som kan skade den fysiologisk virksomme substansen (A) som skal bearbeides. Temperaturen til blandingen som skal ekstruderes innstilles fortrinnsvis til under 180°C, fortrinnsvis under 150°C, men minst på mykningstemperaturen for komponent (C).
Etter ekstruderingen av den smeltede blandingen og ev. kjøling av den ekstruderte strengen hhv. de ekstruderte strengene, foretas fortrinnsvis en oppdeling av ekstrudatene. Denne oppdelingen kan fortrinnsvis gjennomføres ved at ekstrudatene skjæres i stykker ved hjelp av medløpende eller roterende kniver, vannstråleskjærere, tråder, knivblader eller ved hjelp av laserskjærere.
For en mellomlagring hhv. sluttlagring av det ev. oppdelte ekstrudatet hhv. av sluttformen av administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen er ikke inertgassatmosfære nødvendig.
Det oppdelte ekstrudatet kan pelletiseres med vanlige metoder eller presses til tabletter for å gi administrasjonsformen en endelig form. Det er imidlertid også mulig ikke å dele opp det strengformede ekstrudatet og ved hjelp av i motsatt retning løpende kalandervalser som oppviser motliggende fordypninger i sin rotasjonsmantel, å forme det til sin endelige form, fortrinnsvis til en tablett og å dele denne opp ved hjelp av vanlige metoder.
Skulle det ev. oppdelte ekstrudater ikke formes med en gang til sin endelige form, men kjøles ned for lagring, skal det etter lagringen sørges for en inertgassatmosfære, fortrinnsvis for en nitrogenatmosfære, som må opprettholdes når det lagrede ekstrudatet skal oppvarmes til plastifisering og den endelige formgiving til administrasjonsformen.
Kraftinnvirkningen i ekstruderen på den i det minste plastifiserte blandingen justeres ved transportinnretningens omdreiningshastighet i ekstruderen og dens geometri og ved at utgangsåpningen dimensjoneres slik at det nødvendige trykket fortrinnsvis før den umiddelbare ekstruderingen av den plastifiserte blandingen bygger seg opp i ekstruderen. Med enkelte innledende tester kan de nødvendige ekstruderingsparametre for den aktuelle sammensetningen fastslås, nemlig de ekstruderingsparametre som fører til en administrasjonsform med en bruddfasthet på minst 400 N, fortrinnsvis minst 500 N.
Til ekstrudering egner seg for eksempel en dobbelskrueekstruder fra fa. Leistritz (Nürnberg) av typen Micro 27 GLIDELÅS 40 D, spindeldiameter 18 mm. Det kan anvendes skruer med ekssentriske skrueender. Som dyse kan det brukes en oppvarmet runddyse med en diameter på 8 mm. Hele fremgangsmåten skal utføres i en N2-atmosfære. Ekstruderingsparametrene kan for eksempel innstilles på følgende verdier: Skrueomdreiningstall: 100 r/min; Gjennomstrømning 4 kg/t; Produkttemperatur: 125°C; og manteltemperatur: 120°C.
Fremgangsmåtevariant 3:
Ved denne framgangsmåtevarianten for fremstilling av administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen skjer varmetilførselen ved hjelp av ultralyd.
Til dette fremstilles først en homogen blanding av minst komponenten (A) og komponenten (C) (= bindemiddel). Denne blandingen kan tilsettes ytterligere hjelpestoffer som for eksempel fyllstoffer, myknere, glidemiddel eller fargestoffer. Fortrinnsvis anvendes som mykner et lavmolekulært polyetylenglykol.
Blandingen kan utføres med vanlige blandere.
Som blandere egner seg for eksempel rulleblandere som også er kjent som frittfallblandere, rør- eller rotasjonsblandere, containerblandere, fatblandere (rhönradblandere eller vippeblandere) eller risteblandere, skjæreblandere, tvangsblandere, plogskjæreblandere, planet-blandeeltere, Z-eltere, sigma-eltere, fluidblandere eller intensivblandere.
Valget av den egnede blander er blant annet avhengig av blandingsgodsets strømningsevne og kohesjonskrefter.
Blandingen gjøres deretter til gjenstand for en formgivning. Fortrinnsvis under eller etter ultralydinnvirkningen skjer formgivningen av blandingen, fortrinnsvis ved kompaktering.
Ved ultralydinnvirkning er det særlig foretrukket at det foreligger en direkte kontakt mellom blandingen og ultralydapparatets sonotrode. Fortrinnsvis anvendes i henhold til fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen et ultralydapparat som vist i figur 1.
I denne figur 1 betyr (1) pressen som skaffer til veie den nødvendige kraften, (2) omformer, (3) forsterker, (4) sonotroden, (5) matrisen for formgivningen, (6) understemplet, (7) grunnplaten, (8) og (9) ultralydgeneratoren og styringen av apparatet. De brukte henvisningstall refererer utelukkende til figur 1.
Ved ultralydinnvirkningen skal en frekvens på 1 kHz til 2 MHz, fortrinnsvis 15 til 40 kHz overholdes. Ultralydinnvirkningen skal vare inntil en mykning av polymeren (C) oppnås. Fortrinnsvis oppnås dette innen få sekunder, særlig foretrukket innen 0,1 til 5 sekunder, foretrukket 0,5 til 3 sekunder.
Ved ultralydinnvirkningen og kraftinnvirkningen skjer en uniform energioverføring hvorved det oppnås en rask og homogen sintring av blandingen. Ved dette oppnås administrasjonsformer som har en bruddfasthet på minst 400 N, fortrinnsvis minst 500 N og dermed ikke kan pulveriseres.
Før gjennomføringen av formgivningen kan etter blandingen foretas en granulering av blandingen hvoretter de derav resulterende granulater formes under ultralyd- og kraftinnvirkning til administrasjonsformen, f.eks. til tabletter.
Granuleringen kan gjennomføres i maskiner og apparater kjent for fagmannen.
Gjennomføres granuleringen som våtgranulering, kan som granuleringsvæske anvendes vann eller vandige løsninger som for eksempel etanol/vann eller isopropanol/vann .
Blandingen eller granulatene som er fremstilt av denne kan for ytterligere formgivning også gjøres til gjenstand for en smelteekstrudering der blandingen smeltes under innvirkning av ultralyd og kraft og ekstruderes deretter gjennom dyser. De på denne måten oppnådde strengene eller den på denne måten oppnådde streng, kan ved hjelp av kjente innretninger deles i den ønskede lengden. De på denne måten oppdelte formstykkene kan eventuelt under en ytterligere innvirkning av ultralyd og kraft bearbeides til sluttformen.
Administrasjonsformens avsluttende forming skjer fortrinnsvis under kraftanvendelse i tilsvarende former.
De ovennevnte formstykkene kan også fremstilles etter en kalandreringsmetode der blandingen eller de derav fremstilte granulatene først ved hjelp av ultralyd- og kraftinnvirkning plastifiseres og ekstruderes gjennom en tilsvarende dyse. Disse ekstrudatene formes deretter mellom to i motsatt retning roterende formvalser til den endelige formen, fortrinnsvis under kraftinnvirkning.
Som allerede nevnt skjer formgivningen til sluttformen av administrasjonsformen ved anvendelse av en blanding omfattende substansen (A) og polymeren (C) med en bruddfasthet på minst 400 N, fortrinnsvis minst 500 N, fortrinnsvis i pulverform ved direkte komprimering under kraftinnvirkning, der det før eller under kraftinnvirkningen skal være ultralydinnvirkning. Kraften er maksimalt kraften som vanligvis anvendes for formgivning av administrasjonsformer som tabletter hhv. for komprimering av granulater til den tilsvarende sluttformen.
Tablettene som fremstilles ifølge oppfinnelsen kan også være tabletter med flere lag.
Ved tabletter med flere lag må minst laget som inneholder substansen (A) være gjenstand for en ultralyd- og kraftinnvirkning.
Den tilsvarende nødvendige kraftinnvirkningen kan også ved hjelp av ekstruderingsvalser eller av kalandreringsvalser påføres blandingen. Fortrinnsvis skjer formgivningen av administrasjonsformen ved direkte komprimering av en pulverformet blanding av administrasjonsformens komponenter eller tilsvarende derav dannende granulater hvorved ultralydinnvirkningen skjer fortrinnsvis under eller før formgivningen. Den innvirkningen skjer inntil polymeren (C) er myknet, noe som vanligvis oppnås på mindre enn 1 sekund til maksimalt 5 sekunder.
Som presse egner seg en Branson WPS, 94-003-A, pneumatisk (Branson Ultraschall, Dietzenbach, Deutschland) med plan pressflate, som generator (2000 W) en Branson PG-220A, 94-001-A analog (Branson Ultraschall) med en sonotrodediameter på 12 mm. Til dette kan en matrise med en diameter på 12 mm anvendes hvis bunn danner et understempel med en plan pressflate på 12 mm diameter. Egnede parametere for plastifisering er frekvens: 20 kHz; amplitude: 50%; kraft: 250 N. Ultralyd- og kraftinnvirkningen ved hjelp av sonotroden kan eksempelvis vare i 0,5 sekunder hvorved ultralyd- og kraftinnvirkning fortrinnsvis skjer samtidig.
Fremgangsmåtevariant 4:
Ved denne fremgangsmåtevarianten for fremstilling av administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen bearbeides komponentene (A), (C) og ev. (D) og ev. foreliggende hjelpestoffer (B) som antioksidanter, myknere og/eller retarderende hjelpestoffer ved hjelp av en planetvalseekstruder til administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen.
Planetvalseekstrudere er kjent og blant annet utførlig beskrevet i Handbuch der Kunststoff-Extrusionstechnik I (1989) "Grundlagen" i kapitlet 1.2 "Klassifizierung von Extrudern" side 4 til 6. Denne beskrivelsen innføres herved som referanse og gjelder som en del av denne patentbeskrivelse.
Nedenfor beskrives anvendelsen av en planetvalseekstruder i fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen ved hjelp av figurene 2 og 3. Disse forklaringer er bare eksempler og begrenser ikke den generelle oppfinnelsesideen.
Figur 2 viser snittet gjennom en planetvalseekstruder og
Figur 3 viser planetvalseekstruderens virkemåte.
I figur 2 vises en planetvalseekstruder som kan anvendes i fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen. Denne ekstruderen har hovedsakelig en aksel 1 som med henblikk på transportretningen av blandingen som skal ekstruderes, og som består av de ovenfor nevnte komponentene, først er formet som inntrekksskrue 5 og videre som sentralspindel 3. Rundt sentralspinelen 3 er fortrinnsvis anordnet tre til syv planetspindler 4 som igjen er omgitt av en mantel i form av et hus 6.
Under henvisning til figur 2 gjennomføres i planetvalseekstruderen fortrinnsvis ekstruderingen av sammensetningen som anvendes i fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen for fremstilling av en farmasøytisk administrasjonsform. Som vist med pil 2 tilsettes komponentene som skal ekstruderes gjennom doseringsenheten 7 i området til inntrekksskruen 5 og transporteres ved at skruene dreies (drev ikke vist) i retning av sentralspindelen 3. Fagmannen forstår at utgangsstoffene (komponentene) kan blandes i inntrekksskruens område. Det er imidlertid også mulig å blande administrasjonsformens komponenter på forhånd og tilsette denne blandingen via doseringsenheten 7 i inntrekksskruens 5 område. I inntrekksområdet til planetvalseekstruderen transporteres blandingen videre. Gjennom oppvarming til minst komponent (C)s mykningspunkt smeltes blandingen, og i sentralspindelens område, det vil si den smeltede blandingen transporteres i ekstruderingsområdet ved at sentralspindelen 3 og planetspindlene 4 virker sammen, den homogeniseres ytterligere, den komprimeres hhv. kompakteres og ekstruderes gjennom dysen 8 som ekstruderingsstreng eller ekstruderingsstrenger alt etter hvor mange boringer dysen har. Dysegeometrien hhv. geometrien for boringene kan velges fritt. Dysen eller boringene kan ha et rundt, avlangt eller ovalt tverrsnitt hvorved det runde tverrsnittet fortrinnsvis har en diameter på 0,1 mm til 15 mm, det avlange tverrsnittet fortrinnsvis foreligger med en maksimal utstrekning i lengde av 21 mm og en 10 mm stor utstrekning på tvers. Ekstruderingsdysen kan også være formet som spaltedyse. Fortrinnsvis har dysen hhv.
boringene, et rundt, ovalt eller avlangt tverrsnitt. Både mantelen 6 av planetvalseekstruderen som skal anvendes og sentralspindelen kan være oppvarmet eller avkjølt. Den aktuelle tempereringen, det vil si oppvarming eller kjøling, velges i forhold til om blandingen som skal ekstruderes har minst en gjennomsnittstemperatur tilsvarende komponent (C)s mykningstemperatur og ikke overstiger en temperatur som kan skade substansen (A) som skal bearbeides. Fortrinnvis innstilles temperaturen til blandingen som skal ekstruderes til under 180°C, fortrinnsvis under 150°C, men minst til komponent (C)s mykningstemperatur. De brukte henvisningstall refererer utelukkende til figurene 2 og 3.
Etter ekstruderingen av den smeltede blandingen og ev. kjøling av den ekstruderte strengen hhv. de ekstruderte strengene skjer en oppdeling av ekstrudatene som ikke er vist i figur 2. Denne oppdelingen kan fortrinnsvis gjennomføres ved at ekstrudatene skjæres i stykker ved hjelp av medløpende eller roterende kniver, vannstråleskjærere, tråder, knivblader eller ved hjelp av laserskjærere.
Eventuelt skjer etter en ytterligere avkjøling av de enkelte ekstrudatene som fortrinnsvis foreligger i skiver, ev. en omforming til administrasjonsformens sluttform hvorved de om nødvendig utsettes for en ytterligere varmeinnvirkning.
Denne formgivningen for eksempel til tabletter, kan skje ved at det plastiske ekstrudatet formes ved at det presses ved hjelp av to i motsatt retning drevne valser med fortrinnsvis fordypninger som for plastifisering ligger på motsatt side av hverandre i valsemantelen hvis utførelse bestemmer tablettformen.
Det er imidlertid også mulig å forme tabletter av de enkelte ekstrudatene ved hjelp av en ev. oppvarmet matrise og minst et formgivende stempel. Til dette kan fortrinnsvis de sylinderformede granulatene anvendes som etter oppdelingen av den ekstruderte strengen er oppnådd. Bortsett fra presset til tabletter kan disse granulater eller andre oppnådde multipartikulære former som pellets eller sfæroider også fylles i kapsler for å anvendes som administrasjonsform fremstilt ifølge oppfinnelsen.
I en ytterligere foretrukket utførelsesform kan strengene som er ekstrudert gjennom flere boringer i ekstruderingsdysen eventuelt etter avkjøling føres sammen til en tykkere streng i forhold til de enkelte ekstruderte strengene ved at de flettes sammen eller tvinnes som ved fremstillingen av tauverk. Denne strengen kan eventuelt videre bearbeides ved at den løses noe med et egnet løsningsmiddel eller ved oppvarming til polymeren (C)s mykningspunkt og eventuelt ved å fjerne løsningsmidlet tilsvarende ved den ovenfor angitte oppdeling og forming av en enkel streng.
Figur 3 viser et tverrsnitt gjennom planetvalseekstruderen. Rundt den roterende sentralspindelen 3 er det anordnet minst tre, i det viste tilfelle 6 planetspindler 4 hvis sider 41 virker sammen med sentralspindelens 4 sider 31 og med mantelens 6 sider 61 til planetvalseekstruderen. Ved at sentralspindelen 3 roterer og de enkelte sidene ruller mot hverandre, roterer planetspindlene 4 hver som vist med pil 42 rundt sin egen akse og som vist med pil 43 rundt sentralspindelen 4. Dette medfører at den anvendte komponentblandingen til administrasjonsformen som fremstilles ifølge oppfinnelsen komprimeres, hhv. kompakteres, noe som søkes oppnådd med oppfinnelsen. De brukte henvisningstall refererer utelukkende til figurene 2 og 3.
Hvis nødvendig kan planetvalseekstruderen som anvendes ikke bare ha ett ekstruderingsområde, men i det minste ha enda et ekstruderingsområde for eventuelt å kunne avgasse blandingen som skal ekstruderes.
Fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen kan utføres kontinuerlig eller diskontinuerlig, fortrinnsvis kontinuerlig.
Som ekstrudere egner seg for eksempel en planetvalseekstruder med fire planetspindler av typen BCG fra Fa. LBB Bohle (Ennigerloh, Tyskland) med en ekstruderingsdyse med en diameter på 8 mm. En gravimetrisk dosering på 3,0 kg per time er passende. Ekstruderingen kan for eksempel gjennomføres med et omdreiningstall på 28,6 opm ved en produkttemperatur på ca.88 °C.
Fremgangsmåtevariant 5:
For gjennomføring av denne varianten for fremstilling av administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen bearbeides komponentene (A), (C) og ev. (D) og ev. foreliggende hjelpestoffer (B) som antioksidanter, myknere og/eller retarderende hjelpestoffer til administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen ved at det tilsettes et løsningsmiddel for komponenten (C), det vil si for polymeren eller polymerene (C).
Til dette blandes komponentene (A), ev. (B), (C) og den ev. foreliggende komponent (D), og den oppnådde formuleringsblandingen formes til administrasjonsformen etter at den ble tilsatt løsningmidlet og ev. etter at den ble granulert.
Blandingen av komponentene (A), ev. (B), (C) og ev. (D) skjer i et blandingsapparat kjent for fagmannen. Blandingsapparatet kan eksempelvis være en rulleblander, risteblander, skjæreblander eller tvangsblander.
Tilsettingen av løsningsmidlet til polymeren (C) skjer i det minste i slike mengder at formuleringsblandingen blir jevnt fuktet.
Som løsningsmiddel for polymeren (C) egner seg fortrinnsvis vandige løsningmidler som vann, blandinger av vann og alifatiske alkoholer, fortrinnsvis alkoholer med C1 til C6, estere, etere, hydrokarboner, særlig foretrukket destillert vann, alkoholer med korte kjeder som metanol, etanol, isopropanol, butanol eller vandige alkoholløsninger.
Tilsettingen av løsningsmidlet skjer fortrinnsvis under omrøring. Deretter tørkes den jevnt fuktede massen. Tørkingen skjer fortrinnsvis under varmeinnvirkning ved temperaturer der en misfarging av massen kan utelukkes. Ved enkle innledende tester kan denne temperaturen fastslås.
Før eller etter tørkingen kan massen deles opp i delmasser som hver fortrinnsvis tilsvarer en enhet av administrasjonesformen. De på denne måten tørkede massene formes deretter til administrasjonsformen.
Fortrinnsvis skjer dette ved hjelp av tablettpresser.
Det er også mulig å fukte formuleringsblandingen slik at denne før tilsetting av løsningsmidlet, fortrinnsvis med delmasser fordelt i former, dispergeres under røring i et flytende dispergeringsmiddel og deretter tilsettes løsningsmidlet. Komponenten (C) er ikke løslig i dispergeringsmidlet som må kunne blandes med løsningsmidlet.
Som dispergeringsmidler egner seg fortrinnsvis hydrofile løsningsmidler som alifatiske alkoholer, ketoner, estere. Det anvendes med fordel alkoholer med korte kjeder.
Alternativt kan formuleringsblandingen også fuktes slik at løsmingsmidlet bringes som skum inn i formuleringsblandingen. Fortrinnsvis fremstilles et slikt skum av løsningsmidlet ved hjelp av blandere med høyt turtall, fortrinnsvis ved at det tilsettes vanlige skumstabilisatorer. Eksempelvis egner seg hydrofile polymerer som for eksempel hydroksypropylmetylcellulose som stabilisatorer.
Fortrinnsvis bringes skummet også under omrøring inn i formuleringsblandingen hvorved man fortrinnsvis får en granulert masse.
Den granulerte massen tørkes før eller etter dens oppdeling i delmasser som fortrinnsvis tilsvarer massen av en enhet av administrasjonsformen, og formes deretter til administrasjonsformen.
Tørkingen og formingen kan fortrinnsvis skje som angitt ovenfor. Fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen kan også gjennomføres slik at formuleringsblandingen tilsettes så mye løsningsmiddel at en pasta oppnås som kan formes.
En slik pasta kan deles opp i delmasser før eller etter dens tørking som er gjennomført som ovenfor angitt, og de tørkede massene kan eventuelt etter en ytterligere deling i en masse som tilsvarer massen av en enhet av administrasjonsformen formes eller omformes til administrasjonsformen.
Ved dette er det mulig å forme delmassene i form av strenger som kan fremstilles ved hjelp av en sikt eller en strengformer. De tørkede strengene formes fortrinnsvis enkeltvis til administrasjonsformen. Denne formingen skjer fortrinnsvis ved hjelp av en tablettpresse ved at det brukes formvalser eller med formbånd utstyrt med valser.
Det er også mulig å bearbeide pastaen til en flat form og å stanse administrasjonsformen ut av den tørkede formen.
Mer fordelakitg bearbeides pastaen med en ekstruder hvorved alt etter ekstruderingens utforming disse strengene eller flate formene fremstilles og deles ved at slag, skjæres opp eller stanses ut. De enkelte delmassene kan som nevnt ovenfor formes, deformeres eller stanses ut til administrasjonsformen. Tilsvarende innretninger er kjent for fagmannen.
Denne fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen kan utføres kontinuerlig eller diskontinuerlig.
Det er også mulig å tilsette formuleringsblandingen så mye løsningsmiddel at i det minste polymerkomponenten (C) løses. En slik løsning eller dispersjon/suspensjon bearbeides fortrinnsvis til en flat form hvorved det fortrinnsvis anvendes en ekstruder med en flat dyse eller løsningen helles ut på et flatt, jevnt underlag.
Etter tørkingen som angitt ovenfor kan administrasjonsformen oppnås av den flate formen ved stansing eller kalandrering. Det er også mulig å bearbeide løsningen som angitt ovenfor til strenger og å dele opp og forme disse fortrinnsvis til administrasjonsformen etter tørkingen.
Alternativt kan løsningen også deles opp i slike delmengder at de etter tørkingen av massen hver tilsvarer en enhet av administrasjonsformen hvorved til dette anvendes allerede former som tilsvarer formen av en enhet av administrasjonsformen.
Deles løsningen i hvilke som helst delmengder, kan delmengdene etter tørkingen eventuelt forenes igjen og formes til administrasjonsformen som for eksempel fylt i en kapsel eller presset til en tablett.
Fortrinnsvis bearbeides formuleringsblandingene tilsatt løsningsmiddel ved temperaturer fra 20°C til 40°C hvorved unntatt ved tørking for å fjerne løsningsmidlet og dispergeringsmidlet som eventuelt forekommer, høyere temperaturer ikke anvendes. Temperaturen for tørkingen må være lavere enn komponentenes oppløsningstemperatur. Eventuelt kan etter formgivningen til administrasjonsformen foretas en ytterligere tørking tilsvarende den ovenfor beskrevne tørkingen.
Det er også mulig å fremstille administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen ved å kombinere de enkelte fremgangsmåtetrinnene til de ovenfor nevnte framgangsmåtevariantene.
De ovenfor angitte fremgangsmåtevariantene 2 og 4 omhandler ekstruderingen av en sammensetning som omfatter komponentene (A), (C), ev. (B) og ev. (D). Som ekstrudere kan fortrinnsvis dobbelskrueekstrudere eller planetvalseekstrudere anvendes hvorved dobbelskrueekstrudere er særlig foretrukket.
Det ble overraskende funnet at man ved hjelp av planetvalse- og dobbelskrueekstrudere kan få ekstrudater som har en fordelaktig morfologi. For eksempel har man funnet at ekstrudatet under egnede forhold er omgitt av en mantelflate som kan betegnes som ”ekstrusjonshud”. Denne ekstrusjonshuden er en mansjettformet, tubulær form som omgir ekstrudatet langs dets longitudinale ekstrusjonsakse slik at den ytre overflaten av denne mansjettformede formen danner ekstrudatets lukkede mantelflate. Bare ekstrudatets frontsider dekkes vanligvis ikke av ekstrusjonshuden.
Ekstrusjonshuden skiller seg vedrørende dens morfologi fra ekstrudatets kjerne som den omgir som en mansjett og som den fortrinnsvis er sømløs forbundet med. Vanligvis kan ekstrusjonshuden i et tverrsnitt av ekstrudatet sees med det blotte øyet, ev. ved hjelp av mikroskop fordi også ekstrusjonshudens og kjernens optiske egenskaper skiller seg fra hverandre på grunn av den forskjellige morfologien av materialet som danner kjernen hhv. ekstrusjonshuden. På grunn av ekstruderingsprosessen synes materialet som danner ekstrusjonshuden å være utsatt for andre mekaniske hhv. termiske påvirkninger enn materialet som danner kjernen hvorved det frembringes en heterogen, ved sirkelformet dysetversnitt radialsymmetrisk morfologi av ekstruderingsstrengen. Ved dette skiller materialet som danner ekstrusjonshuden seg fra materialet som danner kjernen i det vesentlige vedrørende sin morfologi, men fortrinnsvis ikke vedrørende sin sammensetning, særlig ikke vedrørende den relative andelen av komponentene (A), (C), ev. (B) og ev. (D).
Ekstrusjonshuden dekker vanligvis hele mantelflaten til ekstrudatet som en hel, rørformet mansjett, uavhengig av den valgte dysegeometrien. Derfor kan ekstrudatet ha sirkelformede, elliptiske eller også andre tversnittflater.
Ekstrusjonshuden har fortrinnsvis en enhetlig lagtykkelse. Fortrinnsvis ligger ekstrusjonshudens tykkelse i området 0,1 til 4,0 mm, foretrukket 0,15 til 3,5 mm, mer foretrukket 0,2 til 3,0 mm, mest foretrukket 0,2 til 2,5 mm og særlig foretrukket 0,2 til 2,0 mm. I en foretrukket utførelsesform utgjør ekstrusjonshudens lagtykkelse i sum over begge på motsatt side liggende sider 0,5 til 50%, mer foretrukket 1,0 til 40%, enda mer foretrukket 1,5 til 35%, mest foretrukket 2,0 til 30% og særlig foretrukket 2,5 til 25% av ekstrudatets diameter.
Figur 4 viser en skjematisk fremstilling av ekstrudatet (71) med en mansjettformet ekstrasjonshud (72) som omslutter kjernen (73) helt langs den longitudinale ekstrusjonsaksen (74). Ekstrusjonshudens (72) ytre overflate danner ekstrudatets (71) mantelflate (75).
Det ble overraskende funnet at ekstrudater som har en slik ekstrusjonshud har fordelaktige mekaniske egenskaper. De egner seg godt til mellomprodukter ved fremstillingen av administrasjonsformene ifølge oppfinnelsen fordi de fordelaktig kan bearbeides videre, særlig ved at de deles opp og/eller formes.
Fremstilles administrasjonsformene ifølge oppfinnelsen ved hjelp av en ekstruderingsfremgangsmåte hvorved som mellomprodukt fås det ovenfor angitte ekstrudatet som kjennestegnes ved en ekstrusjonshud, så utmerker de av dette fremstilte administrasjonsformene seg fortrinnsvis likeledes ved en spesiell morfologi.
I en foretrukket utførelsesform kan områdene som i det ekstruderte mellomproduktet har dannet ekstrusjonshuden, i tversnittet sees med det blotte øyet, ev. med et mikroskop. Dette henger sammen med at den forskjellige materialbeskaffenheten og dermed også kjernens og ekstrusjonshudens forskjellige optiske egenskaper vanligvis opprettholdes når ekstrudatet viderebearbeides, særlig deles opp og/eller formes. I det følgende kalles det området av administrasjonsformen som er dannet av ekstrusjonshuden som ledd i den videre bearbeidelsen av ekstrudatet (mellomprodukt) til administrasjonsformen ”mansjettformet område”.
Fortrinnvis omfatter administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen et mansjettformet område og en kjerne som befinner seg i dette. Samtidig er det mansjettformede området fortrinnsvis sømløst forbundet med kjernen. Fortrinnsvis har både det mansjettformede området og kjernen i det vesentlige den samme kjemiske sammensetningen, det vil si i det vesentlige den samme relative andelen av komponentene (A), (C), ev. (B) og ev. (D). Materialet som danner det mansjettformede området har en morfologi som skiller seg fra morfologien til materialet som danner kjernen. Vanligvis kommer denne forskjellige mofologien også til uttrykk i forskjellige optiske egenskaper slik at det mansjettformede området og kjernen i administrasjonsformens tversnitt som oftest kan sees med det blotte øyet.
Ble administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen belagt, for eksempel med et filmovertrekk, så er det mansjettformede området anordnet mellom filmovertrekket og kjernen.
Fordi ekstrudatet (mellomproduktet) som omfatter ekstrusjonshuden på forkjellig måte kan bearbeides videre til administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen, kan også det mansjettformede området ha forskjellige anordninger og utstrekninger innenfor administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen. Likevel har alle anordninger til felles at det mansjettformede området delvis dekker kjernens overflate, vanligvis likevel ikke dens hele overflate. Foretrukket dekkes ikke to motsatte overflatesider av det mansjettformede området, eller i det minste dekkes de ikke helt. Med andre ord har det mansjettformede området fortrinnsvis to åpninger/utsparinger på motsatt side.
Det mansjettformede området kan ha en enhetlig lagtykkelse. Det er derimot også mulig at forskjellige områder av ekstrusjonshuden ved fremstillingen på grunn av ekstrudatets formingen (for eksempel ved pressformingen) kan være forskjellig sterkt presset sammen eller utvidet slik at tykkelsen av det mansjettformede området kan variere innenfor administrasjonsformen.
Fortrinnsvis har det mansjettformede området en lagtykkelse i området 0,1 til 4,0 mm, foretrukket 0,15 til 3,5 mm, mer foretrukket 0,2 til 3,0 mm, mest foretrukket 0,2 til 2,5 mm og særlig foretrukket 0,2 til 2,0 mm.
Figurene 5A og 5B viser to skjematiske, foretrukne anordninger av det mansjettformede området innenfor administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen. Administrasjonsformene (81) oppviser et mansjettformet område (82) som delvis omslutter kjernen (83).
Kjernens (83) to på motsatt side liggende overflatesider (84a) og (84b) dekkes derimot ikke av det mansjettformede området (82).
Fremgangsmåten for fremstilling av administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen utføres fortrinnsvis kontinuerlig. Fortrinnvis omfatter fremgangsmåten ekstruderingen av en homogen blanding av komponentene (A), (C), ev. (B) og ev. (D). Med hensyn til dette er det særlig fordelaktig hvis det oppnådde mellomproduktet, eksempelvis strengen som fås ved ekstruderingen, har enhetlige egenskaper. Særlig ønskelig er en enhetlig tetthet, enhetlig virkestoffordeling, enhetlige mekaniske egenskaper, enhetlig porøsitet, enhetlig overflatebeskaffenhet osv. Bare under disse forutsetninger kan også de farmakologiske egenskapenes enhetlighet som for eksempel en konstant frigivelsesoppførsel garanteres og mengden av feilvare holdes lavt.
Fortrinnsvis kan fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen gjennomføres slik at mengden av feilvare er mindre enn 25%, mer foretrukket mindre enn 20%, mest foretrukket mindre enn 15% og særlig mindre enn 10% hvorved feilvarekriteriene er standardene til FDA med henblikk på intervariabiliteten av komponent (A)s innhold, dens frigivelsesprofil og/eller administrasjonsformens tetthet når to administrasjonsformer sammelignes som fortrinnsvis er tatt fra samme sats.
Det ble overraskende funnet at de ovenfor nevnte egenskapene kan fås ved hjelp av dobbelskrueekstrudere og planetvalseekstrudere der dobbelskrueekstrudere er særlig foretrukket.
Fortrinnvis omfatter fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen ekstruderingen av en blanding av komponentene (A), (C), ev. (B) og ev. (D), fortrinnsvis ved hjelp av en planetvalseekstruder eller en dobbelskrueekstruder. Etter ekstruderingen deles ekstrudatet opp, det formes og blir belagt for å oppnå den endelige administrasjonsformen.
I en foretrukket utførelsesform til fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen utføres formingen i den plastifiserte tilstanden av blandingen av komponentene (A), (C), ev. (B) og ev. (D). Det ble overraskende funnet at man ved ekstrudering av bestemte polymerer (C), særlig av polyetylenoksider med høy molekylvekt, får mellomprodukter som har en viss memory-effekt, det vil si de viser en viss gjenopprettingsoppførsel: Formes de oppdelte ekstrudatene ved omgivelsestemperatur for eksempel ved pressforming, får man administrasjonsformer som har en tendens til å innta sin opprinnelige ytre form når de lagres under stressbetingelser, det vil si de går tilbake til den formen de hadde før formingen.
Administrasjonsformens form ved lagring under stressbetingelser, for eksempel ved 40°C/75% rel. fuktighet kan også være ustabil av andre grunner.
Memoryeffekten forringer signifikant administrasjonsformens lagringsstabilitet fordi tallrike egenskaper av administrasjonsformen forandres som ledd i gjenopprettingen av den ytre formen. Det samme gjelder for enhver forandring av den ytre formen på grunn av andre årsaker.
Det ble funnet at eksempelvis avhengig av ekstruderingsbetingelsene skjer det en signifikant strengutvidelse som opptrer samtidig med en økning av ekstrudatets volum, det vil si med en forringelse av dets tetthet. Denne utvidelsen kan kompenseres ved at det enkelte ekstrudatet pressformes med tilstrekkelig trykk fordi man under disse betingelser kan oppheve utvidelsen av materialet.
Ble pressformingen derimot utført ved omgivelsestemperatur, fører memoryeffekten ved lagring av det komprimerte ekstrudatet til at dette sveller og ekspanderer hvorved administrasjonsformens volum signifikant tiltar.
Det er overraskende funnet at en slik memoryeffekt kan undertrykkes ved å utføre formingen av det enkelte ekstrudatet ved forhøyet temperatur, det vil si når blandingens komponenter (A), (C), ev. (B) og ev. (D) er i den plastifiserte tilstanden. Fortrinnsvis skjer formingen ved et trykk på minst 1 kN, mer foretrukket i området 2 kN til 50 kN, for eksempel ved hjelp av en tablettpresse. Foretrukket skjer formingen ved en temperatur som ligger ved omtrent 40°C, mer foretrukket omtrent 30°C og særlig omtrent 25°C under smelteområdet til blandingen av komponentene (A), (C), ev. (B) og ev. (D). Smelteområdet av en gitt blanding kan bestemmes ved hjelp av vanlige metoder, fortrinnsvis ved DSC (for eksempel med en DSC-modell 2920 (TA Instruments, New Castle), ultrarent nitrogen som skyllegass med en flyterate på 150 ml/min; en omtrentlig prøvevekt på 10-20 g, forseglet i ikke-hermetiske aluminiumpanner; temperaturgradient 10°C/min).
I en foretrukket utførelsesform endrer administrasjonsformens ytre form seg ikke vesentlig hvis lagringen skjer i minst 12 t, foretrukket i minst 24 t, ved 40°C og 75% rel. fuktighet, fortrinnsvis i åpne beholdere.
I en foretrukket utførelsesform øker administrasjonsformens volum ved lagring i minst 12 t, foretrukket i minst 24 t ved en temperatur på 20°C under smelteområdet til blandingen av komponentene (A), (C), ev. (B) og ev. (D), evt ved 40°C og 75% rel fuktighet med ikke mer enn 20% eller 17,5%, mer foretrukket med ikke mer enn 15% eller 12,5%, mer foretrukket med ikke mer enn 10% eller 7,5%, mest foretrukket med ikke mer enn 6,0%, 5,0% eller 4,0% og særlig med ikke mer enn 3,0%, 2,0% eller 1,0%.
Administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen har en kontrollert frigivelse av virkestoffet. Den egner seg fortrinnsvis for en administrering på pasienten to ganger daglig.
Administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen kan ha en eller flere substanser (A) i det minste delvis i en utover dette retardert form der retarderingen oppnås ved hjelp av vanlige, for fagmannen kjente materialer og fremgangsmåter, eksempelvis ved at substansen legges i en retarderende matriks eller at det påføres et eller flere retarderende overtrekk. Men substansfrigivelsen må være styrt slik at den nødvendige hardheten ikke forringes ved tilsetting av retarderende materialer.
Den kontrollerte frigivelsen fra administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen oppnås fortrinnsvis ved at substansen legges i en matriks. Hjelpestoffene som tjener som matriksmaterialer kontrollerer frigivelsen. Matriksmaterialene kan for eksempel være hydrofile, geldannende materialer hvorfra frigivelsen hovedsakelig skjer ved diffusjon, eller hydrofobe materialer hvorfra frigivelsen hovedsakelig skjer ved diffusjon via porene i matriksen.
Som matriksmaterialer kan anvendes fysiologisk godtagbare, hydrofile materialer som er kjent for fagmannen. Fortrinnsvis anvendes som hydrofile matriksmaterialer polymerer, særlig foretrukket celluloseetere, celluloseestere og/eller akrylharpikser. Helt spesielt foretrukket brukes som matriksmaterialer etylcellulose, hydroksypropylmetylcellulose, hydroksypropylcellulose, hydroksimetylcellulose, polyester(met)akrylsyre og/eller deres derivater og deres salter, amider eller estere.
Likeledes foretrukket er matriksmaterialer av hydrofobe materialer som hydrofobe polymerer, vokser, fettstoffer, langkjedete fettsyrer, fettalkoholer eller de respektive estere eller etere eller deres blandinger. Særlig foretrukket anvendes som hydrofobe materialer mono- eller diglycerider av C12-C30-fettsyrer og/eller C12-C30-fettalkoholer og/eller vokser eller deres blandinger.
Det er også mulig å bruke blandinger av de ovenfor nevnte hydrofile og hydrofobe materialer som matriksmaterialer.
Videre kan også komponenten (C) og ev. en foreliggende komponent (D) som brukes for å oppnå den ifølge oppfinnelsen nødvendige bruddfasthet på minst 400 N, allerede tjene som ekstra matriksmaterialer.
Hvis administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen skal anvendes til oral administrering, kan den fortrinnsvis også ha et magesaftresistent overtrekk som løser seg opp avhengig av pH-verdien i frigivelsesomgivelsen.
Med dette overtrekket kan oppnås at administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen passerer uløst gjennom magen og virkestoffet først frigis i tarmen. Fortrinnsvis løser det magesaftresistente overtekket seg opp ved en pH-verdi mellom 5 og 7,5.
Tilsvarende materialer og fremgangsmåter for retardering av virkestoffer samt for påføring av magesaftresistente overtrekk er for fagmannen eksempelvis kjent fra "Coated Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms – Fundamentals, Manufacturing Techniques, Biopharmaceutical Aspects, Test Methods and Raw Materials" av Kurt H. Bauer, K. Lehmann, Hermann P. Osterwald, Rothgang, Gerhart, 1. opplag, 1998, Medpharm Scientific Publishers. Den respektive beskrivelsen i denne litteraturen innføres herved som referanse og gjelder som en del av denne patentbeskrivelse.
En gjenstand for oppfinnelsen vedrører anvendelsen av en ovenfor angitt fysiologisk vriksom substans (A) og/eller av en ovenfor beskrevet syntetisk eller naturlig polymer (C) for fremstilling av administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen for forebygging og/eller behandling av en sykdom ved at en overdosering av den fysiologisk virksomme substansen (A), særlig på grunn av en oppdeling av administrasjonsformen ved mekanisk innvirkning, hindres.
Oppfinnelsen vedrører også anvendelsen av en ovenfor angitt fysiologisk virksom substans (A) og/eller av en ovenfor beskrevet syntetisk eller naturlig polymer (C) for fremstilling av administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen for å forhindre en utilsiktet forstyrrelse, særlig at den retarderte frigivelsen av den fysiologisk virksomme substansen (A) på grunn av en oppdeling av administrasjonsformen ved mekanisk innvirkning oppheves.
Videre vedrører oppfinnelsen anvendelsen av en administrasjonsform ifølge oppfinnelsen for fremstilling av et medikament for forebygging og/eller behandling av en sykdom ved at en overdosering av den fysiologisk virksomme substansen (A), særlig på grunn av en oppdeling av administrasjonsformen ved mekanisk innvirkning, hindres.
Endelig vedrører oppfinnelsen anvendelsen av administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen for fremstilling av et medikament for forebygging og/eller behandling av en sykdom for å forhindre en utilsiktet forstyrrelse, særlig at den retarderte frigivelsen av den fysiologisk virksomme substansen (A) på grunn av en oppdeling av medikamentet ved mekanisk innvirkning oppheves.
Den mekaniske innvirkningen er fortrinnsvis valgt fra gruppen bestående av det å tygge, å knuse i morter, å hamre og å anvende apparaturer for pulverisering av vanlige administrasjonsformer.
Ved administrasjonsformene ifølge oppfinnelsen bestemmes bruddfastheten iht. den angitte metoden hvorved administrasjonsformer som avviker fra tabletter likeledes blir testet.
For å undersøke bruddfastheten av administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen fremstilles administrasjonsformer, fortrinnsvis tabletter med en diameter på 10 mm og en høyde på 5 mm.
I disse administrasjonsformer, fortrinnsvis tabletter, bestemmes administrasjonsformens bruddfasthet iht. metoden for bestemmelse av tabletters bruddfasthet, publisert i Europäisches Arzneibuch 1997, side 143, 144, methode nr.2.9.8. ved at nedenfor angitte apparatur anvendes. Som apparatur for måling brukes en Zwick materialtestmaskin "Zwick Z 2.5", materialtestmaskin Fmax 2.5 kN med en traversvei på maks.1150 mm som innstilles ved en oppbygging ved hjelp av en søyle og en spindel, et fritt arbeidsrom bakover på 100 mm og en testhastighet som innstilles mellom 0,1 til 800 mm/min og et program: testControl. For målingen anvendes et trykkstempel med innsatser som kan skrus på og en sylinder (diameter 10 mm), en kraftopptaker, Fmaks. 1 kN, diameter 8 mm, klasse 0.5 fra 10 N, klasse 1 fra 2 N iht. ISO 7500-1, med produsent-kontrollsertifikat M iht. DIN 55350-18 (Zwick-bruttokraft Fmax 1,45 kN) (alle er apparater fra firma Zwick GmbH & Co. KG, Ulm, Tyskland) med bestillingsnr. BTC-FR 2.5 TH. D09 for testmaskinen med bestillingsnr. BTC-LC 0050N. P01 for kraftopptakeren med bestillingsnr. BO 70000 S 06 for sentreringsinnretningen.
Figur 6 viser målingen av bruddfastheten i en tablett, særlig den for dette anvendte justeringsinnretningen (6) for tabletten (4) før og under målingen. Til dette fikseres tabletten (4) mellom den øvre trykkplaten (1) og den nedre trykkplaten (3) av den ikke viste innretning for kraftpåføring ved hjelp av to 2-delte oppspenningsanordninger som hver er fast forbundet (ikke vist) med den øvre hhv. den nedre trykkplate så snart avstanden (5) som er nødvendig for feste og sentrering av tabletten som skal måles, er etablert. For innstilling av avstanden (5) kan de todelte oppspenningsanordningene hver beveges horisontalt utover eller innover på trykkplaten som de er lagret på. De brukte henvisningstall refererer utelukkende til figur 6.
Foreligger administrasjonsformen ifølge oppfinnelsen multipartikulær, kan de enkelte partiklers bruddfasthet alternativt også bestemmes ved hjelp av to trykkplater som det eksempelvis er vist i figur 7.
Figur 7 viser en øvre trykkplate (10) og en nedre trykkplate (11) mellom hvilke en prøve (12), for eksempel en pellet, er ført inn. Ved hjelp av begge trykkplater skjer en kraftinnvirkning på prøven. Evalueringen av måleresultatet skjer analogt med metoden som ovenfor er beskrevet i forbindelse med figur 6.
Som bruddfast ved en bestemt kraftinnvirkning klassifiseres også tablettene ved hvilke det ikke kan fastslås noe brudd, men som ev. gjennom kraftinnvirkningen har blitt plastisk deformerte.
Nedenfor forklares oppfinnelsen ved hjelp av eksempler. Disse forklaringer er bare eksempler og begrenser ikke den generelle oppfinnelsesideen.
I en første serie av eksempler ble det anvendt diltiazem hydroklorid, verapamil hydroklorid og karbamazepin som virkestoffer (substans (A)).
Eksempel 1:
Alle komponenter ble blandet i en frittfallblander. Et tabletteringsverktøy med overstempel, understempel og matrise for tabletter med 10 mm diameter og en kurvaturradius på 8 mm ble oppvarmet til 80°C i et varmeskap. Ved hjelp av det oppvarmede verktøyet presses pulverblandingen hvorved presstrykket ble opprettholdt for minst 15 sek. ved at tabletteringsverktøyet ble spennt inn i en skruestikke.
Tablettenes bruddfasthet ble bestemt i henhold til den angitte metoden med den angitte apparaturen. Ved en kraftinnvirkning på 500 N oppstå det ingen brudd i tablettene. Tabletten kunne ikke deles opp med en hammer. Det var heller ikke mulig med morter og pistill.
In vitro-frigivelsen av virkestoffet fra tilberedningen ble bestemt i bladrørerapparatur ifølge Pharm. Eur. (paddle med sinker). Frigivelsesmediets temperatur var 37°C og rørerens omdreiningshastighet 50 min-1. I begynnelsen av undersøkelsen ble hver tablett lagt i 900 ml kunstig magesaft hver med pH 1,2. Etter 30 minuter ble pH-verdien økt til 2,3 ved at det ble tilsatt base, etter ytterligere 90 minutter til pH 6,5 og etter nye 60 minutter til pH 7,2. Den frigitte mengden virkestoff som var i løsningsmediet til de respektive tidspunktene ble bestemt i 2 mm kuvetter med spektrofotometer ved 236 nm.
Eksempel 2:
Analogt med eksempel 1 ble det fremstilt ovale tabletter med en diameter på 9 mm og en utstrekning i lengde på 20 mm med følgende sammensetning:
Tablettenes bruddfasthet ble bestemt i henhold til den angitte metoden med den angitte apparaturen. Ved en kraftinnvirkning på 500 N oppsto det ingen brudd i tablettene.
In-vitro-frigivelsen av virkestoffet ble bestemt analogt med eksempel 1 (UV-deteksjon ved 279 nm) og var:
Eksempel 3:
Analogt med eksempel 1 ble det fremstilt runde tabletter med en diameter på 20 mm og med følgende sammensetning:
Tablettenes bruddfasthet ble bestemt i henhold til den angitte metoden med den angitte apparaturen. Ved en kraftinnvirkning på 500 N oppsto det ingen brudd i tablettene.
In-vitro-frigivelsen av virkestoffet ble bestemt analogt med eksempel 1 (UV-deteksjon ved 285 nm) og var:
I en ytterligere serie av eksempler ble nifedipin anvendt som virkestoff (substans (A)).
Eksempel 4:
Det ble femstilt tabletter med følgende sammensetning:
Nifedipin og polyetylenoksid ble blandet i en frittfallblander. Blandingen ble presset til tabletter med en vekt på 200 mg på en eksentertablettpresse (modell EK 0 Fa. Korsch). Det ble fremstilt runde tabletter med en diameter på 8 mm og en kurvaturradius på 8 mm. Tabletteringsverktøyet bestående av matrise, over- og understempel og med en diameter 10 mm og en kurvaturradius 8 mm ble oppvarmet til 100°C i et varmeskap. Ved hjelp av det oppvarmede verktøyet ble de først fremstilte tablettene presset på nytt hvorved presstrykket ble opprettholdt i minst 15 sek.
Tablettenes bruddfasthet ble bestemt i henhold til den angitte metoden med den angitte apparaturen. Ved en kraftinnvirkning på 500 N oppsto det ingen brudd i tablettene. Tabletten kunne ikke deles opp med hammer, og det var heller ikke mulig ved hjelp av morter og pistill.
Eksempel 5:
Analogt med eksempel 4 ble det fremstilt tabletter med følgende sammensetning:
Tablettenes bruddfasthet ble bestemt i henhold til den angitte metoden med den angitte apparaturen. Ved en kraftinnvirkning på 500 N oppsto det ingen brudd i tablettene. Tabletten kunne ikke deles opp med hammer, og det var heller ikke mulig ved hjelp av morter og pistill.
Eksempel 6:
Analogt med eksempel 4 ble det fremstilt tabletter med følgende sammensetning:
Tablettenes bruddfasthet ble bestemt i henhold til den angitte metoden med den angitte apparaturen. Ved en kraftinnvirkning på 500 N oppsto det ingen brudd i tablettene. Tabletten kunne ikke deles opp med hammer, og det var heller ikke mulig ved hjelp av morter og pistill.
Eksempel 7:
Analogt med eksempel 4 ble det fremstilt tabletter med følgende sammensetning:
Tablettenes bruddfasthet ble bestemt i henhold til den angitte metoden med den angitte apparaturen. Ved en kraftinnvirkning på 500 N oppsto det ingen brudd i tablettene. Tabletten kunne ikke deles opp med hammer, og det var heller ikke mulig ved hjelp av morter og pistill.
I en ytterligere serie ble det fremstilt tabletter med tramadolhydroklorid som fysiologisk virksom substans (A):
Eksempel 8:
Tramadolhydroklorid og polyetylenoksidpulver ble blandet i en frittfallblander. Et tabletteringsverktøy med overstempel, understempel og matrise for tabletter med 10 mm diameter og en kurvaturradius på 8 mm ble oppvarmet til 80°C i et varmeskap. Ved hjelp av det oppvarmede verktøyet ble pulverblandingen presset hvorved presstrykket ble opprettholdt for minst 15 sek. ved at tabletteringsverktøyet var spennt inn i en skruestikke.
Tablettenes bruddfasthet ble bestemt i henhold til den angittet metoden med den angitte apparaturen. Ved en kraftinnvirkning på 500 N oppsto det ingen brudd i tablettene.
Tabletten kunne ikke deles opp med en hammer. Det var heller ikke mulig med morter og pistill.
In-vitro-frigivelsen av virkestoffet fra tilberedningen ble bestemt i bladrørerapparaturen etter Pharm. Eur. Temperaturen i frigivelsesmediet var 37°C og rørerens omdreiningshastighet 75 min<-1>. I begynnelsen av undersøkelsen ble hver tablett lagt i 600 ml kunstig magesaft med pH 1,2. Etter 30 minuter ble pH-verdien økt til 2,3 ved at det ble tilsatt base, etter ytterligere 90 minutter til pH 6,5 og etter nye 60 minutter til pH 7,2. Den frigitte mengden virkestoff som var i løsningsmediet til de respektive tidspunktene ble spektrofotometrisk bestemt.
Eksempel 9:
Pulverblandingen fra eksempel 9 ble i porsjoner av 300 mg varmet opp til 80°C og fyllt i tabletteringsverktøyets matrise. Deretter ble pressinge foretatt. Tabletten hadde de samme egenskapene som tabletten i eksempel 8.
Eksempel 10:
Tramadolhydroklorid og ovennevnvte komponenter ble blandet i en frittfallblander. Et tabletteringsverktøy med overstempel, understempel og matrise for tabletter med 7 mm diameter ble oppvarmet til 80°C i et varmeskap. Ved hjelp av det oppvarmede verktøyet ble hver gang 150 mg av pulverblandingen presset hvorved presstrykket ble opprettholdt i minst 15 sek. ved at tabletteringsverktøyet var spent inn i en skruestikke.
Tablettenes bruddfasthet ble bestemt i henhold til den angitte metoden med den angitte apparaturen. Ved en kraftinnvirkning på 500 N oppsto det ingen brudd i tablettene. Tablettene ble plastisk noe deformert.
In-vitro-frigivelsen av virkestoffet ble bestemt i eksempel 8 og var:
Eksempel 11:
Tramadolhydroklorid, xantan og polyetylenoksidpulver ble blandet i en frittfallblander. Et tabletteringsverktøy med overstempel, understempel og matrise for tabletter med 10 mm diameter og en kurvaturradius på 8 mm ble oppvarmet til 80°C i et varmeskap. Ved hjelp av det oppvarmede verktøyet ble hver gang 300 mg av pulverblandingen presset hvorved presstrykket ble opprettholdt i minst 15 sek. ved at tabletteringsverktøyet var spent inn i en skruestikke.
Tablettenes bruddfasthet ble bestemt i henhold til den angitte metoden med den angitte apparaturen. Ved en kraftinnvirkning på 500 N oppsto det ingen brudd i tablettene. Tablettene ble plastisk noe deformert.
In-vitro-frigivelsen av virkestoffet ble bestemt som i eksempel 8 og var:
Eksempel 12:
Tramadolhydroklorid, xantan og polyetylenoksidpulver ble blandet i en frittfallblander. Et tabletteringsverktøy med overstempel, understempel og matrise for tabletter med oval form og en lengde på 10 mm og en bredde på 5 mm ble oppvarmet til 90°C i et varmeskap. Ved hjelp av det oppvarmede verktøyet ble hver gang 150 mg av pulverblandingen presset hvorved presstrykket ble opprettholdt i minst 15 sek. ved at tabletteringsverktøyet var spent inn i en skruestikke.
Tablettenes bruddfasthet ble bestemt i henhold til den angitte metoden med den angitte apparaturen. Ved en kraftinnvirkning på 500 N oppsto det ingen brudd i tablettene. Tablettene ble plastisk noe deformert.
In-vitro-frigivelsen av virkestoffet ble bestemt som i eksempel 8 og var:
Eksempel 13:
Som beskrevet i eksempel 8 ble det fremstilt en tablett med følgende sammensetning:
Frigivelsen av virksestoffet ble bestemt på følgende måte:
In-vitro-frigivelsen av virkestoffet fra tabletten ble bestemt i en bladrørerapparatur etter Pharm. Eur. Frigivelsesmediets temperatur var 37°C og omdreiningshastigheten 75 opm. Som frigivelsesmedium ble det anvendt fosfatbufferen med pH 6,8 beskrevet i USP. Den frigitte mengden virkestoff som var i løsningsmediet til de respektive testtidspunktene ble bestemt spektrofotometrisk.
Tablettenes bruddfasthet ble bestemt i henhold til den angitte metoden med den angitte apparaturen. Ved en kraftinnvirkning på 500 N oppsto det ingen brudd i tablettene.
Eksempel 14:
Det ble femstilt tabletter med følgende sammensetning:
Tramadolhydroklorid, polyetylenoksid og carnaubavoks ble blandet i frittfallblanderen. Blandingen ble presset på en eksentertablettpresse (modell EK 0 Fa. Korsch) til tabletter med en diameter på 10 mm og en kurvaturradius på 8 mm. Tabletteringsverktøyet bestående av matrise, over- og understempel og med en diameter 10 mm og en kurvaturradius 8 mm ble oppvarmet til 130°C i et varmeskap. Ved hjelp av det oppvarmede verktøyet ble de først fremstilte tablettene presset på nytt hvorved presstrykket ble opprettholdt i minst 15 sek.
Tablettenes bruddfasthet ble bestemt i henhold til den angitte metoden med den angitte apparaturen. Ved en kraftinnvirkning på 500 N oppsto det ingen brudd i tablettene. Tabletten kunne ikke deles opp med hammer, og deling var heller ikke mulig ved hjelp av morter og pistill.
Eksempel 15:
Analogt med eksempel 14 ble det fremstilt tabletter med følgende sammensetning:
Tablettenes bruddfasthet ble bestemt i henhold til den angitte metoden med den angitte apparaturen. Ved en kraftinnvirkning på 500 N oppsto det ingen brudd i tablettene. Tabletten kunne ikke deles opp med hammer, og deling var ikke heller mulig ved hjelp av morter og pistill.
Eksempel 16:
Det ble femstilt tabletter med følgende sammensetning:
50 g polyetylenoksid ble bearbeidet med 5 g alfa-tokoferol og aerosil i en morter til en homogen blanding. Denne ble blandet med de andre komponentene i 15 minutter i en frittfallblander. Deretter ble de ekstrudert med planetvalseekstruderen av typen BCG 10 fra Fa. LBB Bohle (Ennigerloh). Det ble anvendt 4 planetspindler. Dysens diameter var 8 mm. Pulverdoseringen ble foretatt gravimetrisk, 10 kg pr. time. For ekstruderingen ble følgende produksjonsparametre valgt: Omdreiningstall: 50 opm, manteltemperatur: 100°C, sentralspindelens temperatur 100°C; dyseoppvarmingstemperatur 120°C. Etter produksjonen kjøltes ekstrudatene ned til romtemperatur. Deretter ble de skåret i skiver som hadde tablettenes vekt. Omformingen av tablettene ble utført med en eksenterpresse fra firma Korsch av typen EKO. Som tabletteringsverktøy ble runde stempler (diameter 10 mm) med en kurvaturradius på 8 mm anvendt.
Tablettenes bruddfasthet ble bestemt i henhold til den angitte metoden med den angitte apparaturen. Ved en kraftinnvirkning på 500 N oppsto det ingen brudd i tablettene.
Tabletten kunne ikke deles opp med hammer, og deling var ikke heller mulig ved hjelp av morter og pistill.
In-vitro-frigivelsen av virkestoffet fra tilberedningen ble bestemt i bladrørerapparatur med sinker etter Pharm. Eur. Frigivelsesmediets temperatur var 37°C og rørerens omdreiningshastighet 75 min-1. Som frigivelsesmedium ble 600 ml tarmsaft med pH 6,8 anvendt. Den frigitte mengden virkestoff som var i løsningsmediet til de respektive tidspunktene ble bestemt spektrofotometrisk.
Eksempel 17:
Analogt med eksempel 16 ble det fremstilt tabletter med følgende sammensetning:
Tablettenes bruddfasthet ble bestemt i henhold til den angitte metoden med den angitte apparaturen. Ved en kraftinnvirkning på 500 N oppsto det ingen brudd i tablettene. Tabletten kunne ikke deles opp med hammer, og deling var ikke heller mulig ved hjelp av morter og pistill.
In-vitro-frigivelsen av virkestoffet fra tilberedningen ble bestemt i bladrørerapparatur med sinker etter Pharm. Eur. Frigivelsesmediets temperatur var 37°C og rørerens omdreiningshastighet 75 min-1. Som frigivelsesmedium ble 600 ml tarmsaft med pH 6,8 anvendt. Den frigitte mengden virkestoff som var i løsningsmediet til de respektive tidspunktene ble bestemt spektrofotometrisk.
Claims (8)
1. Farmasøytisk administrasjonsform omfattende
<->en fysiologisk virksom substans (A);
<->eventuelt et eller flere fysiologisk godtagbare hjelpestoffer (B);
<->en syntetisk eller naturlig polymer (C); og
<->eventuelt en naturlig, halvsyntetisk eller syntetisk voks (D);
hvorved substans (A) foreligger i en modifisert frigivelsesmatriks; hvori den modifiserte frigivelsesmatriksen omfatter polymeren (C) og / eller den eventuelt tilstede voks (D) som modifisert frigivelsesmatriks materiale; hvor polymeren (C) er et polyalkylenoksid valgt fra gruppen bestående av polymetylenoksid, polyetylenoksid, polypropylenoksid, kopolymerene derav, blokk-kopolymerene derav og blandingene derav, hvor polymer (C) har en viskositets-gjennomsnittlig molekylvekt på minst 0,5106 g / mol; og hvor den farmasøytiske administrasjonsformen
-har en bruddfasthet på minst 400 N og
- frigjør, under fysiologiske betingelser, høyst 99% av substans (A) etter 5 timer; med forbehold at den farmasøytiske administrasjonsformen
(1) ikke er en tablett med en bruddstyrke på minst 500 N, hvilken tablett har en totalvekt på 300,0 mg, en diameter på 10 mm og en krumningsradius på 8 mm; kan oppnås ved å komprimere en blanding oppvarmet til 80 °C og bestående av 100 mg tramadol hydroklorid og 200 mg polyetylenoksid med en molekylvekt på 7000 000 per tablett ved hjelp av et tabletteringsverktøy med overstempel, understempel og matrise under opprettholdelse av det påførte trykk i minst 15 sekunder; frigir 15%, 52%, 80% og 99% av substans (A) etter henholdsvis 30 min, 240 min, 480 min og 720 min, i en in vitro bestemmelse av frigivelse som per Pharm. Eur. i en bladrøreapparatur inneholdende frigjøringsmediet ved en rotasjonshastighet på 75 rpm; og hvori ved testens start blir tabletten tilsatt 600 ml kunstig magesaft med pH 1,2, hvilken pH økes ved tilsetning av alkalisk oppløsning til 2,3 etter 30 min til 6,5 etter ytterligere 90 min og til 7,2 etter ytterligere 60 min;
(2) ikke er en tablett med en bruddstyrke på minst 500 N, hvilken tablett har en totalvekt på 300,0 mg, en diameter på 10 mm og en krumningsradius på 8 mm; kan oppnås ved å komprimere en blanding oppvarmet til 80 °C og bestående av 100 mg tramadol hydroklorid og 200 mg polyetylenoksid med en molekylvekt på 7000 000 per tablett ved hjelp av et tabletteringsverktøy med overstempel, understempel og matrise under opprettholdelse av det påførte trykk i minst 15 sekunder; hvor blandingen fylles i matrisen av tabletteringsverktøyet; frigir 15%, 52%, 80% og 99% av substans (A) etter henholdsvis 30 min, 240 min, 480 min og 720 min, i en in vitro bestemmelse av frigivelse som per Pharm. Eur. i en bladrøreapparatur inneholdende frigivelsesmediet ved en rotasjonshastighet på 75 rpm; og hvori ved testens start blir tabletten tilsatt 600 ml kunstig magesaft med pH 1,2, hvilken pH økes ved tilsetning av alkalisk oppløsning til 2,3 etter 30 min til 6,5 etter ytterligere 90 min og til 7,2 etter ytterligere 60 min;
(3) ikke er en tablett med en bruddstyrke på minst 500 N, hvilken tablett har en totalvekt på 150,0 mg, en diameter på 7 mm; kan oppnås ved å komprimere en blanding oppvarmet til 80 °C og bestående av 50 mg tramadol hydroklorid og 100 mg polyetylenoksid med en molekylvekt på 7000 000 per tablett ved hjelp av et tabletteringsverktøy med overstempel, understempel og matrise under opprettholdelse av det påførte trykk i minst 15 sekunder; frigir 15%, 52%, 80% og 99% av substans (A) etter henholdsvis 30 min, 240 min, 480 min og 720 min, i en in vitro bestemmelse av frigivelse som per Pharm. Eur. i en bladrøreapparatur inneholdende frigivelsesmediet ved en rotasjonshastighet på 75 rpm; og hvori ved testens start blir tabletten tilsatt 600 ml kunstig magesaft med pH 1,2, hvilken pH økes ved tilsetning av alkalisk oppløsning til 2,3 etter 30 min til 6,5 etter ytterligere 90 min og til 7,2 etter ytterligere 60 min;
(4) ikke er en tablett med en bruddstyrke på minst 500 N, hvilken tablett har en totalvekt på 300,0 mg, en diameter på 10 mm og en krumningsradius på 8 mm; kan oppnås ved å komprimere en blanding oppvarmet til 80 °C og bestående av 100 mg tramadol hydroklorid, 20 mg xanthan gum og 180 mg polyethylenoxid med en molekylvekt på 7000 000 per tablett ved hjelp av et tabletteringsverktøy med overstempel, understempel og matrise under opprettholdelse av det påførte trykk i minst 15 sekunder; frigir 14%, 54%, 81% og 99% av substans (A) etter henholdsvis 30 min, 240 min, 480 min og 720 min, i en in vitro bestemmelse av frigivelse som per Pharm. Eur. i en bladrøreapparatur inneholdende frigivelsesmediet ved en rotasjonshastighet på 75 rpm; og hvori ved testens start blir tabletten tilsatt 600 ml kunstig magesaft med pH 1,2, hvilken pH økes ved tilsetning av alkalisk oppløsning til 2,3 etter 30 min til 6,5 etter ytterligere 90 min og til 7,2 etter ytterligere 60 min;
(5) ikke er en avlang tablett med en bruddstyrke på minst 500 N, hvilken tablett har en totalvekt på 150,0 mg, en lengde på 10 mm og en bredde 5 mm; kan oppnås ved å komprimere en blanding oppvarmet til 90 °C og bestående av 50 mg tramadol hydroklorid, 10 mg xanthan gum og 90 mg polyethylenoksid med en molekylvekt på 7000 000 per tablett ved hjelp av et tabletteringsverktøy med overstempel, understempel og matrise under opprettholdelse av det påførte trykk i minst 15 sekunder; frigir 22%, 50%, 80%, 90% og 99% av substans (A) etter henholdsvis 30 min, 120 min, 240 min, 360 min og 480 min, i en in vitro bestemmelse av frigivelse som per Pharm. Eur. i en bladrøreapparatur inneholdende frigivelsesmediet ved en rotasjonshastighet på 75 rpm; og hvori ved testens start blir tabletten tilsatt 600 ml kunstig magesaft med pH 1,2, hvilken pH økes ved tilsetning av alkalisk oppløsning til 2,3 etter 30 min til 6,5 etter ytterligere 90 min og til 7,2 etter ytterligere 60 min;
(6) ikke er en tablett med en bruddstyrke på minst 500 N, hvilken tablett har en totalvekt på 150,0 mg, en diameter 10 mm og en krumningsradius på 8 mm; kan oppnås ved å komprimere en blanding oppvarmet til 80 °C og bestående av 20 mg oxycodone hydroklorid, 20 mg xanthan gum og 110 mg polyethylenoksid med en molekylvekt på 7000 000 per tablett ved hjelp av et tabletteringsverktøy med overstempel, understempel og matrise under opprettholdelse av det påførte trykk i minst 15 sekunder; og frigir 17%, 61%, 90% og 101,1% av substans (A) etter henholdsvis 30 min, 240 min, 480 min og 720 min, i en in vitro bestemmelse av frigivelse som per Pharm. Eur. i en bladrøreapparatur inneholdende fosfatbuffer frigivelsesmediet med pH 6,8 ved 37 °C, som beskrevet i USP og en rotasjonshastighet på 75 rpm;
(7) ikke er en tablett med en bruddstyrke på minst 500 N, hvilken tablett har en totalvekt på 341,2 mg, en diameter 10 mm og en krumningsradius på 8 mm; kan oppnås ved å oppløse 0,2 mg butylhydroksytoluen i 96% etanol, tørking av 7,7% etanolisk oppløsning oppnådd ved 40 ° C i 12 timer i nærvær av 221 mg polyetylen oksid med en molekylvekt på 7000 000 og ved deretter å komprimere dem sammen med en blanding oppvarmet til 80 °C og bestående av 100 mg tramadol hydroklorid, 20 mg hydroksypropylmetyl cellulose per tablett ved hjelp av et tabletteringsverktøy med overstempel, understempel og matrise under opprettholdelse av det påførte trykk i minst 15 sekunder; og frigir 17%, 59%, 86% og 98% av substans (A) etter henholdsvis 30 min, 240 min, 480 min og 720 min, i en in vitro bestemmelse av frigivelse som per Pharm. Eur. i en bladrøreapparatur inneholdende frigivelsesmediet ved en rotasjonshastighet på 75 rpm; og hvori ved testens start blir tabletten tilsatt 600 ml kunstig magesaft med pH 1,2, hvilken pH økes ved tilsetning av alkalisk oppløsning til 2,3 etter 30 min til 6,5 etter ytterligere 90 min og til 7,2 etter ytterligere 60 min;
(8) ikke er en tablett med en bruddstyrke på minst 500 N, hvilken tablett har en totalvekt på 341,0 mg, en diameter 10 mm og en krumningsradius på 8 mm; kan oppnås ved å komprimere en blanding oppvarmet og bestående av 100 mg tramadol hydroklorid, 221 mg polyetylenoksid med en molekylvekt på 7 000 000 og 20 mg hydroksypropylmetyl cellulose per tablett ved hjelp av et tabletteringsverktøy med overstempel, understempel og matrise under opprettholdelse av det påførte trykk i minst 15 sekunder; og frigir 17%, 59%, 86% og 98% av substans (A) etter henholdsvis 30 min, 240 min, 480 min og 720 min, i en in vitro bestemmelse av frigivelse som per Pharm. Eur. i bladrøreapparatur inneholdende frigivelsesmediet ved en rotasjonshastighet på 75 rpm; og hvori ved testens start blir tabletten tilsatt 600 ml kunstig magesaft med pH 1,2, hvilken pH økes ved tilsetning av alkalisk oppløsning til 2,3 etter 30 min til 6,5 etter ytterligere 90 min og til 7,2 etter ytterligere 60 min;
(9) ikke er en biplanar tablett tablett med en bruddstyrke på minst 500 N, hvilken tablett har en totalvekt på 335,0 mg; kan oppnås ved å oppløse 0,2 mg butylhydroksytoluen i 96% etanol, blanding av den 7,7% etanolisk oppløsning oppnådd med 150 mg polyetylen oksid med en molekylvekt på 7000 000 i en høyhastighetsblander i 30 minutter, og deretter tilsette 17,8 mg polyetylen oksid med en molekylvekt på 7000 000 og omrøring i 30 min og deretter tørking ved 40 °C i 12 timer; tilsetning av 100 mg tramadol hydroklorid, 33,5 mg hydroksypropylmetyl cellulose og 33,5 mg polyetylenglykol; og ekstrudere blandingen i en tvillingskrue ekstruder under nitrogenatmosfære ved en skruehastighet på 100 rpm, en gjennomstrømning på 4 kWh, en produkttemperatur på 125 ° C og en manteltemperatur på 120 ° C.
2. Farmasøytisk administrasjonsform ifølge krav 1, k a r a k t e r i s e r t v e d a t den ikke inneholder en psykotrop virkende substans.
3. Farmasøytisk administrasjonsform ifølge krav 1 eller 2, k a r a k t e r i s e r t v e d at den har en bruddfasthet på minst 500 N.
4. Farmasøytisk administrasjonsform ifølge et av de foregående krav, k a r a k t e r i s e r t v e d at den foreligger i form av en tablett.
5. Farmasøytisk administrasjonsform ifølge et av de foregående krav, k a r a k t e r i s e r t v e d at det inneholder hverken tramadol hydroklorid eller oksykodon hydroklorid.
6. Farmasøytisk administrasjonsform ifølge et av de foregående kravene, k a r a k t e r i s e r t v e d at substans (A) er et legemiddel, valgt fra gruppen bestående av midler for behandling og forebygging av sykdommer i ernæringssystemet og stoffskiftesykdommer; midler for behandling og forebygging av sykdommer i blodet og de bloddannende organer; midler for behandling og forebygging av sykdommer i det kardiovaskulære stystemet; dermatika; midler for behandling og forebygging av sykdommer i urogenitalsystemet og seksualhormoner; systemiske hormonpreparater med unntak av seksualhormoner og insuliner; antiinfektiva for systemisk anvendelse; antineoplastiske og immunmodulerende midler; midler for behandling og forebygging av sykdommer i musklene og i skjelettsystemet; midler for behandling og forebygging av sykdommer i nervesystemet; antiparasitære midler; insektisider og repellentier; midler for behandling og forebygging av sykdommer i respirasjonskanalen; midler for behandling og forebygging av sykdommer i sanseorganene; generelle dietetika og radioterapeutika.
7. Fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av en farmasøytisk administrasjonsform ifølge et av kravene 1-6, omfattende følgende trinn:
a) Blanding av komponentene (A), eventuelt (B), (C), eventuelt (D);
b) eventuelt førforming av blandingen oppnådd fra trinn (a), fortrinnsvis under innvirkning av varme og/eller kraft på den fra (a) oppnådde blandingen hvorved den tilførte varmemengden foretrukket ikke er tilstrekkelig for å varme opp komponent (C) til dens mykningspunkt;
c) herding av blandingen under varme- og kraftinnvirkning hvorved varmetilførselen kan skje under og/eller før kraftinnvirkningen, og den tilførte varmemengden er tilstrekkelig for å varme opp komponent (C) i det minste til dens mykningspunkt;
d) eventuelt oppdeling av den herdede blandingen;
e) eventuelt forming av administrasjonsformen; og
f) eventuelt påføring av et filmovertrekk.
8. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 7, k a r a k t e r i s e r t v e d at det i trinn (c) anvendes en dobbelskrueekstruder eller en planetvalseekstruder
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