JP6592055B2 - 電気化学システムの新規セパレータ - Google Patents
電気化学システムの新規セパレータ Download PDFInfo
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- JP6592055B2 JP6592055B2 JP2017200193A JP2017200193A JP6592055B2 JP 6592055 B2 JP6592055 B2 JP 6592055B2 JP 2017200193 A JP2017200193 A JP 2017200193A JP 2017200193 A JP2017200193 A JP 2017200193A JP 6592055 B2 JP6592055 B2 JP 6592055B2
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- CSSYKHYGURSRAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2,2-difluoroacetate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(F)F CSSYKHYGURSRAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000005677 organic carbonates Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxonickel Chemical compound [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229920005569 poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910000319 transition metal phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/463—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by their shape
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/02—Details
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/449—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure
- H01M50/457—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure comprising three or more layers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
- H01M50/491—Porosity
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
- H01M50/494—Tensile strength
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
- H01M50/497—Ionic conductivity
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Cell Separators (AREA)
- Electric Double-Layer Capacitors Or The Like (AREA)
- Hybrid Cells (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Inert Electrodes (AREA)
Description
本願は、2011年7月11日付けで出願された米国仮出願第61/506,489号及び2012年4月10日付けで出願された米国仮出願第61/622,371号の利益及び優先権を主張し、上記出願それぞれの全体を参照により本明細書に援用する。
図3は、電解質含有層(層M)により分離されたコンプリメンタリな開口パターンを有する第1高機械強度層及び第2高機械強度層(層R及び層F)を有する、本発明の多層セパレータシステムの断面図を示す概略図を提供する。図4は、電解質含有層(層M)により分離された第1高機械強度層、第2高機械強度層、及び第3高機械強度層(層R及びF)を有する本発明の多層セパレータシステムの断面図を示す概略図を提供する。図3及び図4において、層(R)及び層(F)は、例えば電気化学セル等の電気化学システムに組み込んだ場合に、組み合わせて設けるとセパレータシステムにおけるデンドライト成長を防止する開口パターンを有する高機械強度層である。図3及び図4において、電解質含有層(単数又は複数)Mは、層F及びR間に設けられ、いくつかの実施形態では、電解質含有層(単数又は複数)Mは、層F及びRよりも厚いことが好ましい。電気化学システムにおいて、例えば、層(単数又は複数)Mは電解質の貯溜槽として働く。電気化学システムにおいて、例えば、層(単数又は複数)Mはセパレータとして働くことにより、正電極と負電極との間の電気的且つ/又は物理的接触を防止しつつ正電極と負電極との間のイオン輸送を可能にして、電気化学セルが効率的な充放電特性を得ることができるようにする。一実施形態では、例えば、層Mは、導電性の微多孔膜等の低イオン抵抗層である。一実施形態では、例えば、層Mは、ポリエチレン(PE)膜又はポリプロピレン(PP)膜又は両方の組み合わせである。
これまで知られていた最高エネルギー電池は、安価で非常に高いエネルギー/パワー密度を有する亜鉛及びリチウム等の金属を用いたものである。一方、これらの電池の充電は重大な安全上の危険をもたらす。安全上の問題を緩和する要件は、デンドライト形成、事故、及び熱暴走に抵抗できる非常に頑丈だが導電性の高いセパレータである。
であり、式中、Eは弾性率、Iは慣性モーメント、及びR(x)は各点における曲率、最後にLは要素の長さである。化学工学的観点から、デンドライトは、動力学的フラストレーションが大きすぎるのでこのような複雑な成長経路を克服できない。コンプリメンタリな開口パターンを有する有孔層を含む層状セパレータシステムは、デンドライト形成を効果的に防止し、したがって短絡を防止する。かかる複合セパレータシステムに必要な材料及び作製法は、本電池作製インフラストラクチャと適合性があり、現在の電池製造への低コストでの組み入れを可能にする。本発明は、非常に遅い充電(例えば、C/10)及び非常に速い放電(例えば、4C)の送電網の負荷平準化に適した、費用効果的で安全な高エネルギーリチウム電池を提供する。本発明は、液体電解質の伝導率、固体電解質の安全性、高サイクル寿命、及び低コストを特徴とする工業的に優しい電池が得られる層状セパレータを作製するプロセスも提供する。
本実施例は、本発明の多層セパレータシステムを備えたリチウム電池の例の説明を提供する。
・厚さ:125ミクロン、75ミクロン、50ミクロン、又は25ミクロン
・引張強度:150MPa等方的(Celgard:15MPA TD(横方向);150MPA MD(縦方向))
・多孔度:45%
・弾性率:2GPa
・降伏強度:50MPa
・密度:約1.3g/cm3
・MIT耐折強度:10000サイクル
・エルメンドルフ引裂強度:0.1N
・グレーブス引裂強度:15N
・衝撃強度:50N.cm
・150℃で30分の収縮:0.2(Celgard:5%〜10%)
・絶縁耐力ASTM D−149−91:250V/m
・誘電率:3.5
・熱膨張率:20ppm/℃
いくつかの態様では、本発明のセパレータシステムは、外部絶縁コーティングを有する金属メッシュ等の被覆金属層である1つ又は複数の多孔質パターン層を備える。この態様の実施形態は、電池の寿命を大幅に延ばすのに有益である。一実施形態では、例えば、金属メッシュ(Al、ニッケル、銅、ステンレス鋼)は、非常に広い温度範囲にわたって非常に高い機械的強度を有し、金属セパレータは、セルの温度を均一化してセルの安全性及び寿命を大幅に向上させる熱伝導材料である。一実施形態では、セパレータの微多孔質層は、PTFEを塗布したアルミニウムメッシュ層(例えば、Alメッシュ、40%開口:それぞれ5マイクロメートルの3層又はそれぞれ1/3ミルの2層)であり、一実施形態では、Al層にPTFEを、例えば各側を2マイクロメートル厚で塗布する。別の実施形態では、アノードに隣接したAl層のみを被覆する。別の実施形態では、Al層を被覆し、側面を電極に接触して設ける。
本願を通した引用文献、例えば発行又は付与された特許又は等価物を含む特許文献、特許出願公開、及び非特許文献又は他の資料は、各引用文献が本願の開示と少なくとも部分的に矛盾しない程度に参照により個別に援用されるように、それらの全体を参照により本明細書に援用する(例えば、部分的に矛盾する引用文献は、その引用文献の部分的に矛盾する部分以外を参照により引用する)。
102 高機械強度層
104 開口
106 オフセット破線区域
108 矢印
110 点
112 開口の重複領域
Claims (19)
- 電気化学システム用のセパレータシステムであって、
第1高機械強度層であり、該第1高機械強度層を貫通して第1パターンで設けた複数の開口を有する第1高機械強度層と、
第2高機械強度層であり、該第2高機械強度層を貫通して第2パターンで設けた複数の開口を有し、前記第2パターンは、(a)前記第1高機械強度層から前記第2高機械強度層まで垂直に延びる軸に沿った前記第1高機械強度層の前記開口と前記第2高機械強度層の前記開口との重なりがないように前記第1パターンに対してオフセット配列を有するか、又は、(b)前記第1高機械強度層から前記第2高機械強度層まで垂直に延びる軸に沿った前記第1高機械強度層の前記開口と前記第2高機械強度層の前記開口との重なりが0%より大きく5%以下であるように前記第1パターンに対してオフセット配列を有する第2高機械強度層と
を備え、前記第1高機械強度層及び前記第2高機械強度層は、前記第1高機械強度層及び前記第2高機械強度層に接触して設けた電解質のイオンを前記第1高機械強度層及び前記第2高機械強度層を通して輸送可能であるように位置決めされ、
前記第1高機械強度層及び前記第2高機械強度層の少なくとも1つは、少なくとも、金属又はセラミックからなり、
前記第1高機械強度層及び前記第2高機械強度層は、独立して、エルメンドルフ引裂強度0.005N〜10Nの範囲で選択される引裂強度及びグレーブス引裂強度10N〜500Nの範囲で選択される初期引裂強度を有し、
前記初期引裂強度は、最初に引き裂きが形成されるときの引き裂きに対する抵抗を指し、
前記引裂強度は、引き裂きが形成された後に、引き裂きを拡張するときの引き裂きに対する抵抗を指す、セパレータシステム。 - 請求項1に記載のセパレータシステムにおいて、前記(b)における、前記第1パターンは第1ピッチ及び開口間隔を有する第1周期開口パターンであり、前記第2パターンは該第1ピッチ及び開口間隔を有し、かつ該第1周期開口パターンの開口の位置からオフセットした第2周期開口パターンである、セパレータシステム。
- 請求項1に記載のセパレータシステムにおいて、前記第1高機械強度層および前記第2高機械強度層の少なくとも1つの片側に設けた1つ又は複数の低イオン抵抗層をさらに備え、
前記低イオン抵抗層は、独立して、20Ωcm2以下のイオン抵抗を有する、セパレータシステム。 - 請求項3に記載のセパレータシステムにおいて、前記複数の低イオン抵抗層の少なくとも1つは、前記第1高機械強度層および前記第2高機械強度層の少なくとも1つに堆積させた堆積層であり、前記複数の低イオン抵抗層の少なくとも1つは、電気化学セルの電極に堆積させた堆積層であるセパレータシステム。
- 請求項3に記載のセパレータシステムにおいて、前記1つ又は複数の低イオン抵抗層は、前記第1高機械強度層と前記第2高機械強度層との間に設けたスペーサを備え、該スペーサは、前記第1高機械強度層と前記第2高機械強度層とを10nm〜1000μmの範囲から選択される選択距離だけ分離するセパレータシステム。
- 請求項3に記載のセパレータシステムにおいて、前記1つ又は複数の低イオン抵抗層は、前記第1高機械強度層および前記第2高機械強度層の少なくとも1つと接触するか、又は、電気化学セルの少なくとも1つの電極と接触する1つ又は複数のフレーム層を含むセパレータシステム。
- 請求項3に記載のセパレータシステムにおいて、前記第1高機械強度層、前記第2高機械強度層および前記複数の低イオン抵抗層の少なくとも1つの片側に設けた、1つ又は複数の化学障壁層をさらに備え、前記1つ又は複数の化学障壁層は、固体電解質又は固体ポリマー電解質を含み、前記1つ又は複数の化学障壁は独立して、当該1つ又は複数の化学障壁層を通して電気化学セルの正電極又は負電極への望ましくない化学成分の輸送を防止するセパレータシステム。
- 請求項7に記載のセパレータシステムにおいて、該セパレータシステムは、負電極及び正電極を有する電気化学セルのコンポーネントであり、前記1つ又は複数の化学障壁層は、イオン伝導性保護膜を含み、該イオン伝導性保護膜は、前記正電極と接触した第1電解質と前記負電極と接触した第2電解質との間の障壁を提供し、前記イオン伝導性保護膜は、前記負電極と前記第1電解質との間の接触を防止するセパレータシステム。
- 請求項1に記載のセパレータシステムにおいて、開口の前記第1パターン及び前記第2パターンは、30%以上の前記第1高機械強度層および前記第2高機械強度層の多孔度を提供するセパレータシステム。
- 請求項1に記載のセパレータシステムにおいて、前記第1高機械強度層および前記第2高機械強度層は独立して、5μm〜1mmの範囲で選択される平均厚を有するセパレータシステム。
- 請求項1に記載のセパレータシステムにおいて、前記第1高機械強度層および前記第2高機械強度層は独立して、500MPa〜500GPaの範囲で選択されるヤング率を有するセパレータシステム。
- 請求項1に記載のセパレータシステムにおいて、前記第1高機械強度層および前記第2高機械強度層は独立して、5MPa〜1000MPaの範囲で選択される降伏強度、10Ncm〜1000Ncmの範囲で選択される衝撃強度、および50MPa〜2GPaの範囲で選択される引張強度を有する、セパレータシステム。
- 請求項1に記載のセパレータシステムにおいて、前記第1高機械強度層および前記第2高機械強度層のいずれかは独立して、金属、合金、セラミック、ポリアクリル酸(PAA)、架橋ポリエチレン(PEX、XLPE)、ポリエチレン(PE)、ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET、PETE)、ポリフェニルエーテル(PPE)、ポリ塩化ビニル(PVC)、ポリ塩化ビニリデン(PVDC)、ポリ乳酸(PLA)、ポリプロピレン(PP)、ポリブチレン(PB)、ポリブチレンテレフタレート(PBT)、ポリアミド(PA)、ポリイミド(PI)、ポリカーボネート(PC)、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、ポリスチレン(PS)、ポリウレタン(PU)、ポリエステル(PE)、アクリロニトリルブタジエンスチレン(ABS)、ポリ(メチルメタクリレート)(PMMA)、ポリオキシメチレン(POM)、ポリスルホン(PES)、スチレン−アクリロニトリル(SAN)、エチレン酢酸ビニル(EVA)、スチレン無水マレイン酸(SMA)、PVDF(ポリフッ化ビニル)、PEO PVDF(PEOとPVDFの混合物)、LIPON(lithium phosphorus oxynitride)、LISICON(LIthium Super Ionic CONductor)、テトラメチルアンモニウムヒドロキシド五水和物(CH3)4NOH・5H2O、ポリ(エチレンオキシド)(PEO)、エピクロヒドリン及びエチレンオキシドP(ECH−co−EO)及びポリ(ビニルアルコール)のコポリマー、PEO−PVA−ガラス繊維ポリマー電解質、硫化亜鉛、二酸化ケイ素、PVA及びPSA、ポリエチレングリコール、ポリプロピレングリコール、ポリブチレングリコール、アクリルポリエチレングリコール、アクリルポリプロピレングリコール、アルキルポリブチレングリコール、又はPVA材料、及びそれらの組み合わせから選択される1つ又は複数の材料を含むセパレータシステム。
- 請求項1に記載のセパレータシステムにおいて、前記第1高機械強度層及び前記第2高機械強度層のいずれかに設けられる1つ又は複数のコーティングをさらに備え、
前記1つ又は複数のコーティングは、非導電性コーティングである、セパレータシステム。 - 請求項1に記載のセパレータシステムにおいて、前記第1高機械強度層及び前記第2高機械強度層のいずれかは、独立して、金属層又はセラミック層である、セパレータシステム。
- 請求項3に記載のセパレータシステムにおいて、前記1つ又は複数の低イオン抵抗層の少なくとも1つは、セラミック若しくはガラス電解質、ポリマー電解質、又は別の固体電解質を含むセパレータシステム。
- 負電極と、
正電極と、
前記正電極と前記負電極との間に設けた第1電解質と、
前記第1電解質と接触して前記負電極と前記正電極との間に設けたセパレータシステムとを備えた電気化学セルであって、
前記セパレータシステムは、前記第1電解質のイオンを前記正電極と前記負電極との間で輸送可能であるよう位置決めされ、
前記セパレータシステムは、
(i)第1高機械強度層であり、該第1高機械強度層を貫通して第1パターンで設けた複数の開口を有する第1高機械強度層と、
(ii)第2高機械強度層であり、該第2高機械強度層を貫通して第2パターンで設けた複数の開口を有し、前記第2パターンは、(a)前記第1高機械強度層から前記第2高機械強度層まで垂直に延びる軸に沿った前記第1高機械強度層の前記開口と前記第2高機械強度層の前記開口との重なりがないように前記第1パターンに対してオフセット配列を有するか、又は、(b)前記第1高機械強度層から前記第2高機械強度層まで垂直に延びる軸に沿った前記第1高機械強度層の前記開口と前記第2高機械強度層の前記開口との重なりが0%より大きく20%以下であるように前記第1パターンに対してオフセット配列を有する、第2高機械強度層と
を備え、前記第1高機械強度層及び前記第2高機械強度層は、前記第1電解質のイオンを前記第1高機械強度層及び前記第2高機械強度層を通して輸送可能であるように位置決めされ、
前記第1高機械強度層及び前記第2高機械強度層の少なくとも1つは、少なくとも、金属又はセラミックからなり、
前記第1高機械強度層及び前記第2高機械強度層は、独立して、エルメンドルフ引裂強度0.005N〜10Nの範囲で選択される引裂強度及びグレーブス引裂強度10N〜500Nの範囲で選択される初期引裂強度を有し、
前記初期引裂強度は、最初に引き裂きが形成されるときの引き裂きに対する抵抗を指し、
前記引裂強度は、引き裂きが形成された後に、引き裂きを拡張するときの引き裂きに対する抵抗を指す、電気化学セル。 - 請求項17に記載の電気化学セルにおいて、前記電気化学セルは、リチウムイオンセル、リチウム金属アノードセル又は亜鉛イオンセルである、電気化学セル。
- アルカリ金属燃料電池であって、
固体アルカリ金属及び溶媒中に溶解したアルカリ金属を燃料として含む再生可能なアノードと、
固定の電子伝導コンポーネント、アルカリ金属のイオン用の電解質を含むイオン伝導性コンポーネント及び前記電池の動作環境から得られる流体酸化剤を含むカソード構造と、
前記アノードと前記カソード構造との間に設けられるセパレータシステムと
を備え、
前記セパレータシステムは、
(i)第1高機械強度層であり、該第1高機械強度層を貫通して第1パターンで設けた複数の開口を有する第1高機械強度層と、
(ii)第2高機械強度層であり、該第2高機械強度層を貫通して第2パターンで設けた複数の開口を有し、前記第2パターンは、(a)前記第1高機械強度層から前記第2高機械強度層まで垂直に延びる軸に沿った前記第1高機械強度層の前記開口と前記第2高機械強度層の前記開口との重なりがないように前記第1パターンに対してオフセット配列を有するか、又は、(b)前記第1高機械強度層から前記第2高機械強度層まで垂直に延びる軸に沿った前記第1高機械強度層の前記開口と前記第2高機械強度層の前記開口との重なりが0%より大きく20%以下であるように前記第1パターンに対してオフセット配列を有する、第2高機械強度層と
を備え、前記第1高機械強度層及び前記第2高機械強度層は、前記電解質のイオンを前記第1高機械強度層及び前記第2高機械強度層を通して輸送可能であるように位置決めされ、
前記第1高機械強度層及び前記第2高機械強度層の少なくとも1つは、少なくとも、金属又はセラミックからなり、
前記第1高機械強度層及び前記第2高機械強度層は、独立して、エルメンドルフ引裂強度0.005N〜10Nの範囲で選択される引裂強度及びグレーブス引裂強度10N〜500Nの範囲で選択される初期引裂強度を有し、
前記初期引裂強度は、最初に引き裂きが形成されるときの引き裂きに対する抵抗を指し、
前記引裂強度は、引き裂きが形成された後に、引き裂きを拡張するときの引き裂きに対する抵抗を指す、アルカリ金属燃料電池。
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