JP4231056B2 - 質量分析に基づいたdna診断 - Google Patents
質量分析に基づいたdna診断 Download PDFInfo
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Images
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Description
全ての生きている生物(例えば動物、植物および微生物)の遺伝的情報はデオキシリボ核酸(DNA)にコードされている。ヒトにおいては、完全ゲノムは、24の染色体上に位置している約100000の遺伝子から構成されている(The Human Genome,T.Strachan,BIOS Scientific Publishers,1992)。それぞれの遺伝子は、その転写および翻訳を介した発現後に、生細胞の内部で特定の生物学的機能を実現する特定のタンパク質をコードしている。DNA配列中の変化は変異として知られ、改変された、または場合によっては生物学的活性を失ったタンパク質をもたらす;これが順に遺伝病を引き起こしうる。変異には、ヌクレオチドの欠失、挿入、変更(すなわち点変異)が含まれる。点変異は、タンパク質のアミノ酸配列の変化をもたらす「ミスセンス」、または停止コドンをコードし、それにより切断されたタンパク質へつながる「ナンセンス」の何れかで有り得る。
本発明は、生物学的試料中の特定の核酸配列を検出するための質量分析方法を提供するものである。検出されるべき配列に応じて、方法を利用、例えば、遺伝病または染色体異常;病気または状態になる傾向(例えば肥満、動脈硬化、ガン)または病原性生物(ウイルス、細菌、寄生生物または菌類)による感染の診断(出産前、出産後等);または同定、遺伝または適合性(HLA表現型等)に関する情報を提供することができる。
一般に、本発明は、生物学的試料中の特定の核酸配列を検出するための質量分析方法を提供するものである。ここで用いられているように、用語「生物学的試料」とは、生きている給源から得られた何れの物質をも指す(ヒト、動物、植物、細菌、菌類、原生動物、ウイルス等)。本発明においての利用のために、生物学的試料は核酸を含んでいなければならない。本発明において用いるために適当な生物学的試料の例には、固体物質(組織、細胞、沈殿、生検等)および生物学的液体(尿、血液、唾液、羊水、口洗浄液等)が含まれる。
、Si(CH3)(C2H5)2、Si(C2H5)3等で置換することにより実行することができる。更に別の質量改変は、ホモまたはヘテロペプチドを、核酸分子(例えば検出(D))またはヌクレオシド3リン酸を通して取り付けることにより得られる。質量増加57で質量改変された種を得るために有用な1つの例は、オリゴグリシンの取り付け、例えば、74(r=1)、131(r=1、m=2)、188(r=1、m=3)、245(r=1、m=4)の質量改変が成される。単純オリゴアミドもまた用いることが可能で、74(r=1)、88(r=2、m=0)、102(r=3、m=0)、116(r=4、m=0)等が得られる。当業者には、上で言及されたものに加えて数多くの可能性が存在することは明白である。
、アルツハイマー病および嚢胞繊維症(CF))。
しかしながら、新規な変異もまた検出され得る。例えば、図8に示されているように、生物学的試料から得られた核酸配列の転写は1またはそれより多くのヌクレアーゼを用いて特異的に消化されることが可能であり、対応する相補的な核酸配列を担持する固体支持体上に断片が捕捉されることが可能である。ハイブリダイゼーションの検出および捕捉された標的配列の分子量は、遺伝子中のどこに変異があるか無いかに関する情報を提供する。他には、DNAは1またはより多くの特定のエンドヌクレアーゼで、断片の混合物を形成するために分解されることも可能である。野生型と変異断片混合物との間の分子量の比較により変異の検出という結果となる。
1gCPG(制御孔ガラス)を3−(トリエトキシシリル)−エポキシプロパンで機能化し、ポリマー表面上にOH基を形成させた。13mgのOH−CPGとの標準オリゴヌクレオチド合成を、DNA合成器(Milligen.モデル7500)で、ベータシアノエチルーホスホアミジト(Koster et al.,Nucleic Acid Res.,12,4539(1994))およびTAC N−保護基(Koster et al.,Tetrahedron,362(1981))を用いて行い、50のヌクレオチドが「仮説上の」50mer配列と相補的な3’−T5−50merオリゴヌクレオチド配列を合成した。T5はスペーサーとして働く。メタノール中の飽和アンモニアでの室温、2時間の脱保護により、DMT基の決定に従って、約10μmol 55mer/g CPGを含むCPGを供給した。この55merは26mer(5’DMT基とともに)との、および40mer(DMT基を含まず)とのハイブリダイゼーションのテンプレートとして働く。反応容量は100μlで約1nmolのCPG結合55merをテンプレートとして、および等量のオリゴヌクレオチドを20mM トリス−HCl、pH7.5、10mM MgCl2および25mM NaClの溶液中(26merまたは40mer)に含んでいる。この混合物は65℃で10分間加熱し、37℃で30分間冷却した(アニーリング)。ポリマー結合テンプレートにハイブリダイズしなかったオリゴヌクレオチドは、遠心および3つの連続した、それぞれ100μlの氷冷50mMクエン酸アンモニウムでの洗浄/遠心段階で除去した。ビーズを風乾させ、マトリックス溶液(3−ヒドロキシピコリン酸/10mMクエン酸アンモニウム、アセトニトリル/水、1:1中)と混合し、MALDI−TOF質量分析によって解析した。結果は図10および11に示されている。
2−プロパノール/10mM炭酸アンモニウム(1/9、v/v)中の濃度50pmole/μlのDNA断片を同時に電子スプレー質量分析計によって分析した。
材料と方法
PCR増幅および鎖固定化 増幅を、エクソン10特異的プライマーで、標準PCR条件を用いて(30サイクル;1分間@95℃、1分間@55℃、2分間@72℃)行った;逆プライマーはビオチンで5’標識を標識され、カラム精製された(Olicopurification Cartridge,Cruachem)。増幅後、PCR産物はカラム分離によって精製され(Qiagen Quickspin)、ストレプトアビジンコート磁性ビーズ(Dynabeads、Dynal、Norway)上で、それらの標準プロトコルに従って固定化された;DNAは0.1M NaOHを用いて変性させ、非ビオチニル化センス鎖を除去するために0.1M NaOH、1xB+WバッファーおよびTEバッファーで洗浄した。
アポリポタンパク質E(アポE)は、リポタンパク質のタンパク質成分であるが、脂質代謝で不可欠な役割を果たしている。例えば、それはコレステロール移送、リポタンパク質粒子の代謝、免疫制御および数多くの脂質分解酵素の活性化にに関与している。
材料と方法
試料の調製
ウイルスDNAのフェノール/クロロホルム抽出および最終エタノール沈殿を標準的なプロトコルに従って行った。
第1のPCR:
それぞれの反応は5μlの血清からのDNA調製物で行った。15pmolの各々のプライマーおよび2ユニットTaq DNAポリメラーゼ(Perkin Elmer,Weiterstadt,Germany)を用いた。各々のdNTPの終濃度は200μM、反応の最終容量は50μlであった。10xPCRバッファー(Perkin Elmer,Weiterstadt,Germany)は、100mMトリス−HCl、pH8.3、500mM KCl、15mM MgCl2、0.01%ゼラチン(w/v)を含んでいた。
各々の反応を、1μlの第1の反応物または第1のPCRの1:10の希釈物それぞれをテンプレートとして用いて行った。100pmolの各々のプライマー、2.5u Pfu(エキソ)DNAポリメラーゼ(Stratagene,Heidelberg,Germany)、終濃度200μMの各々のdNTPおよび5μlの10x Pfuバッファー(200mMトリス−HCl、pH8.75、100mM KCl、100mM (NH4)2SO4、20mMMgSO4、1%トリトンX−100、1mg/ml BSA(Stratagene,Heidelberg,Germany)を、最終容量50μlで用いた。反応は以下のプログラムで実行した:92℃1分、60℃1分および72℃1分を20サイクル。オリゴヌクレオチドの配列(NWG−Biotech、Ebersberg,GermanyでHPLC精製されたものを購入):
各々のスペクトルを記録するために、1つのPCR 50μl(上記のとおりに実行)を用いた。精製は以下の手順で行った:限外濾過をUltrafree−MC濾過ユニット(Millipore,Eschborn、Germany)を用いて、提供者のプロトコルに従って、8000rpm、20分間の遠心分離とともに行った。25μl(10μg/μl)ストレプトアビジンDynabeads(Dynal、Hamburg、Germany)を、製造者の指示通りに調製し、25μlのB/Wバッファー(10mMトリス−HCl、pH7.5、1mM EDTA、2M NaCl)中に再懸濁した。この懸濁液を、まだ濾過ユニット中にあるPCR試料に添加し、混合物を15分間、室温で穏やかに振とうさせた。懸濁液を1.5mlのエッペンドルフチューブに移し、上清を磁性粒子コレクター、MPC(Dynal,Hamburg、Germany)の補助により除去した。ビーズを50μlの0.7M クエン酸アンモニウム溶液、pH8.0で2回洗浄した(MPCを用いた各々の時、上清は除去された)。ビーズからの分解は、ホルムアミドを90℃で用いて実行された。上清はスピードバック中で約1時間乾燥させ、4μの超純水(MilliQ UFプラス Millipore,Echborn,Germany)に再懸濁させた。この調製物をMALDI−TOF MS解析に用いた。
試料の0.5μlをピペットで試料ホルダーに取り、続いて即座に0.5μlマトリックス溶液(0.7M 3−ヒドロキシピコリン酸50%アセトニトリル、70mMクエン酸アンモニウム)を添加した。この混合物は室温で乾燥され質量分析計中に導入された。全てのスペクトルは、リフレクトロン(5keV イオン給源、20keV 加速後)および337nm窒素レーザーを装備したFinnigan MAT Vision 2000(Finnigan MAT、BΓemen、Germany)を用いて陽イオンモードで行った。補正を40merおよび100merの混合物について行った。各々の試料は異なったレーザーエネルギーで測定された。陰性の試料においては、PCR産物は低および高レーザーエネルギーの何れにおいても検出されなかった。陽性試料においては、PCR産物は異なった試料のスポット位置において、および変化したレーザーエネルギーにおいて検出された。
ネスティドPCRシステムを、HBVコア抗原(HBVcAg)をコードしているHBVゲノムのc領域に相補的なオリゴヌクレオチド(プライマー1:地図位置1763から始まり、プライマー2は相補鎖の地図位置2032から始まる)を用いた血液試料中のHBV DNAの検出のために用いた。DNAは患者の血清から標準的なプロトコルにより単離した。第1のPCRを、これらの調製物由来のDNAについて、第1のセットのプライマーを用いて実行した。試料中にHBV DNAが存在する場合は269bpのDNA断片が生成された。
材料と方法
オリゴデオキシヌクレオチド
ビオチニル化された1つを除き、他の全てのオリゴヌクレオチドは0.2μmolスケールで、MilliGen7500DNA合成機(Millipore,Bedford、MA、USA)で、β−シアノエチルホスホアミジト法(Shina,N.D.et al.,(1984)Nuleic Acid Res.Vol.12,Pp.4539−4577)を用いて合成された。オリゴデオキシヌクレオチドはRP−HPLC精製され、標準的プロトコルし従って脱保護された。ビオチニル化オリゴデオキシヌクレオチドはBiometra、Gottingen、Germanyより購入した(HPLC精製)。
用いられたオリゴヌクレオチドの配列と計算上の分子量:
ポリヌクレオチドキナーゼ(Boehringer,Mannheim,German)で、刊行された手順にしたがって実行し、5’リン酸化オリゴヌクレオチドは精製しないでLCRに用いた。
LCRはPfuDNAリガーゼ、および、2つの異なったpBluescriptKIIファージミドを含むリガーゼ連鎖反応キット(Stratagene、Heidelberg、German)で行った。E.coli lacI遺伝子の野生型を担持する1つおよび、lacIのbp191での単一の点変異を含むこの遺伝子の変異体である。
イオン交換HPLC(IE HPLC)をスマートシステム(Pharmacia、Freiburg、Germany)で、ファルマシア モノQ、PC1.6/5カラムを用いて行った。溶出液はバッファーA(25mMトリス−HCl、1mM EDTAおよび0.3M NaCl pH8.0)およびバッファーB(Aと同じ、但し1M NaCl)であった。100%Aで5分間、流速50μl/分で開始し、30分で0から70%Bのグラジエントをかけ、続いて2分間で100%に増加させ、100%Bで5分間保持した。野生型または変異体テンプレートの何れかについて行われた2つのプールされたLCR容量(40μl)を注入した。
固定化DNAの調整:各々のスペクトルを記録するため、2つのLCR(上記のように行った)をプールし、1:1で2xB/Wバッファー(10mMトリス−HCl、pH7.5、1mM EDTA、2M NaCl)で希釈した。5μlのストレプトアビジンDynabeads(Dynal,Hamburg,Germany)試料を添加し、混合物は、室温で15分間穏やかに振とうされ、結合を可能された。上清を磁性粒子コレクター、MPC(Dynal,Hamburg,Germany)を用いて除去し、ビーズを2回50μlの0.7Mクエン酸アンモニウム溶液(pH8.0)で洗浄した(上清はMPCを用いる度に除去した)。ビーズを1μlの超純水(MilliQ、Millipore、Bedford、MA、USA)に再懸濁した。この懸濁液は直接MALDI−TOF−MS解析に以下の記載のように用いた。
固定化されたDNAを有するストレプトアビジンコート磁性ビーズの懸濁液を、試料ホルダーでピペットで取り、続いて直ちに0.5μlマトリックス溶液(50%アセトニトリル中の0.7M 3−ヒドロキシピコリン酸、70mMクエン酸アンモニウム)と混合した。この混合物を室温で乾燥させ、質量分析計に導入された。全てのスペクトルは陽イオンモードで、リフレクトロン(5keV イオン給源、20keV 加速後)および337nm窒素レーザーを装備したFinnigan MAT Vision 2000で取られた。PfuDNAリガーゼの解析のために、0.5μlの溶液を試料ホルダー上で1μlのマトリックス溶液と混合し、上記のように調製した。精製されていないLCRの解析のために、1μlのLCRを1μlのマトリックス溶液と混合した。
E.coli lacI遺伝子は、リガーゼ連鎖反応において生成された産物の検出方法としての、MALDI−TOF−MSの適性を調べるための単純な系として機能した。このテンプレートシステムは、pBluescript KIIファージミド中のE.coli lacI野生型遺伝子、および、同じプラスミド中のbp191(CからTへの変化)での単一点変異を含むE.coli lacI遺伝子を含む。4つの異なったオリゴヌクレオチドを用いたが、それらはE.coli lacI野生型遺伝子が存在する場合のみライゲーションした(図26)。
要約
固相オリゴ塩基伸長法は、増幅されたDNAにおける点変異および小さな欠失並びに小さな挿入を検出する。この方法は、DNAポリメラーゼ、3つのdNTPの混合物、および欠けている1つのジデオキシヌクレオチドを用いた、親和性捕捉された増幅テンプレート上の変異ヌクレオチド位置に隣接してアニールする検出プライマーの伸長に基づいている。得られた産物は、さらに標識化工程を必要とせずにMALDI−TOF質量分析により評価され、分解される。以下の実験の目的は、速くて信頼性のある様式で変異体および野生型対立遺伝子を測定することにあった。
この方法では1つの検出プライマーを用い、続いて、オリゴヌクレオチド伸長工程を行って、MALDI−TOF質量分析により容易に解明できる、変異体または野生型対立遺伝子に特異的ないくつかの塩基により長さが異なる産物を得た。この方法を、CFTR遺伝子のエキソン10の例を用いて記載する。この遺伝子のエキソン10は、同型接合状態において膵嚢胞性繊維症の臨床表現型となる、多くの人種集団において最も共通している変異(ΔF508)を負っている。
ゲノミックDNA
ゲノミックDNAは健康な個体から得た。個体は同型接合体またはΔF508変異の異型接合体であり、ある個体は1506S変異に関して異型接合である。
野生型および変異体対立遺伝子は、標準的なサンガー法により確認した。
PCR増幅のプライマーは、CFEx10−F(イントロン9に位置し、ビオチニル化された、5−GCAAGTGAATCCTGAGCGTG−3’(配列番号13))およびCEFx10−R(イントロン10に位置する、5’−GTGTGAAGGGCGTG−3’(配列番号14))であった。プライマーは8pモルの濃度で用いた。10x緩衝液を含むTaqポリメラーゼはベーリンガーマンハイムから購入し、dTNPはファーマシアから得た。全反応容積は50μlであった。PCRのサイクル条件は、最初に95℃で5分間、続いて、94℃で1分間、53℃で45秒間、そして、72℃で30秒間の40サイクルと、最後に72℃の5分間の延長時間であった。
製造業者の指示に従ってQiagenのPCR精製キット(28106番)を使用することにより、増幅産物を精製した。精製産物のカラムからの溶出は、50μlのTE緩衝液(10mMのトリス、1mMのEDTA、pH7.5)中で行った。
精製PCR産物の10μLのアリコートをストレプトアビジン被覆マイクロタイタ板(1645684番、ベーリンガーマンハイムまたは95029262番ラブシステムス)の1つのウェルに移した。続いて、10μlの保温緩衝液(80mMのリン酸ナトリウム、400mMのNaCl、0.4%のTween20、pH7.5)および30μlの水を加えた。室温での1時間の保温後、200μlの洗浄緩衝液(40mMのトリス、1mMのEDTA、50mMのNaCl、0.1%のTween20、pH8.8)でウェルを3回洗浄した。二本鎖DNAを変性するために、ウェルを3分間に亘り50mMのNaOH溶液100μlで処理した。その後、ウェルを200μlの洗浄緩衝液で3回洗浄した。
25pモルの検出プライマー(CF508:5’CTATATTCATCATAGGAAACACCA−3’(配列番号15))のアニーリングを10分間に亘り50℃で50μlのアニーリング緩衝液(20mMのトリス、10mMのKCl、10mMの(NH4)2SO4、2mMのMgSO、1%のトリトンX−100、pH8.75)中で行った。ウェルを200μlの洗浄緩衝液で3回、そして、200μlのTE緩衝液で1回洗浄した。伸長反応は、USBからのDNA配列決定キット(70770番)のいくつかの成分およびファーマシアからのdNTPまたはddNTPを用いて行った。全反応容積は、21μlの水、6μlのシーケナーゼ緩衝液、3μlの10mMのDTT溶液、4.5μlの0.5mMの3つのdNTP、4.5μlの2mMの欠けている1つのddNTP、5.5μlのグリセロール酵素希釈緩衝液、0.25μlのシーケナーゼ2.0,および0.25のピロホスファターゼからなる45μlであった。反応物を氷上にピペットで取り、室温で15分間、そして37℃で5分間保温した。その後、ウェルを200μlの洗浄緩衝液で3回、そして70mMのクエン酸アンモニウム溶液60μlで1回洗浄した。
伸長プライマーを、10分間に亘り80℃で水中50μlの10%DMSO(ジメチルスルホキシド)内で変性した。沈殿に関して、10μlの酢酸アンモニウム(pH6.5)、0.5μlのグリコーゲン(10mg/mlの水、シグマG1765番)、および100μlの脱水エタノールを上清に加え、室温で1時間に亘り保温した。10分間の13,000gでの遠心分離後、ペレットを70%のエタノール中で洗浄し、1μlの18Mohm/cmH2O水で再懸濁させた。
試料の沈殿は、0.3μlのマトリクス溶液(H2O:CH3CNの比率が1:1の0.7Mの3−ヒドロキシピコリン酸、0.07Mの二塩基クエン酸アンモニウム)および試料標的上の0.3μlの再懸濁DNA/グリコーゲンペレットを混合することにより行い、空気乾燥させた。20までの試料を、それぞれ、標的および転化ダイノード上5および20kVのリフレクトロンモードで運転している未改良サーモバイオアナリシス(以前はフィニガン)ビジョン2000MALDI−TOFの供給領域に導入するために、プローブ標的ディスク上にプロットした。理論平均分子量(Mr(計算))は原子組成から計算した。報告された実験Mr(Mr(実験))値は、外部校正を用いて求めた、1つの電子を加えた形態の値であった。
実験の目的は、遺伝病の診断において高品質で高処理量となる変異検出のための正確な厳重さに依存しない、速くて信頼性のある方法を開発することにあった。したがって、特定の種類のDNA配列決定法(1つの変異検出プライマーのオリゴ塩基伸長)を、マトリクスアシステッドレーザ脱着イオン化(MALDI)質量分析(MS)により得られたミニ配列決定産物の評価と組み合わせた。可能な質量測定システムとして、飛行時間(TOF)リフレクトロン配列を選択した。この仮説を証明するために、CFTR遺伝子のエキソン10に関して実験を行った。ここでは、いくつかの変異により、コーカサス人の人口において最もありふれた単一遺伝病である、膵嚢胞清繊維症の臨床表現型が生じうる。
材料および方法
PCR増幅
以下のオリゴデオキシヌクレオチドプライマーを、200nモルの規模でミリゲン7500DNA合成器(米国、マサチューセッツ州、ベッドフォードのミリポア)により標準ホスホアミジテ化学(Sinha,N.D,等、(1983)Tetrahedron Let.24巻、5843-5946頁;Sinha,N.D.等、(1984)Nucleic AcidsRes.、12巻、4539-4557頁)にしたがって合成したか、またはMWG−バイオテック(プライマー3、ドイツ国、エベルスベルグ)およびバイオメトラ(プライマー6−7、ドイツ国、ゴエッティンゲン)から購入した。
プライマー1および4を、製造業者のプロトコルにしたがって、T4−ポリヌクレオチドキナーゼ(エピセントレテクノロジース)および(γ−32P)−ATP(ドイツ国、デュポン、BLU/NGG/502A)を用いて5’−[32−P]−標識した。反応は、その他の反応条件は変えずに、PCRのプライマー1および4の10%を標識されたプライマーと置換することにより行った。増幅DNAは、10%のポリアクリルアミドゲル上のゲル電気泳動により分離した。適切なバンドを切除し、パッカードTRI−CARB460C液体シンチレーションシステム(米国、コネチカット州、パッカード)で計数した。
増幅したDNAをウルトラフリーMCフィルタユニット(30,000NMWL)を用いて精製し、次いで、0.2モル/LのNaOH100μl中で再度溶解させ、25分間に亘り95℃で加熱した。次いで、溶液をHCl(1モル/L)で酸性化し、さらに、以下に記載するように、MALDI−TOF分析のために、ウルトラフリーMCフィルタユニット(10,000NMWL)を用いて精製した。
全ての試料を、製造業者の記載にしたがって、ウルトラフリーMCフィルタユニット30,000NMWL(ドイツ国、エシュボーン、ミリポア)を用いて精製し、濃縮した。PCR産物を超純水の5μL(200merに関しては3μL)溶解させた。この分析物溶液を、MALDI−TOF測定のめたに直接的に用いた。
0.5μLの分析物溶液および0.5μLのマトリクス溶液(アセトニトリル/水(1:1,v/v)中0.7モル/Lの3−HPAおよび0.07モル/Lのクエン酸アンモニウム)のアリコートを平らな金属試料支持体上で混合した。周囲温度での乾燥後、分析のために試料を質量分析器中に導入した。使用したMALDI−TOF質量分析器は、フィニガンMATビジョン2000(ドイツ国、ブレーメン、フィニガンMAT)であった。スペクトルを、5keVイオン発生源および20keV後加速による正イオンリフレクターモードで記録した。器具に窒素レーザ(337nmの波長)を備え付けた。システムの真空は、分析器領域においては3−4・10-8hPaおよび発生源領域においては1−4・10-7hPaであった。修飾および未修飾DNA試料のスペクトルを同一の相対レーザ源により得た。外部校正を合成オリゴデオキシヌクレオチド(7merから50mer)の混合物により行った。
PCRによる7−デアザプリンヌクレオチド含有核酸の酵素合成
短いPCR産物の速くてゲルを用いない分析を行うMALDI−TOF MSの可能性を示すために、そしてMALDI−TOF条件下で核酸の7−デアザプリン修飾の効果を調べるために、2つの異なるプライマーテンプレート系を用いてDNA断片を合成した。配列を図36および37に示す。103merPCR産物の2つの一本鎖はほぼ等しい質量(Δm=8u)を有していたが、99merの2つの一本鎖は526uだけ異なっていた。
99mer、103merおよび200merのPCR産物をMALDI−TOF MSにより分析した。過去の経験に基づいて、脱プリンの程度は、分析物の脱着およびイオン化に使用されるレーザエネルギーに依存することが知られている。脱プリンによる7−デアザプリン修飾の断片化への影響を調査すべきであるので、同一の相対レーザエネルギーで全てのスペクトルを測定した。
材料および方法
オリゴヌクレオチドを未精製状態でオペロンテクノロジース(カリフォルニア州、アラメダ)から購入した。配列決定反応は、シーケナーゼバージョン2.0の配列決定キット(イリノイ州、アーリントンハイツ、アメルシャム)からの試薬を用いて固体表面上で行った。
MALDI分析の前に、配列決定ラダー充填磁気ビーズを、50mMのクエン酸アンモニウムを用いて2回洗浄し、0.5μlの純水中に再懸濁させた。次いで、懸濁液を質量分析器の試料標的上に装填し、0.5μlの飽和マトリクス溶液(3−ヒドロピコリン酸(HPA):クエン酸アンモニウム=50%のアセトニトリル中10:1のモル比)を加えた。質量分析の前に、混合物を乾燥させた。
従来の固体状態の配列決定
従来の配列決定法において、プライマーは直接的にテンプレートにアニールされ、次いで伸長され、サンガー法において終了される。通常、ビオチニル化されたプライマーを用いて、配列決定ラダーがストレプトアビジン被覆磁気ビーズにより捕捉される。洗浄後、EDTAおよびホルムアミドを用いて、ビーズからその産物を溶離させる。しかしながら、以前の発見から、二重鎖DNAのアニールされた鎖のみが脱着され、固定された鎖はビーズに残留することが示された。したがって、テンプレートを固定化し、プライマーをアニールすることが有利である。配列決定反応および洗浄後、固定化されたテンプレートおよびアニールされた配列決定ラダーを有するビーズを質量分析器標的上に直接的に装填し、マトリクスと混合しても差し支えない。MALDIにおいては、アニールされた配列決定ラダーのみが脱着され、イオン化され、固定化されたテンプレートは標的上に残留する。
可能性のある説明としては、テンプレートの小さな部分がループのようなある種の2次構造を形成し、このことがシーケナーゼ伸長を阻害したというものがある。これらのピークの強度は配列決定ラダーのものよりも非常に小さかったので、結合ミスはそれほど重要ではない。配列決定反応には7−デアザプリンを用いたけれども、これにより、N−グリコシド結合を安定化させ、脱プリン反応を妨げられる。プライマーが7−デアザプリンにより置換されなかったので、わずかな塩基の損失がまだ観察された。3’末端でddAを有する全長のラダーが、A反応において、11899.8の見かけの質量で現れた。しかしながら、122のより強いピークが全ての4つの反応に現れ、これは、シーケナーゼ酵素による余分なヌクレオチドの追加によるもののようである。
一本鎖が張り出した二重鎖DNAプローブは、特定のDNAテンプレートを捕捉できることが示され、固体状態配列決定のプライマーとして機能する。概要が図46に示されている。二重鎖DNAプローブと一本鎖テンプレートとの間の積重相互作用により、5−塩基のみが捕捉に十分となることができる。この形式に基づいて、5’蛍光標識された23mer(5’−GATGATCCGACGCATCACAGCTC)(配列番号29)を3’−ビオチニル化された18mer(5’−GTGATGCGTCGGATCATC)(配列番号30)にアニールして、5−塩基の張り出しを残した。二重鎖DNAにより15merテンプレート(5’−TCGGTTCCAAGAGCT)(配列番号31)を捕捉し、5−塩基張り出しの伸長により、配列決定反応を行った。反応のMALDI−TOF質量スペクトルが図47A−Dに示されている。比較的小さい強度であるけれども、全ての配列決定ピークが分析された。各々の反応における最後のピークは、シーケナーゼ酵素による全長伸長産物への1つのヌクレオチドの不特定追加によるものである。比較のために、同一の産物を従来のDNAシーケンサーで測定し、結果の積重間接撮影図が図48に示されている。図から分かるように、質量スペクトルは、23merプライマーと比較してより小さい強度で、配列決定ピークを有する間接撮影図と同様のパターンを有していた。
試料分布をより相同にすることができ、ピコリットルバイアル技術を実施することにより、信号の強度を増大させられるかもしれない。実際に、試料を100umのサイズの正方形の開口部を有する小さなピットに装填することができる。固体状態配列決定において用いられるビーズは、直径が10um未満であり、マイクロリットルバイアル内に良好に適合する。マトリクスおよび「スイートスポット」を含むDNAの微結晶がバイアル内に閉じ込められる。レーザスポットのサイズは直径が約100μmであるので、バイアルの全開口部を覆う。したがって、スイートスポットの調査は不必要であり、スペクトルを得るのに高繰返し率のレーザ(例えば、>10Hz)を使用することができる。初期の報告は、この装置は、従来のMALDI試料調製技術と比較して数桁の大きさだけ、ペプチドおよびタンパク質の検出感度を増加することができることを示している。
当業者には、通常の実験を用いて、ここに記載した特定の方法の数多くの同等な内容が理解され、確認される。このような同等の内容は、本発明の範囲内にあると考えられ、以下の請求の範囲により包含される。
Claims (50)
- 生物学的試料由来の標的核酸の存在または非存在を検出する方法であって、以下を含む方法:
a) 生物学的試料由来の核酸を増幅する;
b) 工程 a)の産物をイオン化し、揮発させる;
c) 工程 b)の産物を質量分析により分析し、工程 b)の産物の測定分子量を決定する;および
d) 該工程 b)の産物の測定分子量を、少なくとも1つの既知配列の核酸の計算分子量と比較する、ここで、該少なくとも1つの既知配列の核酸の計算分子量は、該少なくとも1つの既知配列の核酸の塩基組成に由来する;
それにより、(d)の比較に基づき標的核酸の存在または非存在を検出する。 - 工程 (c) が、(i) フォワード鎖PCR産物を質量分析により分析し、該フォワード鎖PCR産物の測定分子量を決定すること、および(ii) リバース鎖PCR産物を質量分析により分析し、該リバース鎖PCR産物の測定分子量を決定すること、を含む、請求項1の方法。
- 標的核酸が少なくとも1つの変異を含む、請求項1の方法。
- 生物学的試料が、ヒト、動物、植物、真菌、寄生虫、またはウイルスから得られた物質を含む、請求項1の方法。
- 標的核酸の存在の検出により同じ種内の異なる個体または株が同定される、請求項4の方法。
- 生物学的試料がヒトから得られた物質を含む、請求項1の方法。
- 生物学的試料が感染性生物から得られた物質を含む、請求項1の方法。
- 標的核酸が、感染性生物に存在し宿主細胞の配列と区別される配列である、請求項7の方法。
- 工程 (a)の産物が、10〜200 塩基、40〜200 塩基、80〜200 塩基、または100〜200 塩基である、請求項1の方法。
- 工程 (a)の産物が18〜46 塩基である、請求項1の方法。
- 工程 (a)の産物を調整する、請求項1の方法。
- 調整が陽イオン交換を含む、請求項11の方法。
- 標的核酸を工程 (a)の直後に陽イオン交換にかけ、工程 (b)を該陽イオン交換の直後に行う、請求項12の方法。
- 工程 b)およびc)を工程 a)の直後に行う、請求項1の方法。
- 工程 c)が電子スプレー (ES) 質量分析の使用を含む、請求項1の方法。
- 工程 c)がマトリックス補助レーザー放出/イオン化 (MALDI) 質量分析の使用を含む、請求項1の方法。
- 標的核酸が特異的に消化されない、請求項1の方法。
- 標的核酸がヌクレアーゼにより特異的に消化されない、請求項17の方法。
- 標的核酸が二本鎖である、請求項1の方法。
- 標的核酸がDNAである、請求項1の方法。
- 溶液中において、(i) 核酸が生物学的試料から単離される、および(ii) 単離された核酸が直接工程 (a)にかけられる、請求項1の方法。
- 生物学的試料が細胞を含み、該細胞を溶解することにより該生物学的試料から核酸が単離される、請求項1の方法。
- 生物学的試料を収集することを含む、請求項1の方法。
- 生物学的試料から核酸を単離することを含む、請求項1の方法。
- RNAを工程 a)において増幅する、請求項1の方法。
- 工程 a)の産物がRNA分子である、請求項1の方法。
- 生物学的試料由来の標的核酸を検出する方法であって、以下を含む方法:
a) 生物学的試料由来の核酸をPCRにより少なくとも1つのプライマーペアを用いて増幅する、ここで該少なくとも1つのプライマーペアはフォワードプライマーとリバースプライマーとを含む;
b) 工程 a)の産物をイオン化し、揮発させる;
c) 工程 b)の第1産物を質量分析により分析し、該工程 b)の第1産物の測定分子量を決定する、ここで該工程 b)の第1産物はフォワードプライマーから伸長した産物である;
d) 工程 b)の第2産物を質量分析により分析し、該工程 b)の第2産物の測定分子量を決定する、ここで該工程 b)の第2産物はリバースプライマーから伸長した産物である;
e) 該工程 b)の第1産物の測定分子量を、第1の既知配列の核酸の計算分子量と比較する、ここで該第1の既知配列の核酸の計算分子量は、該第1の既知配列の核酸の塩基組成に由来する;および
f) 該工程 b)の第2産物の測定分子量を、第2の既知配列の核酸の計算分子量と比較する、ここで該第2の既知配列の核酸の計算分子量は、該第2の既知配列の核酸の塩基組成に由来する;
それにより、(e)および(f)の比較に基づき標的核酸の存在または非存在を検出する。 - 工程 (c)が、(i) フォワード鎖PCR産物を質量分析により分析し、該フォワード鎖PCR産物の測定分子量を決定すること、および(ii) リバース鎖PCR産物を質量分析により分析し、該リバース鎖PCR産物の測定分子量を決定すること、を含む、請求項27の方法。
- 標的核酸が少なくとも1つの変異を含む、請求項27の方法。
- 生物学的試料が、ヒト、動物、植物、真菌、寄生虫、またはウイルスから得られた物質を含む、請求項27の方法。
- 標的核酸の存在の検出により同じ種内の異なる個体または株が同定される、請求項30の方法。
- 生物学的試料がヒトから得られた物質を含む、請求項27の方法。
- 生物学的試料が感染性生物から得られた物質を含む、請求項27の方法。
- 標的核酸が、感染性生物に存在し宿主細胞の配列と区別される配列である、請求項33の方法。
- 工程 (a)の産物が、10〜200 塩基、40〜200 塩基、80〜200 塩基、または100〜200 塩基である、請求項27の方法。
- 工程 (a)の産物が18〜46 塩基である、請求項27の方法。
- 工程 (a)の産物を調整する、請求項27の方法。
- 調整が陽イオン交換を含む、請求項37の方法。
- 標的核酸を工程 (a)の直後に陽イオン交換にかけ、工程 (b)を該陽イオン交換の直後に行う、請求項38の方法。
- 工程 b)およびc)を工程 a)の直後に行う、請求項27の方法。
- 工程 c)が電子スプレー (ES) 質量分析の使用を含む、請求項27の方法。
- 工程 c)がマトリックス補助レーザー放出/イオン化 (MALDI) 質量分析の使用を含む、請求項27の方法。
- 標的核酸が特異的に消化されない、請求項27の方法。
- 標的核酸がヌクレアーゼにより特異的に消化されない、請求項43の方法。
- 標的核酸が二本鎖である、請求項27の方法。
- 標的核酸がDNAである、請求項27の方法。
- 溶液中において、(i) 核酸が生物学的試料から単離される、および(ii) 単離された核酸が直接工程 (a)にかけられる、請求項1の方法。
- 生物学的試料が細胞を含み、該細胞を溶解することにより該生物学的試料から核酸が単離される、請求項27の方法。
- 生物学的試料を収集することを含む、請求項27の方法。
- 生物学的試料から核酸を単離することを含む、請求項27の方法。
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