ES2423504T3 - Dispositivos médicos que tienen un recubrimiento de material inorgánico - Google Patents
Dispositivos médicos que tienen un recubrimiento de material inorgánico Download PDFInfo
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- ES2423504T3 ES2423504T3 ES09735464T ES09735464T ES2423504T3 ES 2423504 T3 ES2423504 T3 ES 2423504T3 ES 09735464 T ES09735464 T ES 09735464T ES 09735464 T ES09735464 T ES 09735464T ES 2423504 T3 ES2423504 T3 ES 2423504T3
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- A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
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- A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
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Landscapes
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- Vascular Medicine (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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Abstract
Un dispositivo médico expandible con una primera configuración y una segunda configuración, en que la primeraconfiguración es una configuración sin expandir y la segunda configuración es una configuración expandida, en queel dispositivo médico comprende un reservorio que contiene un agente terapéutico; caracterizado por una capa debarrera (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90) con una pluralidad de regiones de debilidad estructural dispuesta sobre el reservorio,en que la capa de barrera (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90) comprende un material inorgánico; en que la capa de barrera (40,50, 60, 70, 80, 90) tiene una primera permeabilidad al agente terapéutico cuando el dispositivo médico está en laprimera configuración y una segunda permeabilidad al agente terapéutico cuando el dispositivo médico está en lasegunda configuración y en que la segunda permeabilidad es mayor que la primera permeabilidad.
Description
Dispositivos médicos que tienen un recubrimiento de material inorgánico
La presente invención se refiere a dispositivos médicos y, en particular, a dispositivos médicos con un recubrimiento que contiene un agente terapéutico.
Antecedentes
Muchos dispositivos médicos implantables están recubiertos con fármacos que se eluyen del dispositivo médico tras su implantación. Por ejemplo, algunas endoprótesis vasculares están recubiertas con un medicamento que se eluye de la endoprótesis para el tratamiento del vaso y/o la prevención de algunos de los efectos no deseados y
15 complicaciones de la implantación de la endoprótesis. En tales dispositivos médicos de elución de fármacos se han propuesto diversos procedimientos para proporcionar un mecanismo para la elución del fármaco. Sin embargo, se sigue deseando contar con dispositivos y procedimientos mejorados para proporcionar la elución de fármacos a partir de dispositivos médicos. El documento US 2006/0127443 A1 se dirige a dispositivos médicos que comprenden una región subyacente que comprende un agente terapéutico y un recubrimiento nanoporoso sobre la región subyacente. El documento US 2007/0198081 A1 desvela una endoprótesis que incluye una base y una formulación de recubrimiento de la base que comprende sirolimus en un recubrimiento de polímero. El documento WO 2006/029364 A2 se refiere a un elemento estructural implantable que comprende una pluralidad de elementos de cobertura de tipo voladizo para evitar la elución del fármaco.
La presente invención se refiere a dispositivos médicos según se exponen en las reivindicaciones. En un aspecto, la presente invención proporciona un dispositivo médico expandible con una primera configuración (es decir, sin expandir) y una segunda configuración (es decir, expandida), en que el dispositivo médico comprende: (a) un reservorio que contiene un agente terapéutico y (b) una capa de barrera con una pluralidad de regiones de debilidad estructural dispuesta sobre el reservorio, en que la capa de barrera comprende un material inorgánico, en que la capa de barrera tiene una primera permeabilidad al agente terapéutico cuando el dispositivo médico está en la primera configuración y una segunda permeabilidad al agente terapéutico cuando el dispositivo médico está en la segunda configuración y en que la segunda permeabilidad es mayor que la primera permeabilidad.
35 La presente invención proporciona también procedimientos para la formación de un recubrimiento sobre dispositivos médicos y procedimientos para la administración de un agente terapéutico a un lugar del cuerpo.
Las figuras 1A-1D muestran varias vistas de una endoprótesis de acuerdo con una realización de la presente invención. La figura 1A muestra una vista superior de una estructura metálica en la endoprótesis. La figura 1B muestra una vista en perspectiva de una sección transversal de una porción de la estructura metálica de la endoprótesis de la figura 1A. La figura 1C muestra una vista lateral de una sección transversal de la estructura
45 metálica de la endoprótesis de la figura 1B, antes de la expansión de dicha endoprótesis. La figura 1D muestra una vista lateral de una sección transversal de la estructura metálica de la endoprótesis de la figura 1B después de la expansión de dicha endoprótesis.
Las figuras 2A-2C muestran vistas de secciones transversales de una estructura metálica en una endoprótesis de acuerdo con otra realización. La figura 2A muestra la estructura metálica de la endoprótesis antes de la expansión de dicha endoprótesis. La figura 2B muestra la estructura metálica de la endoprótesis después de la expansión de dicha endoprótesis. La figura 2C muestra la estructura metálica de la endoprótesis después de la degradación de los bloques de relleno.
55 Las figuras 3A y 3B muestran vistas de secciones transversales de una estructura metálica en una endoprótesis de acuerdo con otra realización más. La figura 3A muestra la estructura metálica de la endoprótesis antes de la expansión de dicha endoprótesis. La figura 3B muestra la estructura metálica de la endoprótesis después de la expansión de dicha endoprótesis.
Las figuras 4A y 4B muestran vistas de secciones transversales de una estructura metálica en una endoprótesis de acuerdo con otra realización más. La figura 4A muestra la estructura metálica de la endoprótesis antes de la expansión de dicha endoprótesis. La figura 4B muestra la estructura metálica de la endoprótesis después de la expansión de dicha endoprótesis.
65 Las figuras 5A y 5B muestran vistas de secciones transversales de una estructura metálica en una endoprótesis de acuerdo con otra realización más. La figura 5A muestra la estructura metálica de la endoprótesis antes de la expansión de dicha endoprótesis. La figura 5B muestra la estructura metálica de la endoprótesis después de la expansión de dicha endoprótesis.
Las figuras 6A y 6B muestran vistas de secciones transversales de una estructura metálica en una endoprótesis de
5 acuerdo con otra realización más. La figura 6A muestra la estructura metálica de la endoprótesis antes de la expansión de dicha endoprótesis. La figura 6B muestra la estructura metálica de la endoprótesis después de la expansión de dicha endoprótesis.
La figura 13 muestra un ejemplo de una superficie con elementos característicos (surcos) y dominios característicos (área encerrada por los surcos).
La figura 15 muestra una vista aumentada de la superficie de una capa de oro depositado por pulverización catódica con partículas de fármaco por debajo.
15 La figura 16 muestra una vista aumentada de la superficie de la capa de oro de la figura 15, después de la deposición adicional de oro por pulverización catódica sobre la capa.
En un aspecto, la presente invención proporciona un dispositivo médico con una primera configuración y una segunda configuración. El dispositivo médico comprende un reservorio que contiene un agente terapéutico. Sobre el reservorio se dispone una capa de barrera, en que la capa de barrera comprende un material inorgánico.
Los dispositivos médicos de acuerdo con la presente invención tienen una primera y una segunda configuración. El
25 dispositivo médico es un dispositivo médico expandible con una (primera) configuración sin expandir y una (segunda) configuración expandida. Por ejemplo, el dispositivo médico puede ser una endoprótesis o injerto vascular expandible que se administra al lugar diana del cuerpo en una configuración sin expandir y después se expande a la configuración expandida para su implantación en el lugar diana. También son posibles otras configuraciones diversas, incluidas, por ejemplo, configuraciones sin doblar/dobladas, sin extender/extendidas o sin deformar/deformadas.
El reservorio que contiene el agente terapéutico puede proporcionarse de diversas maneras. El reservorio puede ser la formulación del agente terapéutico por sí sola o puede comprender cualquier estructura que retenga o contenga el agente terapéutico. Por ejemplo, el reservorio puede ser una capa de polímero u otra capa sobre el dispositivo 35 médico con el agente terapéutico en su interior. En otro ejemplo, el reservorio puede crearse en la superficie del dispositivo médico (por ejemplo, una superficie porosa) o el dispositivo médico puede tener hoyos, poros, cavidades
o agujeros que contienen el agente terapéutico.
La capa de barrera comprende un material inorgánico que puede seleccionarse sobre la base de diversas consideraciones que dependen de la aplicación concreta. Por ejemplo, el material inorgánico puede seleccionarse por sus propiedades biológicas (por ejemplo, biocompatibilidad), propiedades estructurales (por ejemplo, porosidad), propiedades químicas (por ejemplo, reactividad química), propiedades de manejo (por ejemplo, estabilidad de almacenamiento) o por las técnicas de deposición que pueden usarse. Los materiales inorgánicos adecuados para uso en la capa de barrera incluyen elementos inorgánicos como metales puros, incluidos aluminio, cromo, oro,
45 hafnio, iridio, niobio, paladio, platino, tantalio, titanio, tungsteno, circonio y aleaciones de estos metales (por ejemplo, nitinol); y compuestos inorgánicos como óxidos metálicos (por ejemplo, óxido de iridio u óxido de titanio), nitruros metálicos y carburos metálicos, así como siliciuros inorgánicos. Otros materiales inorgánicos adecuados incluyen ciertos materiales que contienen carbono, tradicionalmente considerados como materiales inorgánicos, como materiales carbonizados, materiales nanoestructurados de carbono (por ejemplo, nanotubos de carbono, fullerenos, etc.) y materiales similares al diamante.
Al estar compuesta de un material inorgánico, la capa de barrera puede ser útil para la mejora de la biocompatibilidad o la eficacia terapéutica del dispositivo médico. Por ejemplo, la capa de barrera puede ser útil para proteger el tejido corporal de la exposición directa a una capa de polímero subyacente que es menos biocompatible
55 que la capa de barrera. Además, la capa de barrera puede presentar una superficie más atractiva para el tejido corporal. Por ejemplo, en el caso de una endoprótesis vascular, la capa de barrera puede presentar una superficie que estimula la migración y el crecimiento de las células endoteliales, lo que puede contribuir a reducir la incidencia de efectos adversos relacionados con la implantación de la endoprótesis.
En algunos casos, la capa de barrera puede formarse mediante el uso de diversos procesos de deposición de capas. Por ejemplo, los procesos de deposición de capas que pueden ser adecuados para la formación de la capa de barrera incluyen: deposición química de vapor, deposición química de vapor asistida por plasma, pulverización catódica, deposición pulsada por láser, sol-gel, evaporación (térmica, haz de electrones, etc.), epitaxia de haz molecular, procesos en disolución (por ejemplo, recubrimiento por pulverización, recubrimiento por inmersión, 65 recubrimiento con rodillo, etc.) o electrodeposición (por ejemplo, galvanoplastia, electropulverización, etc.). La capa de barrera puede formarse también por carbonización (por ejemplo, por calentamiento por láser o bombardeo de
iones) de un material precursor de carbono (por ejemplo, un polímero) para formar una capa de barrera formada por un material carbonizado inorgánico.
El proceso usado para la formación de la capa de barrera puede seleccionarse sobre la base de diversas
5 consideraciones, como el tipo de dispositivo médico, la vulnerabilidad del agente terapéutico a la degradación térmica o el tipo de material inorgánico que se usa en la capa de barrera. El espesor de la capa de barrera variará dependiendo de la aplicación concreta. En algunos casos, el espesor de la capa de barrera está en el intervalo de 20 nm a 10 μm, pero también son posibles otros espesores.
La capa de barrera tiene una primera permeabilidad al agente terapéutico cuando el dispositivo médico está en la primera configuración y una segunda permeabilidad al agente terapéutico cuando el dispositivo médico está en la segunda configuración, en que la segunda permeabilidad es mayor que la primera permeabilidad. Para la primera y la segunda permeabilidad de la capa de barrera, son posibles diversos grados de permeabilidad. En algunos casos, la primera permeabilidad no proporciona un perfil de liberación terapéuticamente eficaz del agente terapéutico (por
15 ejemplo, una permeabilidad insignificante o nula), mientras que la segunda permeabilidad sí que proporciona un perfil de liberación terapéuticamente eficaz del agente terapéutico. En algunos casos, la segunda permeabilidad es al menos 1,5 veces mayor y, en algunos casos, al menos 3,0 veces mayor que la primera permeabilidad (cuando la primera permeabilidad no es nula).
La segunda permeabilidad está proporcionada por discontinuidades formadas en la capa de barrera cuando el dispositivo médico cambia de la primera configuración (es decir, sin expandir) a la segunda configuración (es decir, expandida). Según se usa en este documento, el término “discontinuidades” se refiere a defectos discretos en la capa de barrera que permiten el paso de agentes terapéuticos a través de la capa de barrera. Algunos ejemplos de estos defectos discretos incluyen líneas de fractura, grietas, roturas, huecos, fallas, agujeros, perforaciones u otras
25 aberturas a través del espesor completo de la capa de barrera. Estas discontinuidades pueden tener diversas dimensiones y geometrías, que pueden afectar a la permeabilidad de la capa de barrera. Por ejemplo, unas discontinuidades más anchas pueden aumentar la permeabilidad de la capa de barrera y, por lo tanto, aumentar la velocidad a la que el agente terapéutico se difunde a través de la capa de barrera. Las discontinuidades pueden ser lineales o curvadas, dentadas o lisas, regulares o irregulares o tener cualquiera de otros patrones diversos.
Además de proporcionar la segunda permeabilidad, las discontinuidades pueden servir también para aliviar cualquier estrés sobre la unión adhesiva entre la capa de barrera y el sustrato subyacente cuando el dispositivo médico experimenta una deformación. Al permitir la formación de discontinuidades en la capa de barrera, dicha capa de barrera se hace menos sensible a la tensión, con lo que se alivia el estrés sobre la unión adhesiva cuando el
35 dispositivo médico experimenta una deformación.
El dispositivo médico se proporciona en la primera configuración (es decir, sin expandir) con la capa de barrera con una pluralidad de regiones de debilidad estructural. Según se usa en este documento, el término “regiones de debilidad estructural” se refiere a regiones de relativa debilidad en la capa de barrera, de modo que cuando dicha capa de barrera se somete a tensión, en las regiones de debilidad estructural se forman y/o propagan discontinuidades. En ciertas realizaciones, las regiones de debilidad estructural son regiones excavadas en la capa de barrera. Según se usa en este documento, el término “regiones excavadas” se refiere a huecos (por ejemplo, agujeros, ranuras, surcos, canales, grabados, líneas de marcado, perforaciones, hoyos, etc.) que se crean por la eliminación de material mediante técnicas que controlan el tamaño, la forma y la localización de los huecos. Por
45 ejemplo, tales técnicas incluyen el grabado de escritura directa mediante haces energéticos (por ejemplo, láser, iones o electrones), micromecanizado, microperforación o procesos litográficos.
Las regiones excavadas pueden tener diversas geometrías y dimensiones, que pueden ajustarse para conseguir el grado deseado de debilidad en esa región concreta de la capa de barrera. Las regiones excavadas pueden extenderse parcialmente o completamente a través de la capa de barrera. El aumento de la profundidad de penetración de las regiones excavadas puede aumentar el grado de debilidad en esa región concreta de la capa de barrera. En algunos casos, las regiones excavadas tienen una profundidad de penetración media del 10% al 90% a través del espesor de la capa, pero también son posibles otras profundidades de penetración medias. En algunos casos, la profundidad de penetración media de las regiones excavadas es superior al 10% del espesor de la capa de
55 barrera, en algunos casos, superior al 33% y, en algunos casos, superior al 50%. El aumento de la anchura de las regiones excavadas puede aumentar también el grado de debilidad en la capa de barrera en esa región concreta. En algunos casos, las regiones excavadas tienen una anchura media en el intervalo de 10 nm a 1μm, pero también son posibles otras anchuras medias. La relación general entre el área superficial de las regiones excavadas y de las regiones sin excavar variará dependiendo de la aplicación concreta. En algunos casos, las regiones excavadas pueden constituir del 5 al 90% y, en algunos casos, del 30 al 70% del área superficial total, pero también son posibles otras relaciones. Además, la relación entre el área superficial de las regiones excavadas y de las regiones sin excavar puede ser diferente en diferentes porciones del dispositivo médico.
Por ejemplo, con referencia a la realización mostrada en las figuras 1A-1D, una estructura metálica 20 de una
65 endoprótesis expandible 10 está recubierta con una capa de polímero 30 que contiene un agente terapéutico. La capa de polímero 30 está recubierta con una capa de barrera 40 formada por óxido de iridio. Con referencia a la figura 1A, que muestra una vista superior de una porción de la estructura metálica 20 de la endoprótesis, la capa de barrera 40 sobre la estructura metálica 20 de la endoprótesis tiene múltiples líneas de marcado 42 formadas por grabado con láser. La figura 1B es una vista en perspectiva de una sección transversal y la figura 1C es una vista lateral de una sección transversal de la porción 16 de la figura 1A, que muestra la capa de barrera 40, la capa de
5 polímero 30 y la estructura metálica 20 de la endoprótesis cuando dicha endoprótesis 10 está en una configuración sin expandir. En esta realización concreta, las líneas de marcado 42 penetran parcialmente a través de la capa de barrera 40.
En operación, la endoprótesis 10 se administra a un lugar del cuerpo en una configuración sin expandir. Una vez en el lugar diana del cuerpo, la endoprótesis 10 se expande. Según se muestra en la figura 1D, al expandirse, la deformación de la estructura metálica de la endoprótesis impone una tensión sobre la capa de barrera 40 que causa la formación de grietas 44 en la capa de barrera 40 a lo largo de las líneas de marcado 42. Estas grietas 44 permiten el paso del agente terapéutico desde la capa de polímero 30, a través de la capa de barrera 40, al entorno externo.
15 El láser usado en el proceso de grabado puede ser cualquiera de los diversos láseres capaces de llevar a cabo una ablación de material inorgánico, incluidos los láseres de excímeros. Es posible ajustar diversos parámetros, por ejemplo, la longitud de onda, la energía de pulso y/o la frecuencia de pulso del láser, para conseguir el resultado deseado. El láser puede aplicarse mediante técnicas de escritura directa o por medio de técnicas de enmascarado (por ejemplo, litografía por láser). En algunos casos, se usa una técnica de ablación en frío (por ejemplo, por medio de un láser de femtosegundos o un láser de excímeros de longitud de onda corta), lo que puede ser útil para reducir cualquier daño para el agente terapéutico o, cuando se usa un material polímero en el dispositivo médico, para reducir el daño para el material polímero.
En ciertas realizaciones, las regiones excavadas pueden extenderse a través del espesor completo de la capa de
25 barrera y dichas regiones excavadas se rellenan de un material de relleno biodegradable. Por ejemplo, con referencia a la realización mostrada en las figuras 2A y 2B, una estructura metálica 20 de una endoprótesis expandible está recubierta con una capa de polímero 30 que contiene un agente terapéutico. La capa de polímero 30 está recubierta con una capa de barrera 50 que tiene múltiples perforaciones 52. Las perforaciones 52 están rellenas con bloques 54 que comprenden un materia de relleno biodegradable, como un polímero biodegradable, una sal o un azúcar farmacéuticamente aceptables o un metal biodegradable (por ejemplo, magnesio).
En operación, la endoprótesis se administra a un lugar del cuerpo en una configuración sin expandir. Una vez en el lugar diana del cuerpo, la endoprótesis se expande. Según se muestra en la figura 2B, al expandirse, la deformación de la estructura metálica de la endoprótesis impone una tensión sobre la capa de barrera 50. Esto hace que los
35 bloques de relleno 54 se desprendan o fracturen parcialmente, lo que aumenta la exposición de dichos bloques 54 al fluido fisiológico. Entonces, según se muestra en la figura 2C, los bloques 54 se biodegradan, de modo que las perforaciones 52 se hacen patentes. Esto permite el paso del agente terapéutico desde la capa de polímero 30, a través de las perforaciones 52, al entorno externo.
En ciertas realizaciones, las regiones de debilidad estructural son regiones en las que la capa de barrera tiene un espesor reducido en relación con el espesor completo de la capa de barrera. Las regiones de espesor reducido pueden crearse de diversos modos durante la formación de la capa de barrera. En un ejemplo, las regiones de espesor reducido pueden crearse por disposición de la capa de barrera sobre una superficie texturizada, de manera que la capa de barrera tiene un espesor reducido en las regiones localizadas sobre los elementos sobresalientes de
45 la superficie texturizada. Los elementos sobresalientes pueden ser bultos, crestas, nervaduras, pliegues, ondulaciones, proyecciones, prominencias, elevaciones u otros elementos que sobresalen de la superficie texturizada. La superficie texturizada puede formar un patrón regular o irregular.
Por ejemplo, con referencia a la realización mostrada en las figuras 3A y 3B, una estructura metálica 20 de una endoprótesis expandible está recubierta con una capa de polímero 32. La superficie del polímero 32 tiene una pluralidad de crestas 34. La capa de polímero 32 está recubierta con una capa de barrera 60. Las porciones de la capa de barrera 60 situadas sobre las crestas 34 son porciones más delgadas 62 que tienen un espesor reducido en comparación con la capa de barrera de espesor completo 60.
55 En operación, la endoprótesis expandible se administra a un lugar del cuerpo en un estado sin expandir. Una vez en el lugar diana del cuerpo, la endoprótesis expandible se expande. Según se muestra en la figura 3B, cuando la endoprótesis expandible se expande, la deformación de la estructura metálica de la endoprótesis impone una tensión sobre la capa de barrera 60 que causa la deformación de las grietas 64 en las porciones más delgadas 62 de la capa de barrera 60. Estas grietas 64 permiten el paso del agente terapéutico desde la capa de polímero 30, a través de la capa de barrera 62, al entorno externo.
Las regiones de debilidad estructural pueden distribuirse de diversas maneras en diferentes porciones del dispositivo médico. En ciertas realizaciones, las regiones de debilidad estructural se distribuyen de manera uniforme en todo el dispositivo médico. En ciertas realizaciones, las regiones de debilidad estructural en la capa de barrera en una 65 porción del dispositivo médico tienen características diferentes de aquellas en una porción diferente del dispositivo médico. En algunos casos, las regiones de debilidad estructural se disponen y/o construyen para acomodar la
variación, dependiente de la localización, de las fuerzas de tensión que la capa de barrera experimentará cuando el dispositivo médico cambie de la primera configuración a la segunda configuración. Por ejemplo, en la endoprótesis expandible 10 de la figura 1A, diferentes porciones de la estructura metálica 20 de la endoprótesis experimentarán grados de deformación variables cuando la endoprótesis 10 se expanda. En esta endoprótesis concreta, la porción
5 12 de la estructura metálica 20 de la endoprótesis experimentará mayor deformación que la porción 14, lo que causará más tensión en la capa de barrera 40 sobre la porción 12 que sobre la porción 14. Como tales, las regiones de debilidad estructural pueden hacerse más débiles en áreas en las que la capa de barrera 40 experimenta menor tensión, con el fin de conseguir el grado deseado de la segunda permeabilidad en dichas áreas de la capa de barrera 40.
Por ejemplo, con referencia a la realización mostrada en las figuras 4A y 4B, una estructura metálica 20 de una endoprótesis expandible está recubierta con una capa de polímero 30 que contiene un agente terapéutico. La capa de polímero 30 está recubierta con una capa de barrera 70. Con referencia a la figura 4A, en las porciones de la endoprótesis en las que la estructura metálica de la endoprótesis experimenta mayor deformación durante la 15 expansión, la capa de barrera 70 tiene líneas de marcado poco profundas 72. Con referencia a la figura 4B, en las porciones de la endoprótesis en las que la estructura metálica de la endoprótesis experimenta menor deformación durante la expansión, la capa de barrera 70 tiene líneas de marcado profundas 74. En otro ejemplo, con referencia a la realización mostrada en las figuras 5A y 5B, una estructura metálica 20 de una endoprótesis expandible está recubierta con una capa de polímero 30 que contiene un agente terapéutico. La capa de polímero 30 está recubierta con una capa de barrera 80. La forma de la base de las líneas de marcado puede tener también un efecto en la propagación de las grietas, en que los extremos romos o de mayor radio soportan menor concentración de estrés que los extremos agudos o de menor radio. Por lo tanto, con referencia a la figura 5A, en las porciones de la endoprótesis en las que la estructura metálica de la endoprótesis experimenta menor deformación durante la expansión, la capa de barrera 80 tiene líneas de marcado estrechas 82. Con referencia a la figura 5B, en las
25 porciones de la endoprótesis en las que la estructura metálica de la endoprótesis experimenta mayor deformación durante la expansión, la capa de barrera 80 tiene líneas de marcado anchas 84. En otro ejemplo más, con referencia a la realización mostrada en las figuras 6A y 6B, una estructura metálica 20 de una endoprótesis expandible está recubierta con una capa de polímero 30 que contiene un agente terapéutico. La capa de polímero 30 está recubierta con una capa de barrera 90. Con referencia a la figura 6A, en las porciones de la endoprótesis en las que la estructura metálica de la endoprótesis experimenta mayor deformación durante la expansión, la capa de barrera 90 tiene menor densidad de líneas de marcado 92. Con referencia a la figura 6B, en las porciones de la endoprótesis en las que la estructura metálica de la endoprótesis experimenta menor deformación durante la expansión, la capa de barrera 90 tiene mayor densidad de líneas de marcado 92.
35 En algunos ejemplos, la morfología superficial de la capa de barrera comprende una pluralidad de elementos característicos o dominios característicos con un tamaño que estimula la unión y/o el crecimiento de células endoteliales. Según se usa en este documento, el término “elemento característico” se refiere a cualquier elemento en una superficie que hace que esta sea irregular, rugosa o discontinua. Por ejemplo, los elementos característicos pueden ser bultos, nódulos, crestas, granos, protrusiones, hoyos, agujeros, aberturas, grietas, líneas de fractura, poros, surcos, canales, etc. Según se usa en este documento, el término “dominio característico” se refiere a un dominio definido por uno o más elementos característicos. Por ejemplo, con referencia a la ilustración esquemática de la figura 13, una superficie 200 comprende múltiples surcos 202 que definen una serie de dominios patrón 204. Los surcos 202 se considerarán elementos característicos y los dominios patrón 204 se considerarán dominios característicos. El tamaño de un elemento característico o de un dominio característico, según se usa en este
45 documento, ha de medirse a lo largo del eje de menor longitud. En algunos casos, los elementos característicos o los dominios característicos tienen un tamaño medio inferior a 200 nm. En algunos casos, los elementos característicos o los dominios característicos tienen un tamaño medio en el intervalo de 10 nm a 200 nm y, en algunos casos, en el intervalo de 30 nm a 90 nm. El patrón de los elementos característicos o los dominios característicos puede ser regular o irregular, ordenado o al azar y tener densidades variables.
En un ejemplo experimental, se formó un recubrimiento mediante la deposición por pulverización catódica de una capa de oro sobre un cupón de acero inoxidable con una película de copolímero de bloques de SIBS que contenía partículas de paclitaxel. Este recubrimiento se expuso después a tolueno, que penetró a través de las grietas en la película de oro y disolvió el polímero de SIBS. La figura 15 muestra (a 134.000 aumentos) la superficie de la capa de
55 oro, en la que las partículas protegidas de paclitaxel se manifiestan como bultos (flecha negra) en la capa. Después se depositó material de oro adicional por pulverización catódica sobre este recubrimiento para formar el recubrimiento de la figura 16, que muestra la superficie a 60.000 aumentos.
Algunos ejemplos no limitantes de dispositivos médicos que pueden usarse con la presente invención incluyen endoprótesis, endoprótesis cubiertas, catéteres, alambres guía, espirales para aneurismas neurovasculares, globos, filtros (por ejemplo, filtros en la vena cava), injertos vasculares, sistemas de pavimentado intraluminal, marcapasos, electrodos, derivaciones, desfibriladores, implantes articulares y óseos, implantes vertebrales, vías de acceso, globos de contrapulsación aórtica, válvulas cardíacas, suturas, corazones artificiales, estimuladores neurológicos, implantes cocleares, implantes retinales y otros dispositivos que pueden usarse en conexión con recubrimientos 65 terapéuticos. Tales dispositivos médicos se implantan o se usan de otra manera en estructuras, cavidades o lúmenes corporales como la vasculatura, tracto gastrointestinal, abdomen, peritoneo, vías respiratorias, esófago,
tráquea, colon, recto, conductos biliares, vías urinarias, próstata, cerebro, columna vertebral, pulmón, hígado, corazón, músculo esquelético, riñón, vejiga, intestinos, estómago, páncreas, ovario, útero, cartílago, ojo, huesos, articulaciones y similares.
5 El agente terapéutico usado en la presente invención puede ser cualquier agente farmacéuticamente aceptable, como un agente terapéutico no genético, una biomolécula, una molécula pequeña o células.
Los agentes terapéuticos no genéticos ejemplares incluyen agentes antitrombogénicos como heparina, derivados de heparina, prostaglandina (incluida prostaglandina E1 micelar), urocinasa y PPack (dextrofenilalanina-prolina10 arginina-clorometilcetona); agentes antiproliferativos como enoxaparina, angiopeptina, sirolimus (rapamicina), tacrolimus, everolimus, zotarolimus, anticuerpos monoclonales capaces de bloquear la proliferación de las células musculares lisas, hirudina y ácido acetilsalicílico; agentes antiinflamatorios como dexametasona, rosiglitazona, prednisolona, corticosterona, budesonida, estrógeno, estradiol, sulfasalazina, ácido acetilsalicílico, ácido micofenólico y mesalamina; Agentes antineoplásicos/antiproliferativos/antimitóticos como paclitaxel, epotilona, 15 cladribina, 5-fluorouracilo, metotrexato, doxorrubicina, daunorrubicina, ciclosporina, cisplatino, vimblastina, vincristina, epotilonas, endostatina, trapidilo, halofuginona y angiostatina; agentes anticancerosos como inhibidores no codificantes del oncogén c-myc; agentes antimicrobianos como triclosán, cefalosporinas, aminoglicósidos, nitrofurantoína, iones, compuestos o sales de plata; inhibidores de la síntesis de biopelículas como agentes antiinflamatorios no esteroideos y agentes quelantes como ácido etilendiaminotetraacético, ácido O,O’-bis(220 aminoetil)etilenglicol-N,N,N’,N’-tetraacético y mezclas de estos; antibióticos como gentamicina, rifampicina, minociclina y ciprofloxacina; anticuerpos, incluidos anticuerpos quiméricos y fragmentos de anticuerpos; agentes anestésicos como lidocaína, bupivacaína y ropivacaína; óxido nítrico; donantes de óxido nítrico (NO) como linsidomina, molsidomina, L-arginina, aductos de NO y carbohidratos, aductos poliméricos u oligoméricos de NO; anticoagulantes como D-Phe-Pro-Arg-clorometilcetona, un compuesto que contiene un péptido RGD, heparina, 25 compuestos antitrombina, antagonistas del receptor plaquetario, anticuerpos dirigidos contra trombina, anticuerpos dirigidos contra el receptor plaquetario, enoxaparina, hirudina, warfarina de sodio, dicumarol, aspirina, inhibidores de prostaglandina, inhibidores de la agregación de plaquetas como cilostazol y factores antiplaquetarios de garrapatas; promotores del crecimiento celular vascular como factores de crecimiento, activadores transcripcionales y promotores traduccionales; inhibidores del crecimiento celular vascular, como inhibidores de factores de crecimiento, 30 antagonistas de receptores de factores de crecimiento, represores transcripcionales, represores traduccionales, inhibidores de la replicación, anticuerpos inhibidores, anticuerpos dirigidos contra factores de crecimiento, moléculas bifuncionales que constan de un factor de crecimiento y una citotoxina, moléculas bifuncionales que constan de un anticuerpo y una citotoxina; agentes reductores del colesterol; agentes vasodilatadores; agentes que interfieren con mecanismos vasoactivos endógenos; inhibidores de las proteínas de choque térmico como geldanamicina;
35 inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (ACE); betabloqueantes; inhibidores de la cinasa �AR (�ARK); inhibidores de fosfolambano; fármacos particulados unidos a proteínas como ABRAXANETM; agentes de ruptura de los entrecruzamientos de proteínas estructurales (por ejemplo, colágeno) como alagebrium (ALT-711); cualquier combinación y profármaco de los anteriores.
40 Las biomoléculas ejemplares incluyen péptidos, polipéptidos y proteínas; oligonucleótidos; ácidos nucleicos como ADN monocatenario o bicatenario (incluidos ADN desnudo y ADNc), ARN, ácidos nucleicos no codificantes como ADN y ARN no codificantes, pequeños ARN interferentes (ARNsi) y ribozimas; genes; carbohidratos; factores angiogénicos, incluidos factores de crecimiento; inhibidores del ciclo celular; y agentes antirrestenosis. Los ácidos nucleicos pueden incorporarse en sistemas de administración como, por ejemplo, vectores (incluidos vectores
45 víricos), plásmidos o liposomas.
Los ejemplos no limitantes de proteínas incluyen la proteína serca-2, proteínas quimiotácticas de monocitos (MCP-1) y proteínas morfogénicas óseas (BMP) como, por ejemplo BMP-2, BMP-3, BMP-4, BMP-5, BMP-6 (VGR-1), BMP-7 (OP-1), BMP-8, BMP-9, BMP-10, BMP-11, BMP-12, BMP-13, BMP-14, BMP-15. Las BMP preferidas son cualquiera 50 de entre BMP-2, BMP-3, BMP-4, BMP-5, BMP-6 y BMP-7. Estas BMP pueden proporcionarse como homodímeros, heterodímeros o combinaciones de estos, solas o conjuntamente con otras moléculas. Alternativamente o además, pueden proporcionarse moléculas capaces de inducir un efecto anterior o posterior a una BMP. Tales moléculas incluyen cualquiera de las proteínas “erizo” o los ADN que las codifican. Los ejemplos no limitantes de genes incluyen genes de supervivencia que protegen frente a la muerte celular como los factores antiapoptóticos de la 55 familia BCl-2 y la cinasa Akt; el gen serca 2; y combinaciones de estos. Los ejemplos no limitantes de factores angiogénicos incluyen factores de crecimiento de fibroblastos ácidos y básicos, el factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular, el factor de crecimiento epidérmico, los factores de crecimiento transformante a y �, el factor de crecimiento endotelial derivado de plaquetas, el factor de crecimiento derivado de plaquetas, el factor de necrosis tumoral a, el factor de crecimiento de hepatocitos y el factor de crecimiento similar a la insulina. Un ejemplo no
60 limitante de un inhibidor del ciclo celular es un inhibidor de catepsina D (CD). Los ejemplos no limitantes de agentes antirrestenosis incluyen señuelos para p15, p16, p18, p19, p21, p27, p53, p57, Rb, nFKB y E2F, timidina-cinasa y combinaciones de estos y otros agentes útiles para la interferencia con la proliferación celular.
Las moléculas pequeñas ejemplares incluyen hormonas, nucleótidos, aminoácidos, azúcares y lípidos y compuestos 65 con un peso molecular inferior a 100 kDa.
Las células ejemplares incluyen células madre, células progenitoras, células endoteliales, cardiomiocitos adultos y células musculares lisas. Las células pueden ser de origen humano (autólogas o alogénicas) o de origen animal (xenogénicas) o manipuladas genéticamente. Los ejemplos no limitantes de células incluyen células de la población lateral (SP), células de linaje negativo (Lin -), incluidas Lin-CD34 -, Lin-CD34+, Lin -cKit+, células madre 5 mesenquimáticas, incluidas células madre mesenquimáticas con 5-aza, células del cordón umbilical, células madre derivadas de tejido cardíaco u otro tejido, médula ósea completa, células mononucleadas de médula ósea, células progenitoras endoteliales, mioblastos esqueléticos o células satélite, células derivadas del músculo, células go, células endoteliales, cardiomiocitos adultos, fibroblastos, células musculares lisas, fibroblastos cardíacos adultos + 5-aza, células modificadas genéticamente, injertos de ingeniería tisular, fibroblastos de cicatrización MyoD, células
10 marcapasos, clones de células madre embrionarias, células madre embrionarias, células fetales o neonatales, células enmascaradas inmunológicamente y células derivadas de teratoma. Cualquiera de los agentes terapéuticos puede combinarse en la medida en que dicha combinación sea biológicamente compatible.
Los materiales poliméricos usados en la presente invención pueden comprender polímeros que son biodegradables
15 o no son biodegradables. Los ejemplos no limitantes de polímeros adecuados que no son biodegradables incluyen poliestireno; poliestireno con anhídrido maleico; copolímeros de bloques como de estireno-isobutileno-estireno (SIBS) y de estireno-etileno/butileno-estireno (SEBS); polivinilpirrolidona, incluida polivinilpirrolidona reticulada; alcoholes polivinílicos, copolímeros de monómeros vinílicos como EVA: éteres polivinílicos; compuestos aromáticos polivinílicos; óxidos de polietileno; poliésteres, incluido poli(tereftalato de etileno); poliamidas; poliacrilamidas,
20 incluidos copolímeros de bloques de poli(metilmetacrilato-butilacetato-metilmetacrilato); poliéteres, incluido polietersulfona; polialquilenos, incluidos polipropileno, polietileno y polietileno de alto peso molecular; poliuretanos; policarbonatos, siliconas; polímeros de siloxano; polímeros celulósicos como acetato de celulosa; dispersiones de polímeros como dispersiones de poliuretano (BAYHYDROL®); emulsiones de escualeno; y mezclas y copolímeros de cualquiera de los anteriores.
25 Los ejemplos no limitantes de polímeros biodegradables adecuados incluyen ácido policarboxílico, polianhídridos, incluidos polímeros de anhídrido maleico; poliortoésteres; poliaminoácidos; poli(óxido de etileno); polifosfacenos; ácido poliláctico, ácido poliglicólico y copolímeros y mezclas de estos como poli(ácido L--láctico) (PLLA), poli(D,Llactida), poli(ácido láctico-co-ácido glicólico), 50/50 (D,L-lactida-co-glicólida); polidioxanona; poli(fumarato de
30 propileno); polidepsipéptidos; policaprolactona y copolímeros y mezclas de estos como poli(D,L-lactida-cocaprolactona) y policaprolactona-co-acrilato de butilo; polihidroxibutirato-valerato y mezclas; policarbonatos como policarbonatos derivados de tirosina y acrilatos, poliiminocarbonatos y polidimetiltrimetilcarbonatos; cianoacrilato; fosfatos de calcio; poliglucosaminoglucanos; macromoléculas como polisacáridos (incluidos ácido hialurónico; celulosa e hidroxipropilmetilcelulosa; gelatina; almidones; dextranos; alginatos y derivados de estos), proteínas y
35 polipéptidos; y mezclas y copolímeros de cualquiera de los anteriores. El polímero biodegradable puede ser también un polímero de superficie erosionable como polihidroxibutirato y sus copolímeros, policaprolactona, polianhídridos (tanto cristalinos como amorfos), copolímeros de anhídrido maleico y fosfato de calcio y cinc.
Claims (11)
- REIVINDICACIONES1. Un dispositivo médico expandible con una primera configuración y una segunda configuración, en que la primera configuración es una configuración sin expandir y la segunda configuración es una configuración expandida, en que5 el dispositivo médico comprende un reservorio que contiene un agente terapéutico; caracterizado por una capa de barrera (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90) con una pluralidad de regiones de debilidad estructural dispuesta sobre el reservorio, en que la capa de barrera (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90) comprende un material inorgánico; en que la capa de barrera (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90) tiene una primera permeabilidad al agente terapéutico cuando el dispositivo médico está en la primera configuración y una segunda permeabilidad al agente terapéutico cuando el dispositivo médico está en la segunda configuración y en que la segunda permeabilidad es mayor que la primera permeabilidad.
- 2. El dispositivo médico de la reivindicación 1, en que las regiones de debilidad estructural son regiones en las que la capa de barrera (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90) tiene un espesor reducido.
- 15 3. El dispositivo médico de la reivindicación 1, en que las regiones de debilidad estructural forman un patrón de fractura predeterminado para la capa de barrera (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90).
-
- 4.
- El dispositivo médico de la reivindicación 1, en que se forman discontinuidades en las regiones de debilidad estructural cuando la configuración del dispositivo médico cambia de la configuración sin expandir a la configuración expandida.
-
- 5.
- El dispositivo médico de la reivindicación 2, en que las regiones de espesor reducido son regiones excavadas en las que se ha eliminado material de la capa de barrera (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90).
- 25 6. El dispositivo médico de la reivindicación 5, en que las regiones excavadas contienen un material de relleno biodegradable, en particular, en que el material de relleno se libera de las regiones excavadas cuando la configuración del dispositivo médico cambia de la configuración sin expandir a la configuración expandida en un entorno acuoso.
-
- 7.
- El dispositivo médico de la reivindicación 2, en que la capa de barrera (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90) se dispone sobre una superficie texturada y en que las regiones de espesor reducido se localizan sobre los elementos sobresalientes de la superficie texturada.
-
- 8.
- El dispositivo médico de la reivindicación 2, en que la capa de barrera (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90) se forma por un
35 proceso de deposición de capas y en que las regiones de espesor reducido se forman durante el proceso de deposición de la capa. - 9. El dispositivo médico de la reivindicación 1, en que las regiones de debilidad estructural en una primera porción del dispositivo médico tienen diferentes características que las regiones de debilidad estructural en una segunda porción del dispositivo médico, en particular, en que la segunda porción tiene mayor densidad de regiones de debilidad estructural que la primera porción o en que las regiones de debilidad estructural son regiones en las que la capa de barrera (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90) tiene un espesor reducido y en que las regiones de espesor reducido son más delgadas en la segunda porción que en la primera porción.45 10. El dispositivo médico de la reivindicación 1, en que el reservorio que contiene el agente terapéutico es una capa de polímero (30, 32) que está recubierta con dicha capa de barrera (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90).
-
- 11.
- El dispositivo médico de la reivindicación 1, en que la primera permeabilidad es insignificante o nula o en que la primera permeabilidad no proporciona un perfil de liberación terapéuticamente eficaz del agente terapéutico y en que la segunda permeabilidad proporciona un perfil de liberación terapéuticamente eficaz del agente terapéutico.
-
- 12.
- Un procedimiento para la formación de un recubrimiento sobre un dispositivo médico expandible que comprende: la provisión de un dispositivo médico; la disposición de un agente terapéutico sobre una superficie del dispositivo médico; la disposición de una capa de barrera (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90) sobre el agente terapéutico, en que la capa de
55 barrera (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90) comprende un material inorgánico; y la eliminación de porciones de la capa de barrera (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90) para formar regiones de debilidad estructural en dicha capa de barrera (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90); en que la capa de barrera tiene una primera permeabilidad al agente terapéutico cuando el dispositivo médico está en la configuración sin expandir y una segunda permeabilidad al agente terapéutico cuando el dispositivo médico está en la configuración expandida y en que la segunda permeabilidad es mayor que la primera permeabilidad. - 13. El procedimiento de la reivindicación 12, en que la etapa de eliminación se realiza mediante un haz energético, en particular, en que la capa de eliminación se realiza por ablación con láser.65 14. El procedimiento de la reivindicación 12, en que la etapa de disposición de la capa de barrera (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90) comprende la deposición del material inorgánico sobre el agente terapéutico mediante un proceso de deposición de capas, en particular, en que el proceso de deposición de capas es un proceso de deposición de nanopartículas.
- 15. El procedimiento de la reivindicación 12, en que se elimina más material de la capa de barrera (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90) en una primera porción del dispositivo médico que en una segunda porción del dispositivo médico.
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-
2009
- 2009-04-17 WO PCT/US2009/040964 patent/WO2009131911A2/en not_active Ceased
- 2009-04-17 US US12/425,791 patent/US8920491B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-04-17 JP JP2011506372A patent/JP5581311B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-04-17 ES ES09735464T patent/ES2423504T3/es active Active
- 2009-04-17 EP EP09735464A patent/EP2271380B1/en not_active Not-in-force
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US8920491B2 (en) | 2014-12-30 |
| US20090264975A1 (en) | 2009-10-22 |
| EP2271380A2 (en) | 2011-01-12 |
| EP2271380B1 (en) | 2013-03-20 |
| WO2009131911A2 (en) | 2009-10-29 |
| JP2011518019A (ja) | 2011-06-23 |
| JP5581311B2 (ja) | 2014-08-27 |
| WO2009131911A3 (en) | 2010-12-23 |
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