ES2259967T3 - Generador y sistema electroquirurgicos. - Google Patents
Generador y sistema electroquirurgicos.Info
- Publication number
- ES2259967T3 ES2259967T3 ES00124146T ES00124146T ES2259967T3 ES 2259967 T3 ES2259967 T3 ES 2259967T3 ES 00124146 T ES00124146 T ES 00124146T ES 00124146 T ES00124146 T ES 00124146T ES 2259967 T3 ES2259967 T3 ES 2259967T3
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Abstract
Generador electroquirúrgico para el suministro de potencia en radiofrecuencia a un instrumento electroquirúrgico (64), comprendiendo dicho generador una etapa de salida en radiofrecuencia (80, 82) que está dotada de un voltaje de alimentación (90), teniendo la etapa de salida como mínimo un par de conexiones (62) de salida electroquirúrgica para el suministro de potencia en radiofrecuencia al instrumento, medios (66) acoplados a la etapa de salida para suministrar potencia a la etapa de salida, y circuitos de control que comprenden medios detectores (68) para derivar una señal de detección representativa del voltaje de salida en radiofrecuencia desarrollado en las conexiones de salida, caracterizado porque los circuitos de control comprenden medios (70) que responden a la señal de detección provocando una reducción en la potencia de salida suministrada, independientemente del voltaje de suministro o como adición a una reducción en el voltaje de suministro cuando la señal de detección es indicativa de haber alcanzado un umbral predeterminado, y porque el circuito de control está dispuesto de manera tal que en modalidad de coagulación del generador el voltaje de salida está limitado a un primer umbral predeterminado de voltaje, y en modalidad de corte o vaporización de tejidos del generador, el voltaje de salida está limitado a un segundo umbral de voltaje predeterminado más elevado y porque la etapa de salida tiene una característica de potencia/impedancia de carga (200) que, para un voltaje de alimentación promedio constante y en la modalidad de coagulación tiene un valor máximo o pico que se encuentra en el lado de impedancia baja de la línea (204) representativa del primer umbral de voltaje.
Description
Generador y sistema electroquirúrgicos.
La presente invención se refiere a un generador
electroquirúrgico para suministrar una corriente electroquirúrgica
en particular, pero no exclusivamente, para electrocirugía
endoscópica intracavidad. El término "intracavidad" se utiliza
en esta descripción para indicar electrocirugía en la que los
tejidos vivos son tratados por acceso quirúrgico poco invasor en
una cavidad corporal. Esto puede comportar "electrocirugía bajo
agua", término que indica que la cirugía se lleva a cabo
utilizando un instrumento electroquirúrgico con un electrodo o
electrodos de tratamiento sumergidos en líquido en el lugar de la
operación. La invención tiene particular aplicación en los campos
de urología, histeroscopia y artroscopia.
La electrocirugía endoscópica intracavidad es
útil para tratar tejidos en cavidades anatómicas o creadas
quirúrgicamente en el cuerpo, a las que se puede tener acceso por
métodos que comportan un trauma mínimo para el paciente, bien sea
dicho acceso mediante un paso natural del cuerpo o un paso creado
artificialmente. La cavidad es distendida para conseguir espacio a
efectos de tener acceso al lugar de la operación a efectos de
mejorar la visualización y permitir la manipulación de
instrumentos. En cavidades corporales de reducido volumen, en
particular donde es deseable distender la cavidad bajo una presión
elevada, se utilizan más habitualmente un líquido en vez de gas
debido a sus mejores características ópticas y al hecho de que
arrastra la sangre del lugar de la operación. De modo convencional,
se utiliza una solución no electrolita tal como glicina como medio
de distensión fluido cuando se realiza electrocirugía, siendo la
glicina no conductora eléctricamente.
El acceso quirúrgico limitado que se encuentra
durante los procesos endoscópicos intracavidad hace difícil y
engorrosa la eliminación de trozos de tejidos producidos por un
electrodo de corte de un típico bucle electroquirúrgico. La
vaporización de tejidos en la que los tejidos son reducidos a humo y
vapor de agua, es una técnica preferible en estas situaciones, en
vez de la eliminación trocito a trocito de los tejidos. Los
productos de vaporización pueden ser eliminados después de
disolución dentro de un medio de irrigación líquido.
Con respecto a la electrocirugía endoscópica
bajo agua, los solicitantes han descubierto que es posible utilizar
un medio líquido conductor, tal como una solución salina normal, en
lugar de glicina. Una solución salina normal es el medio de
distensión preferente en cirugía endoscópica bajo agua cuando no se
prevé la electrocirugía o se utiliza un efecto no eléctrico sobre
los tejidos tal como tratamiento por láser. Si bien una solución
salina normal (0,9% peso/vol; 150 mmol/l) tiene una conductividad
eléctrica algo superior a la de la mayor parte de tejidos
corporales, tiene la ventaja de que el desplazamiento por absorción
o extravasado desde el lugar de operación produce pocos efectos
fisiológicos y se evitan los llamados efectos de intoxicación del
agua producidos por la glicina.
Un tratamiento electroquirúrgico eficaz de
tejidos totalmente sumergidos en líquido en el lugar de la
aplicación es difícil de conseguir porque el calor generado por el
paso de las corrientes eléctricas, tanto en el tejido sometido a
tratamiento, como en el líquido conductor que lo rodea, tiende a
provocar la ebullición del líquido. El electrodo operativo está
rodeado de manera intermitente por vapor de agua en vez de líquido,
con las consiguientes grandes variaciones de la impedancia
eléctrica de la carga presentada al generador que alimenta la
potencia para la electrocirugía al electrodo. Si bien esta
variación está mitigada por la utilización de un líquido no
conductor, no se puede eliminar por completo debido a la liberación
de fluidos corporales en el lugar de la operación, lo cual eleva la
conductancia eléctrica del líquido. Los cambios en el tipo de
tejidos alteran también la impedancia de la carga. Estos efectos
tienen como resultado la dificultad del control de la salida
electroquirúrgica para producir efectos sensibles en los tejidos
objeto de tratamiento. Como resultado de ello, se utiliza
habitualmente elevada potencia para superar esta variación de
rendimiento.
El documento
EP-A-0316469 (Erbe) da a conocer un
generador de electrocirugía de alta frecuencia en el que el voltaje
de salida es regulado de acuerdo con un valor de voltaje
predeterminado de referencia.
De acuerdo con esta invención, se da a conocer
un generador electroquirúrgico para el suministro de potencia en
radiofrecuencia a un instrumento electroquirúrgico, comprendiendo
dicho generador una etapa de salida de radiofrecuencia que está
dotada con suministro de voltaje, teniendo la etapa de salida como
mínimo un par de conexiones de salida electroquirúrgicas para el
suministro de potencia en radiofrecuencia al instrumento, medios
acoplados a la etapa de salida para suministrar potencia a dicha
etapa de salida, y circuitos de control que incluyen medios
detectores para generar una señal de detección representativa del
voltaje de salida en radiofrecuencia desarrollado en las conexiones
de salida y medios que responden a la señal de detección provocando
una reducción en la potencia de salida suministrada de forma
independiente del voltaje de alimentación o además de una reducción
en el voltaje de alimentación cuando la señal de detección es
indicativa de que se ha alcanzado un determinado umbral, de manera
que los circuitos de control están dispuestos de manera tal que en
una modalidad de coagulación del generador, el voltaje de salida
está limitado a un primer umbral de voltaje predeterminado y en una
modalidad de corte o vaporización de tejido del generador, el
voltaje de salida está limitado a un segundo umbral de voltaje
predeterminado más alto, y en el que la etapa de salida tiene una
característica de potencia/impedancia de carga que, para un voltaje
de suministro promedio constante y en la modalidad de coagulación,
tiene un máximo o pico que se encuentra en el lado de la impedancia
baja de la línea representativa de dicho primer umbral de
voltaje.
La señal de detección es representativa
preferentemente del voltaje de salida pico o máximo en
radiofrecuencia desarrollado en las conexiones de salida,
comprendiendo la etapa de salida un circuito de salida resonante
acoplado a las conexiones de salida y un dispositivo de conmutación
acoplado al circuito de salida resonante. Los circuitos de control
son preferentemente operativos para accionar el dispositivo de
conmutación a efectos de reducir la potencia en radiofrecuencia
suministrada. En la realización preferente de la invención, el
dispositivo de conmutación está conectado preferentemente entre el
circuito de salida resonante y una de un par de guías de suministro
del dispositivo de suministro de potencia, y está conectado a
efectos de conmutar la corriente repetidamente a través del
circuito de salida resonante en su frecuencia de resonador. A
efectos de provocar un disparo de control, en términos del grado en
el que se reduce la potencia suministrada cuando el voltaje de
salida alcanza el umbral predeterminado, los circuitos de control
están dispuestos y acoplados de manera tal al dispositivo de
conmutación que son capaces de reducir el tiempo de conexión
("on") del dispositivo de conmutación durante los ciclos de
conmutación de radiofrecuencia individuales de manera
suficientemente rápida para provocar una reducción del 50% en la
potencia de salida suministrada dentro de 100 \mus de haber
alcanzado el umbral predeterminado. Esto permite la realización de
cirugía en un campo de fluido conductor, en particular en una
solución salina. Se pueden producir grandes y rápidos cambios en la
impedancia de la carga substancialmente sin provocar efectos
electroquirúrgicos no deseados. Por ejemplo, cuando se desea
producir un secado electroquirúrgico, cualquier incremento de la
impedancia debido a la evaporación de solución salina circundante
en la zona de un electrodo del instrumento, que de otro modo podría
conducir a formación no deseada del arco al nivel de potencia
requerido para secado efectivo, puede ser impedido básicamente.
Cuando se requieren corte o vaporización electroquirúrgicos de
tejidos, se puede utilizar limitación de voltaje de salida para
impedir quemado de electrodos y/o excesiva vaporización de
tejidos.
Los circuitos de control pueden incluir una
línea de control que alimenta una primera señal de control de
reducción de potencia a la etapa de salida de radiofrecuencia. La
etapa de salida, que puede ser un oscilador de potencia de
radiofrecuencia, tiene de manera típica como elemento oscilante un
dispositivo de potencia de radiofrecuencia, y en la realización
preferente, el circuito de control está dispuesto de manera tal que
se realiza como mínimo una reducción de 50% en la potencia de salida
en un período de menos de 20 \mus después de que el voltaje de
salida alcanza el umbral predeterminado por reducción del período de
conducción del dispositivo durante ciclos individuales de la señal
de salida de radiofrecuencia. Esta alteración del período de
conducción se consigue de manera ventajosa independientemente de
cualquier variación en el voltaje de suministro al dispositivo de
potencia de radiofrecuencia. En la práctica, la reducción de
potencia de salida se consigue utilizando una variable de control
único, es decir, el voltaje de salida máximo o voltaje de salida
pico a pico, independientemente del voltaje de suministro e
independientemente de la potencia de salida suministrada que varía
de acuerdo con la impedancia de la carga y el voltaje de
suministro. De esta forma, el disparo de una reducción de potencia
tiene lugar en el mismo umbral de voltaje de salida predeterminado,
pero a una potencia de salida distinta y distintos valores de
impedancia de carga, de acuerdo con las circunstancias.
Como adjunto al control directo de la etapa de
salida de radiofrecuencia, los medios para provocar reducción de la
potencia de salida pueden incluir una línea de control adicional que
está acoplada a los medios de suministro de potencia, estando
dispuestos los circuitos de control de manera tal que una segunda
señal de reducción de potencia es alimentada a los medios de
suministro de potencia para llevar a cabo una reducción en el
voltaje de alimentación de potencia promedio suministrado a la
etapa de salida. De manera típica, la proporción de reducción de
potencia debido a la disminución del voltaje de suministro de
potencia es comparativamente lenta, pero la combinación de dos
medios de control puede producir una gama más amplia de niveles de
potencia de salida disponibles.
En el caso de que los medios de suministro de
potencia sean un suministro de potencia en modalidad conmutada que
tiene componentes de suavización de salida, el circuito de
alimentación puede ser dispuesto de manera tal que la segunda señal
de control de reducción de potencia tiene el efecto de desactivar el
circuito de alimentación, por ejemplo, limitar (efecto puerta) la
salida pulsante. De acuerdo con ello, se obtiene una respuesta de
control de alta velocidad disminuyendo el voltaje de suministro de
manera relativamente lenta después de la etapa inicial de reducción
de potencia para posibilitar el nuevo incremento del ciclo efectivo
de radiofrecuencia del dispositivo de potencia, permitiendo de esta
manera una reducción adicional de potencia de alta velocidad en
caso necesario.
La técnica de controlar directamente la etapa de
salida de radiofrecuencia se puede llevar a cabo al producir
repetidamente, en primer lugar, una reducción rápida en el período
de conducción ciclo a ciclo del dispositivo de potencia desde un
nivel máximo o pico a un nivel bajo cuando se alcanza el umbral de
salida, seguido, en segundo lugar, de un incremento progresivo en
el período de conducción hasta que el período de conducción alcanza
nuevamente su nivel máximo o pico, siendo controlado el voltaje de
salida de radiofrecuencia durante el incremento progresivo. Esta
secuencia de reducción rápida e incremento progresivo se puede
repetir hasta que se pueda alcanzar el nivel del período de
conducción máxima sin que el voltaje de salida supere el umbral de
salida debido a que el voltaje de suministro procedente del
suministro de potencia en modalidad conmutada haya disminuido
suficientemente desde su desactivación. La reactivación del circuito
de suministro tiene lugar de manera típica después de un retardo y
convenientemente al final del primer ciclo de conmutación de
modalidad conmutada, en el que el voltaje de salida no ha alcanzado
el umbral para el ciclo de conmutación completo.
La etapa de salida incluye preferentemente un
circuito resonante de salida que tiene una Q que es suficientemente
elevada para eliminar ruidos de conmutación desde un dispositivo o
dispositivos de conmutación de la etapa sin reducir indebidamente
la velocidad de respuesta cuando el voltaje de salida alcanza el
umbral predeterminado. De manera típica, el valor de Q es
suficiente para conseguir un factor de cresta por debajo de 1,5,
siendo el factor de cresta la proporción de los valores pico o
máximo y r.m.s. de la forma de onda del voltaje de salida.
La impedancia de salida del generador está
comprendida típicamente entre 130 y 190 ohmios. Este generador
tiene su etapa de salida de radiofrecuencia operativa para producir
una salida de CW (onda continua), es decir, con un ciclo efectivo
de 100% o sin modulación de amplitud de impulso marcha/paro
("on/off") a una frecuencia más baja que la frecuencia de
oscilación de radiofrecuencia. En efecto, la etapa de salida puede
funcionar como etapa de bucle abierto con una característica de
impedancia de potencia/carga con un pico o máximo (preferentemente
un pico único) en aproximadamente 150 a 160 ohmios y con la curva
disminuyendo continuamente con impedancia decreciente por debajo
del pico y con impedancia creciente por encima del pico.
Un sistema electroquirúrgico que incluye el
generador antes descrito puede comprender instrumental
electroquirúrgico que tiene como mínimo un electrodo para su
utilización sumergido en un líquido conductor, estando conectada
una de las conexiones de un par de conexiones de salida del
generador al electrodo. La estructura del electrodo puede
comprender un electrodo de tratamiento distal y un electrodo de
contacto con el líquido separado a poca distancia del electrodo
distal, estando destinados ambos electrodos a su utilización
rodeados por el líquido conductor y estando cada uno de ellos
conectado a una conexión de salida correspondiente del par de
conexiones de salida, siendo operativo el circuito de control del
generador para reducir el tiempo de reducción del dispositivo de
potencia cuando el líquido conductor del extremo distal es
vaporizado. El instrumento electroquirúrgico puede tener una
estructura de electrodo teniendo un primer y segundo electrodos
yuxtapuestos para inmersión en el líquido conductor, formando
respectivamente el primer y segundo electrodos un electrodo de
contacto con los tejidos en un extremo muy alejado o distal del
instrumento y un electrodo de retorno con poca separación con
respecto al electrodo de contacto con los tejidos.
El generador puede permitir la conmutación entre
como mínimo una modalidad de secado de tejidos y una modalidad de
corte o vaporización de tejidos utilizando un control de selección
de modalidad, ajustando automáticamente los circuitos de control de
potencia la potencia en radiofrecuencia suministrada a la estructura
de electrodo para limitar el voltaje de salida del generador máximo
en un primer valor cuando se selecciona la modalidad de secado y,
como mínimo, en un segundo valor cuando se selecciona la modalidad
de corte o vaporización, siendo el segundo valor o valores
superiores que el primer valor. El primer y segundo valores se
encuentran ventajosamente en las gamas de 150 V a 200 V, y de 250 V
a 600 V, respectivamente, siendo estos voltajes, voltajes máximos o
voltajes pico. Cuando se selecciona la modalidad de secado, la
potencia en radiofrecuencia suministrada al conjunto del electrodo
es ajustada automáticamente para mantener el líquido conductor
adyacente al electrodo en su punto de ebullición para el secado de
tejidos sin crear una bolsa de vapor que rodea los electrodos.
Cuando se selecciona la modalidad de corte o vaporización, la
potencia suministrada al electrodo es ajustada para mantener una
bolsa de vapor que rodee el electrodo. En la modalidad de corte o
vaporización, el suministro de potencia en radiofrecuencia al
electrodo puede estar limitado de forma automática para impedir el
sobrecalentamiento o erosión del electrodo.
La invención se describirá a continuación a
título de ejemplo haciendo referencia a los dibujos, en los
cuales:-
la figura 1 es un diagrama que muestra el
sistema electroquirúrgico, de acuerdo con la presente invención;
la figura 2 es una vista parcial del primer
conjunto de electrodo para el secado de tejidos, mostrado en su
utilización y sumergido en un líquido conductor;
la figura 3 es un gráfico de características de
carga que ilustra la variación en impedancia de carga producida por
un conjunto de electrodo tal como ha mostrado la figura 2 cuando se
utiliza en un líquido conductor, de acuerdo con la potencia de
salida suministrada;
la figura 4 es una vista parcial de un segundo
conjunto de electrodo para vaporización de tejidos, mostrado en su
utilización sumergido en un líquido;
la figura 5 es un diagrama de bloques de un
generador de acuerdo con la invención;
la figura 6 es un diagrama de bloques de la
parte del circuito de control del generador de la figura 5;
la figura 7 es un diagrama de forma de onda que
muestra un modelo típico de variación de voltaje de salida RF
obtenido por el generador de las figuras 5 y 6, habiéndose mostrado
el voltaje variando con el tiempo de acuerdo con la variación en la
impedancia de carga y voltaje de suministro de la etapa de salida
del generador;
la figura 8 es un diagrama de circuito de una
parte del generador de las figuras 5 y 6;
la figura 9 es un gráfico que muestra la
variación de la potencia de salida producida por el generador como
función de la impedancia de carga presentada al mismo por el
conjunto del electrodo, habiéndose mostrado la variación de
potencia de salida en dos modalidades operativas del generador;
y
la figura 10 es un gráfico que muestra la
variación de la potencia de salida para el generador como función
de la impedancia de carga después de modificación de las
características del generador como respuesta a la detección del
voltaje de salida.
Históricamente, la electrocirugía bajo el agua
ha sido la aplicación de electrocirugía más exigente en términos de
técnica de los instrumentos. La razón de ello es que la exigencia de
potencia electroquirúrgica es muy elevada, específicamente dado que
es necesario crear arcos para cortar y disgregar tejidos en
circunstancias en las que la potencia se disipa con rapidez por el
líquido circundante. Como consecuencia, se utilizan elevadas
corrientes para asegurar la vaporización del líquido que rodea el
electrodo. Se utilizan habitualmente niveles de potencia que llegan
a los 300 vatios. De modo convencional, la electrocirugía bajo el
agua se lleva a cabo utilizando un fluido no conductor o irrigante
para eliminar pérdidas por conducción eléctrica. La glicina, que se
utiliza comúnmente, tiene la desventaja de que en el curso de la
operación se pueden cortar venas y se puede infundir al torrente
circulatorio una parte de irrigante. Esta absorción provoca entre
otros efectos la disolución del sodio del suero, lo cual puede
llevar a un estado conocido como intoxicación por agua.
De acuerdo con ello, los solicitantes proponen
la utilización de un medio líquido conductor tal como solución
salina normal, llevándose a cabo electrocirugía con utilización de
un sistema que comprende un generador y un instrumento, poseyendo
el instrumento una estructura de electrodo doble, actuando la
solución salina como conductor entre los tejidos objeto de
tratamiento y uno de los electrodos, que a continuación se llama
"electrodo de retorno". El otro electrodo es aplicado
directamente a los tejidos. Este segundo electrodo se llama a
continuación "electrodo activo".
Este sistema se ha mostrado en la figura 1. El
generador (10) tiene un enchufe de salida (10S) que proporciona una
salida de radiofrecuencia (RF) para un instrumento que adopta la
forma de un asa manual (12) a través de un cable de conexión (14).
La activación del generador se puede llevar a cabo desde el mango
(12) a través de una conexión de control en el cable (14) o por
medio de una unidad de interruptor de pedal (16), tal como se ha
mostrado, conectada separadamente a la parte posterior del generador
(10) por el cable (18) de conexión con el conmutador de pedal. En
la realización mostrada, la unidad de conmutador de pedal (16) tiene
dos conmutadores de pedal (16A) y (16B) para seleccionar la
modalidad de secado y modalidad de vaporización del generador,
respectivamente. El panel frontal del generador tiene pulsadores
(20) y (22) para ajustar respectivamente los niveles de potencia de
secado y de vaporización, que se han indicado en la pantalla (24).
Unos pulsadores (26) se disponen como medio alternativo para
selección entre modalidades de secado y de vaporización.
El mango manual (12) recibe un conjunto de
electrodo desmontado (28) que tiene una estructura de electrodo
doble, tal como se ha mostrado en la vista parcial de la figura
2.
La figura 2 es una vista a mayor escala del
extremo distal del conjunto de electrodo (28). En su extremo distal
más alejado, el conjunto tiene un electrodo activo (30) que, en esta
realización, está constituido a base de una serie de filamentos
metálicos conectados a un conductor central (32). Los filamentos
pueden quedar realizados a base de acero inoxidable. En la parte
próxima del electrodo activo (30) y separado de este último por un
aislador (34) que se extiende longitudinal y radialmente se
encuentra un electrodo de retorno (36). El electrodo de retorno
(36) está dispuesto coaxialmente alrededor del conductor interno
(32) como un manguito (38) que se prolonga como vástago tubular
(40) al extremo próximo del conjunto (28) donde está conectado en
el mango manual (12) a conductores del cable de conexión (14). De
modo similar, el conductor interno (32) se prolonga al mango manual
y está conectado a un conductor del cable (14). El conjunto de
electrodo (28) tiene una funda aislante (42) que cubre el vástago
(40) y termina en la parte más próxima del aislante (34), dejando
el extremo distal o alejado del vástago (40) expuesto como electrodo
de retorno (36).
En su funcionamiento como instrumento de secado,
el conjunto de electrodo (28) es aplicado, tal como se ha mostrado
en la figura 2, a los tejidos (44) a tratar, quedando sumergido el
lugar de la operación en solución salina normal (0,9% peso/vol),
que se ha mostrado en este caso en forma de una gota (46) de líquido
que rodea el extremo distal del conjunto de electrodo (28). El
líquido envuelve tanto el electrodo activo (30) como el electrodo
de retorno (36).
Haciendo referencia nuevamente a la figura 2,
los filamentos metálicos que forman el electrodo activo (30) están
todos ellos conectados eléctricamente al conductor interno (32) del
conjunto de electrodo para formar un electrodo activo unitario. El
aislante (34) es un manguito aislante cuyo extremo distal está
expuesto en una parte próxima de la parte expuesta del electrodo
activo (30). De manera típica, este manguito está realizado a base
de un material cerámico para que resista los daños producidos por el
arco. El electrodo de retorno termina en un punto próximo al
extremo del aislador (36), de manera que se encuentra separado
radial y axialmente con respecto al electrodo (30) activo o de
contacto con los tejidos. El área superficial del electrodo de
retorno es considerablemente superior que las del electrodo activo
(30). En el extremo distal del conjunto del electrodo, el diámetro
del electrodo de retorno se encuentra típicamente en la zona
comprendida entre 1 mm y 3 mm, con la extensión longitudinal de la
parte expuesta del electrodo de retorno típicamente comprendida
entre 1 mm y 5 mm con la separación longitudinal desde el electrodo
activo comprendida entre 1 mm y 5 mm.
En efecto, el conjunto del electrodo es bipolar,
extendiéndose solamente uno de los electrodos (30) realmente al
extremo distal de la unidad. Esto significa que el electrodo de
retorno en circunstancias normales, permanece separado con respecto
a los tejidos objeto de tratamiento y existe una trayectoria de
corriente entre los dos electrodos con intermedio de los tejidos y
el líquido de conducción que se encuentra en contacto con el
electrodo de retorno (36).
El líquido conductor (46) puede ser considerado,
en lo que se refiere al suministro de energía electroquirúrgica
bipolar, como una prolongación de baja impedancia del tejido. Las
corrientes de radiofrecuencia producidas por el generador (10)
fluyen entre el electrodo activo (30) y el electrodo de retorno (36)
con intermedio de los tejidos (44) y el líquido conductor
circundante (46). La disposición específica de electrodo de la
figura 2 es la más adecuada para el secado de tejidos.
La separación axial y radial entre los
electrodos evita la pequeña separación de la disposición bipolar
convencional en la que ambos electrodos están en contacto con el
tejido. Como resultado, se producen menos daños por los arcos no
deseados a través de la superficie de aislamiento, lo cual permite
una disipación de potencia relativamente alta para el tratamiento
de secado, y, en el caso de corte o vaporización de tejidos, impide
una excesiva formación de arco que puede llevar a averías en el
aislamiento del electrodo.
La solución salina circundante puede quedar
proporcionada por un conducto (no mostrado) que forma parte del
instrumento (12). Así pues, la invención puede tomar la forma de un
sistema electroquirúrgico para el tratamiento de tejidos sumergidos
en un medio fluido conductor, comprendiendo un instrumento
electroquirúrgico que tiene un mango o asa manual y un eje del
instrumento y, en el extremo del eje o vástago, un conjunto de
electrodo, comprendiendo el conjunto un electrodo de contacto con
los tejidos que está expuesto en el extremo distal más alejado del
instrumento, y un electrodo de retorno que está aislado
eléctricamente del electrodo de contacto con los tejidos y tiene
una superficie de contacto con el fluido separada en la parte
próxima con respecto a la parte expuesta del electrodo de contacto
con los tejidos, comprendiendo además el sistema un generador de
radiofrecuencia acoplado al conjunto del electrodo del instrumento,
un recipiente de un fluido conductor eléctricamente, tal como una
solución salina normal, y un conducto, de forma típica una parte
integral de un endoscopio, para suministrar el líquido desde el
recipiente a la zona del conjunto del electrodo. La presión para el
suministro de líquido puede quedar proporcionada por una bomba que
forma parte del aparato.
Dado que en esta realización del conjunto de
electrodo (28), el electrodo activo (30) está realizado a base de
filamentos de acero inoxidable en forma de un cepillo, el electrodo
es flexible, proporcionando un efecto reproducible a los tejidos
que es comparativamente independiente del ángulo de aplicación del
electrodo a la superficie de los tejidos. La flexibilidad del
electrodo (30) resulta también en un área de contacto diferencial
del electrodo activo dependiendo de la presión aplicada, permitiendo
variaciones en la anchura de secado sobre la superficie de los
tejidos, reduciendo el tiempo de procedimiento.
El secado tiene lugar por el paso de corriente
de radiofrecuencia entre el electrodo conductor (30) y el líquido
conductor (46) a través de la capa externa de los tejidos (44)
inmediatamente por debajo y situada en un área que rodea el
electrodo activo (30). La impedancia de salida del generador es
dispuesta a un nivel que se corresponde con la impedancia de carga
del conjunto del electrodo cuando se utiliza, tal como se ha
mostrado en la figura 2, con ambos electrodos en contacto con el
líquido conductor (46). A efectos de mantener este estado
equilibrado para el secado de tejidos, la potencia de salida del
generador es controlada automáticamente de una manera tal que se
describirá a continuación, de manera que se impide substancialmente
la aparición de burbujas de vapor de tamaño significativo en el
electrodo activo (30), evitando de esta manera el incremento
consiguiente en la impedancia de carga. De esta manera, el
electrodo activo puede ser humectado de manera continua por el
líquido conductor de manera que, mientras el agua de los tejidos es
eliminada por secado térmico, la impedancia alcanza un límite
superior que corresponde al punto en el que el líquido conductor
empieza a hervir. Como resultado, el sistema es capaz de
suministrar elevados niveles de potencia para secado sin que la
vaporización no deseada de líquido conductor llegue a efectos no
deseados en los tejidos.
El comportamiento eléctrico del conjunto del
electrodo cuando los electrodos (30) y (36) quedan sumergidos en
líquido conductor (46) se considerará a continuación con referencia
al gráfico de la figura 3.
Cuando se aplica potencia en primer lugar, se
presenta al generador una carga de impedancia inicial (r) que es
controlada por la geometría del electrodo y la conductividad
eléctrica del líquido conductor. El valor de (r) cambia cuando el
electrodo activo toca los tejidos. Cuanto mayor es el valor de (r),
mayor es la propensión a la vaporización del líquido conductor. Al
disiparse la potencia a los tejidos y líquido conductor, el líquido
conductor aumenta su temperatura. En el caso de una solución salina
normal, el coeficiente de temperatura de conductividad es positivo
y el coeficiente de impedancia correspondiente es, por lo tanto,
negativo, de manera que la impedancia inicial disminuye. De esta
forma, la curva de la figura 3 indica una caída en la impedancia de
carga al incrementar la potencia suministrada, disminuyendo la
impedancia desde el punto A a un mínimo en el punto B, en cuyo
punto la solución salina en contacto inmediato con el electrodo
alcanza el punto de ebullición. En este caso se forman pequeñas
burbujas de vapor sobre la superficie del electrodo activo y la
impedancia empieza a aumentar tal como se ha mostrado por la curva
que sube del punto B al punto C. De esta forma, una vez se ha
alcanzado el punto de ebullición, el dispositivo muestra un
coeficiente de potencia dominantemente positivo de la
impedancia.
Al formarse burbujas de vapor, existe un
incremento en la densidad de potencia en el electrodo activo
restante con respecto a la solución salina del interfaz (el área
expuesta del electrodo activo no cubierta por burbujas de vapor),
lo cual produce una carga adicional en el interfaz, produciendo más
burbujas de vapor y, por lo tanto, incluso una densidad de potencia
más elevada. Ésta es una condición o estado de descontrol, teniendo
lugar un punto de equilibrio solamente una vez que el electrodo
queda completamente envuelto en vapor de agua. De este modo, para
un conjunto determinado de variables, existe un umbral de potencia
que corresponde al punto C en el cual se alcanza este nuevo
equilibrio.
Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, se observará que
la región situada entre los puntos B y C de la figura 3 representa
el límite superior de potencia de secado que se puede alcanzar.
Cuando tiene lugar la formación de la bolsa de
vapor que envuelve el electrodo, la impedancia se eleva
aproximadamente a 1 nk\Omega, tal como se ha mostrado por el
punto D de la figura 3, dependiendo el valor real de la impedancia
de una serie de variables del sistema. El vapor queda mantenido
entonces por descargas a través de la bolsa de vapor entre el
electrodo activo y el interfaz vapor/solución salina.
Este estado es el que se muestra por el diagrama
de la figura 4 que muestra un conjunto de electrodo alternativo
(28A) que posee un electrodo (30A) hemisférico o de tipo bola en
lugar del electro de cepillo o pincel (30) de la realización de la
figura 2. Tal como anteriormente, el electrodo de retorno (36A) está
separado en la parte próxima con respecto al electrodo activo (30A)
por un aislante intermedio (34A). El electrodo de bola es
preferente para la vaporización de tejidos.
Una vez en estado de equilibrio de vaporización,
la bolsa de vapor, que se ha mostrado por la referencia (50) en la
figura 4, queda soportada por descargas (52) a través de la bolsa de
vapor entre el electrodo activo (30A) y el interfaz del vapor con
respecto a la solución salina. La mayor parte de disipación de
potencia tiene lugar dentro de esta bolsa con el consiguiente
calentamiento del electrodo activo. La magnitud de la disipación de
energía en esta conducción es una función de la potencia
suministrada. Se observará de la figura 3 que la modalidad de
vaporización, indicada por las líneas de limitación de trazos, se
puede mantener a niveles de potencia mucho más bajos que los
requeridos para la formación de la bolsa de vapor. La característica
de impedancia/potencia muestra por consiguiente histéresis. Una vez
se ha establecido la modalidad de vaporización, se puede mantener
sobre una gama relativamente amplia de niveles de potencia, tal como
se ha mostrado por la parte inclinada de la característica que se
extiende a ambos lado del punto D. No obstante, al incrementar la
potencia de salida suministrada más allá de la que está representada
por el punto D se provoca una elevación rápida de la temperatura
del electrodo, lo cual es potencialmente perjudicial para el
electrodo. Para producir el aplastamiento de la bolsa de vapor y
volver a la modalidad de secado se requiere una reducción de
potencia significativa nuevamente al punto A, restableciéndose el
contacto directo entre el electrodo activo y la solución salina y
disminuyendo rápidamente la impedancia. La densidad de potencia en
el electrodo activo disminuye también, de manera que la temperatura
de la solución salina disminuye en este caso por debajo del punto de
ebullición y el electrodo se encuentra nuevamente en equilibrio de
secado estable.
El generador que se describirá a continuación
tiene la capacidad de mantener tanto la modalidad de secado como la
modalidad de vaporización. Si bien en general los conjuntos de
electrodos mostrados en las figuras 2 y 4 se pueden utilizar en
cualquier modalidad, el electrodo de cepillo de la figura 2 es
preferente para secado debido a su amplia área potencial de
cubrición, y el electrodo de bola de la figura 4 es preferente para
vaporización debido a su pequeña proporción de área de electrodo
activo/electrodo de retorno. Tal como se puede apreciar de la
figura 4, la vaporización de los tejidos tiene lugar cuando la bolsa
de vapor (50) corta la superficie de los tejidos, siendo mantenido
preferentemente el conjunto del electrodo separado por encima de la
superficie de tejidos en una pequeña distancia (típicamente de 1 mm
a 5 mm).
La condición o estado de descontrol que tiene
lugar cuando la potencia suministrada alcanza el nivel mostrado por
el punto C de la figura 3, queda aumentado si el generador tiene una
impedancia de salida significativa, porque el voltaje de salida
puede aumentar bruscamente. Con una mayor disipación de potencia y
sin presencia de líquido de refrigeración alrededor del electrodo
activo (30), la temperatura del electrodo aumenta rápidamente con
los daños consiguientes del electrodo. Esto produce también una
alteración incontrolable de los tejidos en lugar del secado
requerido. Por esta razón, el generador preferente tiene una
impedancia de la fuente de salida que de modo aproximado se
equilibra, como mínimo, con la impedancia de carga de la estructura
del electrodo en estado húmedo.
El generador preferente que se describirá
permite tanto el secado en electrocirugía substancialmente sin
alteración indeseada de las células, como el corte o vaporización
electroquirúrgicos substancialmente sin quemado por los electrodos.
Si bien se destina básicamente a operación en un medio de distensión
formado por un líquido conductor, tiene aplicación en otros
procesos electroquirúrgicos, por ejemplo, en presencia de un medio
de distensión de tipo gaseoso o en cualquier otro lugar en el que
puedan tener lugar cambios rápidos de impedancia de carga.
Haciendo referencia a la figura 5, el generador
comprende un oscilador de potencia de radiofrecuencia (RF) (60)
dotado de un par de conexiones de salida (60C) para acoplamiento por
intermedio de terminales de salida (62) a la impedancia de carga
(64) representada por el conjunto de electrodos cuando se encuentra
en utilización. Se suministra potencia al oscilador (60) mediante
un suministro de potencia (66) en modalidad conmutada.
En una realización preferente, el oscilador RF
(60) funciona aproximadamente a 400 kHz, siendo factible cualquier
frecuencia comprendida entre 300 kHz y valores superiores pasando a
la gama de valores HF. El suministro de potencia en modalidad
conmutada funciona de manera típica con una frecuencia en una gama
de 25 a 50 kHz. Acoplado a través de las conexiones de salida (60C)
se encuentra un detector (68) de umbral de voltaje que tiene una
primera salida (68A) acoplada al suministro de potencia en modalidad
conmutada (66) y una segunda salida (68B) acoplada a un circuito de
control de tiempo (70) que se encuentra en marcha ("on"). Un
controlador microprocesador (72) acoplado a los controles y
pantalla del operador (mostrados en la figura 1), es conectado a una
entrada de control (66A) del suministro de potencia (66) para
ajustar la potencia de salida del generador suministrando una
variación de voltaje y a una entrada (68C) con disposición de umbral
del detector (68) de umbral de voltaje para ajustar los límites de
voltaje de salida RF en valores pico o máximo.
En su funcionamiento, el controlador
microprocesador (72) provoca la aplicación de potencia al suministro
(66) de potencia en modalidad conmutada cuando existe una demanda
de potencia electroquirúrgica por el cirujano que acciona un
dispositivo de interruptor de activación que puede quedar dispuesto
en un mango o pieza manual de accionamiento o interruptor de pedal
(ver figura 1). Un umbral de voltaje de salida constante es ajustado
de manera independiente del voltaje de suministro a través de la
entrada (68C) de acuerdo con ajustes de control en el panel frontal
del generador (ver figura 1). De manera típica, para secado o
coagulación, el umbral es dispuesto en un valor de umbral de secado
entre 150 y 200 voltios. Cuando se requiere una salida de corte o
vaporización, el umbral es dispuesto en un valor comprendido entre
250 ó 300 voltios y 600 voltios. Estos valores de voltaje son
valores máximos o valores pico. El hecho de que sean valores máximos
o pico significa que para secado por lo menos es preferible tener
una forma de onda de salida RF con bajo factor de cresta para dar
una potencia máxima antes de que el voltaje sea fijado en los
valores determinados. De manera típica se consigue un factor de
cresta de 1,5 o inferior.
Cuando el generador es activado por primera vez,
la situación de la entrada de control (60I) del oscilador RF (60)
(que está conectado al circuito de control de tiempo -70- en
situación "on") se encuentra en situación de marcha
("on"), de manera que el dispositivo de conmutación de potencia
que forma el elemento oscilante del oscilador (60) es conmutado
durante un período de conducción máximo durante cada ciclo de
oscilación. La potencia suministrada a la carga (64) depende en
parte del voltaje de alimentación aplicado al oscilador RF (60)
desde el suministro de potencia en modalidad conmutada (66) y
parcialmente de la impedancia de carga (64). Si el voltaje de
suministro es suficientemente elevado, la temperatura del medio
líquido que rodea los electrodos del instrumento electroquirúrgico
(o dentro de un medio gaseoso, la temperatura de los líquidos
contenidos dentro del tejido) se puede elevar de manera tal que el
medio líquido se vaporiza, lo cual lleva a un incremento rápido en
la impedancia de carga y un incremento rápido consiguiente del
voltaje de salida aplicado en los terminales (62). Ésta es una
situación no deseable si se requiere una salida de secado. Por esta
razón, el umbral de voltaje para una salida de secado se dispone
para provocar señales de disparo que serán enviadas al circuito de
control de tiempo (70) en situación "on" y al suministro de
potencia (66) en modalidad conmutada cuando se alcanza el umbral.
El circuito de control de tiempo (70) en situación "on" tiene
el efecto de reducir de forma virtualmente instantánea el tiempo
"on" del dispositivo conmutador oscilador RF. Simultáneamente,
el suministro de potencia en modalidad conmutada es desactivado de
manera que el voltaje suministrado al oscilador (60) empieza a
disminuir.
El control subsiguiente del tiempo "on" de
los ciclos individuales del oscilador (60) se comprenderá tomando
en consideración la configuración interna del circuito de control de
tiempo (70) en situación "on" que se muestra en la figura 6.
El circuito comprende un generador RF de diente de sierra (74)
(sincronizado en la frecuencia de oscilación de RF por una señal de
sincronización procedente del oscilador y aplicada a una entrada de
sincronización -74I-), y un generador de rampa (76) que es ajustado
nuevamente por impulso de reposición desde la salida (68B) del
detector de umbral de voltaje (68) (ver figura 5) producido cuando
se ha alcanzado el voltaje dispuesto. Este impulso de reposición es
la señal de disparo a la que se ha hecho referencia anteriormente.
El circuito de control de tiempo en marcha ("on") (70)
comprende además un comparador (78) para la comparación de los
voltajes en diente de sierra y los voltajes en rampa producidos por
los generadores de diente de sierra y de rampa (74) y (76) para
suministrar una señal de control de onda cuadrada para aplicación a
la entrada (60I) del oscilador RF (60). Tal como se ha mostrado por
los diagramas en forma de onda de la figura 6, la naturaleza de las
formas de onda en diente de sierra y rampa es tal que la proporción
marca/espacio de la señal de onda cuadrada aplicada al oscilador
(60) aumenta progresivamente después de cada impulso de reposición.
Como resultado de ello, después de una reducción virtualmente
instantánea en el tiempo en marcha "on" al tener lugar la
detección de que el voltaje de salida alcanza el voltaje umbral
determinado, el tiempo "on" del oscilador RF aumenta
progresivamente volviendo al valor máximo original. Este ciclo se
repite hasta que el voltaje de suministro al oscilador desde la
fuente de potencia (66) (figura 5) se ha reducido a un nivel en el
que el oscilador puede funcionar con el máximo período de
conducción sin que el voltaje de salida sobrepase el umbral de
voltaje dispuesto según se ha detectado por el detector (68).
El voltaje de salida del generador es importante
para la modalidad de operación. En realidad, las modalidades de
salida se definen puramente por el voltaje de salida,
específicamente el voltaje de salida máximo o pico. La medida
absoluta del voltaje de salida es necesaria solamente para control
de plazo múltiple. No obstante, un simple control de plazo único
(es decir, utilizando una variable de control) se puede utilizar en
este generador para limitar el voltaje de salida a voltajes límite
predeterminados. De este modo, el detector (68) de umbral de
voltaje, mostrado en la figura 5, compara el voltaje de salida
máximo RF con un nivel de umbral predeterminado en corriente
continua y tiene un tiempo de respuesta suficientemente rápido para
producir un impulso de reposición para el circuito de control de
tiempo "on" (70) dentro de medio ciclo RF.
Antes de considerar adicionalmente el
funcionamiento del generador, es apropiado hacer referencia
nuevamente a la característica de impedancia/poten-
cia de la figura 3. Se apreciará que el umbral de control más crítico es el aplicable durante el secado. Dado que las burbujas de vapor que se forman en el electrodo activo no son conductoras, la solución salina que permanece en contacto con el electrodo tiene una densidad de potencia más elevada y por consiguiente una tendencia más elevada a formar vapor. Este grado de inestabilidad comporta una transición a la modalidad de vaporización con el mismo nivel de potencia debido al incremento incontrolado de densidad de potencia del electrodo activo. Como resultado, la impedancia local en el electrodo activo aumenta. La potencia absorbida máxima coincide con la condición de electrodo existente inmediatamente antes de la formación de burbujas de vapor, puesto que eso coincide con la máxima distribución de potencia y la mayor área de electrodo humectada. Por lo tanto, es deseable que el electrodo permanezca en situación de humectación para la potencia de secado máxima. La utilización de detección del límite de voltaje comporta una reducción de potencia que permite que las burbujas de vapor se colapsen, lo cual a su vez aumenta la capacidad del electrodo activo para absorber potencia. Por esta razón, el generador descrito en esta memoria incluye un bucle de control que tiene un gran efecto de exceso o desbordamiento por el hecho de que el estímulo de realimentación del voltaje máximo que alcanza el umbral predefinido provoca una gran reducción instantánea de potencia al provocar la reducción del voltaje de salida máximo a un nivel significativamente por debajo del nivel de voltaje de salida máximo o pico dispuesto por el detector de umbral (68). Este exceso o desbordamiento de control asegura el retorno al estado de humectación requerido.
cia de la figura 3. Se apreciará que el umbral de control más crítico es el aplicable durante el secado. Dado que las burbujas de vapor que se forman en el electrodo activo no son conductoras, la solución salina que permanece en contacto con el electrodo tiene una densidad de potencia más elevada y por consiguiente una tendencia más elevada a formar vapor. Este grado de inestabilidad comporta una transición a la modalidad de vaporización con el mismo nivel de potencia debido al incremento incontrolado de densidad de potencia del electrodo activo. Como resultado, la impedancia local en el electrodo activo aumenta. La potencia absorbida máxima coincide con la condición de electrodo existente inmediatamente antes de la formación de burbujas de vapor, puesto que eso coincide con la máxima distribución de potencia y la mayor área de electrodo humectada. Por lo tanto, es deseable que el electrodo permanezca en situación de humectación para la potencia de secado máxima. La utilización de detección del límite de voltaje comporta una reducción de potencia que permite que las burbujas de vapor se colapsen, lo cual a su vez aumenta la capacidad del electrodo activo para absorber potencia. Por esta razón, el generador descrito en esta memoria incluye un bucle de control que tiene un gran efecto de exceso o desbordamiento por el hecho de que el estímulo de realimentación del voltaje máximo que alcanza el umbral predefinido provoca una gran reducción instantánea de potencia al provocar la reducción del voltaje de salida máximo a un nivel significativamente por debajo del nivel de voltaje de salida máximo o pico dispuesto por el detector de umbral (68). Este exceso o desbordamiento de control asegura el retorno al estado de humectación requerido.
En el generador descrito anteriormente con
referencia a las figuras 5 y 6, la reducción de potencia como
respuesta a la detección del umbral de voltaje tiene lugar de dos
maneras:-
- (a)
- reducción instantánea de la energía RF suministrada al circuito de salida resonante del oscilador, y
- (b)
- interrupción de la potencia en corriente continua hacia el oscilador durante uno o varios ciclos completos del suministro de potencia en modalidad conmutada (es decir, de manera típica durante un período mínimo de 20 a 40 \mus).
En la realización preferente, la reducción de
potencia instantánea es, como mínimo, las tres cuartas partes de la
potencia disponible (o, como mínimo, la mitad del voltaje) desde el
suministro de potencia en corriente continua, pero la
realimentación del umbral de voltaje continuo provoca de manera
continuada la reducción de potencia suministrada desde el
suministro de potencia en corriente continua. Por esta razón, se
obtiene una respuesta de alta velocidad en la propia etapa de RF,
con el voltaje de suministro en corriente continua controlando la
reducción para posibilitar que la etapa en radiofrecuencia (RF)
vuelva a un ciclo de trabajo completo o proporción marca/espacio,
posibilitando de esta manera otras reducciones rápidas de potencia
cuando existe nuevamente violación del umbral de voltaje.
El efecto de este proceso en el voltaje de
salida RF es mostrado en el diagrama de forma de onda de la figura
7, que contiene trazas representativas de voltaje de salida, voltaje
de suministro del oscilador y la impedancia de carga durante un
episodio de secado típico durante un período de 1 ms.
Empezando en el lado izquierdo del diagrama con
un voltaje de alimentación aproximadamente constante, el voltaje de
salida aumenta con el incremento de la impedancia de carga hasta un
punto en el que se alcanza el umbral de voltaje de salida, después
de lo cual tiene lugar la antes descrita reducción instantánea del
período "on" del oscilador. Esto produce una disminución
rápida del voltaje de salida RF, tal como se ha mostrado, seguida
de un incremento progresivo, también tal como se ha descrito. Cuando
el voltaje de salida alcanza el voltaje umbral, el detector de
umbral de voltaje (68) (mostrado en la figura 5) desactiva asimismo
el suministro de potencia, llevando a una disminución gradual en el
voltaje de suministro. Como resultado, cuando el período de tiempo
"on" del dispositivo oscilador ha alcanzado nuevamente su valor
máximo, mostrado por el punto a de la figura 7, el voltaje
umbral no ha sido alcanzado. No obstante, la impedancia de carga
empieza a subir nuevamente, provocando un nuevo incremento, si bien
más lento, del voltaje de salida hasta que nuevamente se alcanza el
voltaje umbral (punto b). Nuevamente, el tiempo "on" del
oscilador se reduce de forma instantánea y a continuación se
aumenta progresivamente, de manera que la forma de onda del voltaje
de salida repite su forma anterior. También en este caso, se vuelve
a alcanzar el voltaje umbral, reduciéndose nuevamente de forma
instantánea el voltaje de salida (en el punto c), y
nuevamente el período de tiempo "on" puede aumentar. No
obstante, en esta ocasión debido a que el voltaje de suministro se
ha reducido nuevamente (suministro de potencia en situación de
desactivación), el voltaje de salida no alcanza el nivel de umbral
(en el punto d) hasta que ha transcurrido un período de
tiempo considerablemente más largo. Ciertamente, la duración del
período es tal que el voltaje de salida no puede alcanzar el
voltaje umbral en un ciclo de conmutación completo del suministro
de potencia, de manera que ha sido activado en este tiempo (en el
punto e).
Durante este período la potencia suministrada al
electrodo ha sido suficiente para incrementar adicionalmente la
impedancia de carga. El comportamiento errático de la impedancia es
típico del inicio de la formación de vapor. Como consecuencia,
cuando se alcanza nuevamente el voltaje umbral (en el punto
e), se requieren varios ciclos sucesivos de reducción de
tiempo "on" y de incremento que tienen lugar uno después de
otro (ver f) combinándose con otra desactivación (ver
g) del suministro de potencia a efectos de mantener el
voltaje por debajo del umbral.
Se apreciará que, entonces, cuando los circuitos
de control (70), (72) (figura 5) funcionan de forma dinámica para
controlar el voltaje de salida de forma suficientemente rápida y en
un grado suficiente para mantener el voltaje a un nivel
correspondiente, en este caso, al nivel requerido para el secado sin
disrupción de los tejidos debido a la formación del arco. Se puede
utilizar la misma técnica con un diferente voltaje umbral para
limitar el voltaje de salida para impedir el quemado en los
electrodos y/o una vaporización excesiva de tejidos. En este último
caso, el límite de voltaje se puede disponer a un nivel entre 250
voltios (preferentemente 300 voltios) y 600 voltios.
Debido a la elevada densidad de potencia en el
electrodo activo durante la modalidad de vaporización, la mayor
parte de potencia suministrada se disipa en las proximidades del
electrodo. En la modalidad de vaporización es deseable que tenga
lugar un calentamiento mínimo de la solución salina, pero que
cualquier tejido que alcance el límite de vapor del electrodo
activo sea vaporizado. En la modalidad de vaporización, el vapor es
mantenido por los arcos dentro de la bolsa de vapor tal como se ha
descrito anteriormente con referencia a la figura 4. Al aumentar el
voltaje de salida durante la vaporización, se tiene el resultado de
un incremento de volumen de los tejidos eliminados debido al
aumento de dimensiones de la bolsa de vapor. El aplastamiento de la
bolsa de vapor durante la vaporización de los tejidos tiene
consecuencias superiores, debido a la mayor necrosis como resultado
de una mayor disipación de potencia en la solución salina
circundante. El colapso de la bolsa de vapor se puede impedir, en
primer lugar, disponiendo que la impedancia del electrodo en la
modalidad de vaporización sea tal que el instrumento se encuentre
en estado no equilibrado en lo que respecta a la impedancia, con el
resultado de que el circuito Q de salida resonante se encuentra en
situación alta y el voltaje de salida no cambia tan rápidamente
como con impedancias de carga más bajas y, en segundo lugar, el
electrodo activo tiene una capacidad calorífica significativa que
mantiene la bolsa de vapor durante un período significativo.
Un incremento no deseado en las dimensiones de
la bolsa de vapor se puede impedir limitando el voltaje de salida
máximo durante la modalidad de vaporización, lo cual se puede llevar
a cabo convenientemente substituyendo un valor de umbral distinto
para el detector de voltaje umbral (68) (ver figura 5) cuando se
encuentra en la modalidad de vaporización.
Los circuitos del oscilador RF (60), detector de
voltaje umbral (68), y circuito de control (70) del tiempo
"on" (mostrado en la figura 5) del generador preferente de
acuerdo con la presente invención se han mostrado en la figura
8.
Haciendo referencia a continuación a la figura
8, el oscilador RF comprende un IGBT (transistor bipolar de puerta
aislada) (80) que actúa como dispositivo de conmutación RF que
bombea energía a un circuito resonante en paralelo que comprende el
arrollamiento primario (82P) del transformador (82) y un condensador
resonante conectado en paralelo (84). Se suministra potencia RF
desde el arrollamiento secundario (82S) del transformador con
intermedio de los condensadores de aislamiento (86), (88) a los
terminales (62) de salida RF. La potencia para el transistor
oscilador (80) es suministrada en una línea de suministro de alto
voltaje (90) que está conectada a la salida del suministro de
potencia en modalidad conmutada (66) (mostrada en la figura 5). La
línea de suministro (90) es desacoplada por el condensador (92).
El bucle de la alimentación del oscilador
discurre desde el arrollamiento primario resonante (82P) (en el
lado opuesto del arrollamiento desde la línea de suministro -90-)
con intermedio de una red de desplazamiento de fase que comprende
el condensador (94), resistencia (96), y diodos de fijación (98),
(100), y a través de un transistor con efecto campo (FET) (104), el
monoestable controlado de voltaje representado por el comparador
(78) y componentes asociados, y el controlador (108), que está
conectado a la puerta del transistor (80).
El voltaje en dicho lado del arrollamiento
primario (82P) que está acoplado al transistor (80) es
substancialmente senoidal y se alterna a una frecuencia definida
por la combinación resonante en paralelo de la inductancia del
arrollamiento y el condensador (84). De manera típica, la oscilación
de voltaje es superior al doble del voltaje de suministro sobre la
línea de suministro (90), cayendo por debajo del voltaje de tierra
en medios ciclos negativos.
La red de desplazamiento de fase (94), (96),
(98), (100) proporciona una onda cuadrada de tipo positivo que
tiene un avance de fase de 90º con respecto al voltaje primario. De
este modo, el FET (104) es conectado aproximadamente cuando el
voltaje en el arrollamiento primario (82P) ha alcanzado su valor
mínimo, y es desconectado cuando ha alcanzado su valor máximo.
Cuando el FET (104) es conectado, un condensador de temporización es
descargado con rapidez y la salida del comparador (78) es
desconectada. El controlador (108) no es invertible y, como
consecuencia, el transistor (80) es desconectado también en este
momento. Se deduce de ello que el punto de desconexión ("off")
del transistor es repetible y tiene una relación de fase constante
con respecto al voltaje primario en virtud de la ruta de
realimentación descrita anteriormente. La lógica de la ruta de
realimentación es tal que la señal de realimentación alimentada a
la conexión de puerta del transistor (80) tiene un nivel lógico de
"1" cuando el voltaje primario disminuye (y la diferencia de
potencial a través del arrollamiento primario (82P) aumenta). El
punto de desconexión ("off") tiene lugar substancialmente en un
punto o pico de voltaje primario, es decir, cuando el voltaje
primario se encuentra en su valor mínimo en el caso presente.
A diferencia del punto de desconexión
("off"), el punto de conexión ("on") del transistor (80)
es variable, tal como se describirá a continuación. El instante en
el que el nivel lógico en la salida del comparador (78) y en la
base del dispositivo (80) cambia a "1" depende del voltaje de
referencia aplicado a la entrada inversora (78I) del comparador
(78). Como resultado, el retraso entre la desconexión del
dispositivo (80) y la conexión del mismo queda determinado por esta
comparación de voltaje aplicado a la entrada (78I) del comparador
(78). En otras palabras, se retrasa la señal "on" al
dispositivo (80) con respecto a la desconexión en un período que
está de acuerdo con el voltaje de referencia en el punto de
inversión. Este voltaje de referencia depende del voltaje que
aparece en la resistencia (112) que es parte de un divisor de
potencial que comprende también una resistencia (114) y un
potenciómetro (116). El potenciómetro (116) determina la conmutación
mínima en el retardo, correspondiente al ciclo efectivo máximo del
transistor (80). El voltaje que aparece en la resistencia (112) es
variable y representa la gama de control del ajuste de tiempo
"on" entre un 25% del ciclo efectivo máximo y 100%. El
condensador de temporización (110) es cargado por la resistencia
variable (118) (predeterminada para una constante de tiempo
apropiada) a partir de una línea de suministro de voltaje reducido
(120).
Al comparar la figura 8 con la figura 6, se
apreciará que el voltaje en la entrada no inversora (78N) del
comparador (78) tiene la forma de diente de sierra mostrada en la
figura 6, produciéndose dicha forma de onda por el disparo repetido
del FET (104) y la descarga del condensador (110), siendo seguida
cada descarga por la carga de un condensador a través de la
resistencia (118).
El voltaje a través de la resistencia (112) se
encuentra normalmente en un valor mínimo y se incrementa cuando el
voltaje de salida RF del generador alcanza un valor límite máximo
predeterminado. Los circuitos que consiguen este efecto se
describirán a continuación.
La detección del voltaje de salida es
proporcionada por un detector de voltaje máximo o pico acoplado
sobre los terminales de salida del generador. El detector incluye
una cadena divisora de capacidad (122), (124) conectada a través de
la salida RF, alimentando la salida entre los condensadores el
arrollamiento primario de un transformador de aislamiento (126).
Las resistencias (128) y (130) conectadas a través de los
arrollamientos primarios y secundarios del transformador (126)
proporcionan respectivamente amortiguación para evitar resonancias
no deseadas y para filtrar componentes de alta frecuencia que pueden
tener lugar durante la formación de arco en el electrodo activo. El
voltaje de detección resultante que aparece en el arrollamiento
secundario del transformador (126) es alimentado a continuación a
los dos comparadores (132) y (134). En este punto, se debe apreciar
que solamente los medios ciclos del voltaje de detección de una
polaridad (en este caso medios ciclos de tipo positivo) se usan
para la detección del umbral de voltaje de salida máximo o pico.
Cada uno de los comparadores (132), (134) tiene
dos entradas, una de ellas conectada al transformador (126) para
recibir el voltaje de detección, y una conectada a la
correspondiente entrada de voltaje de referencia (136), (138)
(marcadas CLAMP y BOOST ("FIJACIÓN e INCREMENTO") en la figura
8). Los voltajes de referencia aplicados a estas entradas (136),
(138) son umbrales de voltaje determinados por el ordenador para las
modalidades de secado y vaporización respectivamente. La selección
de la modalidad operativa es conseguida por una señal de control
(DES/VAP) aplicada a la entrada de control (140), y la cadena lógica
que comprende las puertas (142), (144), (146) y (148). La modalidad
de secado se selecciona por el nivel lógico "1" en la entrada
(140). En la modalidad de vaporización, el nivel lógico "0" de
esta entrada desactiva efectivamente la salida del comparador (132)
con intermedio de la puerta NOR (144), siendo alimentada a
continuación la detección de umbral de salida a través de la puerta
NOR (146). Por lo tanto se observará que el voltaje "CLAMP"
("FIJACIÓN") aplicado a la entrada (136) es el ajuste de
voltaje de referencia del valor umbral para el voltaje de salida
máximo durante el secado, mientras que el voltaje "BOOST"
("INCREMENTO") aplicado a la entrada (138) fija el valor
umbral del voltaje de salida pico o máximo en la modalidad de
vaporización.
Cuando el voltaje de salida alcanza el valor
umbral (es decir, un voltaje "límite"), el transistor (150)
queda conectado. Este transistor es capaz de cargar el condensador
(152) de 1,5 V a 4 V en un período de 50ns. La carga de la base del
transistor (150) es suficiente para agrandar impulsos muy estrechos
desde los circuitos de detección de voltaje y, por lo tanto,
asegura que el condensador (152) alcanza un voltaje máximo para
voltajes límite detectados solamente de forma marginal en la salida
RF. Dado que la señal de control aplicada a la base del transistor
(150) no es promediada a lo largo de una serie de ciclos, el
transistor se conecta y se desconecta en cada ciclo de oscilación
del oscilador de radiofrecuencia que tiene lugar cuando se excede el
umbral de voltaje de salida máximo o pico. Como consecuencia, el
voltaje de salida es supervisado y controlado en base ciclo a
ciclo. La función del condensador (152) consiste en proporcionar
progresivamente voltajes de referencia más bajos para el comparador
(78) después de la detección de un voltaje límite. De esta manera,
el voltaje en el emisor del transistor (150) tiene una forma de onda
tal como se ha mostrado en la salida del generador de rampa (76) de
la figura 6. De esta manera, el instante de conexión del dispositivo
(80) es retrasado instantáneamente cuando el voltaje de salida RF
alcanza el valor umbral predeterminado, y es adelantado
progresivamente a continuación al disminuir lentamente el voltaje en
la resistencia (112). La velocidad de descarga del condensador
(152) queda determinada por la combinación en paralelo de la
resistencia (112) con la resistencia (114) además de la resistencia
(116).
La conmutación de energía proporcionada por el
transistor (80) es convertida por inductor en serie (154P) en un
impulso de corriente hacia adentro del arrollamiento primario
resonante (82P). La acción del inductor en serie (154P) suaviza la
inyección de energía hacia adentro del circuito de salida resonante
representado por el arrollamiento (82P) y el condensador (84) e
impide una corriente inicial excesiva a través del transistor (80),
así como la oscilación excesiva de la entrada de voltaje al
arrollamiento (82P) por encima del voltaje de la línea de
suministro (90).
En condiciones de plena potencia, la conexión
inicial del transistor (80) tiene lugar con un voltaje resonante
máximo inicial en el circuito resonante. Esto crea una corriente de
conexión cero al quedar completamente agotado el inductor (154P) de
energía después de cada ciclo. La corriente en este inductor aumenta
con rapidez hasta que se alcanza un punto en el que el voltaje en
el arrollamiento (82P) se hace negativo. El inductor (154P) libera
a continuación su energía a esta polarización inversa. La corriente
cero en la desconexión es garantizada por un diodo de bloqueo (156)
que impide el retorno de energía desde el circuito resonante al
inductor (154P).
Cuando el tiempo de conexión del transistor (80)
se reduce debido a que el voltaje de salida alcanza el umbral
predeterminado, la amplitud de voltaje primario sobre el
arrollamiento (82P) disminuye hasta el punto en el que la amplitud
pico o máxima primaria es menor que el voltaje de suministro. En
particular, el voltaje mínimo al final del arrollamiento primario
(82P) acoplado al transistor (80) no oscila más allá del voltaje de
tierra. La energía no puede ser ya liberada desde el inductor
(154P) en retorno al circuito resonante. Una trayectoria secundaria
para la energía almacenada en el inductor (154P) queda proporcionada
por el hecho de que este inductor es el arrollamiento primario de
un transformador (154) que tiene un arrollamiento secundario (154S)
acoplado a la línea de suministro (90) con intermedio de un diodo
(158). La energía residual almacenada en el inductor (154P) en la
desconexión provoca la polarización creciente del diodo (158) a
través del cual se recupera la energía nuevamente hacia el
suministro. Este mecanismo de recuperación permite niveles de
amplitud primaria parcialmente resonantes sin perjuicios para el
transistor de conmutación (80) por la energía de desacoplamiento
que crea un voltaje excesivo.
La relación entre el tiempo "on" del
transistor (80) y la energía de conmutación depende de una serie de
variables tales como el almacenamiento de energía inicial del
circuito resonante (82P), (84), la carga de los terminales de
salida (62) (que afecta la Q del circuito resonante), y la carga al
afectar ésta la frecuencia de oscilación, todo lo cual afecta el
almacenamiento de energía no lineal del inductor (154P).
Tal como se ha descrito anteriormente, la
detección de que el voltaje de salida alcanza un valor umbral
predeterminado no solamente provoca que se reduzca instantáneamente
el ciclo efectivo del transistor de conmutación (80), sino que
asimismo desactiva el suministro de potencia (66) de modalidad
conmutada (mostrado en la figura 5). El efecto de desactivación es
producido por la alimentación de una señal desde la salida de la
cadena lógica (142) a (148) con intermedio de un filtro (160) para
eliminar transitorios RF a una salida de DESACTIVACIÓN
("DISABLE") (68A), que es conectada al suministro de potencia
(66) en modalidad conmutada.
La impedancia de salida del generador queda
dispuesta aproximadamente en 160 ohmios. El efecto de esta elección
será evidente a partir de la descripción siguiente con referencia a
las figuras 9 y 10 que son gráficos que muestran la variación de
potencia de salida que se puede producir por el generador a
diferentes impedancias de carga.
Haciendo referencia a la figura 9, la potencia
suministrada a la carga se ha mostrado en este caso como función de
la impedancia de carga para dos diferentes ajustes de voltaje de
suministro del oscilador. En ambos casos, se observará que a la
izquierda del pico o máximo de potencia/impedancia, un incremento de
la impedancia de carga lleva a un incremento de la potencia de
salida y, por lo tanto, a un incremento en el voltaje de salida.
Para impedancias más elevadas, a la derecha de los máximos o picos,
el voltaje continúa creciendo, si bien de manera menos agresiva, al
aumentar la impedancia.
Una de las características del generador
preferente de acuerdo con la invención es que la etapa de salida
opera como oscilador de bucle abierto con una impedancia de salida
(correspondiente a los máximos de la figura 9) de unos 160 ohmios.
Esto es considerablemente más bajo que la impedancia de salida de
generadores convencionales utilizados para electrocirugía bajo el
agua, y contribuye a la capacidad de impedir la formación de arco
descontrolada y como consecuencia excesivos daños en los tejidos y
quemadura en el electrodo.
Se debe comprender que a efectos de secado, se
debe impedir la formación de una envolvente de vapor en el
electrodo y la formación de arco. Inversamente, para corte o
vaporización se requiere una envolvente de vapor y arco, pero a un
nivel que se corresponda con la consecución del efecto deseado en
los tejidos y evitar la quemadura en el electrodo. Se muestran en
la figura 9 puntos operativos para secado de baja y alta potencia y
corte o vaporización.
Una característica de la combinación del
generador de acuerdo con la invención y un conjunto de electrodo
que tiene dos electrodos adyacentes es que la salida es virtualmente
biestable. Cuando se opera en la modalidad de secado, la totalidad
de la superficie del electrodo se encuentra en contacto con un medio
eléctricamente conductor y, por lo tanto, la impedancia de la carga
es comparativamente baja, inhibiendo como consecuencia el aumento
de voltaje de salida a un nivel suficiente para la formación del
arco. Inversamente, cuando se encuentra en la modalidad de corte o
vaporización de tejidos, la totalidad de la superficie del electrodo
activo está cubierta por una capa de vapor que tiene una impedancia
muy superior, y la bolsa de vapor queda mantenida por el arco
dentro de la misma, de manera que la casi totalidad de disipación de
potencia tiene lugar dentro de la envolvente de vapor. A efectos de
pasar desde la forma de secado a la forma de corte se requiere un
fuerte impulso de potencia, de lo que resulta el posicionado del
pico o máximo de la curva de potencia/carga entre los puntos
operativos de secado y de corte en la curva. Al permitir el
incremento de la potencia de salida con la impedancia del modo
indicado, se consigue un elevado impulso de potencia de suficiente
energía para crear el arco, a pesar de la baja impedancia presentada
por los electrodos. Al incrementar el voltaje de suministro al
oscilador, se presenta una mayor tendencia a pasar de manera
repentina a la modalidad de corte, mientras que para niveles de
voltaje de suministro más bajos, la naturaleza biestable de la
salida, aunque es más pronunciada, tiende a la situación de
secado.
Las propiedades biestables se generan no
solamente por el comportamiento de impedancia del electrodo, sino
también de la forma de la curva de impedancia de potencia/carga.
Cuanto más plana es la curva de carga, más constante es la salida
de potencia según una banda de impedancias y menos pronunciado es el
efecto.
Haciendo referencia a la figura 9, se observará
que en la modalidad de corte o de vaporización de tejidos se
consigue un punto de equilibrio de potencia por la disminución de la
salida de potencia al incrementar la impedancia. En la modalidad de
secado, el equilibrio es menos directo porque hay dos mecanismos de
cambio de la impedancia. El primer mecanismo es el calentamiento
del medio de conducción y/o tejidos que, debido a su coeficiente
positivo de conductividad, resulta en una caída inicial de la
impedancia, de manera que cuando se aplica potencia en primer
lugar, el punto de accionamiento se desplaza hacia el lado izquierdo
del diagrama de la figura 9. Como consecuencia, existe un punto de
equilibrio bien definido, que queda definido por la reducción de la
impedancia con incremento del voltaje de suministro de la potencia y
la consiguiente reducción en la potencia de salida suministrada. No
obstante, cuando la solución salina que constituye el medio o los
fluidos de los tejidos en contacto con el electrodo activo empiezan
su ebullición, se empiezan a formar pequeñas burbujas de vapor que
incrementan la impedancia. Cuando el generador está a punto de pasar
a la modalidad de corte, el aumento de la impedancia debido a la
formación de vapor es predominante. Por lo tanto, el cambio de
impedancia resulta positivo al incrementar el voltaje del suministro
de potencia, y el punto operativo se desplaza hacia el lado de la
derecha del diagrama, lo que permite una mayor entrada de potencia
como resultado de la forma de la curva de carga, provocando un
rápido cambio a la modalidad de corte o de vaporización. Al
continuar incrementándose la formación de vapor, la creciente
impedancia produce una caída en la potencia de salida
suministrada.
Los solicitantes han descubierto que los
equilibrios inherentes descritos anteriormente pueden ser
insuficientes para mantener un estado de coagulación estable o un
estado de corte estable. Es por esta razón, que el voltaje de
salida en RF procedente del oscilador RF (60) (figura 5) está
limitado, teniendo lugar la limitación de manera extremadamente
rápida, típicamente con un tiempo de respuesta de 20 \mus o menos.
Se evita una excesiva interferencia de radiofrecuencia por la
variación lineal del tiempo en situación "on" del dispositivo
de conmutación del oscilador, como respuesta a una señal de
realimentación desde el detector del umbral de voltaje. Esta
técnica es utilizada conjuntamente con un oscilador RF que tiene una
Q de salida comparativamente reducida cuando se equilibra con la
carga, siendo esta Q suficiente para suprimir los ruidos de
conmutación sin amortiguar de manera descontrolada la respuesta a
la detección del umbral de voltaje de salida.
A título de ejemplo, el efecto del control del
umbral de voltaje para una configuración específica de electrodo es
el que se ha mostrado en la figura 10. Las líneas continuas (200),
(202) indican las características de la impedancia de
potencia/carga modificada. Para el secado, mostrado por la línea
(200), el suministro de potencia en modalidad conmutada se ajusta
para producir una potencia de salida de bucle abierto máxima
(equilibrada) comprendida entre 75 vatios y 110 vatios, siendo la
potencia máxima o pico real en este caso de unos 90 vatios. Para
corte y vaporización (mostrados por la línea -202-), la potencia
máxima puede estar comprendida entre 120 vatios y 175 vatios. En
este caso es aproximadamente de 150 vatios. Como ejemplos, los
umbrales de voltaje se ajustan a 180 voltios máximo para secado y
300 voltios máximo para corte, tal como se ha ilustrado por las
líneas de voltaje hiperbólicas constantes (204) y (206),
respectivamente. Las curvas de potencia/impedancia siguen las
respectivas líneas de umbral de voltaje constante a la derecha de su
intersección con las curvas de bucle abierto sin modificar (208) y
(210). De este modo, se comprenderá que la línea umbral de secado
representa el voltaje máximo que se puede conseguir en la modalidad
de secado antes de producir el arco, mientras que la línea umbral
de corte limita el comportamiento de corte o vaporización de tejido
para conseguir el efecto deseado en el tejido y, en el extremo,
evitar el quemado del electrodo. La línea umbral de secado
representa también un voltaje insuficiente para conseguir el arco
para el corte o vaporización de tejidos.
Una característica significativa del generador
que es específica para corte electroquirúrgico o vaporización de
tejidos es que a potencia máxima o pico (impedancia equilibrada) la
impedancia de carga se encuentra entre las impedancias
correspondientes a los voltajes umbral a dicho nivel de potencia.
Como contraste, en la modalidad de secado, la caractarística de
impedancia de potencia/carga tiene una punta o máximo de potencia en
una impedancia que se encuentra por debajo de la línea umbral de
secado a dicho nivel de potencia.
En la práctica, la potencia de salida en la
modalidad de secado será más elevada que en la modalidad de corte o
vaporización de tejidos. La razón de esta afirmación (a pesar de la
aparente contradicción con las curvas de carga de la figura 10) es
que los puntos de equilibrio descritos en lo anterior se encuentran
en diferentes puntos sobre las respectivas curvas. Para asegurar el
corte, se requiere que la potencia correspondiente al pico o máximo
de la curva más elevada alcance la línea umbral de corte
(correspondiente a un pico o máximo de 300 voltios). La modalidad
de corte sigue entonces la línea umbral de corte o vaporización. El
punto de la operación de corte queda definido por la impedancia de
carga creada cuando se presenta un nivel adecuado de arco. De
manera típica, la impedancia de carga en estas circunstancias es
mayor de 1000 ohmios. Así pues, si bien existe la disponibilidad de
una potencia máxima completa de 150 vatios para asegurar que se
forman bolsas de vapor para fomentar el arco para el corte, la
potencia real utilizada durante el corte o vaporización de tejidos
para este ejemplo específico de electrodo se puede encontrar entre
30 vatios y 40 vatios. Esta situación se comprende más fácilmente
si se hace también referencia a la figura 3.
En la modalidad de secado, el punto operativo se
determina por el coeficiente de potencia positivo de la impedancia
que se produce por la generación de vapor. Como consecuencia, el
equilibrio ocurre de manera natural en la región del pico o máximo
de la curva de impedancia de potencia/carga en la modalidad de
secado.
Se pueden utilizar modalidades combinadas o
mixtas al alternar constantemente entre las situaciones de secado y
de corte o alterando la posición de los umbrales.
Claims (17)
1. Generador electroquirúrgico para el
suministro de potencia en radiofrecuencia a un instrumento
electroquirúrgico (64), comprendiendo dicho generador una etapa de
salida en radiofrecuencia (80, 82) que está dotada de un voltaje de
alimentación (90), teniendo la etapa de salida como mínimo un par de
conexiones (62) de salida electroquirúrgica para el suministro de
potencia en radiofrecuencia al instrumento, medios (66) acoplados a
la etapa de salida para suministrar potencia a la etapa de salida, y
circuitos de control que comprenden medios detectores (68) para
derivar una señal de detección representativa del voltaje de salida
en radiofrecuencia desarrollado en las conexiones de salida,
caracterizado porque los circuitos de control comprenden
medios (70) que responden a la señal de detección provocando una
reducción en la potencia de salida suministrada, independientemente
del voltaje de suministro o como adición a una reducción en el
voltaje de suministro cuando la señal de detección es indicativa de
haber alcanzado un umbral predeterminado, y porque el circuito de
control está dispuesto de manera tal que en modalidad de
coagulación del generador el voltaje de salida está limitado a un
primer umbral predeterminado de voltaje, y en modalidad de corte o
vaporización de tejidos del generador, el voltaje de salida está
limitado a un segundo umbral de voltaje predeterminado más elevado y
porque la etapa de salida tiene una característica de
potencia/impedancia de carga (200) que, para un voltaje de
alimentación promedio constante y en la modalidad de coagulación
tiene un valor máximo o pico que se encuentra en el lado de
impedancia baja de la línea (204) representativa del primer umbral
de voltaje.
2. Generador, según la reivindicación 1, en el
que los medios (70) que provocan una reducción en la potencia de
salida suministrada son accionables para provocar como mínimo una
reducción del 50% en la potencia de salida suministrada cuando la
señal de detección es indicativa de que se ha alcanzado dicho
umbral, siendo efectuada dicha reducción dentro de un período de 20
\mus o menos.
3. Generador, según la reivindicación 2, en el
que el tiempo de respuesta de los circuitos de control y de los
medios acoplados a la etapa de salida (80, 82), cuando el voltaje de
salida en radiofrecuencia alcanza el umbral predeterminado, es de
100 \mus o inferior.
4. Generador, según cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones anteriores, en el que los medios (70) para provocar
una reducción en la potencia de salida incluyen una primera línea
de control acoplada a la etapa de salida de radiofrecuencia (80,
82) para alimentar una primera señal de control de la reducción de
potencia a dicha etapa.
5. Generador, según la reivindicación 3 y la
reivindicación 4, en el que la etapa de salida (80, 82) comprende
como mínimo un dispositivo de potencia en radiofrecuencia y en el
que los circuitos de control están dispuestos de manera tal que
como mínimo se efectúa el 50% de la reducción de la potencia de
salida al reducir el período de conducción del dispositivo durante
ciclos individuales de oscilación de radiofrecuencia con
independencia del voltaje de suministro al dispositivo.
6. Generador, según la reivindicación 4 ó 5, en
el que los medios para provocar una reducción en la potencia de
salida comprenden además una segunda línea de control (68A) acoplada
a los medios de suministro de potencia (66), estando dispuestos los
circuitos de control de manera tal que una segunda señal de
reducción de potencia es alimentada a los medios de suministro de
potencia para realizar una reducción en el voltaje del suministro
de potencia promedio suministrado a la etapa de salida (80, 82).
7. Generador, según la reivindicación 5, en el
que los medios para provocar una reducción en la potencia de salida
comprenden además una segunda línea de control (68A) acoplada a los
medios de suministro de potencia (66), estando dispuestos los
circuitos de control de manera tal que una segunda señal de
reducción de potencia es alimentada a los medios de suministro de
potencia (66) para efectuar una reducción en el voltaje de
suministro de potencia promedio suministrado a la etapa de salida
(80, 82), y en el que los medios (66) de suministro de potencia
comprenden un circuito de suministro de potencia en modalidad
conmutada con componentes de suavización de la salida, y en el que
el circuito de suministro está dispuesto de manera tal que la
segunda señal de control de reducción de potencia tiene el efecto
de desactivar el circuito de suministro.
8. Generador, según la reivindicación 5, en el
que los circuitos de control pueden ser accionados repetidamente
para llevar a cabo una reducción rápida en el período de conducción
del dispositivo de potencia ciclo a ciclo desde un nivel pico o
máximo a un nivel bajo seguido de un incremento progresivo menos
rápido en el período de conducción, hasta que el período de
conducción alcanza nuevamente su valor máximo, repitiéndose la
secuencia de reducción rápida y de incremento progresivo hasta que
dicho nivel pico o máximo del período de conducción puede ser
alcanzado sin que el voltaje de salida exceda dicho umbral
predeterminado.
9. Generador, según las reivindicaciones 7 y 8,
en el que los circuitos de control y el dispositivo de suministro
de potencia están dispuestos de manera tal que el circuito (66) de
suministro de potencia es activado cuando dicho período de
conducción máximo ha sido mantenido durante un tiempo
predeterminado.
10. Generador, según la reivindicación 9, en el
que los circuitos de control y los medios de suministro de potencia
están dispuestos de manera tal que el circuito (66) de suministro de
potencia es desactivado hasta el final de un ciclo de conmutación
en modalidad conmutada en el que el voltaje de salida no ha
alcanzado dicho umbral predeterminado para el conjunto del ciclo de
conmutación.
11. Generador, según cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones anteriores, en el que la etapa de salida (80, 82)
tiene como mínimo un dispositivo (80) de conmutación de potencia en
radiofrecuencia y componentes selectivos de frecuencia (82, 84, 86,
88) que en combinación con el dispositivo de conmutación pueden ser
accionados para producir una forma de onda de voltaje de salida que
tiene un factor de cresta menor o igual a 1,7.
12. Generador, según cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones anteriores, caracterizado porque la señal de
detección es representativa de un voltaje de salida máximo.
13. Generador, según cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones anteriores, en el que como mínimo en una modalidad
de secado del generador dicho primer umbral predeterminado se
encuentra en un pico de una gama de 150 V a 200 V y es ajustado
independientemente del voltaje de suministro.
14. Generador, según cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones anteriores, caracterizado porque los medios
detectores (68) están acoplados entre dichas conexiones de salida
(62).
15. Generador, según la reivindicación 14,
caracterizado porque los medios detectores (68) comprenden un
transformador que tiene un arrollamiento primario acoplado con
intermedio de un elemento de un divisor de potencial conectado
sobre dichas conexiones de salida (62).
16. Generador, según la reivindicación 1,
caracterizado porque la etapa de salida (80, 82) tiene una
impedancia fuente en una gama de 50 a 250 ohmios.
17. Generador, según cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones anteriores, caracterizado porque la etapa de
salida tiene una impedancia fuente entre 150 y 190 ohmios.
Applications Claiming Priority (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GBGB9512888.0A GB9512888D0 (en) | 1995-06-23 | 1995-06-23 | An electrosurgical generator |
GB9512889 | 1995-06-23 | ||
GB9512888 | 1995-06-23 | ||
GBGB9512889.8A GB9512889D0 (en) | 1995-06-23 | 1995-06-23 | An electrosurgical instrument |
GBGB9526627.6A GB9526627D0 (en) | 1995-12-29 | 1995-12-29 | An electrosurgical instrument and an electrosurgical electrode assembly |
GB9526627 | 1995-12-29 | ||
GBGB9604770.9A GB9604770D0 (en) | 1995-06-23 | 1996-03-06 | An electrosurgical generator and system |
GB9604770 | 1996-03-06 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
ES2259967T3 true ES2259967T3 (es) | 2006-11-01 |
Family
ID=27451302
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
ES00124146T Expired - Lifetime ES2259967T3 (es) | 1995-06-23 | 1996-06-19 | Generador y sistema electroquirurgicos. |
ES96304558T Expired - Lifetime ES2161977T5 (es) | 1995-06-23 | 1996-06-19 | Generador electroquirurgico y sistema. |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
ES96304558T Expired - Lifetime ES2161977T5 (es) | 1995-06-23 | 1996-06-19 | Generador electroquirurgico y sistema. |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (6) | US6293942B1 (es) |
EP (1) | EP0754437B2 (es) |
JP (1) | JP4484256B2 (es) |
AR (1) | AR002571A1 (es) |
AU (1) | AU721220B2 (es) |
CA (1) | CA2179144C (es) |
DE (2) | DE69616443T3 (es) |
ES (2) | ES2259967T3 (es) |
IL (1) | IL118702A (es) |
MX (1) | MX9602451A (es) |
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-
1996
- 1996-05-02 US US08/642,121 patent/US6293942B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-14 CA CA002179144A patent/CA2179144C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-19 EP EP96304558A patent/EP0754437B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-19 DE DE69616443T patent/DE69616443T3/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-19 DE DE69636102T patent/DE69636102T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-19 ES ES00124146T patent/ES2259967T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-19 ES ES96304558T patent/ES2161977T5/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-20 IL IL11870296A patent/IL118702A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-06-21 AU AU56132/96A patent/AU721220B2/en not_active Expired
- 1996-06-21 AR ARP960103277A patent/AR002571A1/es unknown
- 1996-06-21 MX MX9602451A patent/MX9602451A/es unknown
- 1996-06-24 JP JP16332596A patent/JP4484256B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1998
- 1998-03-26 US US09/048,717 patent/US6416509B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-10-16 US US09/173,728 patent/US6306134B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-10-16 US US09/173,737 patent/US6261286B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-10-16 US US09/173,738 patent/US6364877B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2001
- 2001-08-09 US US09/924,485 patent/US20020029036A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0754437B1 (en) | 2001-10-31 |
EP0754437B2 (en) | 2004-12-22 |
JP4484256B2 (ja) | 2010-06-16 |
EP0754437A3 (en) | 1997-03-19 |
DE69616443T3 (de) | 2005-07-28 |
US20020029036A1 (en) | 2002-03-07 |
ES2161977T5 (es) | 2005-07-01 |
AR002571A1 (es) | 1998-03-25 |
AU5613296A (en) | 1997-01-09 |
DE69636102D1 (de) | 2006-06-08 |
DE69636102T2 (de) | 2006-12-07 |
CA2179144C (en) | 2006-10-17 |
MX9602451A (es) | 1997-03-29 |
US6306134B1 (en) | 2001-10-23 |
CA2179144A1 (en) | 1996-12-24 |
EP0754437A2 (en) | 1997-01-22 |
US6416509B1 (en) | 2002-07-09 |
DE69616443T2 (de) | 2002-07-04 |
IL118702A0 (en) | 1996-10-16 |
US6364877B1 (en) | 2002-04-02 |
US6293942B1 (en) | 2001-09-25 |
ES2161977T3 (es) | 2001-12-16 |
JPH0910223A (ja) | 1997-01-14 |
US6261286B1 (en) | 2001-07-17 |
DE69616443D1 (de) | 2001-12-06 |
AU721220B2 (en) | 2000-06-29 |
IL118702A (en) | 2001-06-14 |
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