ES2233239T3 - Instrumento electroquirurgico. - Google Patents

Instrumento electroquirurgico.

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Publication number
ES2233239T3
ES2233239T3 ES00110410T ES00110410T ES2233239T3 ES 2233239 T3 ES2233239 T3 ES 2233239T3 ES 00110410 T ES00110410 T ES 00110410T ES 00110410 T ES00110410 T ES 00110410T ES 2233239 T3 ES2233239 T3 ES 2233239T3
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electrode
fluid
active electrode
instrument
return
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Nigel Mark Goble
Colin Charles Owen Goble
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Gyrus Medical Ltd
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Gyrus Medical Ltd
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Priority claimed from GBGB9512888.0A external-priority patent/GB9512888D0/en
Priority claimed from GBGB9512889.8A external-priority patent/GB9512889D0/en
Priority claimed from GBGB9600355.3A external-priority patent/GB9600355D0/en
Priority claimed from GBGB9600352.0A external-priority patent/GB9600352D0/en
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B18/04Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
    • A61B18/12Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
    • A61B18/14Probes or electrodes therefor
    • A61B18/1485Probes or electrodes therefor having a short rigid shaft for accessing the inner body through natural openings
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B18/04Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
    • A61B18/12Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
    • A61B18/1206Generators therefor
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B18/04Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
    • A61B18/12Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
    • A61B18/14Probes or electrodes therefor
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B18/04Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
    • A61B18/12Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
    • A61B18/14Probes or electrodes therefor
    • A61B18/1402Probes for open surgery
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B18/04Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
    • A61B18/12Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
    • A61B18/14Probes or electrodes therefor
    • A61B18/1482Probes or electrodes therefor having a long rigid shaft for accessing the inner body transcutaneously in minimal invasive surgery, e.g. laparoscopy
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B18/04Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
    • A61B18/12Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
    • A61B18/14Probes or electrodes therefor
    • A61B18/1492Probes or electrodes therefor having a flexible, catheter-like structure, e.g. for heart ablation
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B18/04Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
    • A61B18/12Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
    • A61B18/1206Generators therefor
    • A61B2018/1246Generators therefor characterised by the output polarity
    • A61B2018/126Generators therefor characterised by the output polarity bipolar
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B18/04Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
    • A61B18/12Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
    • A61B18/14Probes or electrodes therefor
    • A61B2018/1472Probes or electrodes therefor for use with liquid electrolyte, e.g. virtual electrodes

Abstract

Instrumento electroquirúrgico para el secado de tejidos (80) en presencia de un medio fluido eléctricamente conductor (78), comprendiendo el instrumento un cuerpo (12), un vástago alargado (30) y, en un extremo distal del vástago, un conjunto de electrodo (32), de manera que el conjunto del electrodo comprende un único electrodo activo (34) que tiene una parte de tratamiento de tejidos expuesta (34A), un electrodo de retorno (38) separado de la parte de tratamiento de tejidos por un elemento de aislamiento (36), poseyendo el electrodo de retorno una superficie de contacto de fluido retrasada en dirección longitudinal del instrumento desde la parte de tratamiento del electrodo activo y desde el extremo distal del elemento de aislamiento, siendo el conjunto del electrodo tal que cuando la parte de tratamiento de los tejidos se lleva a una posición adyacente a una superficie de tejidos sumergida en el medio fluido, la superficie de contacto con el fluido se encuentra separada con respecto a lasuperficie del tejido y el medio fluido completa una trayectoria de conducción entre el electrodo activo y el electrodo de retorno; de manera que la longitud de la trayectoria de conducción más corta a través del medio fluido entre la superficie de contacto del fluido del electrodo de retorno y la parte expuesta del electrodo activo es como mínimo de 1mm; y la proporción del área de la superficie del electrodo de retorno con respecto al área de la superficie del electrodo activo se encuentra en una gama comprendida desde 5:1 a 40:1.

Description

Instrumento electroquirúrgico.
La presente invención se refiere a un instrumento electroquirúrgico para el tratamiento de tejidos en presencia de un fluido conductor eléctrico y se refiere asimismo a un aparato de sistema electroquirúrgico que incluye el mencionado instrumento.
La electrocirugía endoscópica es útil para el tratamiento de tejidos en cavidades del cuerpo humano y se lleva a cabo normalmente en presencia de un medio de distensión. Cuando el medio de distensión es un líquido, se hace referencia habitualmente a éste como electrocirugía bajo el agua, término que indica electrocirugía en la que se efectúa el tratamiento de tejidos vivos utilizando un instrumento de electrocirugía con un electrodo o electrodos de tratamiento sumergidos en líquido en el lugar de la operación. Un medio gaseoso se utiliza habitualmente cuando se lleva a cabo cirugía endoscópica en una cavidad corporal distendible de mayor volumen potencial, en el que un medio líquido no sería apropiado, tal como es frecuentemente el caso de cirugía laparoscópica o gastroenterológica.
La cirugía bajo agua se lleva a cabo habitualmente utilizando técnicas endoscópicas, en las que el mismo endoscopio puede proporcionar un conducto (al que se hace habitualmente referencia como canal de trabajo) para el paso de un electrodo. De manera alternativa, el endoscopio puede ser adaptado de manera específica (tal como en un resectoscopio) para incluir medios de montaje de un electrodo, o bien el electrodo puede ser introducido en la cavidad corporal con intermedio de un dispositivo de acceso separado con un ángulo con respecto al endoscopio, técnica a la que se hace referencia habitualmente como triangulación. Estas variaciones de técnica se pueden dividir por especialidad quirúrgica, teniendo una u otra de las técnicas ventajas específicas dada la ruta de acceso a la cavidad corporal específica. Se utilizan en general endoscopios con canales de trabajo integrales o endoscopios caracterizados como resectoscopios, cuando la cavidad del cuerpo puede ser accedida a través de una abertura habitual del cuerpo, tal como el canal cervical para tener acceso a la cavidad endométrica del útero, o la uretra para acceder a la glándula prostática y a la vejiga. Se hace referencia a los endoscopios especialmente diseñados para su utilización en la cavidad endométrica como histeroscopios y los diseñados para su utilización en el aparato urinario incluyen cistoscopios, uretroscopios y resectoscopios. Los procedimientos de resección o vaporización transuretral de la glándula prostática se conocen respectivamente como TURP y EVAP. Cuando no hay abertura natural del cuerpo a través de la cual se pueda hacer pasar un endoscopio, se utiliza habitualmente la técnica de triangulación. La triangulación se utiliza habitualmente durante cirugía endoscópica bajo agua en cavidades de las articulaciones, tales como las de la rodilla o del hombro. El endoscopio utilizado en estos procesos recibe frecuentemente la designación de artroscopio.
Se lleva a cabo habitualmente electrocirugía utilizando un instrumento monopolar o un instrumento bipolar. Con la electrocirugía monopolar se utiliza un electrodo activo en la zona operativa y se fija una placa de retorno de conducción a la piel del paciente. Con esta disposición, la corriente pasa desde el electrodo activo a través de los tejidos del paciente hacia la placa de retorno externa. Dado que el paciente representa una parte significativa del circuito, los niveles de entrada de potencia tienen que ser elevados (de modo típico 150 a 250 vatios), para compensar la corriente resistiva que limita los tejidos del paciente y en el caso de electrocirugía bajo el agua, las pérdidas de potencia debidas al medio fluido que se vuelve parcialmente conductor por la presencia de sangre u otros fluidos corporales. La utilización de alta potencia con un dispositivo monopolar es también peligroso, debido a que tiene lugar el calentamiento de los tejidos en la placa de retorno, lo que puede provocar graves quemaduras en la piel. También existe el riesgo de acoplamiento capacitivo entre el instrumento y los tejidos del paciente en el punto de entrada en la cavidad corporal.
Con electrocirugía bipolar, un par de electrodos (un electrodo activo y un electrodo de retorno) se utilizan conjuntamente en el lugar de aplicación en los tejidos. Esta disposición tiene ventajas desde el punto de vista de la seguridad, debido a la relativa proximidad de los dos electrodos de manera que las corrientes de radio frecuencia quedan limitadas a la zona existente entre los electrodos. No obstante, la profundidad del efecto está directamente relacionada con la distancia entre los dos electrodos y en aplicaciones que requieren electrodos muy pequeños, la separación entre los electrodos resulta muy pequeña, limitando de esta manera el efecto de los tejidos y la potencia de salida. La separación de los electrodos entre sí dificultaría frecuentemente la visión del lugar de aplicación y requeriría la modificación de la técnica quirúrgica para asegurar un contacto directo de ambos electrodos con el tejido.
Existe una serie de variaciones en el diseño básico de la sonda bipolar. Por ejemplo, la descripción de la Patente USA 4706667 describe uno de los fundamentos de diseño, es decir, la proporción de áreas de contacto del electrodo de retorno y del electrodo activo superior a 7:1 y menor de 20:1 para finalidades de corte. Esta gama de valores se refiere solamente a configuraciones de electrodo de corte. Cuando se utiliza un instrumento bipolar para secado o para coagulación, la proporción de las áreas de contacto de los dos electrodos se puede reducir aproximadamente a 1:1 para evitar esfuerzos eléctricos diferenciales en la zona de contacto entre el tejido y el electrodo.
La unión eléctrica entre el electrodo de retorno y el tejido puede quedar soportada por humedecimiento del tejido por una solución conductora tal como una solución salina normal. Esto asegura que el efecto quirúrgico queda limitado a la aguja o electrodo activo, completándose el circuito eléctrico entre los dos electrodos por el tejido. Una de las evidentes limitaciones con el diseño es que la aguja debe quedar completamente enterrada en los tejidos para posibilitar que el electrodo de retorno complete el circuito. Otro problema es un problema de orientación: incluso un cambio relativamente reducido en el ángulo de aplicación desde el contacto ideal perpendicular con respecto a la superficie de los tejidos cambiará la proporción de área de contacto, de manera que puede ocurrir un efecto quirúrgico en los tejidos en contacto con el electrodo de retorno.
La distensión de la cavidad proporciona espacio para tener acceso al lugar de la operación, para mejorar la visualización y para permitir la manipulación de los instrumentos. En cavidades corporales de bajo volumen, particularmente en el caso de que es deseable distender la cavidad con una presión más elevada, se utiliza más habitualmente líquido en vez de gas, debido a las mejores características ópticas y por la razón de que retira o aleja la sangre del lugar de operación.
Se ha llevado a cabo electrocirugía bajo agua convencional, utilizando un líquido no conductor como irrigante (tal como glicina al 1,5%), o como medio de distensión para eliminar pérdidas por conducción eléctrica. La glicina es utilizada en concentraciones isotónicas para impedir cambios osmóticos en la sangre cuando tiene lugar la absorción intravascular. En el curso de la operación se pueden cortar venas, con la infusión resultante del líquido en la circulación, lo que puede provocar, entre otros efectos, la dilución del sodio del suero, lo cual puede conducir a las condiciones conocidas como intoxicación por agua.
Los solicitantes han descubierto que es posible utilizar un medio líquido conductor, tal como una solución salina normal, en electrocirugía endoscópica bajo el agua en lugar de soluciones no conductoras libres de electrolitos. Una solución salina normal es el medio de distensión preferente en cirugía endoscópica bajo el agua cuando no se prevé electrocirugía o bien cuando se utiliza un efecto de tejidos no eléctricos tales como un tratamiento láser. Si bien una solución salina normal (0,9% peso/volumen; 150mmol/l) tiene una conductividad eléctrica algo superior a la de la mayor parte de tejidos corporales, tiene la ventaja de que el desplazamiento por absorción o extravasado del lugar de operación produce pocos efectos fisiológicos y se evitan los efectos llamados de intoxicación por agua de las soluciones no conductoras libres de electrolitos.
Los solicitantes han desarrollado un instrumento bipolar adecuado para electrocirugía bajo el agua, utilizando un medio líquido conductor según se define en la reivindicación 1 adjunta a esta descripción.
La estructura de electrodo de este instrumento en combinación con un fluido electroconductor evita fundamentalmente los problemas experimentados con la electrocirugía monopolar o bipolar. En particular, los niveles de potencia introducida son mucho más bajos que los necesarios generalmente con un dispositivo monopolar (típicamente 100 vatios). Además, dada la separación relativamente grande entre sus electrodos, se obtiene una profundidad de efecto mejorada en comparación con dispositivos bipolares convencionales.
Los documentos USA 4.706 667 y WO93/19681 describen instrumentos electroquirúrgicos, cada uno de los cuales tiene un electrodo activo que no se utiliza únicamente para cortar tejidos. Ninguno de los instrumentos utiliza un electrodo activo para secado o coagulación de tejidos.
La presente invención se describirá a continuación a título de ejemplo haciendo referencia a los dibujos, en los cuales:
La figura 1 es un diagrama que muestra un sistema electroquirúrgico de acuerdo con la invención;
La figura 2 es una vista lateral de una parte de un instrumento electroquirúrgico que forma parte del sistema de la figura 1;
La figura 3 es una sección transversal de una parte de un instrumento electroquirúrgico alternativo de acuerdo con la invención, cuyo instrumento está seccionado según un eje longitudinal;
La figura 4 es un gráfico que muestra la histéresis de la impedancia de carga eléctrica y potencia en radio frecuencia disipada que tiene lugar en la utilización de un instrumento de acuerdo con la invención en modalidades de secado y vaporización;
La figura 5 es un diagrama de bloques del generador del sistema electroquirúrgico mostrado en la figura 1;
La figura 6 es una vista lateral esquemática del instrumento de la figura 3 que muestra la utilización del instrumento para eliminación de tejidos por vaporización;
La figura 7 es una vista lateral esquemática de un instrumento similar al mostrado en la figura 6, mostrando la utilización del instrumento para secado o coagulación de tejidos; y
Las figuras 8, 9 y 10 son vistas laterales de otros instrumentos electroquirúrgicos de acuerdo con la invención, mostrando diferentes configuraciones de electrodos y de aislante;
Haciendo referencia a los dibujos, la figura 1 muestra un aparato electroquirúrgico que incluye un generador electroquirúrgico (10) que tiene un enchufe de salida (10S) que proporciona una salida de radio frecuencia (RF) para un instrumento bipolar, en forma de un útil manual (2) y un electrodo desmontable (28), con intermedio de un cable de conexión (14). La activación del generador (10) se puede llevar a cabo a partir de la unidad manual (12) mediante una conexión de control en el cable (14) o por medio de un interruptor o pedal de pie (16), tal como se ha mostrado, conectado separadamente a la parte posterior del generador (10) mediante un cable de conexión (18) para un interruptor de pedal. En la realización mostrada, la unidad (16) del interruptor de pedal tiene dos interruptores de pedal (16A) y (16B) para seleccionar modalidades de secado y de vaporización del generador (10) respectivamente. El panel frontal del generador tiene botones pulsadores (20) y (22) para ajustar respectivamente los niveles de potencia de secado y vaporización, lo cual está indicado en la pantalla (24).
Los botones pulsadores (26) están dispuestos como medios alternativos para selección entre las modalidades de secado y vaporización.
No es necesario que el instrumento incluya un dispositivo manual, sino que simplemente puede incluir un conector para el montaje a otro dispositivo tal como un resectoscopio. En la figura 1, el instrumento tiene una unidad de electrodo (28) que se ha mostrado montada en la pieza o unidad manual (12).
La unidad de electrodo (E) puede adoptar una serie de formas distintas, algunas de las cuales se han descrito a continuación.
En una configuración básica, mostrada en la figura 2, una unidad de electrodo para fijación desmontable a una unidad manual comprende un eje (30) que puede ser un tubo conductor cubierto con una funda aislante (30S), con un conjunto de electrodo (32) en un extremo distal del vástago o eje (30). En el otro extremo del vástago (no mostrado) se disponen medios para conectar la unidad de manera tanto mecánica como eléctrica a un útil manual.
El conjunto de electrodo (32) comprende un electrodo central activo (34) que está expuesto en el extremo distal de la unidad formando una parte de tratamiento del electrodo. Preferentemente, el electrodo activo es un cable metálico que se extiende en forma de conductor central a través del conjunto del eje (30) hasta un contacto en el extremo próximo (no mostrado en el dibujo). Rodeando el electrodo (34) y el conductor interno se encuentra un manguito aislante (36) cuyo extremo distal está expuesto de forma próxima a la parte de tratamiento expuesta del electrodo (34). De manera típica, este manguito está realizado a base de un material cerámico para resistir averías por formación del arco. Rodeando el manguito (36) se encuentra el electrodo de retorno (38) en forma de un tubo metálico que es integral eléctricamente (y opcionalmente también de forma mecánica) con el cuerpo del tubo metálico del eje (30). Este electrodo de retorno termina en un punto próximo al extremo del manguito (36) de manera que queda retirado con respecto a la zona de tratamiento expuesta del electrodo activo (34) y queda separado tanto radial como axialmente con respecto a esta última. Se observará que, principalmente debido a un diámetro mucho más grande del electrodo de retorno en comparación con el del electrodo activo, el electrodo de retorno proporciona una superficie de contacto de fluido expuesta o visible que tiene un área superficial mucho mayor que la de la parte de tratamiento del electrodo activo expuesta o visible. La envolvente de aislamiento (30S) termina en el lugar que está separado con poca distancia con respecto al extremo distal del electrodo de retorno (38) a efectos de proporcionar el área superficial requerida para la superficie de contacto con el fluido del electrodo de retorno. En el extremo distal de la unidad del electrodo, el diámetro del conductor de retorno se encuentra de manera típica entre valores aproximados de 1 mm a 5 mm. La dimensión de longitud de la superficie en contacto del fluido de la parte expuesta o parte vista del electrodo de retorno (38) se encuentra de manera típica entre valores de 1 mm y 5 mm, mientras que la separación longitudinal con respecto al electrodo de retorno (38) de la parte expuesta de tratamiento del electrodo activo se encuentra entre 1 mm y 5 mm. Otros objetos de la configuración y dimensionado de los conjuntos de los electrodos se indicarán más adelante de forma más detallada.
En efecto, la estructura del electrodo mostrada en la figura 2 es bipolar, de manera que solamente uno de los electrodos (34) se prolonga realmente hasta el extremo distal de la unidad. Esto significa que, en utilización normal, cuando el conjunto del electrodo está sumergido en un medio fluido conductor, el electrodo de retorno (38) permanece separado con respecto a los tejidos sometidos a tratamiento y existe una trayectoria de corriente entre los dos electrodos a través de los tejidos y del medio fluido conductor que se encuentra en contacto con el electrodo de retorno.
La separación axial de los electrodos permite una estructura muy fina para los electrodos en términos de diámetro, dado que la trayectoria de aislamiento es considerablemente más larga que en un electrodo bipolar que tiene meramente una separación radial entre superficies de electrodos expuestas o visibles. Esto permite la utilización de potencias más elevadas que con estructuras de electrodos convencionales, sin provocar un indeseable efecto de arco o en el caso de corte electroquirúrgico o tratamiento de vaporización sin provocar averías en la unidad del electrodo debido a un excesivo efecto de arco a elevadas temperaturas.
La disposición desplazada que se ha mostrado permite al cirujano la visión de la punta de electrodo de contacto con los tejidos y permite una amplia gama de ángulos de aplicación con respecto a la superficie del tejido, lo cual es particularmente importante en los espacios confinados o limitados típicos de cirugía endoscópica.
Haciendo referencia a la figura 3, una unidad de electrodo alternativa para la fijación desmontable al útil manual (12) del instrumento electroquirúrgico mostrado en la figura 1, comprende un vástago (30) que está constituido por un tubo semiflexible fabricado a base de acero inoxidable o de material phynox con recubrimiento por electrólisis mediante cobre u oro, con un conjunto de electrodo (32) en un extremo distal del mismo. En el otro extremo del eje (30) (no mostrado) se disponen medios para interconectar la unidad de electrodo al útil manual tanto de forma mecánica como eléctrica.
El conjunto de electrodo (32) comprende un electrodo de contacto central activo o de contacto con los tejidos (34) que está realizado a base de platino, platino/iridio o platino/tungsteno, y que está constituido por una punta expuesta o visible (34A) de forma general hemisférica y un conductor central integral (34B). El conductor (34B) está eléctricamente conectado a un conductor central de cobre (34C) por fijación de un resorte delgado de acero inoxidable (34D) sobre partes extremas adyacentes de los conductores (34B) y (34C), proporcionando de esta manera una conexión eléctrica entre el útil manual del instrumento y la punta expuesta o visible (34A). Un manguito cerámico de aislamiento (36) rodea el conductor (34B), el resorte (34D), y la parte extrema adyacente del conductor de cobre (34C). El manguito (36) tiene una parte expuesta o visible (36A) que rodea la parte del extremo distal del conductor (34B). Un electrodo de retorno (38), que forma una parte extrema distal del vástago (30), proporcionando una superficie de contacto con el fluido de forma cilíndrica, rodea a poca distancia el manguito (36) y se extiende al conductor de cobre (34C) separado con respecto a aquél por el manguito de aislamiento (40). Un recubrimiento externo de retracción térmica o poliamida y de carácter aislante (30S) rodea el vástago (30) y la parte próxima del electrodo de retorno (38).
Cuando se utiliza en combinación con el generador electroquirúrgico mostrado en la figura 1, la unidad de electrodo de la figura 3 puede ser utilizada en un medio fluido conductor para eliminación de tejidos por vaporización, para el esculpido y definición de contorno de los meniscos durante cirugía artroscópica o para secado, dependiendo de la forma en la que se controla el generador. La figura 4 muestra la forma en la que se puede controlar el generador para aprovechar la histéresis que existe entre las modalidades de secado y de vaporización de la unidad de electrodo. Por lo tanto, suponiendo que el conjunto de electrodo (32) de la unidad queda sumergido en un medio conductor tal como una solución salina, existe una impedancia de carga inicial "r" en el punto "O", cuya magnitud queda definida por la geometría del conjunto del electrodo y la conductividad eléctrica del medio fluido. El valor de "r" cambia cuando el electrodo activo (34) establece contacto con los tejidos, de manera que cuanto mayor es el valor de "r" mayor es la propensión del conjunto de electrodo (32) en entrar en la modalidad de vaporización. Cuando se aplica potencia en RF al conjunto de electrodos (32), el medio fluido se calienta. Suponiendo que el medio fluido sea solución salina normal (0,9% peso/volumen), el coeficiente de temperatura de la conductividad del medio fluido es positivo, de manera que el correspondiente coeficiente de impedancia es negativo. Por lo tanto, al aplicar potencia, la impedancia disminuye inicialmente y continúa disminuyendo al aumentar la potencia de disipación hasta el punto "B", en cuyo punto la solución salina en contacto íntimo con el conjunto del electrodo (32) llega a su punto de ebullición. Pequeñas burbujas de vapor se forman sobre la superficie de la punta activa (34A) y entonces la impedancia empieza a aumentar. Después del punto "B", al aumentar adicionalmente la disipación de la potencia, el coeficiente de potencia positivo de la impedancia predomina, de manera que el incremento de la potencia comporta en este caso un incremento de la impedancia.
Dado que se forma una bolsa de vapor a partir de las burbujas de vapor, existe un incremento en la densidad de potencia en el interfaz residual electrodo/solución salina. No obstante, existe un área expuesta o visible de la punta (34A) del electrodo activo que no está cubierta por burbujas de vapor y esto aumenta o refuerza el interfaz, produciendo una cantidad mayor de burbujas de vapor, y por lo tanto, una densidad superior de potencia. Éste es un estado de inexistencia de control ("run-away"), con un punto de equilibrio que tiene lugar solamente cuando el electrodo está completamente envuelto en vapor de agua. Para un conjunto de variables determinado, existe un umbral de potencia antes de que este nuevo equilibrio pueda ser alcanzado (punto "C").
La zona del gráfico entre los puntos "B" y "C" representa, por lo tanto, el límite superior de la modalidad de secado. Una vez que se encuentre en el estado de equilibrio de vaporización, la impedancia incrementa rápidamente hasta un valor próximo a 1000 ohms, dependiendo el valor absoluto de las variables del sistema. La bolsa de vapor es mantenida en esta situación por descargas a través de la bolsa de vapor entre la punta (34A) del electrodo activo y el interfaz vapor/solución salina. La mayor parte de la disipación de potencia tiene lugar dentro de esta bolsa, con un calentamiento consiguiente de la punta (34A). La cantidad de energía disipada y las dimensiones de la bolsa dependen del voltaje de salida. Si éste es demasiado bajo, la bolsa no se mantendrá y, si es demasiado elevado, el conjunto del electrodo (32) se destruirá. Por lo tanto, a efectos de impedir la destrucción del conjunto del electrodo (32) se debe reducir la salida de potencia del generador una vez que la impedancia ha alcanzado el punto "D". Se debe observar que si la potencia no se reduce en este momento, la curva potencia/impedancia continuará creciendo y podría tener lugar la destrucción del electrodo.
La línea de trazos "E" indica el nivel de potencia por encima del cual es inevitable la destrucción del electrodo. Al reducir la potencia, la impedancia disminuye hasta que en el punto "A" la bolsa de vapor se aplasta y el conjunto del electrodo (32) vuelve a la modalidad de secado. En este punto, la disipación de potencia dentro de la bolsa de vapor es insuficiente para sostenerla, de manera que se restablece el contacto directo entre la punta (34A) del electrodo activo y la solución salina, y la impedancia disminuye de manera muy acusada. La densidad de potencia en la punta (34A) disminuye también, de manera que la temperatura de la solución salina disminuye por debajo del punto de ebullición. El conjunto del electrodo (32) se encuentra entonces en una modalidad de
secado estable.
El control de la potencia del generador para conseguir funciones de secado, corte de tejidos y vaporización se lleva a cabo detectando el voltaje máximo RF que aparece a través de las conexiones de salida del generador y reduciendo rápidamente la potencia de salida suministrada siempre que se alcance un voltaje pico o máximo de umbral perfeccionado. Como mínimo en una modalidad de secado, esta reducción de potencia es significativamente superior que la requerida solamente para llevar el voltaje de salida pico o máximo por debajo del umbral. Preferentemente, la reducción de potencia es como mínimo 50% para aprovechar las características de la histéresis descrita anteriormente con referencia a la figura 4.
Haciendo referencia a la figura 5, el generador comprende un oscilador de potencia de radio frecuencia (RF) (60) que tiene un par de conexiones de salida (60C) para acoplamiento con intermedio de terminales de salida (62) a la impedancia de carga (64) representada por el conjunto del electrodo cuando se encuentra en utilización. La potencia es suministrada al oscilador (60) por un suministro de potencia (66) con modalidad conmutada.
En la realización preferente, el oscilador RF (60) funciona aproximadamente a 400 kHz, siendo factible cualquier frecuencia a partir de 300 kHz hacia arriba hacia adentro de la gama de frecuencias HF. El suministro de potencia en modalidad conmutada funciona típicamente a una frecuencia comprendida en una gama de valores de 25 a 50 kHz. Acoplado a través de las conexiones de salida (60C) se encuentra un detector de voltaje umbral (68) que tiene una primera salida (18A) acoplada al suministro (16) de potencia en modalidad conmutada y una segunda salida (18B) acoplada a un circuito de control de tiempo "on" (70).
Un controlador (72) del microprocesador acoplado a los controles y pantalla del operador (mostrados en la figura 1) está conectado a una entrada de control (66A) del suministro de potencia (66) para ajustar la potencia de salida del generador por medio de la variación del voltaje de suministro o de alimentación y hacia una entrada (68C) de ajuste de umbral del detector (68) del umbral de voltaje para ajustar los valores límite máximos de salida en RF.
En su funcionamiento, el controlador (72) del microprocesador provoca la aplicación de potencia al suministro (66) de potencia en modalidad conmutada cuando hay demanda de potencia electroquirúrgica por parte del cirujano que hace funcionar un dispositivo conmutador de activación que puede quedar dispuesto en una unidad manual o interruptor de pie (ver figura 1). Un umbral de voltaje de salida constante queda dispuesto independientemente del voltaje de suministro a través de la entrada (68C) de acuerdo con los ajustes de control en el panel frontal del generador (ver figura 1). De manera típica, para secado o coagulación, el umbral se dispone en un valor umbral de secado entre 150 voltios y 200 voltios. Cuando se requiere una salida de corte o de vaporización, el umbral se dispone en un valor en una gama de 250 o 300 voltios a 600 voltios. Estos valores de voltaje son valores máximos o valores pico. El hecho de que sean valores máximo o valores pico significa que para el secado como mínimo es preferible tener una forma de onda de RF de salida con un bajo factor de cresta para proporcionar una potencia máxima antes de que el voltaje sea fijado en los valores determinados. De manera típica se consigue un valor de cresta de 1,5 o inferior.
Cuando se acciona por primera vez el generador, la situación de la entrada de control (60I) del oscilador de RF (60) (que está conectado al circuito de control de tiempo "on" (70) (marcha)) se encuentra en marcha ("on"), de manera que el dispositivo de conmutación de potencia que forma el elemento oscilante del oscilador (60) es conmutado para un período de conducción máxima durante cada ciclo de oscilación. La potencia suministrada a la carga (64) depende parcialmente del voltaje de alimentación aplicado al oscilador de RF (60) a partir del suministro de potencia en modalidad conmutada (66) y parcialmente en la impedancia de carga (64). Si el voltaje de suministro es suficientemente elevado, la temperatura del medio líquido que rodea los electrodos del instrumento electroquirúrgico (o dentro de un medio gaseoso, la temperatura de líquido contenida dentro del tejido) puede aumentar de manera tal que el medio líquido se vaporiza, lo cual conduce a un incremento rápido en la impedancia de carga y a un consiguiente incremento rápido en el voltaje de salida aplicado en los terminales (12). Ésta es una situación poco deseable si se requiere una salida de secado. Por esta razón, el umbral de voltaje para una salida de secado se ajusta para provocar el envío de señales de disparo al circuito de control de tiempo de marcha "on" (70) y al suministro (66) de potencia en modalidad conmutada cuando se alcanza el valor de umbral. El circuito (70) de control de tiempo de marcha ("on") tiene el efecto de reducir de manera virtualmente instantánea el tiempo "on" del dispositivo de conmutación del oscilador RF. De manera simultánea, el suministro de potencia en modalidad conmutada es desactivado de manera que el voltaje suministrado al oscilador (60) empieza a disminuir.
El voltaje de salida del generador es importante para la modalidad de funcionamiento. En realidad, las modalidades de salida se definen puramente por el voltaje de salida, específicamente el voltaje de salida máximo o pico. El valor absoluto del voltaje de salida es necesario solamente para control de término múltiple. No obstante, un control simple de término único (es decir, utilizando una variable de control) puede ser utilizado en este generador a efectos de limitar o confinar el voltaje de salida a límites de voltaje predeterminados. Por esta razón, el detector (68) de voltaje umbral mostrado en la figura 5 compara el voltaje de salida pico o máximo RF con un nivel de umbral predeterminado en corriente continua y tiene un tiempo de respuesta suficientemente rápido para producir un impulso de reposición para el circuito de control de tiempo (70) en marcha ("on") dentro de medio ciclo de RF.
La potencia máxima absorbida coincide con las condiciones del electrodo existentes inmediatamente antes de la formación de burbujas de vapor, puesto que esto coincide con una disipación máxima de potencia en el área de electrodo humedecido máxima. Por lo tanto es deseable que el electrodo permanezca en estado húmedo para la potencia de secado máxima. La utilización de detección del límite de voltaje comporta una reducción de potencia que permite que las burbujas de vapor se aplasten, lo cual a su vez aumenta la capacidad del electrodo activo en absorber potencia. Es por esta razón que el generador incluye un bucle de control que tiene un gran efecto multiplicador, por el hecho de que el estímulo de realimentación de voltaje máximo cuando llega a un umbral predeterminado provoca una gran reducción instantánea de potencia provocando una reducción en el voltaje máximo de salida hasta un nivel significativamente por debajo del nivel de voltaje de salida máximo o pico ajustado por el detector de umbral (68). Este efecto multiplicador o "overshoot" asegura el retorno al estado humedecido requerido.
Se describen otros detalles del generador y su funcionamiento en la solicitud de Patente británica Nº. 9604770.9 pendiente de la actual, el contenido de la cual se incorpora en esta descripción a título de referencia.
Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, quedará evidente que la unidad de electrodo de la figura 3 puede ser utilizada para secado haciendo trabajar la unidad en la zona del gráfico comprendida entre el punto "0" y un punto en una zona entre los puntos "B" y "C". En este caso, el conjunto del electrodo (32) es introducido en un lugar funcional seleccionado con la punta activa
(34A) adyacente a los tejidos a tratar y con los tejidos y punta activa y electrodo de retorno sumergidos en la solución salina. El generador es activado a continuación (y controlado de manera cíclica tal como se ha descrito anteriormente) para suministrar suficiente potencia al conjunto del electrodo (32) a efectos de mantener la solución salina adyacente a la punta activa (34A) en su punto de ebullición o justamente por debajo del mismo, sin crear una bolsa de vapor que rodee la punta activa. El conjunto del electrodo es manipulado de manera que provoca calentamiento y secado de los tejidos en una zona requerida adyacente a la punta activa (34A). La unidad del electrodo puede ser utilizada para vaporización en la zona del gráfico entre el punto "D" y la línea de trazos F que constituye el nivel por debajo del cual la vaporización no es estable. La parte superior de esta curva se utiliza para eliminación de tejidos por vaporización. En esta modalidad, una aplicación ligera del instrumento a los tejidos a tratar posibilita llevar a cabo el esculpido y conformado de los mismos.
El conjunto de electrodo (32) tiene preferentemente electrodos unitarios con una proporción retorno:área superficial del electrodo activo comprendida en una gama de valores de 5:1 a 40:1 (es decir, la proporción de las áreas superficiales de las zonas expuestas de los dos electrodos se encuentra dentro de este campo de valores).
La figura 6 muestra la utilización de la unidad de electrodo de la figura 3 para eliminación de tejidos por vaporización, estando la unidad de electrodo sumergida en el fluido conductor (78). De este modo, la unidad del electrodo crea una densidad de energía suficientemente elevada en la punta activa (34A) para vaporizar tejidos (80) y para crear una bolsa de vapor (82) que rodea la punta activa. La formación de la bolsa de vapor (82) crea aproximadamente un incremento de 10 veces de la impedancia de contacto con el incremento subsiguiente del voltaje de salida. Se crean arcos (84) en la bolsa de vapor (82) completando el circuito al electrodo de retorno (38). El tejido (80) que entra en contacto con la bolsa de vapor (82) representará una trayectoria de resistencia eléctrica mínima para completar el circuito. Cuanto más próximo llegue a estar el tejido (80) con respecto a la punta activa (34A), mayor es la concentración de energía sobre los tejidos, hasta el punto de que las células pueden explosionar al recibir la acción de los arcos (84), a causa de la trayectoria de retorno a través del fluido de conexión (solución salina en este caso) que queda bloqueada por la barrera de alta impedancia de la bolsa de vapor (82). La solución salina actúa asimismo disolviendo o dispersando los productos sólidos de la vaporización.
En su utilización, el conjunto de electrodo (32) es introducido en un lugar operativo seleccionado con la punta activa (34A) del electrodo adyacente a los tejidos a vaporizar y con los tejidos, punta activa y electrodo de retorno (38) sumergidos en la solución salina (78). El generador RF es activado para suministrar suficiente potencia (tal como se ha descrito anteriormente con referencia a la figura 4) al conjunto de electrodo (32) para vaporizar la solución salina y mantener una bolsa de vapor rodeando el electrodo en contacto con los tejidos. Cuando se utiliza la unidad de electrodo para el esculpido o conformado de meniscos durante cirugía artroscópica, el conjunto de electrodo (32) es aplicado con una presión ligera en el lugar de operación seleccionado y es manipulado de manera que la superficie parcialmente esférica de la punta activa (34A) se desplaza sobre la superficie a tratar, suavizando los tejidos y en particular los meniscos con una acción de esculpido o conformado.
La figura 7 muestra la utilización de una unidad de electrodo similar a la de la figura 3 utilizada para el secado de tejidos. En la modalidad de secado, la potencia de salida es suministrada a los electrodos en una primera gama de salida, de manera que la corriente pasa desde el electrodo activo (34) al electrodo de retorno (38). Tal como se ha descrito anteriormente, la potencia de salida provoca que la solución salina adyacente al electrodo activo (34) se caliente, preferentemente hasta un punto correspondiente al punto de ebullición o próximo al mismo de la solución salina. Esto crea pequeñas burbujas de vapor sobre la superficie del electrodo activo (14) que incrementa la impedancia alrededor del electrodo activo (34).
El tejido corporal (80) tiene de manera típica una impedancia más reducida que la impedancia de la combinación de las burbujas de vapor y de la solución salina adyacente al electrodo activo (34). Cuando un electrodo activo (34) rodeado por pequeñas burbujas de vapor y solución salina es llevado a establecer contacto con el tejido (80), dicho tejido (80) pasa a formar parte de la trayectoria preferente para la corriente eléctrica. De acuerdo con ello, la trayectoria preferente para la corriente sale del electrodo activo (34) en el punto de contacto con los tejidos atraviesa el tejido (80) y luego vuelve al electrodo de retorno (38) a través de la solución salina, tal como se ha mostrado en la figura 7.
La invención tiene aplicación específica en el secado de tejidos. Para el secado de tejidos, un método preferente de actuación consiste en contactar solamente una parte del electrodo activo con los tejidos, permaneciendo el resto del electrodo activo alejado de los tejidos y rodeado por solución salina, de manera que la corriente puede pasar desde el electrodo activo al de retorno, a través de la solución salina, sin pasar a través de los tejidos. Por ejemplo, en la realización mostrada en la figura 7, solamente la parte distal del electrodo activo establece contacto con los tejidos, de manera que la parte próxima permanece alejada de los mismos.
La invención puede conseguir secado con una carbonización mínima o nula de los tejidos. Cuando el electrodo activo (34) establece contacto con el tejido (80), la corriente pasa a través del tejido, provocando que éste se seque en el punto de contacto y alrededor del mismo. El área y volumen de los tejidos secados aumentan de manera generalmente radial hacia afuera desde el punto de contacto.
En la realización mostrada en la figura 7, la parte de tratamiento expuesta del electrodo activo (34) es más larga que ancha. Esto permite que la punta del electrodo establezca contacto con la superficie del tejido manteniendo simultáneamente la mayor parte de la zona de tratamiento expuesta fuera de contacto con el tejido, incluso cuando el instrumento queda dispuesto en ángulo con respecto a la superficie del tejido. Dado que la mayor parte expuesta del electrodo se encuentra fuera de contacto con el tejido, la trayectoria de la corriente se desplazará de manera más fácil, en el secado de un volumen de tejido suficiente, desde la trayectoria que atraviesa el tejido a una trayectoria que pasa directamente desde el electrodo activo a la solución salina.
En la unidad de electrodo mostrada en la figura 3, la parte expuesta del electrodo activo (34) es relativamente corta en comparación con la longitud del elemento de aislamiento (36) entre el electrodo activo (34) y el electrodo de retorno (38). Con dicha configuración de electrodo, es aplicable el funcionamiento biestable del instrumento inherente a la característica de histéresis descrita anteriormente con referencia a la figura 4, por el hecho de que el instrumento puede ser utilizado en una modalidad de secado o en una modalidad de vaporización a baja potencia. En algunas circunstancias, particularmente si la parte de tratamiento expuesta del electrodo activo es larga, el funcionamiento biestable puede ser difícil de conseguir.
A continuación se describirán medidas para solucionar esta dificultad, haciendo referencia a la figura 8, que muestra una unidad de electrodo que comprende un vástago (30) constituido por un tubo semiflexible realizado a base de acero inoxidable o de phynox recubierto electrolíticamente con un baño de cobre o de oro, con un conjunto de electrodo (32) en su extremo distal. El conjunto de electrodo (32) comprende un electrodo central activo (34) que tiene una parte alargada de tratamiento expuesta (34A) (a la que se hará referencia como electrodo de "aguja") y un conductor central integral (34B). Un manguito de aislamiento cerámico cilíndrico (36) rodea el conductor (34B) y un electrodo de retorno (38), que está constituido por la parte distal extrema del vástago (30), establece contacto con un extremo próximo del manguito (36). Un recubrimiento de poliamida aislante externo (40) rodea la parte próxima del vástago adyacente al electrodo de retorno (38), proporcionando de esta manera al electrodo de retorno una superficie de contacto anular con el fluido que se extiende desde el borde de recubrimiento (40) al manguito de aislamiento (36). El manguito de aislamiento (36) tiene una cara extrema distal (36A) de un diámetro tal que el radio del escalón (es decir, la distancia entre el borde circunferencial de la cara extrema (36A) y el diámetro externo del electrodo activo (34)) es como mínimo 1/20 de la longitud de la parte (34a) de tratamiento del electrodo activo expuesta o visible. El manguito de aislamiento (36) tiene por lo tanto un acodamiento o escalón que es coaxial con el electrodo activo (34). En su utilización, este escalón evita la formación local del arco que podría presentarse de otro modo en el extremo próximo de la parte (34A) de tratamiento del electrodo activo expuesta o visible, haciendo ineficaz el extremo distal de la parte de tratamiento (34A).
Para considerar el funcionamiento del electrodo de manera más detallada, cuando la unidad del electrodo funciona en un corte de tejidos o en una modalidad de vaporización, se forma una burbuja de vapor alrededor de la parte (34A) de tratamiento del electrodo activo. Esta burbuja es mantenida por la formación de arco dentro de la misma. Cuanto mayor es el voltaje aplicado, mayor es la dimensión de la burbuja. La energía disipada por cada uno de los arcos está limitada por la impedancia por el fluido restante en la trayectoria de conducción y por la impedancia de origen del generador. No obstante, un arco se comporta como impedancia negativa por el hecho de que si la energía del arco es suficientemente elevada, se forma una trayectoria ionizada de impedancia muy reducida. Esto puede llevar a condiciones inestables de impedancia de trayectoria ionizada cada vez más decreciente, excepto si la impedancia del fluido entre la burbuja y el electrodo de retorno es suficiente para actuar como límite de la potencia disipada. También es posible que la bolsa de vapor alrededor de la parte de tratamiento del electrodo activo rodee al electrodo de retorno. En estas circunstancias, la energía del arco queda limitada solamente por la impedancia de fuente del generador, pero esta limitación de potencia es poco satisfactoria y no puede ser ajustada de acuerdo con las dimensiones del electrodo. Por estas razones las dimensiones y la configuración del manguito de aislamiento (36) deben ser tales que definan una longitud mínima de la trayectoria de conducción de 1mm entre la parte (34A) de tratamiento del electrodo activo y la superficie de contacto de fluido del electrodo de retorno (38). Esta mínima longitud de trayectoria es, en el caso de la realización mostrada en la figura 8, la longitud a del manguito (36) más el radio c del escalón, tal como se muestra en la figura 8.
Otra consideración es la posibilidad de que se forme una bolsa de vapor solamente sobre parte de la zona de tratamiento expuesta (34A) del electrodo activo (34). Cuando el voltaje aplicado y la potencia son suficientemente elevados, se formará una bolsa de vapor alrededor de la parte de tratamiento expuesta del electrodo activo. Preferentemente, la bolsa se forma de manera uniforme sobre toda la longitud de la zona de tratamiento. En esta situación, la impedancia de la carga presentada al generador puede cambiar por un factor que puede llegar a 20. No obstante, cuando hay diferencias significativas en la longitud de la trayectoria de conducción entre la superficie de contacto del fluido con el electrodo de retorno y las diferentes partes de la zona (34A) de tratamiento del electrodo activo expuesta o visible, se establece un gradiente de voltaje según la longitud de cada electrodo. Preferentemente, la superficie de contacto del fluido es suficientemente grande y tiene una proporción de aspecto tal que su longitud es como mínimo tan grande como su diámetro, a efectos de minimizar el gradiente de voltaje sobre su superficie. No obstante, con ciertas configuraciones del manguito de aislamiento y del electrodo activo, el gradiente de voltaje puede ser suficientemente grande para permitir la formación de una bolsa de vapor solamente sobre la parte de la zona de tratamiento expuesta más próxima a la superficie de contacto del fluido, dejando el extremo distal de la zona de tratamiento expuesta en contacto con el fluido de conducción. De este modo se establece el gradiente de voltaje dentro del fluido de conducción, en el que el borde de la bolsa de vapor corta la superficie de la parte o zona (34A) de tratamiento del electrodo activo. El comportamiento eléctrico de dicha parte de tratamiento del electrodo activo parcialmente rodeado o envuelto es muy distinto del de una zona de tratamiento completamente envuelta. La transición de impedancia desde el estado húmedo al estado de envolvente de vapor es mucho menos acusada que lo que se ha descrito anteriormente con referencia a la figura 4. En términos de control de la salida del generador por detección del voltaje máximo o pico, el comportamiento del conjunto del electrodo ya no es biestable. No obstante, la demanda de potencia es considerablemente más alta como resultado del voltaje de vaporización presentado a través de la zona húmeda de baja impedancia de la zona de tratamiento del electrodo activo. El efecto clínico no es solamente la vaporización requerida, sino también un perjudicial efecto térmico que resulta de la disipación incrementada de potencia.
La disposición envolvente parcial de la zona de tratamiento del electrodo activo se puede evitar fundamentalmente al asegurar que la proporción de la longitud de la trayectoria de conducción entre el punto más alejado de la parte de tratamiento del electrodo activo y la longitud de la trayectoria de conducción más corta entre la parte de tratamiento del electrodo activo y la superficie de contacto del fluido es menor o igual a 2:1, es decir b/(a+c) \leq 2.
En algunas circunstancias, se puede observar que la longitud de la trayectoria de conducción entre los electrodos activo y de retorno es demasiado grande para permitir la vaporización del fluido conductivo debido a la consiguiente impedancia en serie grande representada por el fluido. Una caída de voltaje excesiva puede tener como resultado que se alcance un umbral de voltaje predeterminado antes de poder conseguir la vaporización. Preferentemente en este caso, la proporción de la longitud de trayectoria de conducción más grande con respecto a la longitud periférica anular de la superficie de contacto del fluido con el electrodo de retorno no es superior a 1,43:1. En el caso de una superficie de contacto cilíndrica con el fluido que es coaxial con el electrodo activo, la proporción de la longitud de trayectoria de conducción mayor con respecto al diámetro de la superficie de contacto del fluido es menor o igual a 4,5 : 1. Así pues, con referencia a la figura 8, b/d \leq 4,5.
El uso primario de la unidad de electrodo mostrada en la figura 8 es para el corte de tejidos, teniendo por lo menos una parte de la zona (34A) de tratamiento del electrodo activo enterrada o embebida en los tejidos a tratar y con el generador funcionando en la parte de vaporización según las características de impedancia/potencia mostradas en la figura 4.
Entre las configuraciones alternativas de los electrodos activos se incluyen la formación de la parte de tratamiento expuesta (34A) en forma de un gancho, tal como se ha mostrado en la figura 9. En este caso, el manguito de aislamiento es cónico, reduciéndose su sección desde la superficie de contacto con el fluido del electrodo de retorno (38) hacia la cara (36A) del extremo distal.
Otra alternativa mostrada en la figura 10 tiene una zona (34a) de tratamiento del electrodo activo en
forma de un gancho en forma de bucle.
En las realizaciones de las figuras 8, 9 y 10 se puede apreciar que las dimensiones a, b, c, d son tales que quedan dentro de los límites de proporciones que se han descrito anteriormente. Además, en cada caso, el conjunto del electrodo puede ser considerado como dotado de un eje de tratamiento (42), siendo el eje a lo largo del cual se puede introducir el instrumento hacia los tejidos, disponiéndose en retroceso el electrodo de retorno (38) en la dirección del eje de tratamiento desde el electrodo activo (34A). Con la finalidad de comparar las diferentes longitudes de trayectorias de conducción entre el electrodo de retorno y diferentes partes de la parte de tratamiento del electrodo activo, se deben considerar trayectorias en un plano común, cuyo plano contiene el eje de tratamiento (42). En el caso de las vistas de las figuras 8, 9 y 10, las longitudes de trayectorias mostradas son, desde luego, en el plano del papel que soporta los dibujos.

Claims (8)

1. Instrumento electroquirúrgico para el secado de tejidos (80) en presencia de un medio fluido eléctricamente conductor (78), comprendiendo el instrumento un cuerpo (12), un vástago alargado (30) y, en un extremo distal del vástago, un conjunto de electrodo (32), de manera que el conjunto del electrodo comprende:
un único electrodo activo (34) que tiene una parte de tratamiento de tejidos expuesta (34A),
un electrodo de retorno (38) separado de la parte de tratamiento de tejidos por un elemento de aislamiento (36), poseyendo el electrodo de retorno una superficie de contacto de fluido retrasada en dirección longitudinal del instrumento desde la parte de tratamiento del electrodo activo y desde el extremo distal del elemento de aislamiento, siendo el conjunto del electrodo tal que cuando la parte de tratamiento de los tejidos se lleva a una posición adyacente a una superficie de tejidos sumergida en el medio fluido, la superficie de contacto con el fluido se encuentra separada con respecto a la superficie del tejido y el medio fluido completa una trayectoria de conducción entre el electrodo activo y el electrodo de retorno;
de manera que la longitud de la trayectoria de conducción más corta a través del medio fluido entre la superficie de contacto del fluido del electrodo de retorno y la parte expuesta del electrodo activo es como mínimo de 1mm; y
la proporción del área de la superficie del electrodo de retorno con respecto al área de la superficie del electrodo activo se encuentra en una gama comprendida desde 5:1 a 40:1.
2. Instrumento, según la reivindicación 1, en el que la separación longitudinal desde el electrodo de retorno a la parte de tratamiento de tejidos expuesta del electrodo activo está comprendida entre 1 mm y 5mm.
3. Instrumento, según la reivindicación 1 ó 2, en el que el electrodo de retorno comprende un manguito conductor situado alrededor del elemento de aislamiento detrás de la parte de tratamiento del electrodo activo.
4. Instrumento, según la reivindicación 1 ó 2, en el que la parte de tratamiento del electrodo activo está situada en una parte distal extrema del conjunto, y la superficie de contacto con el fluido del electrodo de retorno está separada en la parte próxima con respecto a la parte de tratamiento del electrodo activo, y en el que la parte expuesta del electrodo activo tiene una longitud y una anchura, siendo la longitud superior a como mínimo la mitad de la anchu-
ra.
5. Instrumento, según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 4, en el que la proporción de (i) la distancia longitudinal entre el extremo distal de la parte expuesta del electrodo activo y la parte más alejada del electrodo de retorno, a (ii) la distancia longitudinal más corta entre la parte expuesta del electrodo activo y la parte más alejada del electrodo de retorno, es menor o igual a 2:1.
6. Instrumento, según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 5, en el que el electrodo de retorno tiene una superficie de contacto con el fluido que rodea el elemento de aislamiento y en el que la proporción de (i) la distancia longitudinal entre el extremo distal de la parte expuesta del electrodo activo y el borde distal de la superficie de contacto con el fluido del electrodo de retorno a (ii) la circunferencia de la superficie de contacto del fluido en la zona de su borde distal es menor o igual a 1,43:1.
7. Instrumento, según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 6, en el que el eje del instrumento comprende un tubo metálico como elemento estructural principal, y el electrodo de retorno es la parte extrema distal formada de manera integral del
tubo.
8. Instrumento, según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 7, en el que la separación longitudinal de la parte de tratamiento expuesta de los tejidos del electrodo activo y la superficie de contacto con el fluido del electrodo de retorno es como mínimo de
1 mm.
ES00110410T 1995-06-23 1996-06-20 Instrumento electroquirurgico. Expired - Lifetime ES2233239T3 (es)

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GB9512889 1995-06-23
GB9512888 1995-06-23
GBGB9600355.3A GB9600355D0 (en) 1995-06-23 1996-01-09 Electrosurgical instrument
GB9600355 1996-01-09
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AU710619B2 (en) 1999-09-23
AU6132196A (en) 1997-01-22
AR002570A1 (es) 1998-03-25
DE69609473D1 (de) 2000-08-31
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EP1025807A2 (en) 2000-08-09
EP0771176A1 (en) 1997-05-07
EP1025807A3 (en) 2000-10-04
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IL122713A (en) 2001-04-30
MX9800249A (es) 1998-07-31
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EP0771176B1 (en) 2000-07-26
EP0771176B2 (en) 2006-01-04
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US6056746A (en) 2000-05-02
DE69634014T2 (de) 2006-03-02
IL122713A0 (en) 1998-08-16
EP1025807B1 (en) 2004-12-08
CA2224858A1 (en) 1997-01-09
DE69634014D1 (de) 2005-01-13
US6004319A (en) 1999-12-21
CA2224858C (en) 2006-11-14
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DE69609473T2 (de) 2001-04-26
ES2150676T5 (es) 2006-04-16

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