JP4484256B2 - 電気手術用のジェネレータ及びシステム - Google Patents
電気手術用のジェネレータ及びシステム Download PDFInfo
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Description
【発明の属する技術分野】
この発明は、特に腔内の内視鏡電気手術において電気手術の電流を供給するための電気手術用ジェネレータに関するものであるが、それに限定されるわけではない。また、この発明は、ジェネレータと電極アセンブリを組み合わせたものからなる電気手術システムに関する。この明細書においては、”腔内の(intracavitary) ”という用語は、手術のときにできる限り影響しない形で体腔へアクセスして生体組織を治療する電気手術を表すために使われている。これは、手術場所で液体の中に浸された単数もしくは複数の治療用電極を有する電気手術装置を使って手術を行うことを表す用語である”水中電気手術”が含まれる。この発明は特に、泌尿器科学、子宮鏡検査、関節鏡検査の領域において用いられるものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
腔内の内視鏡電気手術は、人体の解剖学的な、あるいは手術で形成された腔の中の組織を治療するのに有用であり、この組織は、元から有る人体の通路あるいは人工的に形成された通路を介して、患者に与える外傷を最小限に抑えるようないろいろの方法でアクセスできる。手術箇所へアクセスするためのスペースを提供することによって可視性を改善し装置の操作性を確保するために、腔は拡張される。容積の小さい腔においては、なかでも特に高圧を用いて腔を拡張させることが望ましい場合には、気体よりも液体の方が一般的に利用されている。これは、光学的な特性がより優れていることや、液体が手術箇所から血液を洗い流してくれるからである。通常、電気手術を行うときには、液体拡張媒体としてグリシンなどの非電解質の溶液が使用される。これは、グリシンが非導電性を有しているためである。
【0003】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
腔内の内視鏡手術を行っているときには手術のためのアクセスが制限されるために、一般的な電気手術のループ切断電極によって生じる組織片の除去が困難であり、また時間もかかる。組織を蒸発させて組織を煙と水蒸気にする方が、組織をばらばらにして除去するよりも、こうした状況においては好ましい方法である。蒸発による生成物は、そのあと液体の洗浄用媒質の中に分解させて取り除かれる。
【0004】
水中内視鏡電気手術に関しては、本出願人は、グリシンのかわりに通常の生理食塩水などの導電性の液体媒質を使用できることを見いだした。電気手術を考えていないときや、あるいはレーザ治療などの非電気的な組織効果を得るときには、生理食塩水は水中内視鏡手術における拡張媒質として好ましい。通常の生理食塩水(0.9 %w/v、150 mmol/l)は、人体の大部分の組織よりもいくらか大きな導電性を有しているけれども、手術箇所の吸収やそこからの浸出によって置き換わることによる生理的な影響が小さく、また、グリシンのいわゆる水中毒の影響を避けることができる。
【0005】
処置を行う箇所において液体の中に完全に浸されている組織を効果的に電気手術で治療することは困難である。なぜなら、治療しようとする組織とその周囲の導電性液体の両方の中を流れる電流によって生じる熱で液体が沸騰するためである。手術用電極は周囲を液体のかわりに断続的に水蒸気によって囲まれるために、電極に電気手術の電力を供給するジェネレータに対する電気負荷インピーダンスは大きく変動する。この変動は非導電性の液体を用いることによって軽減することはできるが、液体の電気導電性を大きくする体液が手術箇所において生じるために完全には無くすことができない。組織のタイプが変われば負荷インピーダンスも変わる。この影響のために、電気手術の出力を制御することによって、治療しようとする組織に対して一貫した効果を与えることが困難になる。その結果、こうした性能の変動を克服するために、高出力が一般に使用されている。
【0006】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本願の第1の発明において、電気装置へ高周波電力を供給するための電気手術用ジェネレータは、電気装置へ高周波電力を供給するための少なくとも一対の出力コネクションを有する高周波出力段と、この出力段へ接続されていて出力段へ電力を供給する電源と、出力コネクション間に現れる高周波ピーク出力電圧を表す検出信号を発生するための検出装置を有する制御回路とを有し、出力段は、出力コネクションへ接続された共振出力回路と、この共振出力回路へ接続されたスイッチングデバイスを有し、制御回路はスイッチングデバイスを駆動することによって、供給される高周波電力を低下させるようになっている。好ましくは、スイッチングデバイスは、共振出力回路と、電源装置の一対の供給レールの一方との間に接続されており、また共振出力回路の中を流れる電流をその共振周波数で繰り返しスイッチングするように接続されている。出力電圧が予め決められたしきい値に達したときの供給電力の減少程度に関して制御オーバーシュートを実現するために、スイッチングデバイスに対する制御回路の構成や接続は、制御回路が十分に速く高周波スイッチングの各サイクルにおいてスイッチングデバイスの”オン”時間を短くすることによって、予め決められたしきい値が達成されたあと100 μs以内に、供給電力を50%減らせるようなものになっている。これによって、特に生理食塩水溶液中など導電性流体の中で手術を行うことが可能となる。負荷インピーダンスが大きくかつ急激に変化しても、望ましくない電気手術的影響をあまり生じさせることがない。例えば、電気手術による乾燥を行いたい場合、装置の電極領域において電極の周囲の生理食塩水が蒸発することによるインピーダンスの上昇を著しく防止することができる。さもないと、有効な乾燥を行うために必要な電力レベルにおいては望ましくないアーク発生につながる。電気手術によって組織を切断したり組織を蒸発を行う場合には、出力電圧を制限することによって、電極のバーニング及び/あるいは過剰な組織蒸発を防止することができる。
【0007】
制御回路は、電力を低下させるための第1の制御信号を高周波出力段へ供給する制御ラインを有することができる。例えば高周波電力発振器からなっている出力段は、発振部分として一般に高周波電力装置を有している。そして、実施例における制御回路の構成は、高周波出力信号の各サイクルにおいて、装置の導電時間を短くすることによって、出力電圧が予め決められたしきい値に達したあと20μs以内に出力電力の少なくとも50%の低下が行われるようなものになっている。導電時間のこの変更は、高周波電力装置への供給電圧における変動とは独立に有利に行われる。実際には、出力電力の低下は、供給電圧とは独立に、そして負荷インピーダンスや供給電圧に応じて変動する供給出力電力とは独立に、単一の制御変数、すなわちピーク出力電圧あるいはピーク・ツー・ピーク出力電圧を用いて行われる。このように、電力低下のトリガリングは、予め設定された同じ出力電圧しきい値において行われるが、しかし、環境に応じて、異なる出力電力値とインピーダンス値において行われる。
【0008】
高周波出力段の直接制御に付随して、出力電力を低下させるための装置には電源装置へ接続された別の制御ラインも設けられている。制御回路の構成は、電力低下を行う第2の制御信号が電源へ供給されることによって、出力段へ供給される平均電源電圧を低下させるようなものになっている。一般に、電源電圧の低下による電力の低下速度は比較的緩やかである。しかし、二つの制御装置を組み合わせることによって、広い範囲の出力電力レベルを実現することができる。
【0009】
従って、本願の第2の発明は、電気手術装置へ電力を供給するための次のような電気手術用ジェネレータが提供されている。すなわち、このジェネレータは、高周波電力装置を有するとともに電気手術装置へ高周波電力を供給するための少なくとも一対の出力コネクションを有している高周波出力段と、この出力段へ接続された電源と、出力コネクションの両端の負荷インピーダンスを表す検出信号を得るための検出装置を有する制御回路とを有し、制御回路は、電力装置へ接続されていてその高周波のデューティサイクルを低下させるための第1の出力と、電源へ接続されていて出力段へ供給される平均電源電圧を低下させるための第2の出力とを有しており、これらの低下は、検出信号が、予め決められたしきい値に達すると行われるようになっている。
【0010】
電源装置が出力平滑化部材を有するスイッチモード電源である場合には、供給回路の構成は、例えばパルス出力をゲートさせることによって、電源低下用の第2の制御信号が供給回路を不可にする(disabling) 効果を有するものとされる。従って、最初の電力低下のあと供給電圧を比較的ゆっくりと低下させて、電力装置の高周波デューティーサイクルを再び大きくして、必要であれば、さらに高速の電力低下を可能にすることによって、高速の制御応答を得ることができる。
【0011】
この高周波の出力段を直接に制御する方法は、まず出力しきい値に達したときにピークレベルからトラフレベルまで電力装置のサイクルごとの導電時間を急速に短くし、そのあとに、導電時間が再びそのピークレベルに達するまで導電時間を徐々に増加させることを繰り返し行うことによって実現でき、導電時間を徐々に増加させるときに高周波出力電圧がモニタされる。電源が不可状態にされているためにスイッチモード電源からの供給電圧が十分に低下していることから出力電圧が出力しきい値を越えることがない状態で導電時間のピークレベルが達成されるまで、この急激な低下と漸次的な増加のシーケンスは繰り返される。電源回路の再起動は一般に遅れて行われ、スイッチングサイクル全体について出力電圧がしきい値に達しない最初のスイッチモードスイッチングサイクルの終わりに行われるのが好ましい。
【0012】
出力段は出力共振回路を有していることが好ましい。この共振回路は、予め決められたしきい値に達する出力電圧に対する応答を過度に遅くすることなく、出力段のスイッチングデバイスからのスイッチングノイズを取り除けるだけの十分に高いQを有している。一般に、このQは1.5 以下の波高率を実現するのに十分なものである。波高率とは、出力電圧波形のピークと実効値との比のことである。
【0013】
別の側面においては、この発明は、100 オームから250 オーム、好ましくは130 と190 オームの間の範囲の出力インピーダンスを有する水中電気手術用ジェネレータに関する。このジェネレータの高周波出力段は、CW(連続波)出力、すなわち100 %のデューティーサイクルを有する出力、あるいはRF発振周波数よりも低い周波数のオン/オフパルス幅変調を行わない出力を発生することができる。実際、出力段は開ループ段として動作し、電力/負荷インピーダンス特性は約150 から160 オームにピークを有し、特性曲線はインピーダンスがピークよりも小さい方へ減少したりピークよりも大きい方へ増大すると連続的に減少する。
【0014】
本願の発明はまた、導電性の流体媒質の中で手術を行うために電気手術装置へ高周波電力を供給するための次のような電気手術ジェネレータにも関する。すなわち、このジェネレータは、高周波電力装置と、高周波電力を電極へ供給するための少なくとも一対の出力コネクションとを有する高周波出力段と、この出力段へ接続された電源と、出力コネクションの両端の高周波出力電圧を表す検出信号を得るための検出装置を有する制御回路と、検出信号が予め決められた出力電圧しきい値が達成されたことを示したときに検出信号に応答して出力電力を低下させるための装置とを有し、制御回路の構成は、出力電力の低下が、高周波発振の各サイクルにおける装置の導電時間を減らすことによって、好ましくは装置への供給電圧とは独立に行われるようなものになっている。
【0015】
本願の発明の別の側面においては、電気手術装置へ電気手術電力を供給するための電気手術用ジェネレータは、電気手術装置へ高周波電力を供給するための少なくとも一対の出力コネクションを有する高周波出力段と、この出力段へ接続されていて出力段へ電力を供給する装置と、出力コネクションの両端に現れる高周波出力電圧を表す検出信号を得るための検出装置を有する制御回路と、検出信号が、予め決められた出力電圧しきい値が達成されたことを示したときに検出信号に応答して供給出力電力を少なくとも50%低下させる装置とを有し、この低下は、20μs以下の時間で行われる。
【0016】
本願の発明はまた、高周波電力を発生するジェネレータと、導電性液体の中に浸された少なくとも一つの電極を有する電気手術装置とを有する電気手術用システムに関する。ジェネレータは、高周波電力装置と、この電力装置から高周波電力を受け取る少なくとも一対の出力コネクションを有する出力段を有している。一対の出力コネクションの一方は、前記電極へ接続されている。ジェネレータはまた、出力コネクションの両端に現れる負荷インピーダンスを表す検出信号が(ピーク出力電圧であることが好ましい)予め決められた検出信号しきい値を越えるのに応じて、各高周波サイクルにおける電力装置の導電時間を短くする制御段を有している。こうして、電極構造へ供給される高周波電力は、導電性液体が蒸発すると急激に低下する。この電極構造は、治療を行うための末端電極と、この末端電極から基部の方へ離間されており液体と接触する電極とを有している。両方の電極とも、周囲を導電性液体によって囲まれている。各電極は、前述した一対の出力コネクションの一方へ接続されている。制御段は、末端電極において導電性液体が蒸発すると、電力装置の低下時間を短くする。この電気手術装置は、導電性液体の中に浸される並置された第1及び第2の電極を有する電極構造が設けられている。第1及び第2の電極は、それぞれ装置の末端に設けられた組織と接触する電極と、この組織接触電極から基部の方へ離間されたリターン電極をそれぞれ形成している。
【0017】
本願のさらに別の発明においては、少なくとも組織乾燥モードと、組織切断モードあるいは組織蒸発モードで動作可能な電気手術システムが提供されている。このシステムは、高周波電力を発生するジェネレータと、このジェネレータに接続されている電気手術装置とを有している。電気手術装置は導電性液体の中に浸されて動作する電極を有している。ジェネレータはモード選択制御を有しており、また電力制御回路を有している。電力制御回路は、電極構造へ供給される高周波電力を自動的に調節して、乾燥モードが選択されているときにはジェネレータのピーク出力電圧を第1の値に制限し、切断あるいは蒸発モードが選択されているときには少なくとも一つの第2の値に制限する。第2の値は第1の値よりも大きい。第1及び第2の値は、それぞれ、150 Vから200 Vの範囲、及び250 Vから600 Vの範囲であることが好ましい。これらの電圧はピーク電圧である。
【0018】
方法的な側面からは、この発明は、少なくとも乾燥モードと、組織切断モードあるいは組織蒸発モードを有する電気手術用システムを動作させる方法を提供している。このシステムは、導電性液体の中で動作する電極を備えた電極アセンブリへ接続された高周波電力ジェネレータを有している。この方法は、前述したモードの一つを選択する段階を有する。乾燥モードが選択されたときには、電極アセンブリへ供給される高周波電力を自動的に調節して、電極の周囲に蒸気ポケットが形成されないようにして、電極に隣接する導電性液体を沸点に維持して乾燥を行う。切断モードあるいは蒸発モードが選択されたときには、電極へ供給される高周波電力を自動的に調節して、電極の周囲に蒸気ポケットが形成されるように維持する。切断あるいは蒸発モードにおいては、電極への高周波電力の供給は自動的に制限されて、電極の過熱や腐食を防止するようにされる。電極への高周波電力の供給は、出力電圧を、予め決められた第1及び第2の電圧値に制限することによって自動的に調節される。第1の電圧値は乾燥モードにおいて使用され、第1の電圧値よりも高い第2の電圧値は、切断あるいは蒸発モードにおいて使用される。
【0019】
本願発明はまた、導電性液体の中で動作する電極を有する電極アセンブリへ接続されたジェネレータを有する電気手術用システムを動作させる方法を提供している。この方法は、高周波電力を電極へ加える段階と、ジェネレータに現れる負荷インピーダンスに関する電気信号をモニタする段階と、負荷インピーダンスが増大して前記信号が予め決められたしきい値に達したら、加えられる電力を減らす段階とを有する。こうして、電極には、電極の周囲に蒸気ポケットが形成されることなく、組織の乾燥を行うために電極と隣接する液体を沸点に維持するのに十分な高周波電力しか供給されない。
【0020】
本願発明のさらに別の側面においては、電気手術装置による組織乾燥方法は、治療用電極を有する電極アセンブリへ接続された電気手術用高周波ジェネレータを提供する段階と、治療しようとする組織と電極が接触した状態で、また組織と電極を導電性液体の中に浸した状態で、選択された手術箇所の中へ電極アセンブリを挿入する段階と、ジェネレータを駆動する段階と、ジェネレータによって電極へ加えられる高周波電力を制御して、電極の周囲に蒸気ポケットを形成することなく電極と隣接する導電性液体を沸点に維持する段階とを有する。
【0021】
本願発明のさらに別の側面においては、治療用電極を有する電極アセンブリに接続された電気手術高周波ジェネレータを有する電気手術用システムを提供する段階と、電極アセンブリを、治療しようとする組織に電極を隣接させた状態で、また組織と電極を導電性液体の中に浸した状態で、選択された手術箇所の中へ電極アセンブリを挿入する段階と、ジェネレータを駆動する段階と、電極へ十分な高周波電力を加えて電極の周囲の導電性液体を蒸発させる段階と、電極へ加えられる高周波電力を制御して電極のまわりに蒸気層を維持し、電極の過熱を防止する段階を有する方法が提供されている。
【0022】
【実施例】
以下、添付図面に基づいてこの発明の実施例を説明する。歴史的には、水中における電気手術は装置工学について最も要求の厳しい電気手術分野である。その理由は、電気手術における電力の必要量が非常に大きいためである。これは、特に周囲の液体によって電力が急速に消失する環境において、切断を行ったり組織を破壊したりするためにアークを発生する必要があるためである。従って、電極のまわりの液体を確実に蒸発させるために、大きな電流が使用される。一般には300ワットに達する電力が使用される。従来、水中電気手術は、導電損失をなくすために、非導電性流体あるいは洗浄剤を用いて行われている。一般的に使用されているグリシンは、手術中に血管が切断され洗浄剤が循環系の中に侵入する可能性があるという欠点を有している。特に、この吸収によって血清ナトリウムが希釈され、それによって水中毒として知られている状態につながる可能性があるのである。
【0023】
従って、本出願人は通常の生理食塩水などの導電性液体媒質の使用を提案する。そして、ジェネレータと装置からなるシステムを用いて電気手術を行う。この装置は二つの電極を用いた構造を有しており、生理食塩水は、治療しようとする組織と、電極の一方との間の導体として作用する。この一方の電極を、以下では”リターン電極”と呼ぶことにする。もう一方の電極は、組織へ直接に取り付けられる。このもう一方の電極を、以下では”アクティブ電極”と呼ぶことにする。
【0024】
こうしたシステムが図1に示されている。ジェネレータ10は出力ソケット10Sを有している。出力ソケット10Sは、接続コード14を介してハンドピース12の形の装置へ高周波(RF)出力を供給する。ジェネレータ10の駆動は、接続コード中の制御接続を介して、あるいはフットスイッチユニット16を用いてハンドピース12から行われる。フットスイッチユニット16は図に示されているように、フットスイッチ16に対する接続コード18によってジェネレータ10の後部へ別に接続されている。図に示されている実施例においては、フットスイッチユニット16は、それぞれジェネレータの乾燥モードと蒸発モードを選択するために、二つのフットスイッチ16A、16Bを有している。ジェネレータのフロントパネルにはプッシュボタン20、22が設けられており、ディスプレイ24に表示される乾燥と蒸発の電力レベルをそれぞれ設定するようになっている。乾燥モードと蒸発モードを選択するための別の装置として、プッシュボタン26が設けられている。
【0025】
ハンドピース12には取り外し可能な電極アセンブリ28が取り付けられている。電極アセンブリ28は図2の部分図に示されているように、2電極構造を有している。
【0026】
図2は電極アセンブリ28の末端部分の拡大図である。この電極アセンブリは、その末端部分にアクティブ電極30を有している。この実施例においては、アクティブ電極30は中央部の導体32へ接続された一連の金属フィラメントとして形成されている。フィラメントはステンレススチールから形成されている。アクティブ電極30の基部には、リターン電極36が設けられている。リターン電極36は、長手方向かつ半径方向に広がる絶縁部材34によってアクティブ電極30から離間されている。リターン電極36は、内側の導体32のまわりのスリーブ38としてこれと共軸に配置されている。スリーブ38は電極アセンブリ28の近端部まで管状のシャフト40として延びており、そこでハンドピース12の中で接続コード14中の導体へ接続されている。同様に、内側の導体32はハンドピースまで延びていて、接続コード14中の導体へ接続されている。電極アセンブリ28は絶縁用のシース42を有している。シース42はシャフト40を覆っており、絶縁部材34の基部のところで終わっている。その結果、シャフト40の末端部分はリターン電極36として露出された状態になっている。
【0027】
乾燥装置として動作しているときには、電極アセンブリ28は図2に示されているように、治療しようとする組織44へ当てられる。手術箇所は通常の生理食塩水(0.9 %w/v)溶液の中に浸される。ここでは、生理食塩水は電極アセンブリ28の末端部分を取り囲む導電性液体46の滴として描かれている。アクティブ電極30とリターン電極36は両方ともこの液体に浸されている。
【0028】
さらに図2を参照するとわかるように、アクティブ電極30を形成している金属フィラメントはすべて電気的に一体に接続されており、また電極アセンブリの内側の導体32へ電気的に接続されていて、一体化されたアクティブ電極を形成している。絶縁部材34は絶縁性のスリーブであり、その末端部分はアクティブ電極30の露出部分の基部の近傍で露出している。一般に、このスリーブはセラミック材料から形成されていて、アークによって損傷を受けないようになっている。リターン電極36は絶縁部材34に達しないところで終わっており、アクティブ電極30すなわち組織と接触している電極から半径方向かつ軸方向に離間している。リターン電極の表面積は、アクティブ電極30のそれよりもかなり大きい。電極アセンブリの末端部分においては、リターン電極の直径は一般に1 mmから3 mmの範囲にある。リターン電極の長手方向に延びている部分、あるいは露出した部分は一般に1 mmから5 mmの範囲であり、アクティブ電極からの長手方向の間隔は一般に1 mmから5 mmの間の範囲である。
【0029】
実際には、電極アセンブリは2極性であり、電極の一方(30)だけが実際にはユニットの末端部分まで延びている。このことは、通常の環境においては、リターン電極36は治療しようとする組織から離間されたままであることを意味している。そして、二つの電極の間には、組織と、リターン電極36と接触している導電性液体とを介して電流経路が形成される。
【0030】
2極性の電気手術エネルギの供給に関する限り、導電性液体46は低インピーダンスの組織の延長として見なすことができる。ジェネレータ10によって発生される高周波電流は、組織44とこれを浸す導電性液体46とを介して、アクティブ電極30とリターン電極36の間を流れる。図2に示されている特定の電極配置が組織乾燥に最も適している。
【0031】
電極の間が半径方向だけでなく長手方向にも離間されているために、電極の両方とも組織と接触する従来の2極性配置におけるスペースの狭さを避けることができる。その結果、絶縁表面に望ましくないアークが発生する危険性が小さくなる。このため、乾燥処理を行うために比較的大きな電力を用いることが可能になる。また、組織の切断や蒸発の場合には、電極間の絶縁破壊につながる可能性のある過剰なアークを避けることになる。
【0032】
生理食塩水は、ハンドピース12の一部を形成する導管(図示されていない)から供給される。従って、この発明は、導電性の液体媒質の中に浸された組織を治療するための電気手術用システムの形を有しており、ハンドピースとシャフトとを有する電気手術装置と、電気手術装置のシャフトの端部に設けられた電極アセンブリからなっている。電極アセンブリは、装置の末端部分において露出されていて組織へ接触する電極と、この組織接触電極から電気的に絶縁されているリターン電極からなっている。リターン電極は、組織接触電極の露出された部分から基部の方へ離間されている流体接触表面を有している。このシステムはさらに、装置の電極アセンブリへ接続された高周波ジェネレータと、通常の生理食塩水などの導電性流体に対する貯蔵容器と、貯蔵容器から電極アセンブリの部分まで液体を供給するために設けられた一般に内視鏡と一体化されている導管とを有している。液体を供給するための圧力は、装置の一部を形成するポンプによって提供される。
【0033】
電極アセンブリ28のこの実施例においては、アクティブ電極30はステンレススチールのフィラメントによってブラシ形状に形成されているために、電極は可撓性を有しており、電極を組織表面へ押し当てる角度には比較的関係なく、再現性のよい組織効果を得ることができる。また、アクティブ電極30が可撓性を有することから、印加圧力に応じてアクティブ電極の接触面積が変わり、組織表面上での乾燥の広さを変えることができるため、処理時間を減らすことができる。
【0034】
乾燥は、アクティブ電極30と導電性液体46との間を、アクティブ電極30の真下及びそれを取り囲む領域内で組織44の外側層を介して高周波電流が流れることによって行われる。ジェネレータの出力インピーダンスは、電極アセンブリが図2に示されているような形で使用され両方の電極が導電性液体46と接触しているときには、電極アセンブリの負荷インピーダンスと同じレベルに設定される。乾燥を行うときにこの整合した状態を維持するために、ジェネレータの出力電力は以下で説明するようにして自動的に制御される。すなわち、アクティブ電極30に大きな寸法の蒸気バブルがほとんど発生しないようにすることによって、負荷インピーダンスが増大しないようにする。このように、アクティブ電極は絶えず導電性液体によって湿った状態にされ、組織の水分は熱的な乾燥によって取り除かれる一方で、インピーダンスは導電性液体が沸騰し始める点に対応した上限に達する。その結果、このシステムは、望ましくない組織効果につながる導電性液体の望ましくない蒸発を引き起こすことなく、乾燥を行うために大きな電力レベルを供給することができる。
【0035】
ここで、アクティブ電極30とリターン電極36を導電性液体46の中に浸したときの電極アセンブリの電気的挙動を、図3のグラフを参照しながら考察する。
【0036】
電力を最初に加えたとき、ジェネレータには初期の負荷インピーダンスrが現れる。この負荷インピーダンスは、電極の幾何学的な形状や、導電性液体の導電率によって決まる。rの値は、アクティブ電極が組織へ接触すると変わる。rの値が大きくなればなるほど、導電性液体が蒸発する傾向は大きくなる。電力が組織や導電性液体の中で消失するにつれて、導電性液体の温度は上昇する。通常の生理食塩水の場合には、導電率の温度係数は正であり、従って対応するインピーダンス係数は負であり、その結果、最初はインピーダンスは低下する。従って、図3の曲線は供給電力が増大するにつれて負荷インピーダンスが低下することを示している。インピーダンスは点Aを通って点Bにおける最小値まで低下する。そして、この点において、電極に直接接触している生理食塩水は沸点にまで達する。このとき、アクティブ電極の表面には小さな蒸気の泡が形成され、インピーダンスは、点Bから点Cまで上昇する曲線で表されているように上昇し始める。従って、いったん沸点に達すると、この装置は、インピーダンスの、電力に対する係数は正の大きな値を示す。
【0037】
蒸気の泡が形成されるにつれて、生理食塩水と境界を接している残りのアクティブ電極(アクティブ電極の蒸気の泡によって覆われていない露出した領域)における電力密度は増大する。これによって、界面はさらにストレスを受け、より多くの蒸気泡が発生し、従って電力密度はより大きくなる。これはランナウェイ(runaway) 状態であり、電極が蒸気によって完全に覆われたときに平衡点に達する。従って、与えられた変数の組に対して、この新たな平衡が達成される点Cに対応した電力しきい値が存在する。
【0038】
上述したことを考慮すると、図3における点Bと点Cとの間の領域は、達成可能な乾燥電力の上限を表していることがわかろう。
【0039】
電極を包み込む蒸気のポケットが形成されると、図3において点Dで示されているようにインピーダンスは約1 kΩまで上昇する。実際のインピーダンスの値は、多くのシステム変数に依存する。このとき、蒸気は、アクティブ電極と蒸気/生理食塩水との境界の間のポケットを横切る放電によって維持される。
【0040】
この状態が、別の電極アセンブリ28Aを示している図4に描かれている。電極アセンブリ28Aは、図2の実施例におけるブラシ状のアクティブ電極30のかわりに、半球状あるいはボール状のアクティブ電極30Aを有している。以前と同様に、間に絶縁部材34Aを介してリターン電極36Aがアクティブ電極30Aから基部の方へ離間した状態で設けられている。ボール電極は組織の蒸発を行うのに適している。
【0041】
いったん蒸発の平衡状態になると、図4において参照番号50で表されている蒸気ポケットは、アクティブ電極30Aと、蒸気と生理食塩水との境界との間の蒸気ポケットを横切る放電52によって維持される。電力の消失の大部分はこのポケットの中で起き、その結果、アクティブ電極が加熱される。この導電におけるエネルギ消失の大きさは、供給される電力の関数である。図3からわかるように、点線で描かれている境界線で示されている蒸発モードは、蒸気ポケットを形成するのに必要な電力レベルよりもずっと低い電力レベルで維持することができる。従って、インピーダンス/電力特性はヒステリシスを有している。いったん蒸発モードが確立されると、点Dの両側に延びる斜め特性の部分によって示されているように、電力レベルの比較的広い範囲にわたって、このモードを維持することができる。しかし、供給される出力電力を点Dで表されているところを越えて増大させると、電極の温度は急激に上昇し、電極に損傷を与える可能性がある。蒸気ポケットを破壊し、乾燥モードへ戻すには、電力を大きく減らして点Aまで戻し、アクティブ電極と生理食塩水との間が再び直接接触するようにし、インピーダンスを大きく低下させる必要がある。アクティブ電極における電力密度も低下し、その結果、生理食塩水の温度は沸点以下まで低下し、このとき電極は再び安定した乾燥平衡状態になる。
【0042】
以下で説明するジェネレータは、乾燥モードと蒸発モードの両方を維持できる性能を有する。一般に図2及び図4に描かれている電極アセンブリはどちらのモードでも使用が可能であるが、図2のブラシ電極はそれが覆うことのできる面積が大きいことから乾燥モードに適しており、図4のボール電極はアクティブ電極とリターン電極の表面積比が小さいことから蒸発モードに適している。図4からわかるように、蒸気ポケット50が組織表面と交差すると、組織の蒸発が起きる。このとき、電極アセンブリは短い距離(一般に1 mmから5 mm)だけ組織表面から上方へ離間されて保持されていることが好ましい。
【0043】
供給電力が図3において点Cで表されているレベルにまで達すると発生するランナウェイ状態は、ジェネレータが大きな出力インピーダンスを有している場合には、さらにひどくなる。なぜなら、そのときには出力電圧が突然上昇するからである。電力の消失が大きくなり、アクティブ電極30のまわりに冷却用の液体が存在しない場合には、電極の温度は急激に上昇し、その結果、電極が損傷を受ける。また、このことによって、必要とされる乾燥ではなくて、制御不能な組織破壊が引き起こされることになる。このため、ジェネレータは、湿った状態のときに電極の負荷インピーダンスと少なくともほぼ整合した出力インピーダンスを有していることが好ましい。
【0044】
ここで説明するジェネレータの実施例は、望ましくない細胞破壊をほとんど生じることなく行える乾燥電気手術と、電極のバーニングをほとんど生じることなく行える電気手術切断あるいは蒸発の両方が可能である。主に、導電性液体からなる膨張媒質中における手術を意図としているけれども、例えば、気体からなる膨張媒質を用いた電気手術や、負荷インピーダンスが急激に変化する可能性のある電気手術など、他の場合にも適用が可能である。
【0045】
次に図5を参照する。ジェネレータは高周波(RF)発振器60を有している。RF発振器60は一対の出力コネクション60Cを有している。使用時には、出力コネクション60Cは出力端子62を介して、使用時の電極アセンブリによって表される負荷インピーダンス64へ接続される。電力はスイッチモード電源66によってRF発振器60へ供給される。
【0046】
好ましい実施例においては、RF発振器60は約400 kHzで動作する。300 kHzから上のHFレンジまでの任意の周波数を用いることができる。スイッチモード電源は一般に25から50kHzの範囲の周波数で動作する。出力コネクション60Cの両端にはしきい値電圧検出器68が接続されている。しきい値電圧検出器68は、スイッチモード電源66へ接続された第1の出力68Aと、”オン”時間制御回路70へ接続された第2の出力68Bを有している。オペレータの制御装置及びディスプレイ装置(図1に示されている)へ接続されたマイクロプロセッサコントローラ72はスイッチモード電源66の制御入力66Aへ接続されており、供給電圧を変化させることによってジェネレータの出力電力を調節する。また、マイクロプロセッサコントローラ72はしきい値電圧検出器68のしきい値設定入力68Cへ接続されていて、RFのピーク出力電圧の限界を設定するようになっている。
【0047】
動作時には、手術医がハンドピースあるいはフットスイッチ(図1を参照のこと)の上に設けられている駆動スイッチを操作することによって電気手術の電力を要求すると、マイクロプロセッサコントローラ72はスイッチモード電源66へ電力が供給されるようにする。一定の出力電圧しきい値は、ジェネレータのフロントパネル上の制御設定(図1を参照のこと)に従ってしきい値設定入力68Cを介して供給電圧とは独立して設定される。一般に、乾燥あるいは凝固を行うには、しきい値は150 ボルトから200 ボルトの間の乾燥しきい値に設定される。切断あるいは蒸発の出力が必要な場合には、しきい値は250 あるいは300 ボルトから600 ボルトの範囲の値に設定される。これらの電圧値はピーク値である。それらがピーク値であるということは、乾燥を行うためには、出力RF波形の波高率を小さくして、与えられた値に電圧がクランプされる前に最大の電力を与えることが少なくとも好ましいことを意味している。一般に1.5 あるいはそれ以下の波高率が得られる。
【0048】
ジェネレータを最初に駆動したとき、RF発振器60の制御入力60I(”オン”時間制御回路70へ接続されている)の状態は”オン”である。従って、RF発振器60の発振部分を形成する電力スイッチングデバイスは、各発振サイクルにおいて導電時間が最大になるようにオンにスイッチングされる。負荷64へ供給される電力は、部分的にはスイッチモード電源66からRF発振器60へ加えられる供給電圧に依存し、部分的には負荷インピーダンス64に依存する。供給電圧が十分に大きい場合には、電気手術装置の電極の周囲を取り囲む液体媒質の温度(すなわち気体媒体の中での、組織の中に収容されている液体の温度)は、液体媒質が蒸発する程度にまで上昇し、負荷インピーダンスは急激に増大する。その結果、出力端子62の間に加わる出力電圧が急激に増大する。これは、乾燥出力が必要な場合には望ましくない状態である。このため、乾燥出力に対するしきい値電圧は、しきい値が達成されたときに、”オン”時間制御回路70とスイッチモード電源66へトリガ信号が送られるように設定されている。”オン”時間制御回路70は、RF発振器のスイッチングデバイスの”オン”時間を事実上瞬間的に減少させる働きを有している。それと同時に、スイッチモード電源が不可(disable)状態にされ、RF発振器60へ供給される電圧は低下し始める。
【0049】
そのあとのRF発振器60の各サイクルの”オン”時間の制御は、図6に示されている”オン”時間制御回路70の内部構造を考えると理解できるであろう。この回路は、RFの鋸歯状波形発生器74(発振器から同期入力74Iに加えられる同期信号によってRF発振周波数と同期が取られている)と、ランプ波形発生器76を有している。ランプ波形発生器76は、設定されたしきい値に達するとしきい値電圧検出器68(図5を参照のこと)の出力68Bから発生されるリセットパルスによってリセットされる。このリセットパルスは上述したトリガ信号である。”オン”時間制御回路70はさらに、コンパレータ78を有している。コンパレータ78は、鋸歯状波形発生器74とランプ波形発生器76によって発生される鋸歯状電圧及びランプ電圧を比較して方形波制御信号を発生し、この方形波制御信号はRF発振器60の制御入力60Iへ加えられる。図6の波形に示されているように、鋸歯状波形及びランプ波形の特性のために、RF発振器60へ加えられる方形波信号のマーク対スペースの比は、各リセットパルスのあと徐々に増加する。この結果、出力電圧が、設定されたしきい値電圧に達したことを検出して”オン”時間が事実上瞬間的に減少したあと、RF発振器の”オン”時間はもとの最大値まで徐々に増大しながら戻っていく。このサイクルは、スイッチモード電源66(図5を参照のこと)からの発振器に対する供給電圧があるレベルにまで低下して、しきい値電圧検出器68によって検出される出力電圧が設定しきい値電圧を越えることなく発振器が最大の導電時間で動作することができるようになるまで繰り返される。
【0050】
ジェネレータの出力電圧は、動作モードにとって重要である。実際、出力モードは、出力電圧、詳しくはピーク出力電圧だけで決まる。出力電圧の絶対測定は、多重制御を行う場合にしか必要とされない。しかし、単純な単一制御(すなわち、一つの制御変数を用いる)をこのジェネレータに使用して、出力電圧を予め決められたリミット電圧内に閉じ込めることが可能である。従って、図5に示されているしきい値電圧検出器68は、RFピーク出力電圧を、予め設定されたDCしきい値レベルと比較する。しきい値電圧検出器68は十分に速い応答時間を有しており、RFの半サイクルのうちに、”オン”時間制御回路70に対するリセットパルスを発生する。
【0051】
ジェネレータの動作をさらに詳しく考察するまえに、図3のインピーダンス/電力特性を再び参照する方がよい。最も臨界的なしきい値は、乾燥を行っているときに使用できるものである。アクティブ電極のところに形成される蒸気の泡は非導電性であるため、電極と接触したままである生理食塩水はより高い電力密度を有しており、その結果、蒸気を形成する傾向はさらに強くなる。この不安定性のために、アクティブ電極のところにおける電力密度がランナウェイ状態で増大することによって、同じ電力レベルで蒸発モードへの移行が起きる。この結果、アクティブ電極近傍のインピーダンスが上昇する。電力吸収が最大になるのは、蒸気の泡が形成される直前の電極状態に一致する。なぜなら、これは、電力が最大限に分布しており、湿った電極領域が最も大きい状態に一致しているからである。従って、最大の乾燥電力を得るには、電極は湿った状態のままであることが望ましい。電圧限界検出を行うと電力が減少し、これによって蒸気の泡は破壊され、次にこれによってアクティブ電極が電力を吸収する能力が増大する。このため、この明細書に述べられているジェネレータには、大きなオーバーシュートを有する制御ループが設けられている。ピーク電圧が予め決められたしきい値に達することによりなされるフィードバックによって、しきい値電圧検出器68によって設定されたピーク出力電圧レベルよりもずっと低いレベルまでピーク電圧レベルを低下させることによって、電力が瞬間的に大きく低下させられる。この制御オーバーシュートによって確実に、必要とする湿った状態へ戻る。
【0052】
図5及び図6を参照して上述したジェネレータにおいては、しきい値電圧検出に応答する電力低下は二つの方法で行われる。
(a)発振器の共振出力回路へ供給されるRF電力を瞬間的に低下させること、及び
(b)スイッチモード電源の一つあるいは複数のサイクル全体にわたって(すなわち、一般的に最短20から40μsの時間にわたって)発振器へのDC電力を遮断する。
【0053】
実施例においては、瞬間的な電力の低下は、DC電源から利用可能な電力の少なくとも四分の三(あるいは少なくとも少なくとも半分の電圧)だけ行われる。しかし、連続的な電圧しきい値フィードバックによって、DC電源からの電力供給は間断なく低下する。従って、RF段自身において高速の応答が実現される。この低下に追随するDC供給電圧によって、RF段は最大のデューティサイクル、あるいはマーク対スペース比に戻り、その結果、しきい値電圧を再び越えたときさらに急速に電力が低下する。
【0054】
RF出力電圧に対するこのプロセスの影響が、図7の波形グラフに示されている。このグラフには、1 msの時間にわたって、一般的な乾燥のときの出力電圧と、発振器供給電圧と、負荷インピーダンスを表す図形が含まれている。供給電圧がほぼ一定である図の左側から始まって、出力電圧は、しきい値電圧に到達するまで負荷インピーダンスの増大とともに増加する。そして、しきい値電圧に到達したところで、上述した発振器の”オン”時間の瞬間的な減少が生じる。これによって、図に示されているように、RF出力電圧の急激な低下が引き起こされ、そのあとこれも上述したように、出力電圧は徐々に増大する。出力電圧がしきい値電圧に達すると、しきい値電圧検出器68(図5に示されている)が電源を不可状態にし、その結果、供給電圧は徐々に低下する。その結果、発振器の”オン”時間が再びその最大値にまで達したとき、図7の点aで示されているようにしきい値電圧には達していない。しかし、負荷インピーダンスは再び上昇を始め、それによって、出力電圧はさらに、しかし、ゆっくりと、もう一度しきい値電圧に達する(点b)まで増大する。もう一度、発振器の”オン”時間は瞬間的に減少し、そのあと徐々に増大して、出力電圧波形は前のパターンを繰り返す。さらにもう一度しきい値電圧に達すると、出力電圧は再び瞬間的に低下し(点c)、”オン”時間は再び増加するようになる。しかし、この場合には、供給電圧がさらに低下しているために(電源は依然として不可状態である)、かなり長い時間が経過するまで、出力電圧はしきい値レベル(点d)に達しない。実際、この時間の長さによって、電源のスイッチングサイクル全体にわたって出力電圧はしきい値電圧に達せず、その結果、そのうちに電源は可能状態になる(点e)。
【0055】
この時間の間、電極へ供給される電力は負荷インピーダンスをさらに増大させるには十分なものである。インピーダンスが変な挙動をすれば、これは一般的に蒸気の形成が始まったことを表している。従って、次にしきい値電圧に達したとき(点e)には、電圧をしきい値以下に維持するためには、電源をさらに不可状態にして(gを参照のこと)”オン”時間の減少及び増大の連続したサイクルがいくつか行われる必要がある(fを参照のこと)。
【0056】
このとき、”オン”時間制御回路70及びマイクロプロセッサコントローラ72(図5を参照のこと)が劇的に動作して、出力電圧を十分に急速に、かつ十分な程度にまで制御して、アークによる組織破壊を生じることなく、いまの場合には乾燥に必要なレベルに符号したレベルに電圧を維持する。別のしきい値電圧を用いて同じ方法を使って出力電圧を制限し、電極のバーニング及び/あるいは過剰な組織蒸発を防止することができる。後者の場合には、電圧の限界を、250 ボルト(好ましくは300 ボルト)から600 ボルトの間のレベルに設定される。
【0057】
蒸発モードのときにはアクティブ電極のところの電力密度が大きいために、供給電力のほとんどの部分は電極の近傍で消失する。蒸発モードのときには、生理食塩水ができる限り加熱されず、しかしアクティブ電極の蒸気の境界に侵入する組織は蒸発されることが好ましい。蒸発モードにおいては、図4を参照して上述したように、蒸気は蒸気ポケットの内部のアークによって維持される。蒸発を行っているときに出力電圧を増加させると、蒸気ポケットの寸法が大きくなるために組織除去の容積は増える。周囲の生理食塩水中における電力の消失が大きいために起こる壊死が大きいことから、組織蒸発のときの蒸気ポケットの破壊は大きな影響を与える。蒸気ポケットの破壊は、以下のようにして防ぐことができる。まず、蒸発モードにおける電極インピーダンスを、インピーダンスに関して装置を不整合状態にする。この結果、共振出力回路のQは高くなり、出力電圧は低い負荷インピーダンスにおけるときほど急激に変化しない。また、アクティブ電極は、長い時間にわたって蒸気ポケットを維持する十分な熱容量を有するようにする。
【0058】
望ましいことではない蒸気ポケットの寸法の増大は、蒸気モードのときのピーク出力電圧を制限することによって防止することができる。これは、蒸発モードのときにはしきい値電圧検出器68(図5を参照のこと)に対して異なるしきい値を代入することによって簡単に行うことができる。
【0059】
この発明によるジェネレータにおけるRF発振器60と、しきい値電圧検出器68と、”オン”時間制御回路70(図5に示されている)の回路が、図8に示されている。
【0060】
ここで図8を参照する。RF発振器はIGBT(絶縁ゲートバイポーラトランジスタ)からなるトランジスタ80を有する。トランジスタ80は、トランス82の1次巻線82Pと、これに並列に接続された共振用のコンデンサ84からなっている並列共振回路の中にエネルギを送り込むRFスイッチングデバイスとして作用する。RF電力は、トランスの2次巻線82Sから、絶縁用のコンデンサ86、88を介してRF出力端子62に供給される。トランジスタ80に対する電力は高電圧供給ライン90で供給される。供給ライン90はスイッチモード電源66(図5に示されている)の出力へ接続されている。供給ライン90はコンデンサ92でデカップルされている。
【0061】
発振器のフィードバックループは、共振回路の1次巻線82Pから(供給ライン90の反対側)、コンデンサ94と抵抗96とクランプダイオード98、100からなる位相シフト回路と、電界効果トランジスタ(FET)104と、コンパレータ78で表された電圧制御モノステーブル(monostable)及びそれに関連する部品と、トランジスタ80のゲートへ接続されたドライバ108を回っている。
【0062】
トランジスタ80へ接続されている側の1次巻線82Pの電圧は、ほぼ正弦波であり、巻線のインダクタンスとコンデンサ84の並列共振で決まる周波数で正負を繰り返す。一般に、電圧の振れは供給ライン90の供給電圧の二倍以上であり、負の半サイクルにおいてはアース電位よりも低くなる。
【0063】
トランジスタ80へ接続されている側の1次巻線82Pの電圧は、ほぼ正弦波であり、巻線のインダクタンスとコンデンサ84の並列共振で決まる周波数で正負を繰り返す。一般に、電圧の振れは供給ライン90の供給電圧の二倍以上であり、負の半サイクルにおいてはアース電位よりも低くなる。
【0064】
位相シフト回路94、96、98、100は正の方形波を発生し、この波は1次電圧に対して90゜位相が進んでいる。従って、ほぼ1次巻線82Pの電圧がその最小値に達したときに、FET104はオンになり、最大値に達したときにオフになる。FET104がオンになったとき、タイミングコンデンサは急速に放電し、コンパレータ78の出力はオフになる。ドライバ108は非反転であり、従ってトランジスタ80もこの点においてオフになる。従って、トランジスタの”オフ”点は繰り返し可能であり、上述したフィードバック経路のために、1次電圧に対して一定の位相関係にある。フィードバック経路の論理はまた、1次電圧が低下しているとき(そして1次巻線82Pの両端の電圧差が増大しているとき)には、トランジスタ80のゲートに供給されるフィードバック信号が”1”の論理レベルを有するようなものになっている。”オフ”点は、ほぼ1次電圧ピークのとき、すなわち今の場合には1次電圧がその最小値にあるときに、生じるものである。
【0065】
”オフ”点と違って、トランジスタ80の”オン”点はこれから説明するように可変である。コンパレータ78の出力と、トランジスタ80のベースの論理レベルが”1”に変化する瞬間は、コンパレータ78の反転入力78Iに加わる参照電圧に依存する。その結果、トランジスタ80のスイッチングオンとスイッチングオフの間の遅れは、コンパレータ78の入力78Iに加わる電圧のこの比較によって決まる。言い換えれば、トランジスタ80への”オン”信号は、反転入力の参照電圧に応じた時間だけ、スイッチングオフに対して遅れている。この参照電圧は、抵抗112の両端に現れる電圧に依存する。抵抗112は、抵抗114、及びポテンショメータ116からなる電圧分割装置の一部である。ポテンショメータ116は、トランジスタ80の最大のデューティーサイクルに対応する、最小のスイッチングオン遅れを設定する。抵抗112の両端に現れる電圧は可変であり、最大のデューティーサイクルの25%から100 %の間で”オン”時間を調節制御できる範囲を表している。タイミングコンデンサ110は低電圧供給ライン120から可変抵抗118(適当な時定数に予め設定されている)によって充電される。
【0066】
図8を図6と比較すると、コンパレータ78の非反転入力78Nの電圧は図6に示されているような鋸歯状波形を有していることがわかる。この波形は、FETに繰り返しトリガをかけて、コンデンサ110を放電させることによって発生される。各放電のあとには、可変抵抗118を介してコンデンサの充電が行われる。
【0067】
抵抗112の両端の電圧は通常は最小の値であり、ジェネレータからのRF出力電圧が予め決められたピークしきい値に達すると増加する。この作用を行う回路を次に説明する。
【0068】
出力電圧の検出は、ジェネレータの出力端子の両端に接続されているピーク電圧検出器によって行われる。この検出器は、RF出力の両端に接続されているコンデンサ122、124からなるディバイダーチェーン(divider chain) を有する。コンデンサ間のタップは、絶縁用のトランス126の1次巻線へ接続されている。それぞれトランス126の1次巻線及び2次巻線に接続されている抵抗128、130は、望ましくない共振を避けるための減衰を行っており、またアクティブ電極においてアークが生じているときに発生する高周波成分をフィルタリングする。トランス126の2次巻線に現れる検出電圧は、次に二つのコンパレータ132、134へ供給される。ここで、ピーク出力電圧しきい値の検出には、一方の極性を有する検出電圧の半サイクルしか(この場合には正の半サイクル)使用されないことに留意すべきである。
【0069】
各コンパレータ132、134は二つの入力を有している。一つの入力はトランス126へ接続されていて、検出電圧を受け取る。また、一つの入力は各参照電圧の入力136、138(図8においてはCLAMP及びBOOSTと名付けられている)へ接続されている。これらの入力136、138へ加えられる参照電圧は、それぞれ乾燥モード及び蒸発モードに対してコンピュータによって発生される設定電圧しきい値である。動作モードの選択は、制御入力140に加えられる制御信号(DES/VAP)と、ゲート142、144、146、148からなる論理チェーンによって行われる。乾燥モードは、制御入力140における論理レベルを”1”にすることによって設定される。蒸発モードにおいては、この入力における論理レベルを”0”にすることによって、NORゲート144を介してコンパレータ132の出力が不可状態になる。次に、出力しきい値検出はNORゲート146を介して供給される。従って、入力136に加えられるCLAMP電圧は、乾燥のときのピーク出力電圧に対するしきい値を設定する参照電圧である。一方、入力138に加えられるBOOST電圧は、蒸発モードにおけるピーク出力電圧のしきい値を設定する。
【0070】
出力電圧が設定しきい値(すなわち”制限”電圧)に達すると、トランジスタ150がスイッチオンされる。このトランジスタはコンデンサ152を50nsの間に1.5 Vから4 Vまで充電することができる。トランジスタ150のベース充電は、電圧検出回路からの非常に狭いパルスを大きくするのに十分なものであり、従って、コンデンサ152は、RF出力においてぎりぎりで検出された制限電圧のみに対して最大電圧に達するようになっている。トランジスタ150のベースに加わる制御信号は複数のサイクルにわたる平均化がされていないので、トランジスタ150はピーク出力電圧しきい値が過剰となったときに生じる高周波発振器の振動の各サイクル間にオン・オフスイッチングを行う。この結果、出力電圧はサイクル毎基準でモニターされ、制御される。コンデンサ152の機能は、制限電圧の検出のあと、コンパレータ78に対して、徐々に低くなる参照電圧を供給することである。従って、トランジスタ150のエミッタの電圧は、図6においてランプ波形発生器76の出力に描かれているような波形を有している。このように、トランジスタ80のオン切替の瞬間は、RF出力電圧が予め設定されたしきい値に達したとき瞬間的に遅らされ、そのあと、抵抗112の両端の電圧がゆっくりと低下するにつれて徐々に進む。コンデンサ152の放電速度は、抵抗114及びポテンショメータ116とともに、並列に接続された抵抗112によって決まる。
【0071】
トランジスタ80によって提供されるスイッチングエネルギは、直列のコイル154Pによって、共振回路の1次巻線82Pの中へ流れる駆動電流に変換される。コイル154Pの働きは、1次巻線82P及びコンデンサ84によって表される共振出力回路へのエネルギ注入を滑らかにし、トランジスタ80の中に過剰な初期電流が流れないように、また供給ライン90の電圧以上に1次巻線82Pへの入力電圧が振れないようにすることである。
【0072】
最大電力状態においては、トランジスタ80の最初のスイッチオンは、共振回路の両端が最初に最大電圧になったときに行われる。これによって、コイル154Pは各サイクルの終わりにはエネルギを完全に消耗しているために、スイッチオン電流はゼロになる。このコイルの電流は、1次巻線82Pの電圧が負になるところまで、急速に増大する。次に、コイル154Pはそのエネルギをこの逆バイアスの中に放出する。スイッチオフにおける電流ゼロの状態は、阻止用のダイオード156によって保証される。ダイオード156はエネルギが共振回路からコイル154Pへ戻らないようにしている。
【0073】
出力電圧が予め決められた設定しきい値に達してトランジスタ80のスイッチオン時間が減少すると、1次巻線82Pの両端の1次電圧の振幅は、1次電圧ピーク振幅が供給電圧よりも小さくなる程度に減少する。特に、トランジスタ80へ接続されている1次巻線82Pの端部における最小電圧は、もはやアース電位を越えて振れることはない。もはやエネルギがコイル154Pから共振回路の中へ戻ることはない。コイル154Pの中に蓄積されたエネルギの2次経路は、このコイルが、ダイオード158を介して供給ライン90へ接続されている2次巻線154Sを有するトランス154の1次巻線であるという事実によって提供されている。スイッチオフのときにコイル154Pの中に蓄積されている残留エネルギは、ダイオード158を順方向にバイアスし、エネルギはダイオード158を介して供給ラインへ回収されて戻る。この回収機構によって、結合されないエネルギが過剰な電圧を発生してトランジスタ80に損傷を与えることなく、部分的な共振1次振幅レベルが可能になる。
【0074】
トランジスタ80の”オン”時間とスイッチングエネルギとの間の関係は、共振回路82P、84の初期のエネルギ蓄積、出力端子62に対する負荷(共振回路のQに影響する)、発振周波数に影響する負荷などの多くの変数に依存する。これらの変数はすべてコイル154Pの非線形エネルギ蓄積速度に影響する。
【0075】
上述したように、出力電圧が予め決められたしきい値に達することが検出されると、スイッチング用のトランジスタ80のデューティーサイクルが瞬間的に減少するだけでなく、スイッチモード電源66(図5に示されている)は不可状態にされる。このような電源の不可効果は、論理チェーン142〜148の出力からフィルタ160を介して信号を供給することによって、スイッチモード電源66へ接続されているDISABLE出力68AへのRF過渡特性を取り除くことによって生じる。
【0076】
ジェネレータの出力インピーダンスは約160 オームに設定される。この選択の効果は、図9及び図10を参照して行う以下の説明から明かである。図9及び図10は、ジェネレータによって、異なる負荷インピーダンスの中に発生可能な出力電力の変化を示している。
【0077】
図9を参照するとわかるように、負荷に供給される電力が、ここでは二つの異なる発振器供給電圧の設定に対する、負荷インピーダンスの関数として示されている。両方の場合とも、電力/インピーダンス特性のピークの左側では、負荷インピーダンスが増大すると出力電力は増加し、従って出力電圧が増大することがわかる。ピークの右側のインピーダンスが高いところでは、インピーダンスが増加するにつれて電圧は増加し続ける。しかし、その速度はより緩やかである。
【0078】
この発明によるジェネレータのこの実施例の特徴の一つは、出力段が開ループ制御用の発振器であることであり、出力インピーダンス(図9のピークに対応する)は約160 オームである。これは、水中電気手術に使用される通常のジェネレータの出力インピーダンスよりもかなり低く、またランナウェイ状態のアーク発生を防止し、従って、組織を過剰に傷つけたり電極のバーンアウトを防止する助けになる。
【0079】
乾燥を行うには、電極のところでの水蒸気エンベロープの形成や、アーク発生を防ぐ必要のあることを理解すべきである。これと逆に、切断や蒸発に対しては、水蒸気エンベロープ形成やアークの発生が必要である。しかし、その程度は、必要とする組織効果が得られ、かつ電極がバーンアウトしないレベルにとどめられる。低出力及び高出力の乾燥及び切断あるいは蒸発に対する動作点が図9に示されている。
【0080】
この発明によるジェネレータと、二つの近接した電極を有する電極アセンブリを組み合わせることの特徴は、事実上、出力が双安定になることである。乾燥モードで動作しているときには、電極表面の全体が導電性媒質と接触している。従って、負荷インピーダンスは比較的低く、その結果、出力電圧はアークが発生するだけのレベルにまで上昇しないようになる。これと逆に、切断あるいは蒸発モードにおいては、アクティブ電極の表面全体が、ずっと高いインピーダンスを有する蒸気の層によって覆われる。そして、蒸気ポケットはポケットの内部でのアークによって維持されて、蒸気エンベロープ内でほぼすべての電力が消失するようになる。乾燥モードから切断モードに移行するためには、高電力バーストが必要である。従って、電力/負荷曲線のピークを、曲線上の乾燥動作点と、切断動作点の間に配置する必要がある。このようにして出力電力をインピーダンスとともに増加させることによって、電極に対するインピーダンスが低いにもかかわらず、アークを発生するのに十分な高電力バーストを実現することができる。発振器への供給電圧が増加するにつれて、切断モードへフリップする傾向が大きくなる。一方、供給電圧レベルが低いところでは、出力の双安定性はより明確であるが、乾燥状態へ移行しやすくなる。
【0081】
双安定性は、電極インピーダンスの振舞いだけでなく、電力/インピーダンス曲線の形状によっても生じる。負荷曲線がより平坦になればなるほど、インピーダンス両端の出力電力はより安定になり、影響はより小さくなる。
【0082】
図9を参照するとわかるように、切断モードあるいは組織蒸発モードにおいては、インピーダンスが増加するにつれて出力電力が減少するために、電力の平衡点が実現される。乾燥モードにおいては、この平衡はこれほどわかりやすくはない。なぜなら、二つのインピーダンス変化機構が存在するからである。第1の機構は、導電性媒質及び/あるいは組織の加熱であり、正の導電係数によって最初インピーダンスは低下する。従って、最初に電力を加えたとき、動作点は図9のグラフの左側の方へ移動する。この結果、電源電圧の増加とともに起きるインピーダンスが減少と、その結果生じる供給出力電力の低下によって形成されるしっかりとした平衡が実現される。しかし、アクティブ電極と接触している生理食塩水あるいは組織流体が沸騰し始めると、小さな水蒸気の泡が形成され、これによってインピーダンスが増大する。ジェネレータが切断モードへフリップしつつあるときには、水蒸気形成によるインピーダンス上昇が大きくなる。従って、インピーダンスの変化は供給電圧の増大とともに正になり、動作点はグラフの右側へ向けて移動する。これによって、負荷曲線が有する形状の結果として、入力電力が大きくなり、切断モードあるいは蒸発モードへの急速な変化が起きる。水蒸気の形成が増大し続けるにつれて、増加するインピーダンスによって供給電力の低下が起きる。
【0083】
本出願人は、上述した本来的な平衡は、安定した凝固状態あるいは安定した切断状態を維持するには十分ではないことを見いだした。RF発振器60(図5を参照のこと)からのRF出力電圧を制限するのはこの理由による。出力電圧の制限はきわめて急速に行われ、一般的に20μs以下の応答時間である。しきい値電圧検出器からのフィードバック信号に応じて、発振器スイッチングデバイスの”オン”時間をリニアに変化させることによって、高周波の過剰な干渉を避けている。この方法は、負荷と整合がとられたときに比較的小さい出力Qを有するRF発振器と組み合わせて用いられる。ここでのQは、出力電圧しきい値検出に対する応答を過度に抑制することなくスイッチング雑音を抑制するのに十分なものとされる。
【0084】
例として、特定の電極構造に対する、電圧しきい値制御の効果が図10に示されている。太いライン200、202は、修正された電力/インピーダンス特性を示している。参照番号200で表されている乾燥に対しては、スイッチモード電源は、75ワットから110 ワットの間のピーク(整合した)出力電力(開ループ制御によるもの)を発生するように設定されている。この場合の実際のピーク電力は約90ワットである。切断及び蒸発(ライン202で示されている)に対しては、ピーク電力は120 ワットから175 ワットの間に設定できる。今の場合には150 ワットである。例として、電圧しきい値は、それぞれ双曲線の一定の電圧ライン204、206で示されているように、乾燥に対しては180 ボルトに、また切断に対しては300 ボルトに設定されている。電力/インピーダンス曲線は、修正されていない開ループ制御に従った場合の曲線208、210との交点右側では、それぞれの一定の電圧しきい値ラインに沿っている。従って、乾燥のしきい値ラインはアークが発生するまえに乾燥モードにおいて達成可能な最大の電圧を表していることがわかる。一方、切断のしきい値ラインは所望の組織効果を得ることができ、かつ究極には電極のバーンアウトを防ぐことのできる、切断あるいは組織蒸発能力を制限している。乾燥のしきい値ラインは組織を切断あるいは蒸発させるためのアークの発生には至らない電圧を表している。
【0085】
電気手術による切断あるいは組織蒸発を行うためのジェネレータの特性の大きな特徴は、ピーク電力(インピーダンス整合された)において、その電力レベルにおけるしきい値電圧に対応するインピーダンスの間に負荷インピーダンスが存在することである。これに対して、乾燥モードにおいては、電力/負荷インピーダンス特性は、その電力レベルにおける乾燥しきい値ラインよりも下のインピーダンスに電力ピークを有している。
【0086】
実際には、乾燥モードにおける出力電力は、切断あるいは組織蒸発モードにおけるよりも大きい。この理由は、(図10の負荷曲線と明かに矛盾するにもかかわらず)上述した平衡点が各曲線の上の異なる点に存在することである。切断を確実にするために、切断しきい値ライン(300 ボルトのピークに対応している)に達するには上の方の曲線の大きなピーク電力が必要である。そのあと、切断モードは、切断あるいは蒸発のしきい値ラインを辿る。切断の動作点は、適当なレベルのアークが発生したときに生じる負荷インピーダンスによって決まる。一般に、こうした条件での負荷インピーダンスは1000オームよりも大きい。従って、確実に蒸気ポケットが形成されて切断のためのアークを発生させるために、最大の150 ワットの電力が利用可能であるけれども、この特定の電極構造に対しては、切断あるいは組織蒸発を行っているときに引き出される実際の電力は30ワットから40ワットの間である。この事情は、図3を参照すると、もっと容易に理解できる。
【0087】
乾燥モードにおいては、動作点は蒸気発生によって生じるインピーダンスの正の電力係数によって決まる。その結果、乾燥モードの電力/負荷インピーダンス曲線のピークのところで自然に平衡が達成される。
【0088】
乾燥状態と切断状態を絶えず交互に切り換えるか、あるいはしきい値の位置を変えることによって、両方のモードを組み合わせて用いることもできる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】この発明による電気手術システムを示す図である。
【図2】組織の乾燥を行うための第1の電極アセンブリの部分図であり、使用中で、導電性液体の中に浸されているところが示されている。
【図3】導電性液体の中で使用されているときの、図2に示されているような電極アセンブリによって生じる負荷インピーダンスの変動を、供給される出力電力に対して示している負荷特性図である。
【図4】組織の蒸発を行うための第2の電極アセンブリの部分図であり、液体の中に浸されて使用中の状態を示している。
【図5】この発明のジェネレータのブロック図である。
【図6】図5のジェネレータの制御回路の一部を示すブロック図である。
【図7】図5及び図6のジェネレータを用いて得られる代表的なRF出力電圧の変動パターンを示す波形である。電圧は、負荷インピーダンスと、ジェネレータの出力段供給電圧の変動に応じて、時間とともに変動するところが示されている。
【図8】図5及び図6のジェネレータの一部の回路図である。
【図9】ジェネレータによって発生される出力電力の変動を、ジェネレータに対して現れる電極アセンブリの負荷インピーダンスの関数として示したグラフである。出力電力の変動は、ジェネレータの二つの動作モードに対して示されている。
【図10】ジェネレータの特性を出力電圧の検出に応じて修正したあとの、ジェネレータに対する出力電力の変動を、負荷インピーダンスの関数として示したグラフである。
【符号の説明】
10 ジェネレータ
28、28A 電極アセンブリ
30 アクティブ電極
36 リターン電極
44 組織
46 導電性液体
50 蒸気ポケット
60 RF発振器
60C 出力コネクション
66 スイッチモード電源
68 しきい値電圧検出器
Claims (11)
- 高周波電力を、導電性液体の中に浸されて使用される電極を有する電気手術装置へ、乾燥もしくは凝固のための第1モード或いは切断もしくは蒸発のための第2モードのいずれかで供給するための電気手術用ジェネレータであって、高周波電力を電気手術装置へ供給するための少なくとも一対の出力コネクションを有する高周波の出力段と、この出力段へ接続されていて出力段へ電力を供給するための装置と、制御回路とを有し、該制御回路により、前記ジェネレータが第1モードにあるときには、前記出力コネクションの両端の高周波出力電圧のピーク出力電圧を第1の予め決められたしきい値に制限され、また前記ジェネレータが第2モードにあるときには、前記高周波出力電圧のピーク出力電圧を、より高い第2の予め決められたしきい値に制限するものであり、前記制御回路は、前記出力コネクションの両端の高周波出力電圧のピーク出力電圧を表す検出信号を得るための検出装置と、前記ジェネレータが第1モードにあるときに前記検出信号に応答する応答装置とを有し、該応答装置は、前記ピーク出力電圧が前記第1もしくは第2の予め決められたしきい値に達したことが示されたときに、供給電圧と独立に、あるいは供給電圧の低下に加えて、供給される出力電力を低下させて、前記ジェネレータが第1モードで作動しているときの組織の不用意な切断或いは蒸発或いは第2モードで作動しているときの電極のバーニングを避けるようになっているジェネレータ。
- 前記ピーク出力電圧が予め決められたしきい値に達したときの、前記制御回路と、前記出力段に接続されている装置の応答時間が、100 μs以下である請求項1記載のジェネレータ。
- 前記出力電力を低下させるための装置が、検出信号により前記ピーク出力電圧が前記しきい値に達したことが示されたとき、出力電力を少なくとも50%低下させ、前記低下が20μs以内で行われる請求項2記載のジェネレータ。
- 前記出力段が少なくとも一つの高周波電力装置を有しており、前記制御回路の構成が、電力装置への供給電圧とは独立に、各高周波発振サイクルにおける電力装置の導電時間の長さを減少させることによって、出力電力を少なくとも50%低下させるようなものになっている請求項2記載のジェネレータ。
- 前記出力段が、少なくとも一つの高周波電力スイッチングデバイスと、周波数選択部材とを有し、この周波数選択部材がスイッチングデバイスと組合わさって動作して、1.7 以下の波高率を有する出力電圧波形を発生する請求項1〜請求項4のいずれか1項記載のジェネレータ。
- 前記第1の予め決められたしきい値が150 V〜200 Vピークの範囲であり、かつ供給電圧とは独立して設定されるものである請求項1〜請求項5のいずれか1項記載のジェネレータ。
- 前記出力段へ一定の平均値の高周波電圧が供給される場合、前記出力段の出力電力の負荷インピーダンスに対する変化を表す特性ライン(200,202)は、第2の予め決められたしきい値電圧を表すライン(206)よりも低インピーダンス側の領域にピークを有する請求項1〜6記載のジェネレータ。
- 前記出力段の出力電力の負荷インピーダンスに対する変化を表す特性ライン(200,202)のうち、前記第2モードでの特性ライン(202)は、第2の予め決められたしきい値電圧を表すライン(206)と、第1の予め決められたしきい値電圧を表すライン(204)との間の領域内に存在し、第1モードでの特性ライン(200)は前記第1のしきい値電圧を表すライン(204)よりも低インピーダンス側の領域にピークを有する請求項7記載のジェネレータ。
- 開ループ制御用の回路として継続的に作動する出力段を有し、また50オームから250 オームの範囲、好ましくは130 オームから190 オームの間の出力インピーダンスを有する請求項1〜請求項8のいずれか1項記載のジェネレータ。
- 請求項1〜9のいずれかのジェネレータと、該ジェネレータの前記出力コネクションの少なくとも一つに接続された治療用電極構造とを有する電気外科システム。
- 乾燥もしくは凝固のための第1モード或いは切断もしくは蒸発のための第2モードのいずれかで高周波電力を発生するためのジェネレータと、導電性液体の中に浸されて使用される電極を備えた電気手術装置とを有する電気手術用システムであって、前記ジェネレータが、高周波電力装置と、少なくとも一対の出力コネクションとを有する出力段とを有し、前記一対の出力コネクションが電力装置から高周波電力を受け取るように配置されており、前記一対の出力コネクションの一方が前記電極に接続されており、前記ジェネレータがさらに前記ジェネレータが第1モードにあるときに作動可能な制御段を有し、この制御段が、前記出力コネクションの両端のピーク出力電圧が第1モードに関連する第1の予め決められた検出信号のしきい値或いは第2モードに関連する第2の予め決められた検出信号のしきい値を越えたことを検出信号が示すのに応じて、各高周波サイクルにおける電力装置の導電時間を減少させるように動作して、前記ジェネレータが第1モードにあるときには、前記高周波出力電圧のピーク出力電圧を第1の予め決められたしきい値に制限し、また前記ジェネレータが第2モードにあるときには、前記高周波出力電圧のピーク出力電圧を、より高い第2の予め決められたしきい値に制限するものであり、それによって、導電性液体が蒸発されたとき電極へ供給される高周波電力を急激に低下させて、前記ジェネレータが第1モードで作動しているときの組織の不用意な切断或いは蒸発或いは第2モードで作動しているときの電極のバーニングを避けるようになっているシステム。
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GBGB9512888.0A GB9512888D0 (en) | 1995-06-23 | 1995-06-23 | An electrosurgical generator |
GBGB9512889.8A GB9512889D0 (en) | 1995-06-23 | 1995-06-23 | An electrosurgical instrument |
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GB9526627:6 | 1996-03-06 | ||
GB9604770:9 | 1996-03-06 | ||
GBGB9604770.9A GB9604770D0 (en) | 1995-06-23 | 1996-03-06 | An electrosurgical generator and system |
GB9512889:8 | 1996-03-06 | ||
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JPH0910223A JPH0910223A (ja) | 1997-01-14 |
JP4484256B2 true JP4484256B2 (ja) | 2010-06-16 |
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JP16332596A Expired - Lifetime JP4484256B2 (ja) | 1995-06-23 | 1996-06-24 | 電気手術用のジェネレータ及びシステム |
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US (6) | US6293942B1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP0754437B2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4484256B2 (ja) |
AR (1) | AR002571A1 (ja) |
AU (1) | AU721220B2 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2179144C (ja) |
DE (2) | DE69616443T3 (ja) |
ES (2) | ES2259967T3 (ja) |
IL (1) | IL118702A (ja) |
MX (1) | MX9602451A (ja) |
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- 1996-06-19 DE DE69616443T patent/DE69616443T3/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-19 DE DE69636102T patent/DE69636102T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-19 ES ES00124146T patent/ES2259967T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 1996-06-21 AR ARP960103277A patent/AR002571A1/es unknown
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-
1998
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2001
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0754437B1 (en) | 2001-10-31 |
EP0754437B2 (en) | 2004-12-22 |
EP0754437A3 (en) | 1997-03-19 |
DE69616443T3 (de) | 2005-07-28 |
US20020029036A1 (en) | 2002-03-07 |
ES2161977T5 (es) | 2005-07-01 |
AR002571A1 (es) | 1998-03-25 |
AU5613296A (en) | 1997-01-09 |
DE69636102D1 (de) | 2006-06-08 |
DE69636102T2 (de) | 2006-12-07 |
CA2179144C (en) | 2006-10-17 |
MX9602451A (es) | 1997-03-29 |
ES2259967T3 (es) | 2006-11-01 |
US6306134B1 (en) | 2001-10-23 |
CA2179144A1 (en) | 1996-12-24 |
EP0754437A2 (en) | 1997-01-22 |
US6416509B1 (en) | 2002-07-09 |
DE69616443T2 (de) | 2002-07-04 |
IL118702A0 (en) | 1996-10-16 |
US6364877B1 (en) | 2002-04-02 |
US6293942B1 (en) | 2001-09-25 |
ES2161977T3 (es) | 2001-12-16 |
JPH0910223A (ja) | 1997-01-14 |
US6261286B1 (en) | 2001-07-17 |
DE69616443D1 (de) | 2001-12-06 |
AU721220B2 (en) | 2000-06-29 |
IL118702A (en) | 2001-06-14 |
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