CN108883407A - 球状脱氢金属和金属合金颗粒 - Google Patents

球状脱氢金属和金属合金颗粒 Download PDF

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CN108883407A
CN108883407A CN201680082035.1A CN201680082035A CN108883407A CN 108883407 A CN108883407 A CN 108883407A CN 201680082035 A CN201680082035 A CN 201680082035A CN 108883407 A CN108883407 A CN 108883407A
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nodularization
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K.哈迪迪
G.弗罗贝尔
M.雷达尔
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Armas Technology Co Ltd
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Abstract

提供了用于生产金属球状粉末产品的方法、系统和装置。使用包括将金属氢化物给料物质引入等离子体焰炬的方法制备脱氢且球化的颗粒。金属氢化物给料物质在等离子体内熔化,以脱氢和球化所述物质,形成脱氢且球化的颗粒。然后将脱氢且球化的颗粒暴露于惰性气体和冷却,以使所述颗粒凝固成脱氢且球化的颗粒。颗粒在具有惰性气体的室内冷却。

Description

球状脱氢金属和金属合金颗粒
相关申请
本申请要求2015年12月16日提交的美国临时专利申请号62/268186的优先权和权益,其通过引用以其整体结合到本文中。
技术领域
本公开内容总体上涉及生产金属球状粉末产品。更具体地,本公开内容涉及使用微波产生的等离子体生产金属球状粉末产品的技术。
背景
制备一些形式的工业粉末的一个重要方面是球化处理过程,其将通过常规粉碎方法生产的不规则形状或多角粉末转换为球形的低孔隙度颗粒。球形粉末是形状均匀的,较致密,孔隙较少,并具有高度和一致的流动性。这样的粉末在应用(例如注塑、热喷涂、添加制造等)中显示优异的性质。
常规的球化处理方法使用描述于1978年2月28日公告的美国专利4076640的热电弧等离子体和描述于2005年7月19日公告的美国专利6919527的射频产生的等离子体。然而,这两种方法存在射频和热电弧等离子体的热不均匀性固有的局限性。
在热电弧等离子体的情况下,在两个电极之间产生的电弧在等离子体通道内产生等离子体。使用等离子体气体将等离子体吹出等离子体通道。从侧面(垂直或呈一定角度)将粉末注入等离子体羽流,其中它通过等离子体的高温度熔化。熔体的表面张力将其拉成球形,然后将其冷却,凝固和在过滤器中收集。热电弧等离子体的一个问题是用于点火等离子体的电极被暴露于高温度,导致电极降解,其污染等离子体羽流和过程物质。此外,热电弧等离子体羽流固有地显示大的温度梯度。通过将粉末从侧面注入等离子体羽流,并非所有的粉末颗粒暴露于相同的过程温度,产生部分球化的、不均匀的、具有不均一的孔隙度的粉末。
在射频诱导耦合的等离子体球化处理的情况下,等离子体通过变化的磁场产生,变化的磁场在等离子体气体中诱导电场,电场进而驱动等离子体过程,例如电离、激发等,以在圆筒形的介电管中维持等离子体。诱导耦合的等离子体已知具有射频能量至等离子体的低耦合效率和与电弧和微波产生的等离子体相比更低的等离子体温度。负责产生等离子体的磁场显示不均匀的分布,这导致具有大的温度梯度的等离子体,其中等离子体呈现圆环样形状,其显示在等离子体的边缘(接近介电管壁)的最高温度和在圆环中央的最低温度。此外,由于线圈上的RF电压,在等离子体和围绕介电管缠绕的射频线圈之间产生有电容元件。该电容元件产生大的电场,其驱动离子从等离子体至介电内壁,这进而导致形成电弧和介电管降解,和过程物质被管材料污染。
为了可用于要求高粉末流动的添加制造或粉末冶金(PM)应用,金属粉末颗粒应显示球形,这可通过球化处理过程实现。该过程包括在热环境中熔化颗粒,从而液态金属的表面张力将每个颗粒成形为球形几何结构,接着冷却和再凝固。在一种这样的技术中,等离子体旋转电极(PRP)产生高流动性和压紧的钛和钛合金粉末,但认为其太昂贵。此外,球化钛和钛合金已使用气体雾化生产,其利用相对复杂的装置。其它球化处理方法包括使用诱导耦合的等离子体(ICP)的TEKNA的(Sherbrook, Quebec, Canada)球化处理过程,其中获自氢化物-去氢化物(HDH)过程的多角粉末在气体内携带,和被注射通过热等离子体环境,以熔化粉末颗粒。然而,该方法遭受等离子体的不均匀性,这导致给料的不完全球化处理。HDH过程涉及数个复杂步骤,包括在粉末进行球化处理之前氢化、脱氢和脱氧。该过程是费时的多步骤过程,这升高通过这些方法生产的金属粉末的成本。
根据上文论述,因此了解到本领域存在克服本文和上文描述的不足和局限的需要。
简述
通过使用能够对金属和金属合金颗粒同时进行球化和脱氢的微波产生的等离子体焰炬装置,现有技术的缺点得到克服,并提供其它优点。本发明的技术的示例性的实施方案涉及球状脱氢金属和金属合金颗粒,和用于制备这样的颗粒的系统、装置和方法。
在一个方面,本公开内容涉及脱氢且球化的颗粒。脱氢且球化的颗粒根据包括以下的方法制备:将金属氢化物给料物质引入等离子体焰炬(例如,微波产生的等离子体焰炬、射频诱导耦合的等离子体焰炬);熔化、脱氢和球化在等离子体内的给料物质以形成脱氢且球化的颗粒;将脱氢且球化的颗粒暴露于惰性气体;和在具有惰性气体的室中冷却和凝固脱氢且球化的颗粒。
上述方面的实施方案可包括一项或多项以下特征。例如,实施方案可进一步包括将在等离子体内的脱氢且球化的颗粒脱氧。在某些实施方案中,金属氢化物给料物质可由氢化钛物质形成,和脱氢且球化的颗粒是球形钛粉末颗粒。在另一个实施方案中,金属氢化物给料物质可由钛合金氢化物物质形成,和脱氢且球化的颗粒是球形钛合金粉末颗粒。特别地,钛合金粉末颗粒是Ti AL6-V4,具有4%-7%重量的铝和3%-5%重量的钒。在一个实施方案中,在等离子体内给料物质暴露于部分真空。在另一个实施方案中,在等离子体内给料物质暴露于大于大气压的压力。在一个实施方案中,在等离子体内给料物质暴露于约4000 K-8000 K的温度分布。在某些实施方案中,在将给料物质引入等离子体焰炬之前对给料物质进行筛选。在一些实施方案中,给料物质经筛选使得给料物质的粒径为不小于1.0微米和不大于300微米。在某些实施方案中,金属氢化物给料物质以预定速率被连续地引入等离子体焰炬。在一些实施方案中,在将给料物质引入等离子体焰炬之前,金属氢化物给料物质用惰性气体吹洗。
在另一方面,本公开内容涉及生产金属或金属合金粉末的方法。所述方法包括:将金属氢化物给料物质引入等离子体焰炬(例如,微波产生的等离子体焰炬、射频诱导耦合的等离子体焰炬);将给料物质导向在等离子体焰炬内的等离子体;熔化、脱氢和球化在等离子体内的给料物质;将脱氢且球化的颗粒从等离子体导向具有惰性气体的室;在具有所述惰性气体的室中冷却和凝固脱氢且球化的颗粒;和收集脱氢且球化的颗粒。
上述方面的实施方案可包括一项或多项以下特征。例如,生产金属或金属合金粉末的方法可进一步包括在等离子体内将给料物质脱氧的步骤。在一些实施方案中,金属氢化物给料物质包含氢化钛物质,和脱氢且球化的颗粒是球形钛粉末颗粒。在某些实施方案中,金属氢化物给料物质包含钛合金氢化物物质,和脱氢且球化的颗粒是球形钛合金粉末颗粒。特别地,钛合金粉末颗粒是Ti AL6-V4,具有4%-7%重量的铝和3%-5%重量的钒。在一个实施方案中,在等离子体内给料物质暴露于部分真空。在另一个实施方案中,在等离子体内给料物质暴露于大于大气压的压力。在一个实施方案中,在等离子体内给料物质暴露于约4000 K-8000 K的温度分布。在某些实施方案中,在将给料物质引入等离子体焰炬之前对给料物质进行筛选。在一些实施方案中,给料物质经筛选使得给料物质的粒径为不小于1.0微米和不大于300微米。在某些实施方案中,金属氢化物给料物质以预定速率被连续地引入等离子体焰炬。在一些实施方案中,在将金属氢化物给料物质引入等离子体焰炬之前,给料物质用惰性气体吹洗。在某些实施方案中,生产金属或金属合金粉末的方法可进一步包括将脱氢、脱氧且球化的颗粒导向气密的收集箱的步骤。
根据本发明的技术,各种脱氢且球化的颗粒、用于产生脱氢且球化的颗粒的方法和生产金属或金属合金粉末的方法可提供许多优点。例如,颗粒、用于形成颗粒的方法和本文公开的方法可以连续过程使用,该过程同时脱氢,球化,和在一些实施方案中脱氧给料物质。即是说,在HDH现有技术方法中需要的脱氢、脱氧和球化处理步骤的单独和不同步骤可在使用等离子体(例如,微波产生的等离子体、RF产生的等离子体)的单一处理步骤的帮助下被排除。这样的实施方案可通过减少处理步骤的数量(其进而减少每单位体积的处理物质的能量),来减少球化金属粉末的成本,并且可增加最终产品的一致性。处理步骤的数量减少还减少被氧和其它污染物污染的可能性。另外,本文公开的连续脱氢过程通过减少或消除与典型的基于分批的脱氢过程相关的变化,改进最终产品的一致性。由于能量来源(即,等离子体过程)的均匀性和控制,本发明的技术可实现另外的一致性改进。特别地,如果等离子体条件被充分控制,颗粒凝聚可减少(如果未完全消除),由此导致更好的粒径分布(在与初始给料物质相同的规模上)。
其它特征和优点通过本发明的技术得以实现。本文对理想目标或方面(其通过本发明的技术的各种实施方案满足)的描述,不旨在暗示或提示在本发明的技术的最通用的实施方案中或在任何其更具体的实施方案中,任何或所有这些目标或方面作为必要特征(单独地或共同地)提供。
附图简述
当结合附图阅读时,根据示例性实施方案的以下描述,本公开内容的特征和优点将得到更全面理解,其中:
图1说明与用于生产类似颗粒的常规方法比较,根据本公开内容生产球状金属和金属合金颗粒的实例方法。
图2说明根据本公开内容生产脱氢球状颗粒的另一个实例方法。
图3说明根据本公开内容从金属氢化物物质生产脱氢球状颗粒的另一个实例方法。
图4说明示例性的微波等离子体焰炬,其可根据本公开内容的实施方案用于生产球状和脱氢的金属或金属合金粉末。
详细描述
本公开内容的一个方面涉及使用微波产生的等离子体球化处理金属和金属合金氢化物的方法。所述方法使用由金属氢化物制成的容易获得的现有预筛选或非预筛选的原料物质作为给料。粉末给料在惰性和/或还原和/或氧化气体环境中携带,和注入微波等离子体环境。在注入热等离子体后,给料被同时脱氢和球化,并释放至充满惰性气体的室中,和导向贮存其的气密鼓桶中。该方法可在大气压下、在部分真空中或在比大气压略微更高的压力下进行。在备选的实施方案中,所述方法可在低、中等或高真空环境中进行。所述方法可连续地运行,和在鼓桶充满球化、脱氢且脱氧的金属或金属合金颗粒时将鼓桶替换。所述方法不仅球化粉末,而且从使用氢化物-去氢化物(HDH)过程制造金属和金属合金粉末的传统方法消除脱氢和脱氧步骤,这导致成本降低。通过减少处理步骤的数量和提供连续过程,通过氧和其它污染物污染物质的可能性减少。此外,鉴于微波等离子体过程的均匀性,颗粒凝聚也减少(如果未完全消除),由此导致至少保持初始氢化物给料物质的粒径分布。
在粉末冶金工业中,通过粉碎、碾磨和筛选,氢化物-去氢化物(HDH)过程用于调整大金属或金属合金块的大小,减至更细的粒径分布。金属和合金粉末使用HDH过程制造,其中大块给料,例如粗糙金属粉末或金属/金属合金废料等,在含氢气氛中在高温度(~700 °C)下加热几天。这导致形成易碎的金属氢化物,其可容易地粉碎成细粉和筛分,以得到需要的大小分布,其由终端用户决定。为了可用于粉末冶金,必须通过在真空内加热金属氢化物粉末一段时间将氢从金属离解和除去。脱氢粉末然后必须经筛分以除去由于烧结导致在过程中产生的大的颗粒凝聚。典型得到的粉末颗粒具有不规则或多角形状。粉末进行脱氧过程以除去在筛分和操作过程中由粉末携带的任何氧。常规的HDH过程仅产生粗糙和不规则形状的颗粒。这样的HDH过程必须接着进行球化处理过程以使这些颗粒为球状。
常规的HDH过程主要作为固态分批过程进行。通常,将一定体积的金属氢化物粉末加载到真空熔炉内的坩埚中。熔炉被抽吸减至部分真空,和用惰性气体重复吹洗以消除不需要的氧的存在。惰性气体通过粉末颗粒之间的开放空间扩散缓慢使得难以完全消除氧,其在未完全消除的情况下污染最终产品。机械搅拌可用于搅动粉末,允许更完全除去氧。然而,这增加了系统复杂性,和机械元件需要常规维护,最终增加成本。
在氧吹洗后,氢化可开始。熔炉充满氢气和在高温度下加热达数天,以充分形成金属氢化物。金属氢化物的易碎性质允许大块物质被粉碎成细粉,其然后被筛选成所需的大小分布。
下一步骤是脱氢。将筛分的氢化物粉末加载到真空熔炉中,然后在部分真空下加热,促进氢从金属氢化物离解以形成H2气体和脱氢的金属。脱氢在颗粒表面上是快速的,其中H2可容易离开颗粒。然而,在大块的粉末内,H2必须扩散通过大块固体,然后到达表面和离开颗粒。扩散通过大块是一个限速过程“瓶颈”,需要相对长的反应时间以完全脱氢。脱氢所需的时间和处理温度足以引起在颗粒之间烧结,这导致在最终产品中形成大的颗粒凝聚。过程后筛分消除凝聚,这增加过程时间和成本至最终产品。在粉末可从熔炉除去之前,必须充分冷却以保持安全和限制污染。大熔炉的热质量可花费许多小时才能充分冷却。冷却的粉末然后必须在单独的机器中球化。通常,这在RF等离子体内进行,其已知显示大的温度梯度,导致部分球化产物。
本文公开了在对给料物质同时进行脱氢、球化和脱氧的连续过程中制造球状金属和金属合金粉末产品的技术。根据示例性的实施方案,HDH过程的脱氢、脱氧和球化处理步骤可在使用微波产生的等离子体的单一处理步骤的帮助下被排除。这样的实施方案可通过减少处理步骤的数量,减少每单位体积的处理物质的能量和增加最终产品的一致性,而减少球化金属粉末的成本。处理步骤的数量减少还降低粉末被氧和其它污染物污染的可能性。另外,本文公开的连续脱氢过程通过减少或消除与典型的基于分批的脱氢过程有关的变化,改进最终产品的一致性。
脱氢、脱氧且球化的金属和金属合金的冷却速率可经控制,以有策略地影响粉末的微结构。例如,α-相钛合金的快速冷却促进针形(马氏体)结构。中等冷却速率产生Widmanstätten微结构,和缓慢冷却速率形成等轴微结构。通过控制过程参数例如冷却气流速率、停留时间等,金属和金属合金的微结构可得到控制。形成这些结构所需的准确冷却速率主要是物质内合金化元素的类型和数量的函数。
在一个示例性的实施方案中,惰性气体围绕粉末金属氢化物给料连续吹洗,以除去粉末给料漏斗内的氧。连续体积的粉末给料然后在惰性气体内携带,并被进料至微波产生的等离子体,用于脱氢。在一个实例中,微波产生的等离子体可使用微波等离子体焰炬产生,如描述于美国专利公开号US 2013/0270261和/或美国专利公开号US 2008/0173641(作为美国专利8748785公告),其各自通过引用以其整体结合到本文中。在一些实施方案中,在微波产生的等离子体内颗粒暴露于4000-8000 K的均匀温度分布。在等离子体焰炬内,粉末颗粒被快速加热和熔化。液体对流加速在整个熔化颗粒内的H2扩散,连续地将氢(H2)带到液体金属氢化物的表面,在那里它离开颗粒,减少相对于固态过程每个颗粒需要在过程环境内的时间。随着过程内的颗粒在惰性气体、例如氩内携带,通常颗粒之间的接触是最小的,极大减少了颗粒凝聚的发生。对于过程后筛分的需要因此被极大减少或消除,和得到的粒径分布可实际上与输入给料物质的粒径分布相同。在示例性的实施方案中,给料物质的粒径分布在最终产品中得到保持。
在等离子体内,由于液体表面张力,熔化金属被固有地球化。因为微波产生的等离子体显示基本上均匀的温度分布,可实现颗粒的超过90%球化处理(例如,91%、93%、95%、97%、99%、100%),消除了对于单独脱氢和脱氧步骤的需要。在离开等离子体后,颗粒被冷却,然后进入收集箱。当收集箱装满时,它们可移走和按需要被空箱替换,而不停止该过程。
参考图1,显示了生产球化钛粉末的常规方法(100)与根据本发明的技术的方法(200)的比较。在图1的左侧的过程流(101)提供了组合HDH方法(100)与钛粉末的球化处理的实例过程。该过程以Ti原料物质(步骤a, 105)开始,其被氢化(步骤b, 110),然后粉碎和筛分大小(步骤c, 115)。纯钛通过脱氢回收(步骤d, 120)。然后针对凝聚和杂质筛选,然后筛分至客户规定的大小(步骤e, 125)。然后,粉末通过脱氧步骤以减少或消除在筛分和筛选过程期间携带的氧。脱氧是需要的,特别对于小的粒径,例如低于50微米的颗粒,其中表面与体积比是相当大的(步骤f, 130)。钛颗粒然后被球化(步骤g, 135)和收集(步骤h,140)。类似的过程可用于产生Ti合金,例如Ti 6-4,代替纯钛粉末。
如上所述,本公开内容的实施方案在单一步骤的帮助下合并了图1的左侧所示的脱氢、脱氧和球化处理步骤(101, 130, 135)以从相应的氢化物给料产生球化金属和/或金属合金。该技术的实例在图1右侧显示的过程流(201)中说明。该方法以粉碎和筛分的金属氢化物给料物质开始(即,步骤c, 115,无需进行脱氢化物步骤)。在该特定的实施方案中,给料物质是氢化钛粉末,和从过程200产生的粉末是球形钛粉末。(注意,过程200也可用于粉碎和筛分的金属合金氢化物给料物质,例如钛合金氢化物给料物质,和过程200结束产生的粉末是球形金属合金粉末,例如球形钛合金粉末)。粉末在惰性气体内携带,并被注入显示大约4000 K-8000 K的基本上均匀的温度分布和在部分真空下的微波产生的等离子体环境。气密室过程也可在大气压或略微高于大气压下运行,以消除大气氧泄露至该过程的任何可能性。颗粒在等离子体中被同时熔化和脱氢,由于液体表面张力而球化,在离开等离子体后再凝固(200)。然后在密封鼓桶中在惰性气氛下收集颗粒(140)。在等离子体内,粉末颗粒被充分加热以熔化,和导致液体金属对流,根据以下可逆反应(其中M = 任意金属)引起氢的离解:
在部分真空内,氢从金属离解以形成氢气是有利的,驱动上述反应向右进行。由于对流,氢从液体金属的离解速率是快速的,对流连续引入H2至液体表面,在那里其可快速离开颗粒。
图2是流程图,说明根据本公开内容的实施方案用于生产球形粉末的示例性的方法(250)。在该实施方案中,过程(250)通过将给料物质引入等离子体焰炬(255)开始。在一些实施方案中,等离子体焰炬是微波产生的等离子体焰炬或RF等离子体焰炬。在等离子体焰炬内,给料物质暴露于等离子体,引起物质熔化,如上所述(260)。同时(即,给料物质暴露于等离子体的时间),给料物质内的氢从金属离解,导致脱氢(260a)。同时,熔化物质通过表面张力球化,如上所述(260b)。注意,步骤260包括260a和260b。即是说,通过将给料物质暴露于等离子体,实现脱氢和球化处理二者;无需单独或不同的处理步骤来实现脱氢和球化处理。在离开等离子体后,产物冷却和凝固,锁定球形形状,然后收集(265)。
图3是流程图,说明根据本公开内容的另一个实施方案用于生产球形粉末的另一个示例性的方法(300)。在此实例中,方法(300)通过将基本上连续体积的经过滤的金属氢化物给料物质引入等离子体焰炬开始。如上所述,等离子体焰炬可以是微波产生的等离子体或RF等离子体焰炬(310)。在一个实例实施方案中,AT-1200旋转粉末进料器(可获自Thermach Inc.)允许良好地控制粉末的进料速率。在可供选择的实施方案中,粉末可使用其它合适的方式,例如流化床进料器,进料至等离子体。给料物质可以恒定速率引入,和速率可经调整,使得在随后处理步骤期间颗粒不凝聚。在另一个示例性的实施方案中,待处理的给料物质首先根据其直径进行筛分和分类,其中最小直径1微米(µm)和最大直径22 µm,或最小22 µm和最大44 µm,或最小44 µm和最大70 µm,或最小70 µm和最大106 µm,或最小106 µm和最大300 µm。如所理解的,这些上限值和下限值仅为说明的目的提供,和在其它实施方案中可使用可供选择的大小分布值。这消除了等离子体的热区上方的轻颗粒的再循环,还确保了等离子体中存在的过程能量足以在不汽化的情况下熔化颗粒。预筛选允许足够分配在物质不汽化的情况下熔化颗粒所需的微波功率。
一旦引入微波等离子体焰炬,给料物质可在轴对称层流和/或湍流内携带至微波或RF产生的等离子体(320)。在示例性的实施方案中,过程内的每个颗粒在惰性气体例如氩内携带。在一些实施方案中,在等离子体内金属氢化物物质暴露于部分真空(330)。
在等离子体内,给料物质暴露于基本上均匀的温度分布和被熔化(340)。在一个实例中,在等离子体内给料物质暴露于大约4000-8000 K的均匀温度分布。熔化在等离子体内的给料物质将氢带至液体金属氢化物的表面,在那里其可离开颗粒,由此快速使颗粒脱氢(350)。H2用作同时使金属脱氧的还原剂。液体金属的表面张力使每个颗粒成形为球形几何结构(360)。因此,产生脱氢、脱氧且球形的液体金属颗粒,在离开等离子体后其冷却和凝固成脱氢、脱氧且球形的金属粉末产品(370)。这些颗粒然后可收集至箱中(380)。在一些实施方案中,小心控制箱的环境和/或密封要求。即是说,为了防止污染或粉末的可能氧化,箱的环境和/或密封对于应用是定制的。在一个实施方案中,箱在真空下。在一个实施方案中,在装满根据本发明的技术产生的粉末后,箱是气密的。在一个实施方案中,箱用惰性气体例如氩回填。因为过程的连续性质,一旦装满箱,其可移走和按需要用空箱替换,无需停止等离子体过程。
根据本发明的方法和过程(例如,200、250、300)可用于制备球形金属粉末或球形金属合金粉末。例如,如果起始给料物质是氢化钛物质,则得到的粉末将是球形钛粉末。如果起始给料物质是钛合金氢化物物质,则得到的粉末将是球形钛合金粉末。在特征为使用起始钛合金氢化物物质的一个实施方案中,得到的球形钛合金粉末包含Ti Al6-V4的球化颗粒,具有4%-7%重量的铝和3%-5%重量的钒。
图4说明示例性的微波等离子体焰炬,其可根据本公开内容的实施方案用于生产球状和脱氢的金属或金属合金粉末。如上所述,金属氢化物给料物质9、10可引入微波等离子体焰炬3,其维持微波产生的等离子体11。在一个实例实施方案中,在等离子体11通过微波辐射源1点火之前,携带气流和鞘流(向下箭头)可通过入口5注入以在等离子体焰炬内产生流动条件。在一些实施方案中,携带流和鞘流是轴对称和层流的,而在其它实施方案中气流是涡流。给料物质9轴向引入微波等离子体焰炬,其中它们被将物质导向等离子体的气流携带。如上所述,气流可由元素周期表的惰性气体列组成,例如氦、氖、氩等。在微波产生的等离子体内,给料物质如上所述被熔化,以脱氢、脱氧和球化物质。入口5可用于引入过程气体以沿轴12携带和加速颗粒9、10至等离子体11。首先,颗粒9通过使用经过在等离子体焰炬内的环形隙产生的中心层流气流(上面一组箭头)携带而加速。第二层流(下面一组箭头)可经过第二环形隙产生,为介电焰炬3的内侧壁提供层流鞘,以保护其免于由于来自等离子体11的热辐射而熔化。在示例性的实施方案中,层流将颗粒9、10沿尽可能靠近轴12的路径导向等离子体11,使它们在等离子体内暴露于基本上均匀的温度。在一些实施方案中,存在合适的流动条件以阻止颗粒10到达等离子体焰炬3的内壁,其中等离子体附着(plasmaattachment)可发生。颗粒9、10通过气流导向微波等离子体11,各自经历均匀的热处理。微波产生的等离子体的各种参数以及颗粒参数可经调整以实现所需结果。这些参数可包括微波功率、给料物质大小、给料物质插入速率、气流速率、等离子体温度和冷却速率。在一些实施方案中,在离开等离子体11时,冷却或淬灭速率不小于10+3℃/秒。如上所述,在该特定的实施方案中,气流是层流;然而,在备选的实施方案中,涡流或湍流可用于将给料物质导向等离子体。
在描述示例性的实施方案时,为清楚的目的使用特定的术语,和在一些情况下参考附图。为描述的目的,每个特定的术语旨在至少包括以类似方式操作以实现类似目的的所有技术和功能等同方案。另外,在特定的示例性实施方案包括许多系统元件、装置部件或方法步骤的一些情况下,这些元件、部件或步骤可被单个元件、部件或步骤替代。同样,单个元件、部件或步骤可被用于相同目的的多个元件、部件或步骤替代。此外,尽管已参考其特定实施方案显示和描述了示例性的实施方案,但是本领域普通技术人员将理解,在不脱离本发明的范围的情况下可在其中进行形式和细节的各种替代和改变。此外,其它功能和优点也在本发明的范围内。

Claims (29)

1.脱氢且球化的颗粒,其通过包括以下的方法制备:
将金属氢化物给料物质引入等离子体焰炬;
熔化、脱氢和球化在所述等离子体内的所述给料物质以形成脱氢且球化的颗粒;
将所述脱氢且球化的颗粒暴露于惰性气体;和
在具有所述惰性气体的室中冷却和凝固所述脱氢且球化的颗粒。
2.权利要求1的颗粒,其中所述脱氢且球化的颗粒在所述等离子体内进一步脱氧。
3.权利要求1的颗粒,其中所述金属氢化物给料物质包含氢化钛物质,和所述脱氢且球化的颗粒是球形钛粉末颗粒。
4.权利要求1的颗粒,其中所述金属氢化物给料物质包含钛合金氢化物物质,和所述脱氢且球化的颗粒是球形钛合金粉末颗粒。
5.权利要求4的颗粒,其中所述钛合金粉末颗粒是Ti Al6 -V4,具有4%-7%重量的铝和3%-5%重量的钒。
6.权利要求1的颗粒,其中在所述等离子体内将所述给料物质暴露于约4000 K-8000 K的温度分布。
7.权利要求1的颗粒,其中在所述等离子体内将所述给料物质暴露于部分真空。
8.权利要求1的颗粒,其中在所述等离子体内将所述给料物质暴露于大于大气压的压力。
9.权利要求1的颗粒,其中在将所述给料物质引入所述等离子体焰炬之前,对所述给料物质进行筛选。
10.权利要求9的颗粒,其中所述给料物质的粒径为不小于1.0微米和不大于300微米。
11.权利要求1的颗粒,其中所述金属氢化物给料物质以预定速率被连续地引入所述等离子体焰炬。
12.权利要求1的颗粒,其中在将所述金属氢化物给料物质引入所述等离子体焰炬之前,所述给料物质用惰性气体吹洗。
13.权利要求1的颗粒,其中所述等离子体焰炬是微波产生的等离子体焰炬。
14.权利要求1的颗粒,其中所述等离子体焰炬是射频诱导耦合的等离子体焰炬。
15.生产金属和金属合金粉末的方法,包括:
将金属氢化物给料物质引入等离子体焰炬;
将所述给料物质导向在所述等离子体焰炬内的等离子体;
熔化、脱氢和球化在所述等离子体内的所述给料物质;
将脱氢且球化的颗粒从所述等离子体导向具有惰性气体的室;
在具有所述惰性气体的室中冷却和凝固所述脱氢且球化的颗粒;和
收集所述脱氢且球化的颗粒。
16.权利要求15的方法,进一步包括在所述等离子体内将所述给料物质脱氧。
17.权利要求15的方法,其中所述金属氢化物给料物质包含氢化钛物质,和所述脱氢且球化的颗粒是球形钛粉末颗粒。
18.权利要求15的方法,其中所述金属氢化物给料物质包含钛合金氢化物物质,和所述脱氢且球化的颗粒是球形钛合金粉末颗粒。
19.权利要求18的方法,其中所述钛合金粉末颗粒是Ti Al6 -V4,具有4%-7%重量的铝和3%-5%重量的钒。
20.权利要求15的方法,其中所述等离子体将所述给料物质暴露于约4000 K-8000 K的温度分布。
21.权利要求15的方法,进一步包括在将所述给料物质暴露于所述等离子体时,将所述给料物质暴露于部分真空。
22.权利要求15的方法,进一步包括在将所述给料物质暴露于所述等离子体时,将所述给料物质暴露于高于大气压的压力。
23.权利要求15的方法,进一步包括:在将所述给料物质引入所述等离子体焰炬之前筛选所述给料物质;和从所述给料物质至脱氢、脱氧且球化的颗粒,保持平均粒径分布。
24.权利要求23的方法,其中给料颗粒的大小为不小于1.0微米和不大于300微米。
25.权利要求15的方法,其中引入金属氢化物给料物质包括以预定速率连续地引入一定体积的给料物质。
26.权利要求15的方法,进一步包括用惰性气体吹洗所述金属氢化物给料物质,以在将所述给料物质引入所述等离子体焰炬之前除去氧。
27.权利要求15的方法,进一步包括将脱氢、脱氧且球化的颗粒导向气密的收集箱。
28.权利要求15的方法,其中所述等离子体焰炬是微波产生的等离子体焰炬。
29.权利要求15的方法,其中所述等离子体焰炬是射频诱导耦合的等离子体焰炬。
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