CN101827863B - 与il‑4和/或il‑13结合的抗体及其用途 - Google Patents
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Classifications
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
- A61K39/39533—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
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Abstract
本发明涉及新颖的人源化抗IL‑4和IL‑13抗体及其片段,以及特异地结合到IL‑4和IL‑13的新颖双特异抗体及其片段。本发明还包括使用所述抗体来治疗或预防IL‑4和/或IL‑13介导的疾病或障碍,包括变应性哮喘和皮炎。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及新颖的抗IL-4抗体、抗IL-13抗体以及双特异抗IL-4/抗IL-13抗体及其在因不当的IL-4和/或IL-13活性或代谢而造成的哺乳动物包括人的疾病或障碍的改善、治疗和预防方面的用途。感兴趣的抗体可能阻断配体如IL-4或IL-13与受体或受体复合物如IL-4Rα、IL-13Rα1和IL-13Rα2的结合和/或信号传导。本发明还披露了含有感兴趣抗体的预防、免疫治疗和诊断组合物以及它们在预防或治疗哺乳动物包括人的疾病的方法中的用途,这些疾病是由淋巴样细胞和非淋巴样细胞,包括单核细胞、成纤维细胞和内皮细胞的不适当代谢和/或活性而引起的。这些疾病包括自身免疫缺陷以及由炎症引起或以炎症为特征的疾病,如变应性哮喘和皮炎。
发明背景
白介素-4(IL-4)是一种对于淋巴B和T细胞以及许多非淋巴样细胞,包括单核细胞、内皮细胞和成纤维细胞具有广谱生物效应的多效性细胞因子。例如,IL-4刺激几个依赖于IL-2和IL-3的细胞系的增殖,诱导II类主要组织相容性复合体在静息B细胞上的表达,并增强人B细胞的IgG4和IgE分泌。IL-4与Th2-型的免疫响应有关,是由Th2细胞产生的,并促进Th2细胞的分化。多种障碍都牵涉到IL-4,如过敏和哮喘。
IL-13是最近发现的由活化T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞以及活化后的肥大细胞分泌的112个氨基酸的细胞因子(Minty,A.等人,Nature,1993,362,248-250,和McKenzie,A.N.等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A,1993,90,3735-3739)。
由于和IL-4具有许多共同的生物特性,IL-13被描述为一个IL-4样的细胞因子。在B细胞(Defrance,T.等人,J.Exp.Med.,1994,179,135-143,Punnonen,J.等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.(USA),1993,90,3730-3734,Fior,R.等人,Eur.Cytokine Network,1994,5,593-600)、单核细胞(Muzio,M.R.F.等人,Blood,1994,83,1738-1743,De WaalMalefyt,R.等人,J.Immunol,1993,151,6370-6381,Doyle,A.等人,Eur.J.Immunol.1994,24,1441-1445,Montaner,L.J.等人,J.Exp.Med.,1993,178,743-747,Sozzani,P.等人,J.Biol.Chem.,1995,270,5084-5088)以及其它非造血细胞(Herbert,J.M.等人,FebsLett.,1993,328,268-270,和Derocq,J.M.等人,Febs Lett.1994,343,32-36)上,其活性确实类似于IL-4的活性。另一方面,与IL-4相反,它对静息或活化的T细胞并没有特异效应(Zurawuki,G.等人,Immunol.Today,1994,15,19-26)。
A.J.Minty以及关于IL-13的评论文章详细地描述了IL-13在单核细胞/巨噬细胞、B淋巴细胞以及有些造血前体上的多种生物活性。此外,还有几份数据表明,这一细胞因子在其它细胞类型上具有多效效应。这些直接受到IL-13影响的非造血细胞为内皮细胞、小胶质细胞、角质形成细胞以及肾和结肠癌。
细胞内生物分子所发射信号的分析阶段之一是识别其膜受体。针对IL-13受体的研究表明,IL-13和IL-4有共同的受体,或者至少具有共同受体复合物的一些组分,以及共同的信号转导元素(Zurawski S.M.等人,Embo Journal,1993,12,2663-2670,Aversa,G.等人,J.Exp.Med.,1993,178,2213-2218,Vita,N.等人,Biol.Chem.,1995,270,3512-3517,Lefort,S.等人,Febs Lett.,1995,366,122-126)。这一受体存在于多种类型细胞的表面,其数目随所考虑细胞类型不同而有变化。A.J.Minty指出了IL-13和IL-4受体的相当的分布(Interleukin-13for Cytokines in Health andDisease(健康和疾病中的细胞因子白介素-13).编著D.G.Remick和J.S.Frie,Marcel Decker,N.Y.1996)。
细胞表面受体和受体复合物以不同的亲和力与IL-4和/或IL-13结合。与IL-4和/或IL-13结合的受体和受体复合物的主要组分为IL-4Rα、IL-13Rα1和IL-13Rα2。这些链作为IL-4Rα/IL-13Rαl(II型IL-4R)或IL-4Rα/γc(I型IL-4R)的单体或异源二聚体表达在细胞表面上。IL-4Rα单体和IL-4Rα/γc异源二聚体与IL-4结合但不与IL-13结合。IL-13Rα1和IL-13Rα2单体与IL-13结合但不与IL-4结合。IL-4Rα/IL-13Rα1异源二聚体既与IL-4结合,也与IL-13结合(Murata等人,Int.J.Hematol.,1999,69,13-20)。
Th2-型免疫响应促进抗体生成和体液免疫,并被精心设计用来抵御细胞外病原体。Th2细胞是产生Ig的中介体(体液免疫)并产生IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-9、IL-10和IL-13(Tanaka,等人,Cytokine Regulation ofHumoral Immunity,251-272,Snapper,编辑,JohnWiley和Sons,NewYork(1996))。Th2-型免疫响应的特征是产生某些类型的细胞因子(如IL-4,IL-13)以及特定类型的抗体(IgE,IgG4),属于典型的变应性反应,可能造成含泪眼和哮喘症状,如气道炎症和肺中气道肌肉细胞的收缩。
根据其生物学功能,IL-4和IL-13都是具有重要治疗意义的细胞因子,在许多疾病中,包括哮喘,起着关键的作用(Curr Opin Allergy ClinImmunol 2005,Vo.5,161-166)。IL-4已被证明能够抑制自身免疫疾病,IL-4和IL-13都证明具有增强抗肿瘤免疫响应的潜力。由于这两个细胞因子都涉及到变应性疾病的发病机制,因此,这些细胞因子的抑制剂应该能够提供治疗上的益处。
相应地,需要能够抑制IL-4、IL-13的改进的活性剂(agent),以及既能抑制IL-4也能抑制IL-13的单一活性剂。
发明概述
本发明提供可特异结合到IL-4和/或IL-13的人源化单克隆和双特异新颖抗体及其片段和衍生物。有些抗IL-4和/或IL-13单或双特异抗体及其片段可以改变,以防止形成链内二硫键,从而形成在制备和体内使用过程中均稳定的分子。本发明的抗体在此处所述的生物测定中中和IL-4和/或IL-13活性。
本发明包括所述抗体的可变重链和轻链的氨基酸序列及其对应的核酸序列。
本发明的另一实施方案包括携带有本发明所述抗体序列的细胞系和载体。
本发明的另一实施方案是所述抗体在制备用于治疗与IL-4和/或IL-13功能和代谢有关的疾病和障碍的药物组合物中的用途。尤其是,本发明与癌症、自身免疫缺陷以及由炎症引起或以炎症为特征的疾病,如变应性哮喘和皮炎的治疗有关。
本文还叙述了其它特点和优点,将在下列详细说明和附图中阐述。
附图简述
图1是含有4个多肽链的双特异抗IL-4/IL-13抗体分子的示意图。两个较轻的链由N-VLhB-B13-连接体-VLh8D4-8-CL-C(CL,轻链恒定区)组成,两个较重的链由N-VHhB-B13-连接体-VHh8D4-8-CH1-CH2-CH3-C组成。连接体序列(G4S)2为GGGGSGGGGS(SEQ ID NO:6)。
图2显示人源化的B-B13抗IL-13抗体(SEQ ID NO:1和2)的可变结构域之氨基酸序列以及人源化的8D4-8抗IL-4抗体(SEQ ID NO:3,4和5)的可变结构域之氨基酸序列。下划线表示对所做的氨基酸改变。粗体表示CDR。
本发明之详细说明
本发明不局限于本文所述的具体方法学、方案、细胞系、载体或试剂,这是因为它们可发生变动,而不偏离本发明的精神和范围。而且,本文所使用的术语仅出于例示具体实施方案之目的,并非意在限制本发明之范围。除非另有定义,本文所使用的所有技术和科学术语和任何首字母缩略词的含义与本发明领域普通技术人员通常理解的含义相同。实施本发明时可使用任何类似或相当于本文所述的方法和材料,本文仅叙述了例示性方法、设备和材料。
出于叙述和披露可能与本发明一同使用和可能在本发明中使用的所报道的蛋白质、酶、载体、宿主细胞和方法学的目的,本文所提及的所有专利和出版物均籍引用之方式整体并入本文。但是,本文任何部分均不可理解为是承认因在先发明的缘故,本发明无权声称早于这些披露的内容。
在教导制备和使用IL-4和/或IL-13相关的方法和目标产物之前,提供了一些术语和短语的下列非限制性定义,以指导技术人员。
“白介素-4″(IL-4)涉及天然出现或内源的哺乳动物IL-4蛋白或与天然出现或内源的相应哺乳动物IL-4蛋白具有同样氨基酸序列的蛋白(如重组蛋白,合成蛋白(即用合成有机化学方法制备的蛋白质))。相应地,如此处所定义的,该术语包括成熟的IL-4蛋白、多态或等位变体、IL-4的其它同种型,以及上述的修饰的或未修饰的形式(如脂化(lipidate)或糖基化)。天然出现或内源的IL-4包括野生型蛋白质如成熟的IL-4、多态或等位变体以及其它在哺乳动物(如人,非人灵长类动物)中天然出现的同种型和突变体形式。这些蛋白可从如天然产生IL-4的来源回收或分离出来。这些蛋白质以及与天然出现或内源的相应IL-4有相同氨基酸序列的蛋白质是按相应的哺乳动物之名称命名的。例如,当相应的哺乳动物是人时,该蛋白质则称为人IL-4。本领域已知几种突变IL-4蛋白质,如WO 03/038041中所披露的。
“白介素-13″(IL-13)指的是天然出现或内源的哺乳动物IL-13蛋白或与天然出现或内源的相应哺乳动物IL-13蛋白具有同样氨基酸序列的蛋白(如重组蛋白,合成蛋白(即用合成有机化学方法制备的蛋白质))。相应地,如此处所定义的,该术语包括成熟的IL-13蛋白、多态或等位变体、IL-13的其它同种型(如通过可选剪接或其它细胞过程所产生的),以及上述的修饰的或未修饰的形式(如脂化或糖基化)。天然出现或内源的IL-13包括野生型蛋白质如成熟的IL-13、多态或等位变体以及其它在哺乳动物中天然出现的同种型和突变形式(如人,非人灵长类动物)。例如,此处所用的IL-13包括人IL-13变体,其中位于成熟的人IL-13之110位置的Arg被Gin所置换(成熟的IL-13的110位置相当于前体蛋白质的130位置),Gin与哮喘(特异反应性和非特异反应性哮喘)以及其它IL-13的变体有关。(Heinzmann等人,Hum MoI Genet 9:549-559(2000))。这些蛋白可从如天然产生IL-13的来源回收或分离出来。这些蛋白质以及与天然出现或内源的相应IL-13有相同氨基酸序列的蛋白质是按相应的哺乳动物之名称命名的。例如,当相应的哺乳动物是人时,该蛋白质则称为人IL-13。本领域已知有几种突变IL-13蛋白质,如WO 03/035847中所披露的。
就抗体链多肽序列而言,短语“基本相同”可理解为表现出与参照多肽序列至少70%、80%、90%、95%或更多的序列同一性的抗体链。就核酸序列而言,该术语可理解为表现出与参照核酸序列至少大于85%、90%、95%或97%或更高的序列同一性的核苷酸序列。
术语″同一性″或″同源性″可指候选序列中与相应序列残基相同的核苷酸碱基或氨基酸残基的百分数,所述候选序列为与相应序列进行比较,经比对序列和引入空位(若有必要)以实现整段序列的最大同一性百分数且不把任何保守性取代视为序列同一性部分后。无论N端或C端延伸或插入均不应理解为降低同一性或同源性。用于比对的方法和计算机程序均易获得,并为本领域所熟知。可使用序列分析软件测量序列同一性。
抗体或抗原的″功能片段、变异体、衍生物或类似物″等以及它们的多种形式等短语和术语是指具有与全长目的抗体或抗原在性质上相同的生物活性的化合物或分子。例如,抗IL-4抗体的功能片段或类似物是可结合IL-4分子的片段或类似物,或是可防止或基本上降低配体或激动或拮抗性抗体结合IL-4的能力的片段或类似物。
″取代型″变异体是天然序列中至少一个氨基酸残基被除去并被不同的氨基酸插入其相同位置的变异体。所述取代可为单个的,其中该分子中仅有一个氨基酸被取代;或可为多个的,其中该相同分子有两个或更多的氨基酸被取代。多个取代可位于连续的位点。同样,一个氨基酸可被多个残基取代,其中这样的变异体包括取代和插入二者。″插入型″变异体是一个或多个氨基酸被插入到紧邻一段天然序列某个特定位置处的氨基酸的变异体。紧邻氨基酸意指与该氨基酸的α-羧基或α-氨基官能团连接。″缺失型″变异体是天然氨基酸序列中一个或多个氨基酸被除去的变异体。通常情况下,缺失型变异体在其分子的特定区域内有一个或两个氨基酸被缺失。
术语″抗体″被用于最宽泛的含义,具体涵盖单克隆抗体(包括全长单克隆抗体)、多克隆抗体、多特异性抗体(例如双特异性抗体)、携带一个或多个CDR或源自CDR序列的抗体片段或合成多肽,只要这些多肽表现出所需的生物活性。抗体(Abs)和免疫球蛋白(Igs)是具有相同结构特征的糖蛋白。一般情况下,抗体被认为是具有确定或公认的特异性的Ig。因此,尽管抗体表现出与特异靶的结合特异性,但免疫球蛋白包括抗体和其它缺乏靶特异性的抗体样分子。本发明所述抗体可为任何种类(例如IgG、IgE、IgM、IgD、IgA等)、或亚类(例如IgG1、IgG2、IgG2a、IgG3、IgG4、IgA1、IgA2等)的抗体(″类型″和″种类″、以及″亚型″和″亚类″在本文中可互换使用)。天然或野生型(即得自未人工操纵的群体成员)抗体和免疫球蛋白通常为约150,000道尔顿的异四聚体糖蛋白,其由两个相同的轻链(L)和两个相同的重链(H)组成。每条重链的一端具有可变结构域(VH),随后是多个恒定结构域。每条轻链的一端具有可变结构域(VL),另一端具有恒定结构域。所谓″未人工操纵″意指未经旨在使其含有或表达外来抗原结合分子的处理。野生型可指一个群体中发现的最普遍的等位基因或种类或指得自未操纵动物的抗体,相比较于等位基因或多态型,或得自以某种形式的操纵例如诱变、使用重组方法等改变该抗原结合分子的氨基酸的变异体或衍生物。
正如本文所使用,″抗IL-4抗体″意指可特异结合本文所定义的IL-4的抗体或源自这些抗体的多肽(衍生物),其包括但不限于抑制或实质降低IL-4与其受体的结合或抑制IL-4活性的分子。
正如本文所使用,″抗IL-13抗体″意指可特异结合本文所定义的IL-13的抗体或源自这些抗体的多肽(衍生物),其包括但不限于抑制或实质降低IL-13与其受体的结合或抑制IL-13活性的分子。
就抗体的可变结构域而言,术语″可变″系指抗体之间有广泛序列差异的相关分子的某些部分,且被用于针对其特异靶的特定抗体的特异识别和结合。但是,可变性在抗体的整个可变结构域内不是均匀分布的。可变性集中在被称为互补决定区域(CDRs;即CDR1、CDR2和CDR3)或超变区的三个区段,它们均位于轻链和重链的可变结构域内。可变结构域内保守程度更高的部分被称为构架(FR)区或构架序列。天然重链和轻链的每个可变结构域均包括四个FR区,其主要采用β-折叠构型,它们籍三个CDRs连接起来,CDRs形成环,所述环连接β-折叠结构并在某些情形下形成部分的β-折叠结构。每条链的CDRs通常被FR区在邻近连接起来,并且借助于来自其它链的CDR,有助于抗体靶结合位点(表位或决定簇)的形成(参看Kabat等人Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest,NationalInstituteof Health,Bethesda,MD(1987))。正如本文所使用,免疫球蛋白氨基酸残基的编号是依据Kabat等人的免疫球蛋白氨基酸残基编号系统而进行的,除非另有说明。一个CDR可具有特异结合关联表位的能力。
本发明所用的术语″绞链″或″绞链区″系指包含抗体的第一和第二恒定结构域之间的氨基酸的柔性多肽。
术语″抗体片段″系指完整或全长链或抗体的一部分,一般是靶结合区域或可变区域。抗体片段的实例包括但不限于Fab、Fab′、F(ab′)2和Fv片段。″功能片段″或″抗IL-4和/或IL-13抗体的类似物″是可防止或实质降低所述受体结合配体或启动信号转导的能力的片段或类似物。正如本文所使用,功能片段一般与″抗体片段″含义相同,且就抗体而论,可指能防止或实质降低所述受体结合配体或启动信号转导的能力的片段,例如Fv、Fab、F(ab′)2等等。″Fv″片段由一条重链的可变结构域和一条轻链的可变结构域籍非共价结合方式而形成的二聚体(VH-VL二聚体)组成。在该构型中,每个可变结构域的三个CDRs相互作用,以确定VH-VL二聚体表面上的靶结合位点,与完整抗体的情况一样。所述六个CDRs共同赋予完整抗体的靶结合特异性。但是,即使是单个可变结构域(或仅包括3个靶特异的CDRs的Fv的一半),仍可具有识别和结合靶的能力。
″单链Fv″、″sFv″或″scAb″抗体片段包括抗体的VH和VL结构域,其中这些结构域位于单条多肽链上。一般而言,所述Fv多肽还包括一段位于VH和VL区域之间的多肽连接体,其通常为柔性分子,可使sFv形成适合于靶结合的所需结构。
术语″双抗体(diabody)″系指具有两个抗原结合位点的抗体片段,这些片段可包括与同一多肽链的轻链可变结构域(VL)相连的重链可变结构域(VH)。通过使用过短的连接体使得同一条链上的两个可变结构域无法配对,所述双抗体结构域被迫与另一条链的结合结构域配对,生成两个抗原结合位点。
Fab片段含有轻链的可变结构域和恒定结构域以及重链的可变和第一个恒定结构域(CH1)。Fab′片段与Fab片段的不同之处在于前者在CH1结构域的羧基端加入数个残基,以包括一个或多个来自抗体铰链区的半胱氨酸。通过裂解位于F(ab′)2胃蛋白酶消化产物的铰链半胱氨酸处的二硫键,可生成Fab′片段。对抗体另外进行酶处理和化学处理可生成其它目的功能片段。
术语″线性Fab″系指Miller等所述之四价抗体(Miller等人(2003),JImmunol.170:4854-4861)。″线性Fab″是由一连串相同的CH1-VH结构域组成的,在每一个CH1-VH位置与相同的轻链配对。研发了这些分子是为了增加抗体的效价并透过亲合力效应来增强其功能性亲和力,但是,它们是单特异性的。
术语″双特异抗体(BsAbs)″系指在同一个分子里组合了两个抗体的抗原结合位点的分子。因此,双特异抗体能够同时结合两个不同的抗原。除了诊断目的之应用之外,双特异抗体通过将强力效应体系转向患病区域,或增加抗体的中和或刺激活性,从而为开发新的治疗方法铺平了道路。
最初试图使用化学融合的异缀合物分子将针对不同靶抗原的两个完整抗体的结合特异性偶联(Staerz等人(1985),Nature 314:628-631)。
已经透过异杂交瘤技术从杂种杂交瘤中制备了双特异抗体,体外显示其具有与观察到的异缀合物类似的性质(Milstein&Cuello(1983)Nature305:537-540)。
尽管利用如上所述从细胞融合制备的异缀合物或双特异抗体得到了令人有希望的结果,但是几个因素却使它们的大规模治疗应用变得不实际。这些因素包括:体内大异缀合物的快速清除、产生任何一类分子所需要的高劳动强度的技术、需要深入纯化将异缀合物从单缀合物或单特异抗体分离出来,而且通常产率很低。
基因工程越来越多地被用于设计、改变、生产具有一组期望的结合特性和效应物功能的抗体或抗体衍生物。
现已研发了多种重组技术来有效地生产双特异抗体,既可作为抗体片段(Carter等人(1995),J.Hematotherapy 4:463-470;Pluckthun等人(1997)Immunotechology 3:83-105;Todorovska等人(2001)J.Immunol.Methods 248:47-66),也可作为全长IgG形式(Carter(2001)J.Immunol.Methods 248:7-15)。
将两个不同的scFvs组合产生具有最小分子量的称为sc-BsAbs或Ta-scFvs的双特异抗体形式(Mack等人(1995),Proc.Acad.Sci.USA.92:7021-7025;Mallender等人(1994)J.Biol.Chem.269:199-206)。基因工程上,籍由二聚化官能团如亮氨酸拉链融合两个scFvs从而构建双特异抗体(Kostelny等人(1992)J.Immunol.148:1547-53;de Kruif等人(1996)J.Biol.Chem.271:7630-4)。
如上所述,双抗体是很小的二价双特异抗体片段。这些片段在同一肽链上包含通过使用连接体连结到VL的VH,所述连接体太短(少于12个氨基酸)使得同一链上的两个结构域之间无法配对。这些结构域被迫与另一个链上互补的结构域进行分子间配对,从而产生两个抗原结合位点。这些二聚抗体片段,或“双抗体″,为二价并具有双特异性。(Holliger等人(1993),Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA.90:6444-6448)。双抗体的大小与Fab片段类似。以3到12个氨基酸的连接体连接的VH和VL结构域的多肽链主要形成二聚体(双抗体),而由0到2个氨基酸残基的连接体连接的则有利于形成三聚体(三抗体(triabody))和四聚体(四抗体(tetrabody))。除了连接体的长度外,寡聚化的确切模式似乎取决于V-结构域的组成和取向(Hudson等人(1999),J Immunol Methods 231:177-189)。双抗体分子最后结构的可预测性很差。
尽管基于sc-BsAbs和双抗体的构建体显示很有趣的临床潜力,但是,已经证明,这样的非共价结合的分子在生理条件下却不够稳定。scFv片段的总体稳定性取决于VL和VH结构域自身的稳定性以及结构域界面的稳定性。已经显示,scFv片段VH-VL界面的稳定性不够是不可逆scFv失活的主要原因,因为肽连接体所允许的界面瞬态打开会使有利于聚集的疏水区块(patch)曝露,因此造成不稳定和低产率(和Plückthun(2001),J.Mol.Biol.305:989-1010)。
US5,989,830中披露了可选的从VH和VL结构域制备双特异二价抗原结合蛋白的方法。这样的双头抗体片段是籍由表达编码两个多肽链的双顺反子载体获得的,其中一个多肽链有两个通过肽连接体串联的VH(VH1-连接体-VH2),另一个多肽链由互补的VL结构域组成,所述VL结构域由肽连接体串联连接(VL1-连接体-VL2)。US5,989,830描述,每个连接体应该包含至少10个氨基酸残基。
US2005/0003403A1描述了价态增加的多价蛋白复合物(PPC)。多价蛋白复合物包含两个多肽链,它们通常彼此侧向排列。每个多肽链通常包含3或4个包含氨基酸序列的“v区″,当与相对的多肽链上的对应的v区匹配时,这些氨基酸序列能够形成抗原结合位点。每个多肽链上可用多达大约6个“v区″。每个多肽链上的v区彼此线性连接,可由散开的连接区连接。当排列成PPC形式时,每个多肽链上的v区形成单个的抗原结合位点。复合物可能包含一种或几种结合特异性。
但是,利用这样的分子显示了聚集,不稳定性以及很差的表达产率(Wu等人(2001)Prot.Eng.14:1025-1033)。这些是表达基于单链的抗体时可能出现的典型稳定性问题。(和Plückthun(2001),J.Mol.Biol.305:989-1010)。
因此,本发明的目的就是要提供双特异多价抗体,利用其可避免形成聚集物。此外,它应具有稳定性,使之可用于治疗应用。
本文所使用的术语″单克隆抗体″系指得自基本同源抗体群的抗体,即组成该群体的单个抗体除可能有少数存在天然发生的突变外,均是相同的。
本文的单克隆抗体具体包括″嵌合″抗体,其中一部分重链和/或轻链与源自某特定物种或属于某特定抗体种类或亚类(类型或亚型)的相应序列相同或同源,其中所述链的其余部分与源自另一物种或属于另一抗体种类或亚类的抗体以及所述抗体片段的相应序列相同或同源,只要这些抗体片段表现出结合IL-4和/或IL-13或影响IL-4和/或IL-13活性或代谢的所需生物活性(US专利号4,816,567;和Morrison等人,Proc Natl Acad SciUSA81:6851(1984))。因此,来自同一类别抗体的CDR可移植到不同种类或亚类抗体的FR。
单克隆抗体是高度特异性的抗体,针对单个靶位点、表位或决定簇。而且,与通常包括针对抗原不同决定簇(表位)的不同抗体的常规(多克隆)抗体制品不同的是,每个单克隆抗体针对靶上的单个决定簇。除其特异性以外,单克隆抗体在宿主细胞内的合成是有利的,不受其它免疫球蛋白的污染,并为克隆提供了编码其抗体链的相关基因和mRNA。修饰语″单克隆″提示得自基本同源抗体群的抗体的性质,其不应理解为需要籍任何特定方法产生所述抗体。例如,用于本发明的单克隆抗体可从噬菌体抗体库经使用众所周知的技术分离或从多克隆制品纯化。依据本发明使用的亲代单克隆抗体可通过Kohler等人在Nature256:495(1975)中所述的杂交瘤方法制备,或通过本领域内众所周知的重组方法制备。
本发明所使用的术语″多价抗体″系指包含两个或多个抗原结合位点、因而能够结合两个或多个具有相同或不同结构的抗原之抗体。术语″二价″表示抗体包含两个抗原结合位点。术语″四价″表示抗体包含四个抗原结合位点。
本发明所使用的术语″抗原结合位点″系指抗体中这样的部份,其包含特异地与抗原之部份或全部结合,并与抗原之部份或全部成互补的区域。当抗原很大时,抗体可能只能结合到抗原的一个特定的部份,该部份被称为表位。抗原结合结构域可由一个或多个抗体可变结构域提供。优选的是,抗原结合结构域是由抗体轻链可变结构域(VL)和抗体重链可变结构域(VH)结合形成的。
本发明所使用的术语″抗原″系指能够被本发明的抗体所结合的分子或分子之一部份。抗原可有一个或多于一个表位。本发明抗体可识别的抗原之实例包括但不限于血清蛋白如细胞因子,例如IL-4、IL5、IL9和IL-13,生物活性肽、细胞表面分子如受体、转运蛋白、离子通道、病毒和细菌蛋白。
本发明所使用的术语″单特异的″系指本发明的多价抗体仅可识别出一个抗原,所有的抗原结合位点都是相同的。
本发明所使用的术语″双特异的″系指本发明的多价抗体可在同一或两个不同的抗原上识别出两个不同的表位。
本发明所使用的术语″多特异的″系指本发明的多价抗体可在同一或多个不同的抗原上识别出多个不同的表位。
本发明所使用的术语″连接体″系指一个经过调整连接本发明抗体结构可变结构域的肽。肽连接体可包含任何氨基酸,优选的为甘氨酸(G)和丝氨酸(S)。在重链多肽和轻链多肽之间或内部,连接体彼此可为相同或不同。此外,连接体的长度可为1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19或20个氨基酸。重链结构域和轻链结构域的优选的肽连接体单元为GGGGS。重链和轻链的连接体单元的数目可以是相同的(对称的顺序),也可以是彼此不同的(非对称的顺序)。
肽连接体优选足够长以便能够提供足够的柔性程度以防止抗体部分例如通过位阻干扰彼此的活性,从而允许蛋白质适当地折叠,如有必要,还可让抗体分子与同一细胞上两个或多个可能分得很开的受体相互作用;然而,优选的是足够短以允许抗体部份在细胞中保持稳定。
因此,肽连接体的长度、组成和/或构像可很容易地由本领域技术人员选定,以便优化多价抗体所需要的性质。
非人(例如鼠)抗体的″人源化″形式是嵌合的免疫球蛋白、免疫球蛋白链或它们的片段(例如抗体的Fv、Fab、Fab′、F(ab′)2或其它靶结合亚序列),与人抗体相比,其含有源自非人免疫球蛋白的序列。一般而言,所述人源化抗体基本上总共包括一个、典型为两个的可变结构域,其中所有或基本上所有CDR区域对应于非人免疫球蛋白的CDR区域,以及所有或基本上所有FR区域是人免疫球蛋白模板序列的FR区域。所述人源化抗体还可包括至少一部分免疫球蛋白恒定区(Fc),通常是所选择的人免疫球蛋白模板的恒定区。一般而言,目的是拥有在人体内免疫原性最低的抗体分子。因此,有可能一个或多个CDRs中的一个或多个氨基酸也可被更换成在人宿主体内免疫原性更低的氨基酸,却基本不最小化所述一个或多个CDRs对IL-4和/或IL-13的特异结合功能。或者,FR可为非人的,但免疫原性最强的那些氨基酸被替换为免疫原性较低的氨基酸。但是,上文所讨论的CDR移植并非是获得人源化抗体的唯一途径。例如,仅修饰CDR区域可能不够充分,因为构架区残基参与决定CDR环的三维结构和抗体与其配体的总亲和力的现象并非鲜见。因此,可实施任何方法,以使非人亲代抗体分子被修饰为对人免疫原性更低的抗体分子,而且并非总是需要与人抗体的全局序列同一性(global sequence identity)。因此,也可通过例如仅取代数个残基实现人源化,尤其是取代暴露在抗体分子上且没有被包埋在该分子内部因此不易接近宿主免疫系统的残基。本文在取代抗体分子上的″活动″或″柔性″残基方面教导了该方法,其目标是降低或减缓所形成分子的免疫原性,却不破坏所述抗体对其表位或决定簇的特异性。例如参见Studnicka等人,Prot Eng 7(6)805-814,1994;Mol Imm 44:1986-1988,2007;Sims等人,J Immunol151:2296(1993);Chothia等人,J Mol Biol196:901(1987);Carter等人,Proc Natl AcadSci USA 89:4285(1992);Presta等人,J Immunol 151:2623(1993),WO 2006/042333和美国专利号5,869,619。
感兴趣的人源化方法基于抗体的分子柔性在免疫识别期间和其时的影响。蛋白质柔性与蛋白分子的分子运动有关。蛋白质柔性是整个蛋白、部分蛋白或单个氨基酸残基采取构象集合(ensemble)的能力,其中所述构象各自显著不同。有关蛋白质柔性的信息可通过进行蛋白质X射线结晶学实验(参见例如Kundu等人,2002,Biophys J 83:723-732.)、核磁共振实验(参见例如Freedberg等人,J Am Chem Soc 1998,120(31):7916-7923)或进行分子动力学(MD)模拟而获得。在计算机上进行蛋白质的MD模拟,可通过计算原子之间的物理相互作用而允许测定所有蛋白质原子在一段时间内的运动。MD模拟的输出是所研究蛋白在模拟时间段内的轨迹。该轨迹是蛋白质构象的集合,也称为快照(snapshot),所述蛋白质构象在模拟期间例如每1皮秒(ps)周期性采样。正是通过分析快照的集合,人们能够定量蛋白质氨基酸残基的柔性。因此,就含有柔性残基的多肽而言,柔性残基是采取不同构象集合的残基。MD方法为本领域所周知,参见例如Brooks等人,Proteins:A TheoreticalPerspective of Dynamics,Structure andThermodynamics(Wiley,New York,1988)。数种软件可进行MD模拟,例如Amber(参见Case等人(2005)J Comp Chem 26:1668-1688),Charmm(参见Brooks等人(1983)J Comp Chem 4:187-217;和MacKerell等人(1998)TheEncyclopedia of Computational Chemistryvol.1:271-177,Schleyer等人eds.Chichester:John Wiley&Sons)或Impact(参见Rizzo等人,J Am Chem Soc;2000;122(51):12898-12900)。
大多数蛋白质复合物享有相对较大和较平的被包埋表面,业已表明结合伴侣蛋白的柔性提供了其弹性的来源,使得它们能够构象性彼此适应(Structure(2000)8,R137-R142)。因此,业已表明″诱导契合″的实例在蛋白质-蛋白质的界面中起了主要作用。此外,稳定增长的数据体表明蛋白质实际上结合多种形状、大小和组成的配体(Protein Science(2002)11:184-187),且构象多样性似乎是识别不同伴侣蛋白能力的关键组分(Science(2003)299,1362-1367)。柔性残基参与了蛋白质-蛋白质伴侣蛋白的结合(Structure(2006)14,683-693)。
柔性残基可采取许多构象,它们提供了相互作用区域的集合,其有可能被记忆B细胞识别并触发免疫原性反应。因此,可通过修饰许多来自构架区的残基使抗体人源化,使得构象集合和受修饰抗体所展示的识别区域集合尽可能类似于人抗体所采取的构象集合和识别区域集合。
这一点可通过以下列方法修饰有限数目的残基得以实现:(1)构建亲代mAb的同源模型,进行MD模拟;(2)分析柔性残基和鉴定非人抗体分子最柔性的残基,以及鉴定有可能是异质性或降解反应来源的残基或基序;(3)鉴定展示出与亲代抗体最相似的识别区域集合的人抗体;(4)测定待突变的柔性残基,可能为异质性和降解来源的残基或基序也发生突变;(5)检查是否存在已知T细胞或B细胞表位。使用本文所教导的MD计算经使用隐式溶剂模型可发现柔性残基,该溶剂模型描述了水溶剂与蛋白质原子在模拟期间内的相互作用的原因。一旦在可变轻链和重链内鉴定出一组柔性残基,即鉴定出与目的抗体高度类似的一组人重链和轻链可变区域构架。例如可使用BLAST搜索在抗体人种系序列的数据库中在一组柔性残基上进行。还可通过比较亲代mAb的动力学与种系规范结构库的动力学来进行。检索时排除CDR残基和邻近残基,以确保对于抗原的高度亲和力得以保留。
随后取代柔性残基。当几个人残基表现出类似同源性时,还通过可能影响人源化抗体的溶液行为的残基性质驱动该选择。例如,暴露的柔性环上优选极性残基,而不是疏水残基。为不稳定性和异质性潜在来源的残基也发生突变,即使它们在CDRs上被发现。这些残基包括暴露的甲硫氨酸,因为亚砜形成可能是由于氧基、对酸敏感的键例如Asp-Pro二肽的键的蛋白水解切割(Drug Dev Res(2004)61:137-154);位于暴露的天冬酰胺残基和随后的小氨基酸例如Gly、Ser、Ala、His、Asn或Cys处的脱酰胺作用位点(J Chromatog(2006)837:35-43)和N-糖基化位点例如Asn-X-Ser/Thr位点。一般情况下,暴露的甲硫氨酸会被Leu所取代,暴露的天冬酰胺会被谷氨酰胺或天冬氨酸所取代,或其随后的残基会被更换。对于糖基化位点(Asn-X-Ser/Thr)而言,可更换Asn或Ser/Thr残基。
检查形成的复合序列是否存在已知的B细胞或线性T细胞表位。例如,可利用公众可用的IEDB进行检索。如果在该复合序列中发现已知表位,则检索和取代另一组人序列。
与US专利号5,639,641的表面重塑方法不同的是,该方法探讨了B细胞介导和T细胞介导的免疫原性反应。该方法还避免了有时使用CDR移植可观察到的活性丢失问题(US专利号5,530,101)。此外,在设计和选择过程中还考虑了稳定性和溶解度的问题,从而产生对于低免疫原性、高抗原亲和力和改善生物物理性质最优化的抗体。
例如US专利号5,639,641披露了用于表面重塑抗体的策略和方法以及降低抗体在不同宿主体内免疫原性的其它方法。简而言之,在一优选方法中,(1)生成抗体重链和轻链可变区域库的位置比对,以产生重链和轻链可变区域构架表面暴露的位置,其中所有可变区域的比对位置至少约98%是相同的;(2)定义一组重链和轻链可变区域构架表面暴露的氨基酸残基,以用于非人例如啮齿类动物抗体(或其抗体片段);(3)鉴定一组与所述啮齿类动物表面暴露的氨基酸残基最为一致的重链和轻链可变区域构架表面暴露的氨基酸残基;以及(4)除了在所述啮齿类动物抗体CDR的任何残基的任何原子5以内的氨基酸残基外,将步骤(2)所确定的一组重链和轻链可变区域构架表面的暴露氨基酸替换为步骤(3)所鉴定的一组重链和轻链可变区域构架表面的暴露氨基酸残基,以生成保留结合特异性的人源化例如啮齿类动物抗体。
抗体可利用许多其它技术包括CDR移植(EPO 0239400;WO91/09967和US专利号5,530,101以及5,585,089)、贴面(veneering)或表面重塑(EPO 0592106;EPO 0519596;Padlan,1991,Molec Imm28(4/5):489-498;Studnicka等人,1994,Prot Eng 7(6):805-814和Roguska等人,1994,PNAS 91:969-973)和链改组(US专利号5,565,332)进行人源化。人抗体可籍许多本领域知晓的方法进行制备,包括但不限于噬菌体展示方法(参见US专利号4,444,887,4,716,111,5,545,806和5,814,318和WO98/46645,WO 98/50433,WO 98/24893,WO98/16654,WO 96/34096,WO96/33735和WO 91/10741),使用转基因动物例如啮齿类动物,使用嵌合细胞等。
″抗体同源物″或“同源物”系指任何按此处所教导特异结合IL-4和/或IL-13的分子。因此,抗体同源物包括天然或重组抗体、不论修饰与否,保留了目的生物学性质(例如结合IL-4或IL-13)的抗体部分,例如Fab或Fv分子、单链抗体以及携带一个或多个CDR区域的多肽等。所述同源物的氨基酸序列无需与天然存在的抗体氨基酸序列相同,但可经改变或修饰以携带取代氨基酸、插入氨基酸、缺失氨基酸、除蛋白质上正常存在的20个氨基酸以外的氨基酸等,以获得具有增强或其它有利性质的多肽。
具有同源序列的抗体是其氨基酸序列与本发明的IL-4,IL-13或双特异IL-4/IL-13抗体的氨基酸序列具有序列同源性的抗体。优选地,同源性位于本发明抗体的可变区域的氨基酸序列。应用于本文氨基酸序列的″序列同源性″定义为经例如根据Pearson&Lipman,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85,2444-2448(1988)的FASTA检索方法测定与其它氨基酸序列具有至少约90%、91%、92%、93%、94%或更多的序列同源性,更优选地为至少约95%、96%、97%、98%或99%的序列同源性。
嵌合抗体是具有不同抗体部分的抗体,其源自不同来源例如不同抗体、不同种类的抗体、不同动物物种,例如具有源自鼠单克隆抗体的可变区与人免疫球蛋白恒定区配对的抗体等。因此,人源化抗体是一种嵌合抗体。用于生产嵌合抗体的方法为本领域所知晓,参见例如Morrison,1985,Science 229:1202;Oi等人,1986,BioTechniques 4:214;Gillies等人,1989,J Immunol Methods 125:191-202和US专利号5,807,715,4,816,567和4,816,397。
人工抗体包括scFv片段、嵌合抗体、双抗体、三抗体、四抗体和mru(参见Winter&Milstein的综述,1991,Nature 349:293-299;和Hudson,1999,Curr Opin Imm 11:548-557),其中每种均具有抗原结合或表位结合能力。在单链Fv片段(scFv)中,抗体的VH和VL结构域籍柔性胜肽连接起来。一般情况下,所述连接体是约为15个氨基酸的肽。如果连接体小得多,例如为5个氨基酸,则会形成双抗体。抗体的最小结合单元为CDR,通常为具有足够特异识别和结合能力的重链CDR2。这种片段被称为分子识别单元或mru。几个该类mrus可籍短的连接体肽连接到一起,从而形成具有高于单个mru亲合力的人工结合蛋白。
目的抗体的功能等效物也包括在本发明的范围以内。术语″功能等效物″包括带有同源序列的抗体、抗体同源物、嵌合抗体、人工抗体和修饰的抗体,例如,其中每个功能等效物是按照其结合IL-4和/或IL-13、抑制IL-4和/或IL-13信号传导能力或功能,或抑制IL-4和/或IL-13结合到其受体的能力定义的。技术人员会理解名为″抗体片段″的一组分子与名为″功能等效物″的一组有重迭。制备保留IL-4和/或IL-13结合能力的功能等效物的方法为本领域技术人员知晓,并为例如WO 93/21319,EPO Ser.No.239,400,WO 89/09622,EPOSer.No.338,745和EPO Ser.No.332,424所披露。
本申请的功能等效物还包括修饰抗体,例如被任何类型的分子经共价连接至抗体而修饰的抗体。例如,修饰抗体包括业已被已知的保护/阻断基经过例如糖基化、乙酰化、聚乙二醇化、脱酰胺化、磷酸化、酰胺化、衍生化,蛋白水解切割、连接到细胞配体、连接到毒素或细胞毒性部分或其它蛋白等修饰的抗体。共价连接无需这样的抗体,所述抗体免疫于生成抗个体基因型反应。所述修饰可通过已知技术实现,其包括但不限于特定化学切割、乙酰化、甲酰化、代谢合成等。此外,被修饰抗体可含有一个或多个非典型的氨基酸。
本领域技术人员可利用许多技术来实现结合亲和力的优化。一般情况下,这些技术包括取代目的位点处的多种氨基酸残基、随后筛选分析突变多肽对关联抗原或表位的结合亲和力。
一旦抗体被鉴定和分离,通常可用于生成变异抗体或突变体或突变蛋白质,其中例如所述抗体的一个或多个高变区的一个或多个氨基酸残基被改变。可选地或额外地,可向抗体引入构架区残基的一个或多个变动(例如取代),其中这些变动导致抗体突变体对IL-4和/或IL-13的结合亲和力升高。可经修饰的构架区残基的实例包括非共价直接结合抗原的残基(Amit等人,Science 233:747-753(1986));影响CDR构象或与其相互作用的残基(Chothia等人,J Mol Biol 196:901-917(1987));和/或参与VL-VH界面的残基(EP239400)。在某些实施方案中,一个或多个这类构架区残基的修饰导致抗体与关联抗原的结合亲和力增加。例如,在本发明的该实施方案中可改变约1个到约5个构架区残基。有时,这足以产生适合用于临床前试验的抗体突变体,即使其中高变区的任何残基都没有改变。但正常情况下抗体突变体可包括一个或多个高变区变动。也可改变恒定区以获得理想或更加理想的效应物性质。
被变动的高变区残基可随机改变,尤其是当亲代抗体的初始结合亲和力可使随机产生的抗体突变体容易在本文所教导的测定中就改变的结合进行筛选。
一种获得抗体突变体例如CDR突变体的方法是″丙氨酸扫描诱变″(Cunningham&Wells,Science 244:1081-1085(1989)和Cunningham&Wells,Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 84:6434-6437(1991))。一个或多个高变区残基被丙氨酸或聚丙氨酸残基替换。对所述取代表现出功能敏感性的这些高变区残基随后通过在或就取代位点引入进一步或其它突变而精修。因此,尽管事先确定了引入氨基酸序列变动的位点,但突变本身的性质无需事先确定。根据被扫描残基的所需性质,可尝试使用其它氨基酸进行类似取代。
鉴定待修饰氨基酸残基更为系统的方法包括鉴定参与结合IL-4和/或IL-13的高变区残基和很少或没有参与IL-4和/或IL-13结合的高变区残基。进行非结合高变区残基的丙氨酸扫描,其中检测每个ala突变体对IL-4和/或IL-13的结合的增强。在另一实施方案中,选择明显参与IL-4和/或IL-13结合的这些残基进行修饰。修饰可包括缺失残基或在目的残基邻近插入一个或多个残基。但是,正常情况下修饰包括以另一个氨基酸取代残基。保守性取代可以是第一取代。如果该取代导致生物活性发生变化(例如结合亲和力),那么可进行另一次保守取代以确定是否得到更多实质性变化。
通过选择其性质与正常情况下位于某位点处的氨基酸有更多实质差异的氨基酸,可对抗体范围和生物性质的呈现进行更为实质性的修饰。因此,在维持下列情况下可进行该取代:(a)取代区域的多肽骨架结构,例如片层或螺旋构象;(b)该分子在靶位点处的电荷或疏水性,或(c)侧链的大小。
例如,根据常见侧链性质,天然存在的氨基酸可分为以下几组:
(1)疏水:甲硫氨酸(M或met)、丙氨酸(A或ala)、缬氨酸(V或val)、亮氨酸(L或leu)和异亮氨酸(I或ile);
(2)中性、亲水:半胱氨酸(C或cys)、丝氨酸(S或ser)、苏氨酸(T或thr)、天冬酰胺(N或asn)和谷氨酰胺(Q或gln);
(3)酸性:天冬氨酸(D或asp)和谷氨酸(E或glu);
(4)碱性:组氨酸(H或his)、赖氨酸(K或lys)和精氨酸(R或arg);
(5)影响链取向的残基:甘氨酸(G或gly)和脯氨酸(P或pro),以及
(6)芳香:色氨酸(W或trp)、酪氨酸(Y或tyr)苯丙氨酸(F或phe)。
非保守取代需要以来自另一组的氨基酸调换氨基酸。保守性取代需要将一氨基酸交换成组内另一氨基酸。
优选的氨基酸取代包括下列氨基酸取代,其:(1)降低对蛋白水解的敏感性,(2)降低对氧化的敏感性,(3)改变结合亲和力以及(4)赋予或修饰这些类似物的其它生理-化学或功能性质。类似物可包括除天然存在肽序列以外的序列的多种突变蛋白质。例如,可对天然存在的序列(优选在形成分子间接触的区域以外的多肽部分)进行单个或多个氨基酸的取代(优选为保守性氨基酸取代)。除R基或侧链的大小或构象的改变以外,保守性氨基酸取代不应实质性改变亲代序列的结构特征(例如氨基酸替换不应倾向于打断亲代序列中存在的螺旋,或破坏表征亲代序列的其它类型的二级结构(Proteins,Structures andMolecular Principles,Creighton,编辑,W.H.Freeman and Company,New York(1984));Introduction to ProteinStructure(Branden&Tooze,eds.,Garland Publishing,NewYork,N.Y.(1991));和Thornton等人Nature 354:105(1991)。
通常情况下,生物学性质改善的抗体突变体具有与亲代抗人IL-4和/或IL-13抗体的重链或轻链可变结构域的氨基酸序列至少75%的氨基酸序列同一性或相似性,至少80%、至少85%、至少90%以及通常为至少95%的同一性的氨基酸序列。就亲代抗体序列而言,同一性或相似性在本文中定义为经比对序列和引入空位(若有必要)以实现最大的百分比序列同一性后,候选序列的与亲代抗体残基相同(即相同残基)或类似(即基于相同侧链性质而来自同一组的氨基酸残基,参见上文)的氨基酸残基百分比。
或者,通过重链和轻链的FR和CDR区域或抗IL-4、抗IL-13或双特异IL-4/IL-13抗体的Fc区域的系统突变,可生成抗体突变体。生成抗体突变体的另一种方法包括使用噬菌体展示进行亲和力成熟(Hawkins等人,JMol Biol 254:889-896(1992)和Lowman等人,Biochemistry30(45):10832-10838(1991))。已知噬菌体外壳蛋白融合(Smith,Science228:1315(1985);Scott&Smith,Science 249:386(1990);Cwirla等人,ProcNatlAcad Sci USA 8:309(1990);Devlin等人,Science 249:404(1990);Wells&Lowman,CurrOpin Struct Biol 2:597(1992)和US5,223,409)可用于将所展示的蛋白或肽的表型与编码它们的噬菌体颗粒的基因型联系在一起。抗体的Fab结构域也已被展示在噬菌体上(McCafferty等人,Nature 348:552(1990);Barbas等人,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:7978(1991);和Garrard等人,Biotechnol 9:1373(1991))。
单价噬菌体展示由下述组成:将一组蛋白质变体作为噬菌体外壳蛋白融合体展示于噬菌体颗粒上(Bass等人,Proteins 8:309(1990)。以前业已通过连续应用诱变、单价噬菌体展示和功能分析(Lowman&Wells,J MolBiol 234:564578(1993);US专利号5,534,617)如通过集中于抗体的CDR区域(Barbas等人,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:3809(1994);和Yang等人,JMol Biol 254:392(1995))实现了亲和力成熟或多种蛋白平衡结合亲和力的提高。
可在噬菌体颗粒上构建许多(例如106或更多)其序列特定位置上有差异的蛋白变异体的库,其中每个噬菌体颗粒含有编码特定蛋白变异体的DNA。经使用固定化抗原进行多轮亲和力纯化后,分离单个噬菌体克隆,并从DNA推演出所展示蛋白的氨基酸序列。
产生抗体突变体后,可依据本文教导测定该分子相对于亲代抗体的生物活性。正如上文指出,这涉及测定抗体的结合亲和力和/或其它生物活性或物理性质。在本发明的一个优选实施方案中,制备一组抗体突变体,筛选其对抗原的结合亲和力。任选地可对选自筛选的一个或多个抗体突变体进行一次或多次另外的生物活性测定,以确定抗体突变体具有新的或改进的性质。在一个优选实施方案中,所述抗体突变体保留了以亲代抗体类似或更好/更高的结合亲和力结合IL-4和/或IL-13的能力。
通常根据抗体想要的用途,可对依此选择的抗体突变体进行进一步修饰。这类修饰可包括进一步改变氨基酸序列,与异源多肽的融合和/或共价修饰。例如,一般可使用丝氨酸取代未参与维持抗体突变体适宜构象的半胱氨酸残基,以改善该分子的氧化稳定性和防止异常交联。相反,可向抗体加入半胱氨酸以提高稳定性(尤其当抗体是抗体片段例如Fv片段时)。
另一类型的抗体突变体具有改变的糖基化模式。可通过缺失抗体上发现的一个或多个糖类部分和/或加入一个或多个抗体上没有的糖基化位点实现这一点。抗体的糖基化一般为N连接到Asn或O连接到Ser或Thr。三肽序列,天冬酰胺-X-丝氨酸和天冬酰胺-X-苏氨酸是糖类部分经酶催化连接到天冬酰胺侧链的常见识别序列,其中X是除脯氨酸以外的任何氨基酸。例如N-乙酰半乳糖胺、半乳糖、岩藻糖或木糖连接到羟基氨基酸,大多数为丝氨酸或苏氨酸,尽管也可使用5-羟脯氨酸或5-羟赖氨酸。向原抗体的序列加入或取代一个或多个丝氨酸或苏氨酸残基可增加O-连接糖基化的概率。
理想情况下可修饰本发明所述抗体的效应物功能,以增强抗体的效用。例如,可在Fc区引入半胱氨酸残基,从而在该区域形成链间二硫键。依此生成的同型二聚抗体可具有改善的内化能力和/或增加的补体-介导的细胞杀伤以及抗体依赖的细胞毒性(ADCC),参见Caron等人,J Exp Med176:1191-1195(1992)和Shopes,Immunol 148:2918-2922(1993)。或者,可改造具有两个Fc区的抗体,因而该抗体可具有增强的补体裂解和ADCC能力,参见Stevenson等人,Anti-Cancer Drug Design 3:219230(1989)。
抗体的共价修饰涵盖在本发明的范围内。可通过化学合成或通过抗体的酶切割或化学切割(若可行)实现这一点。通过抗体的靶向氨基酸残基与有机衍生剂发生反应可向抗体分子引入抗体的其它类型共价修饰,其中有机衍生剂能够与所选侧链或与N端或C端残基反应。
半胱氨酰残基可与α-卤代乙酸酯(以及相应的胺)例如氯乙酸或氯乙酰胺发生反应,生成羧甲基或羧酰胺甲基(carboxyamidomethyl)衍生物。还可通过例如与溴三氟丙酮、α-溴-β-(5-咪唑基)丙酸、氯乙酰磷酸盐、N-烷基马来酰亚胺、3-硝基-2-吡啶二硫化物、甲基2-吡啶二硫化物、p-chloromercuribenzoate、2-chloromercura-4-硝基苯酚或氯-7-硝基苯并-2-氧杂-1,3-二唑发生反应,衍化得到半胱氨酰残基。
可通过与焦碳酸二乙酯在pH 5.5-7.0下反应衍化得到组氨酰残基。还可使用对溴苯酰甲基溴,该反应优选在pH 6.0的0.1M二甲胂酸钠中进行。
赖氨酰(lysinyl)和α末端残基可与琥珀酸或其它羧酸酐发生反应,以逆转残基的电荷。用于衍化得到含有α-氨基残基的其它适宜试剂包括亚氨酸酯例如甲基picolinimidate、磷酸吡哆醛、吡哆醛、氯硼氢化物、三硝基苯磺酸、O-甲基异脲和2,4-戊二酮,氨基酸可用乙醛酸被转氨酶催化。
可通过与一种或多种常规试剂例如苯甲酰甲醛、2,3-丁二酮、1,2-环己二酮和茚三酮反应来修饰精氨酰残基。精氨酸残基的衍化通常需要碱性反应条件。而且,这些试剂可与赖氨酸以及精氨酸的ε-氨基发生反应。
可使用芳香族重氮化合物或四硝基甲烷进行酪氨酰残基的特异修饰。例如,使用N-乙酰基咪唑和四硝基甲烷分别形成O-乙酰酪氨酰种类和3-硝基衍生物。使用125I或131I可碘化酪氨酰残基以制备用于放射免疫测定的标记蛋白。
通过与碳二亚胺(R-N=C=C-R′)反应,羧基侧链基团(天冬酰基或谷氨酰基)可被修饰,其中R和R′可为不同的烷基,例如1-环己基-3-(2-吗啉基-4-乙基)碳二亚胺或1-乙基-3-(4-氮鎓-4,4-二甲戊基)碳二亚胺。而且,天冬氨酰和谷氨酰残基经与铵离子反应可被转化为天冬酰胺酰基和谷氨酰胺酰基残基。
谷氨酰胺酰基和天冬酰胺酰基残基常在中性或碱性条件下被脱去酰氨基,分别生成相应的谷氨酰和天冬酰残基。这些残基脱去酰胺的形式落在本发明的范围以内。
其它修饰包括脯氨酸和赖氨酸的羟化、丝氨酰或苏氨酰残基的羟基磷酸化、赖氨酸、精氨酸和组氨酸侧链α-氨基的甲基化(Creighton,Proteins:Structure andMolecular Properties,W.H.Freeman&Co.,SanFrancisco,pp.79-86(1983))、N端胺的乙酰化和任意C端羧基的酰胺化。
另一类型的共价修饰涉及通过化学方式或酶方式将糖苷偶联到抗体上。这些方法不需要在宿主细胞内产生具有N-连接或O-连接的糖基化能力的抗体。根据所使用的偶联方法,糖可被连接到:(a)精氨酸和组氨酸;(b)游离羧基;(c)游离硫氢基,例如半胱氨酸的硫氢基;(d)游离羟基,例如丝氨酸、苏氨酸或羟脯氨酸的羟基;(e)芳香残基例如苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸或色氨酸的芳香残基;或(f)谷氨酰胺的酰氨。WO 87/05330和Aplin&Wriston,CRCCrit Rev Biochem,pp.259-306(1981)叙述了这类方法。
可通过化学或酶方式除去抗体上的任何糖类部分。例如化学去糖基化需要抗体暴露于化合物三氟甲磺酸或相当的化合物,从而导致除连接糖(N-乙酰基葡糖胺或N-乙酰基半乳糖胺)以外的大多数或全部糖的切割,同时保持抗体的完整性。例如Hakimuddin等人,Arch Biochem Biophys 259:52(1987)和Edge等人,Anal Biochem 118:131(1981)叙述了化学去糖基化。可通过例如Thotakura等人,Meth Enzymol 138:350(1987)所述的许多内切糖苷酶和外切糖苷酶中的任意实现抗体上糖类部分的酶切割。
另一类型的抗体共价修饰包括依据US专利号4,640,835、4,496,689、4,301,144、4,670,417、4,791,192或4,179,337所述方式将该抗体连接到许多非蛋白质聚合物例如聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇或聚氧化烯类(polyoxylalkylene)的一种。
获得突变体或突变蛋白质的另一种优选技术是籍噬菌体展示进行亲和力成熟(Hawkins等人,J Mol Biol 254:889-896(1992)和Lowman等人,Biochemistry 30(45):10832-10838(1991))。简而言之,几个高变区位点(例如6-7个位点)被突变以产生每个位点所有可能的氨基酸取代。依此得到的抗体突变体作为与噬菌体颗粒上的蛋白的融合以单价形式被展示于噬菌体颗粒上。表现多种突变体的噬菌体可通过以下循环:多轮结合选择,随后对展示出高亲和力的突变体而进行分离和测序。
选择新结合多肽的方法可使用结构相关多肽的库。通过诱变产生与例如噬菌体外壳蛋白融合的结构相关多肽的库,并将其展示在颗粒表面。随后这些颗粒与靶分子接触,将对靶具有最高亲和力的颗粒与具有低亲和力的颗粒分离出来。随后通过感染适宜的细菌宿主扩增高亲和力的结合物,并重复竞争性结合步骤。重复该过程,直至得到所需亲和力的多肽。
或者,还可使用多价噬菌体(McCafferty等人(1990)Nature348:552-554和Clackson等人(1991)Nature 352:624-628)来表达随机点突变(例如籍使用易错DNA聚合酶生成),以生成噬菌体抗体片段的库,并随后筛选该库对IL-4和/或IL-13的亲和力(Hawkins等人(1992)J Mol Biol254:889-896)。
优选情况下,在亲和力成熟过程中,可复制的表达载体处于转录调节元件的严密调控下,调节培养条件使得展示一个以上融合蛋白拷贝的颗粒的量或数目小于约1%。同样在优选情况下,展示一个以上融合蛋白拷贝的颗粒的量小于展示单个融合蛋白拷贝的颗粒量的10%。优选情况下该量小于20%。
通过互换构架区或源自多个抗体的复合FR内不同抗体链的不同CDR,可产生功能等效物。因此,例如,对于一组给定的CDRs而言,通过取代不同的重链例如IgG1-4,、IgM、IgA1-2或IgD,不同种类的抗体有可能生成不同的IL-4和/或IL-13抗体类型和同种型。与之类似,通过将一组给定CDRs包埋入整个合成的构架区内,可产生位于本发明范围内的人工抗体。
本发明的抗体片段和功能等效物包括其特异结合IL-4和/或IL-13的程度可被检测的分子。结合的可检测程度包括目的抗体结合能力的至少10-100%范围内的所有值,优选为至少50%、60%或70%,更优选为至少75%、80%、85%、90%、95%或99%。具有大于目的抗体100%亲和力的等效物也包括在内。
一般CDRs对于表位识别和抗体结合是重要的。但是,可对包含CDRs的残基进行变动,而不干扰抗体识别和结合关联表位的能力。例如,可进行不影响表位识别但却增加抗体对表位的结合亲和力的变动。基于对主要抗体序列的了解,几项研究调查了向抗体序列多个位点引入一个或多个氨基酸变动后对抗体性质的效应,例如结合和表达水平(Yang等人,1995,JMol Biol 254:392-403;Rader等人,1998,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA95:8910-8915;和Vaughan等人,1998,Nature Biotechnology 16,535-539)。
因此,使用诸如寡核苷酸介导的定点诱变、盒诱变、易错PCR、DNA改组或大肠杆菌的突变株等方法改变CDR1、CDR2或CDR3或构架区中的重链和轻链基因的序列,可生成目的抗体的等效物(Vaughan等人,1998,Nat Biotech 16:535-539;和Adey等人,1996,Chap.16,pp.277-291,inPhage Display of Peptides and Proteins,eds.Kay等人,AcademicPress)。改变初级抗体核酸序列的方法可导致抗体的亲和力提高(Gram等人,1992,ProcNatl Acad Sci USA 89:3576-3580;Boder等人,2000,Proc Natl AcadSci USA 97:10701-10705;Davies&Riechmann,1996,Immunotech2:169-179;Thompson等人,1996,J Mol Biol256:77-88;Short等人,2002,J Biol Chem 277:16365-16370;和Furukawa等人,2001,JBiol Chem276:27622-27628)。
通过例如选择历经多轮选择而选择的多个氨基酸变化,可使用重复数轮的″多肽选择″以选择越来越高的亲和力结合。第一轮选择后可对配体的其它区域或氨基酸进行其它轮的选择,其中第一轮选择涉及配体或抗体多肽的氨基酸选择的首个区域。重复多轮选择,直到实现所需的亲和力性质。
改良抗体还包括具有改良特征的抗体,它们籍动物免疫、杂交瘤形成和选择具有特异特征的抗体的标准技术而制备。
″拮抗剂″系指能够抑制靶分子一种或多种生物活性(例如籍IL-4和/或IL-13的信号转导)的分子。拮抗剂通过灭活或杀灭被配体活化的细胞和/或干扰受体或配体活化(例如酪氨酸激酶活化)或配体结合到受体后的信号转导,可干扰受体结合到配体且反之亦然。所述拮抗剂可完全阻断受体-配体的相互作用,或实质降低这种相互作用。
″激动剂″系指包括活化IL-4和/或IL-13一种或多种生物活性的蛋白质、多肽、肽、抗体、抗体片段、缀合物、大分子、小分子的化合物。激动剂可通过作为被配体活化的细胞的促分裂原作用和/或通过在配体结合到受体后干扰细胞失活或信号转导抑制,从而与受体对配体的结合相互作用,反之亦然。出于本发明的目的,激动剂的所有此类干涉位置均被视为相当的。
术语″细胞″、″细胞系″和″细胞培养物″包括它们的后代。还应理解,由于有意或无意的突变,所有的后代不一定精确相同,例如在DNA含量上。包括具有相同目的功能或生物性质的变体后代,其中目的功能或生物性质为针对原始细胞进行筛选。
术语″载体″意为核酸建构体、载体,其含有核酸、转基因、外源基因或目的基因,它们被有效地连接到适宜的调控序列以在适宜的宿主内进行转基因的表达。这类调控序列包括例如影响转录的启动子、控制转录的任选操纵子序列、编码适宜mRNA核糖体结合位点的序列以及调控转录和翻译终止的序列。载体可为质粒、噬菌体颗粒或仅仅是潜在的基因组插入物。一旦被转化到适宜的宿主体内,载体可独立于宿主的基因组进行复制和发挥功能,或在某些情形下可整合到宿主细胞的基因组上。在本说明书中,″质粒″和″载体″可互换使用,因为质粒是载体常见的使用形式。但是,本发明旨在包括发挥等效载体功能的此类其它形式的载体,它们为或正为本领域所知晓,例如病毒、携带核酸的合成分子、脂质体等。
就治疗目的而言″哺乳动物″系指可被归类为哺乳动物的任何动物,其包括人、家畜和农场动物、非人灵长类动物和动物园动物、竞技动物或宠物,例如狗、马、猫、牛等。
可在本文所述或本领域知晓的测定中筛选或使用目的抗体。这类测定通常需要可检测如被标记的试剂。本文所使用的词语″标记″系指可直接或间接缀合到分子或蛋白例如抗体上的可检测化合物或组合物。标记可本身为可检测的(例如放射性同位素标记、颗粒或荧光标记),或就酶标记而言可催化能被检测的底物化合物或组合物的化学改变。
正如本文所使用,″固相″意为实体或分子例如本发明所述抗体可粘附其上的非水基质。本文所包括的固相实例包括部分或全部由玻璃(例如可控孔径玻璃)、多糖(例如琼脂糖)、聚丙烯酰胺、聚苯乙烯、聚乙烯醇和聚硅氧烷形成的固相。在一些实施方案中,根据上下文,所述固相可包括测定板的孔;在其它情况下可用于纯化柱(例如亲和力层析柱)。因此,所述固相可以是纸、珠、塑料、芯片等,可从许多材料例如硝化纤维素、琼脂糖、聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯、硅等制备,还可采取许多构象。
依据为本领域技术人员熟知的方法且例如参见下文,本领域业已知晓编码IL-4和IL-13的基因或cDNA,它们可被克隆到质粒或其它表达载体,并在众多表达体系的任意一种中进行表达。
编码氨基酸序列突变体的核酸序列可通过许多本领域知晓的方法进行制备。这些方法包括但不限于先前制备的目的分子的突变体或非突变体形式的寡核苷酸-介导(或定点)诱变、PCR诱变和盒诱变(参见例如Kunkel,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:488(1985))。
本发明抗体或其片段、衍生物或类似物(例如本发明抗体的重链或轻链、本发明的单链抗体或本发明的抗体突变蛋白质)的重组表达包括构建含有编码本文所述的抗体或抗体片段的多核苷酸的表达载体。一旦获得编码抗体分子的多核苷酸,可通过本领域知晓的重组DNA技术产生用于生产所述抗体的载体。构建含有抗体编码序列和适宜转录和翻译调控信号的表达载体。这些方法包括例如体外重组DNA技术、合成技术和体内基因重组。
通过常规技术将表达载体转移到宿主细胞体内,随后通过常规技术培养被转染的细胞,以产生本发明的抗体或片段。在本发明的一个方面,编码重链和轻链的载体可在宿主细胞内共表达,以表达本文详述的整个免疫球蛋白分子。
可使用许多宿主/表达载体体系来表达本发明的抗体分子。这些表达体系不仅代表可产生和随后纯化目的编码序列的运载体(vehicle),还代表了以适宜核苷酸编码序列转化或转染时可原位表达本发明抗体分子的细胞。细菌细胞例如大肠杆菌和真核细胞常用于重组抗体分子的表达,尤其是用于全长重组抗体分子的表达。例如,哺乳动物细胞例如CHO细胞与例如携带来自人巨细胞病毒的主要中间体即时早期基因启动子元件的载体的载体联合是抗体的有效表达体系(Foecking等人,Gene 45:101(1986);和Cockett等人,Bio/Technology 8:2(1990))。正如本领域所知晓,还可使用植物和植物细胞培养物、昆虫细胞等来生产目的蛋白。
此外,选择可调节插入序列表达或以所需的特异方式修饰和加工基因产物的宿主细胞。蛋白产物的这些修饰(例如糖基化)和加工(例如切割)对于蛋白功能可能是重要的。不同的宿主细胞具有蛋白质及基因产物翻译后加工和修饰的性质和特异机制。可选择适宜的细胞系或宿主体系,以确保所表达的目的抗体的正确修饰和加工。因此,可使用拥有用于主要转录物适宜加工、基因产物糖基化和磷酸化的细胞机制的真核宿主细胞。这些哺乳动物宿主细胞包括但不限于CHO、COS、293、3T3或骨髓瘤细胞。
稳定表达对于长期高产率生产重组蛋白而言是优选的。例如可改造稳定表达抗体分子的细胞系。与其使用含有病毒复制起点的表达载体,不如使用受适宜表达调控元件(例如启动子、增强子、序列、转录终止子、多聚腺苷酸位点等)调控的DNA和选择标记转化宿主细胞。引入外来DNA后,可让改造细胞在富集培养基上生长1至2天,随后将其转移至选择性培养基上。重组质粒的选择性标记赋予对选择的抗性,使得细胞将质粒稳定整合到染色体上,并扩展成细胞系。这些改造的细胞系不仅可用于抗体制备,还可用于筛选和评估直接或间接与抗体分子相互作用的化合物。
可使用许多选择体系,其分别包括但不限于单纯疱疹病毒胸苷激酶(Wigler等人,Cell 11:223(1977))、次黄嘌呤-鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶(Szybalska等人,Proc Natl AcadSci USA 48:202(1992))、谷氨酸合成酶在甲硫氨酸砜亚胺的存在下选择(Adv Drug DelRev 58,671,2006并参看Lonza Group Ltd.的网站或文献)以及tk、hgprt或aprt细胞中的腺嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶基因(Lowy等人,Cell 22:817(1980))。同样,可使用抗代谢物抗性作为选择下列基因的基础:dhfr,其赋予甲胺蝶呤抗性(Wigler等人,Proc Natl Acad SciUSA 77:357(1980);O′Hare等人,Proc Natl AcadSci USA 78:1527(1981));gpt,其赋予霉酚酸抗性(Mulligan等人,Proc NatlAcad Sci USA 78:2072(1981));neo,其赋予氨基糖苷G-418抗性(Wu等人,Biotherapy 3:87(1991));以及hygro,其赋予潮霉素抗性(Santerre等人,Gene 30:147(1984))。可常规应用重组DNA技术领域知晓的方法来选择所需的重组克隆,这些方法的描述见于例如Ausubel等人,eds.,CurrentProtocols in MolecularBiology,John Wiley&Sons(1993);Kriegler,GeneTransfer and Expression,ALaboratory Manual,Stockton Press(1990);Dracopoli等人,eds.,Current Protocolsin Human Genetics,John Wiley&Sons(1994);和Colberre-Garapin等人,J Mol Biol150:1(1981)。
通过载体扩增可增加抗体分子的表达水平(例如参见Bebbington等人,DNACloning,Vol.3.Academic Press(1987))。当表达抗体的载体体系中的标记物可扩增时,培养物中抑制剂水平的升高会增加标记物基因的拷贝数目。由于被扩增区域与抗体基因有关联,抗体的产生也会上升(Crouse等人,Mol Cell Biol 3:257(1983))。
可使用本发明的两种或更多表达载体对宿主细胞进行共转染,例如第一载体编码源自重链的多肽,而第二载体编码源自轻链的多肽。这两个载体可含有相同的选择标记物,这些标记物可使重链和轻链多肽的表达相同。或者,可使用编码并可表达重链和轻链多肽的单个载体。在这种情况下,轻链应置于重链之前,以避免产生过多不含毒性的重链(Proudfoot,Nature322:52(1986);和Kohler,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:2197(1980))。重链和轻链的编码序列可包括cDNA或基因组DNA。
一旦通过动物、化学合成或重组表达产生本发明的抗体分子,可通过本领域知晓的任何纯化免疫球蛋白分子的方法例如层析(例如离子交换、亲和层析等,尤其是经蛋白质A和大小排阻层析后对IL-4和/或IL-13的亲和层析)、离心、差异溶解度或通过蛋白纯化的任何其它标准技术纯化抗体分子。此外,本发明所述抗体或抗体片段可被融合到本文所述的异源多肽序列或本领域知晓的其它多肽序列,以便于纯化。
可通过本领域知晓的任何适宜方法生成本发明所述抗体。本发明所述抗体可包括多克隆抗体,尽管由于抗体修饰以优化其在人体内的使用以及优化抗体本身的使用,但单克隆抗体仍是优选的,这是因其生产和操纵特定蛋白方便。制备多克隆抗体的方法为本领域技术人员所知晓(Harlow等人,Antibodies:a Laboratory Manual,Cold Spring HarborLaboratoryPress,2nd ed.(1988))。
本发明所述抗体优选包括单克隆抗体。可使用杂交瘤技术例如由Kohler等人,Nature 256:495(1975);US专利号4,376,110;Harlow等人,Antibodies:A LaboratoryManual,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,2nd ed.(1988)和Hammerling等人,Monoclonal Antibodies and T-CellHybridomas,Elsevier(1981)描述的、重组DNA方法例如制备和使用转染瘤的方法或为技术人员知晓的其它方法制备单克隆抗体。可用于产生单克隆抗体的方法的其它实例包括但不限于人B细胞杂交瘤技术(Kosbor等人,ImmunologyToday 4:72(1983);和Cole等人,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA80:2026(1983))和EBV-杂交瘤技术(Cole等人,Monoclonal Antibodies andCancer Therapy,pp.77-96,Alan R.Liss(1985))。这些抗体可为包括IgG、IgM、IgE、IgA和IgD的任何免疫球蛋白类别和其任何亚类的抗体。可在体外或体内培养产生本发明mAb的杂交瘤。
在杂交瘤模型中,对宿主例如小鼠、人源化小鼠、携带人免疫系统基因的转基因小鼠、仓鼠、兔、大鼠、骆驼或其它任何适宜的宿主动物进行免疫,以引发产生或能够产生特异结合IL-4或IL-13的抗体的淋巴细胞。可选地,在体外免疫篱笆细胞。使用适宜的融合剂例如聚乙二醇使淋巴细胞随后与骨髓瘤细胞融合,形成杂交瘤细胞(Goding,MonoclonalAntibodies:Principles and Practice,Academic Press,pp.59-103(1986))。
一般而言,制备产生抗体的杂交瘤时,如需要人来源细胞时可使用外周血淋巴细胞(″PBL″),或如需要非人哺乳动物来源时则可使用脾细胞或淋巴结细胞。永生细胞系通常是转化的哺乳动物细胞,尤其是啮齿类、牛或人来源的骨髓瘤细胞。一般使用大鼠或小鼠的骨髓瘤细胞系。可在适宜的培养基上培养杂交瘤细胞,该培养基优选含有可抑制未融合的永生细胞的生长或生存的一种或多种物质。例如,如果亲代细胞缺乏次黄嘌呤鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶(HGPRT或HPRT),用于杂交瘤的培养基一般会含有次黄嘌呤、氨蝶呤和胸苷(″HAT培养基″),它们是防止缺乏HGPRT的细胞生长的物质。
优选的永生细胞系是有效融合并支持所选择的产生抗体的细胞稳定高水平产生抗体的细胞系,它们对培养基例如HAT培养基敏感。这些骨髓瘤细胞系中有鼠骨髓瘤系,例如源自可从Salk Institute Cell DistributionCenter,San Diego,Calif获得的MOPC-21和MPC-11小鼠肿瘤和可从美国典型培养物保藏中心(American Type CultureCollection),Manassas,VA获得的SP2/0、FO或X63-Ag8-653细胞的细胞系。
还描述了人骨髓瘤和小鼠-人异骨髓瘤(heteromyeloma)细胞系用于产生人单克隆抗体(Kozbor,J Immunol 133:3001(1984);和Brodeur等人,Monoclonal AntibodyProduction Techniques and Applications,MarcelDekker,Inc,pp.51-63(1987))。51-63(1987))。还可使用小鼠骨髓瘤细胞系NSO(European Collection of Cell Cultures,Salisbury,Wilshire,UK)。
另外一种选择是使用电融合而非化学融合来形成杂交瘤。不使用融合,而是使用例如Epstein Barr病毒或其它转化基因来永生化B细胞,例如参见Zurawaki等人,Monoclonal Antibodies,编辑,Kennett等人,PlenumPress,pp.19-33.(1980)。19-33.(1980)。还可使用表达免疫球蛋白的转基因小鼠和移植有人B淋巴细胞的重症联合免疫缺陷(severe combinedimmunodeficient,SCID)小鼠。
测定生长有杂交瘤细胞的培养基中的针对IL-4和/或IL-13的单克隆抗体的产生。可通过免疫沉淀或通过体外结合测定例如放射免疫测定(RIA)、荧光细胞测量分析(flluorocytometric analysis,FACS)或酶连接免疫吸附测定(ELISA)测定杂交瘤细胞所产生的单克隆抗体的结合特异性。这些技术为本领域知晓,并在技术人员的技艺范围之内。可通过例如Scatchard分析(Munson等人,Anal Biochem 107:220(1980))测定单克隆抗体对IL-4和/或IL-13的结合亲和力。
鉴定产生所需特异性、亲和力和/或活性的抗体的杂交瘤细胞后,这些克隆可通过有限稀释方法进行亚克隆,并按标准方法(Goding,MonoclonalAntibodies:Principlesand Practice,Academic Press,pp.59-103(1986)进行培养。适宜的培养基包括例如Dulbecco改良的Eagle培养基(D-MEM)或RPMI-1640培养基。此外,杂交瘤细胞可作为腹水肿瘤在动物体内生长。
通过常规免疫球蛋白纯化方法例如蛋白质A-Sepharose、蛋白质G-Sepharose、羟磷灰石层析、凝胶排阻层析、凝胶电泳、透析或亲和层析从培养基、腹水液体或血清中适宜分开或分离出经亚克隆分泌的单克隆抗体。
本领域存在许多用于产生单克隆抗体的方法,因此本发明不局限于它们仅在杂交瘤中的制备。例如,可通过重组DNA方法例如US专利号4,816,567所述方法制备单克隆抗体。在这种情况下,术语″单克隆抗体″系指源自单个真核生物、噬菌体或原核生物克隆的抗体。
使用常规方法(例如使用可特异结合编码鼠抗体重链和轻链或来自人、人源化或其它来源的此类链的基因的寡核苷酸探针)可轻易分离和测序编码本发明所述单克隆抗体的DNA(Innis等人,PCR Protocols.A Guide toMethods and Applications,Academic(1990)和Sanger等人,Proc NatlAcad Sci 74:5463(1977))。杂交瘤细胞作为这类DNA的来源。一旦分离,所述DNA可被置于表达载体中,随后该表达载体被转染到本来不产生免疫球蛋白的宿主细胞例如大肠杆菌细胞、NSO细胞、COS细胞、中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞或骨髓瘤细胞中,以在重组的宿主细胞体内获得单克隆抗体的合成。还可通过例如用人重链和轻链恒定结构域的编码序列取代同源鼠序列(US专利号4,816,567;和Morrison等人,Proc NatlAcad Sci USA81:6851(1984))或通过将非免疫球蛋白多肽的全部或部分编码序列共价结合到免疫球蛋白编码序列,从而对所述DNA进行修饰。这些非免疫球蛋白多肽可被替换为本发明抗体的恒定结构域,或可被替换为本发明抗体的一个IL-4或IL-13结合位点的可变结构域,以形成嵌合的二价抗体。
这些抗体可为单价抗体。用于制备单价抗体的方法为本领域所熟知。例如,一种方法涉及免疫球蛋白轻链和修饰重链的重组表达。重链一般在Fc区的任意位置被截短,以防止重链交联。或者,相关半胱氨酸残基可被另一氨基酸残基取代或被缺失,以防止交联。
可通过已知技术生成识别特异表位的抗体片段。传统上通过完整抗体的蛋白水解消化得到这些片段(例如参见Morimoto等人,J BiochemBiophys Methods 24:107(1992);和Brennan等人,Science 229:81(1985))。例如使用酶如木瓜酶(产生Fab片段)或胃蛋白酶(产生F(ab′)2片段)对免疫球蛋白分子进行蛋白水解切割,可产生本发明的Fab和F(ab′)2片段。F(ab′)2片段含有可变区、轻链恒定区和重链的CH1结构域。但是可直接通过重组的宿主细胞产生这些片段。例如,抗体片段可从抗体噬菌体库分离得到。或者,F(ab′)2-SH片段可直接从大肠杆菌中回收并籍化学方式偶联形成F(ab’)2片段(Carter等人,Bio/Technology 10:163(1992)。根据另一方法,F(ab’)2片段可直接从重组的宿主细胞培养物中分离得到。产生抗体片段的其它技术对于本领域技术人员是显而易见的。在其它实施方案中,选择的抗体是单链Fv片段(Fv)(WO 93/16185)。
对于某些用途包括人体内使用抗体和体外检测测定而言,可优选使用嵌合的、人源化或人抗体。产生嵌合抗体的方法为本领域所知晓,例如参见Morrison,Science 229:1202(1985);Oi等人,BioTechniques 4:214(1986);Gillies等人,J Immunol Methods125:191(1989);和US专利号5,807,715;4,816,567以及4,816,397。
人源化抗体源自在非人物种体内生成的可结合IL-4和/或IL-13的抗体分子,其中来自其的一个或多个CDRs被插入到来自人免疫球蛋白分子的FR区。使用许多本领域知晓的多种技术例如CDR移植(EPO 239,400;WO 91/09967;和US专利号5,225,539;5,530,101;以及5,585,089),贴面或表面重塑(EPO 592,106;EPO 519,596;Padlan,MolecularImmunology28:489(1991);Studnicka等人,Protein Engineering 7:805(1994);和Roguska等人,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:969(1994)),以及链改组(US专利号5,565,332)可人源化抗体。
人源化抗体具有一个或多个来自非人来源的氨基酸残基。这些非人的氨基酸残基通常被称作″导入″残基,它们一般取自″导入″的可变结构域。依据Winter及其同事等人的方法(Jones等人,Nature 321:522(1986);Riechmann等人,Nature 332:323(1988)和Verhoeyen等人,Science239:1534(1988))通过以非人的CDR或CDRs序列的部分替换人抗体的相应序列,可基本上进行人源化。因此,这些″人源化″抗体是嵌合抗体(US专利号4,816,567),其中实质小于完整人可变结构域的序列已被来自非人物种的相应序列所取代。实践中,人源化抗体一般是人抗体,其中一些CDRs残基和可能的一些FR残基被啮齿类动物抗体的类似位点所取代。重链恒定区和铰接区可来自任何类别或亚类以获得需要的效果,如一个特定的效应物功能。
通常,人构架区的构架残基可被来自CDR供体抗体的相应残基取代,从而改变并有可能提高抗原结合。构架取代可籍本领域知晓方法进行鉴定,例如经建立CDR与构架残基相互作用的模型来鉴定对于抗原结合的重要构架残基,以及经序列比较以鉴定特定位置处的异常构架残基,例如参阅US专利号5,585,089和Riechmann等人,Nature 332:323(1988)。
更优选地,人源化抗体保留对IL-4和/或IL-13的高亲和力,并且保留或获得其它有利的生物性质。因此,利用亲代序列和人源化序列的三维模型,通过分析亲代序列和多种概念性人源化产物的方法,制备成人源化抗体。三维免疫球蛋白模型通常可为本领域技术人员利用和熟知。可获得说明和展示所选择候选免疫球蛋白序列的可能三维构象结构的计算机程序。检查此展示允许分析某些残基在候选免疫球蛋白序列发挥功能中的可能作用,即分析影响候选免疫球蛋白结合IL-4和/或IL-13能力的残基。籍此种方式,可从接收和导入序列选择和合并FR残基,使得所需抗体特性得到最大化,例如增加的对靶抗原的亲和力,尽管是CDR残基直接并最实质性地影响IL-4和/或IL-13结合。还可修饰CDR区域,使其含有一个或多个与得自亲代抗体(CDR得自该亲代抗体)氨基酸不同的氨基酸,以提供增强或不同的目的性质,例如更大的亲和力或更大的亲合力(avidity)的结合。
可操纵和改变抗体恒定区的某些部分,以提供具有不同与或优于亲代抗体中观察到性质的抗体同源物、衍生物、片段等。因此,例如许多IgG4抗体在铰链区附近形成链内二硫键。链内键可使亲代双价分子变得不稳定,形成含有重链及与之相连轻链的单价分子。这类分子可重新结合,但为随机结合。
经观察,修饰IgG4分子铰链区的氨基酸可降低链内键形成的几率,从而稳定IgG4分子,这将最小化双特异性分子形成的几率。若治疗用抗体是IgG4分子,这种修饰则是有利的,这是因为稳定性增强可将最小化分子在生产和制备过程中以及在体内的解离几率。单价抗体可能没有与双价亲代分子相同的有效性。例如,当将双价IgG4施用患者时,双价IgG4的百分比在两周内衰变为约30%。228位的氨基酸取代增强了IgG4稳定性。位于228位的丝氨酸可为另一氨基酸替换,例如其余19种氨基酸中的一种。尤其可对重组抗体作出这种变动,其中核酸编码序列经突变可得到228位处的氨基酸替换。例如S可被替换为脯氨酸。
另一组适合修饰的氨基酸包括铰链区域的氨基酸,这些氨基酸影响含有重链的分子与Fc受体之间的结合和被结合抗体的内化。这类氨基酸包括IgG 1分子中从约233至约237的残基(Glu-Leu-Leu-Gly-Gly)(SEQ IDNO:49)中;从约252至约256的残基(Met-Ile-Ser-Arg-Thr)(SEQ ID NO:50)和从约318(Glu)至约331(Pro)的残基,例如包括Lys320、Lys322和Pro329。
完全人抗体是人患者的治疗性治疗所特别希望的。可籍许多本领域知晓的方法制备人抗体,其中包括利用源自人免疫球蛋白序列的抗体文库而进行的上述噬菌体展示方法,参阅US专利号4,444,887和4,716,111;和WO 98/46645,WO 98/50433,WO 98/24893,WO98/16654,WO 96/34096,WO 96/33735和WO 91/10741。还可利用Cole等人和Boerder等人的技术制备人单克隆抗体(Cole等人,Monoclonal Antibodies and CancerTherapy,AlanR.Liss(1985);和Boerner等人,J Immunol 147:86(1991))。
还可使用转基因小鼠生产人抗体,这些小鼠不能表达有功能的内源免疫球蛋白,但也表达某些人免疫球蛋白基因。例如,可籍随机方式或同源重组将人重链和轻链免疫球蛋白基因复合物引入到小鼠的胚胎干细胞。或者,除了人重链和轻链基因以外,可将人的可变区、恒定区和多变区引入到小鼠胚胎干细胞中。通过同源重组引入人免疫球蛋白基因座,可使小鼠重链和轻链免疫球蛋白基因分别或同时失去功能。具体而言,JH区的纯合缺失可防止内源抗体生成。被修饰的胚胎干细胞被扩展并被显微注射到胚泡中,形成嵌合小鼠。随后繁育嵌合小鼠,产生表达人抗体的纯合后代,例如参阅Jakobovitis等人,Proc NatlAcad Sci USA 90:2551(1993);Jakobovitis等人,Nature 362:255(1993);Bruggermann等人,Year inImmunol 7:33(1993);和Duchosal等人,Nature 355:258(1992))。
转基因小鼠按正常方式用IL-4或IL-13细胞因子如IL-4或IL-13的全部或部份进行免疫。利用常规杂交瘤技术可从免疫的转基因小鼠得到抗IL-4和IL-13的单克隆抗体。转基因小鼠所携带的人免疫球蛋白转基因在B细胞分化过程中发生重排,随后经历类别转换和体细胞突变。因此,利用这种技术有可能产生治疗用的IgG、IgA、IgM和IgE抗体。若欲了解概况,可参阅Lonberg等人,Int Rev Immunol 13:65-93(1995)。对于对生产人抗体和人单克隆抗体以及生产这类抗体的方案的讨论,可参阅例如WO 98/24893;WO 92/01047;WO 96/34096;和WO 96/33735;EPO No.0598877;和US专利号5,413,923;5,625,126;5,633,425;5,569,825;5,661,016;5,545,806;5,814,318;5,885,793;5,916,771以及5,939,598.此外,例如Amgen(Fremont,CA)、Genpharm(San Jose,CA)和Medarex,Inc.(Princeton,NJ)等公司利用与上述类似的技术可从事抗IL-4和/或IL-13人抗体的提供。
同样,可免疫移植有人外周血白细胞、脾细胞或骨髓(例如以色列XTLBiopharmaceuticals公司的三源杂交瘤技术)的小鼠,制备人mAbs。可利用被称为″导向选择″的技术生成识别所选择表位的完全人抗体。在该方法中,使用经选择的非人单克隆抗体如小鼠抗体来引导识别相同表位的完全人抗体的选择(Jespers等人,Bio/technology12:899(1988))。
使用重组技术时,抗体变异体可在细胞内、周质空间内产生,或直接被分泌到培养基中。如果抗体变异体是在细胞内产生的,则第一步,例如通过离心或超滤除去微小碎片,其或是宿主细胞或是被裂解的片段。Carter等人,Bio/Technology 10:163(1992)描述了一种分离被分泌到大肠杆菌周质空间的抗体的方法。简而言之,细胞浆与乙酸钠(pH 3.5)和EDTA接触。可通过离心除去细胞碎片。当抗体变异体被分泌到培养基中时,一般首先利用市售蛋白质浓缩过滤器如Amicon或Millipore Pellicon的超滤组件浓缩来自这些表达体系的上清液。可加入蛋白酶抑制剂例如PMSF以抑制蛋白酶解,还可加入抗生素以防止外来污染物的生长。
可使用例如羟磷灰石层析、凝胶电泳、透析和亲和层析纯化从细胞制备的抗体组合物。蛋白质A或蛋白质G是否适合作为亲和配体取决于抗体变异体上任意免疫球蛋白Fc结构域的种类和同种型。可使用蛋白质A纯化基于人IgG1、IgG2或IgG4重链的抗体(Lindmark等人,J Immunol Meth62:1(1983))。可使用蛋白质G用于小鼠同种型和人IgG3(Guss等人,EMBO J 5:1567(1986))。亲和配体所结合的基质最常见是琼脂糖,但也可使用其它基质。机械稳定的基质例如可控孔玻璃或聚(苯乙烯二乙烯)苯可允许比琼脂糖所实现的更快的流速和更短的处理时间。当抗体变异体包括CH3结构域时,可使用Bakerbond ABXTM树脂(JTBaker;Phillipsburg,NJ)进行纯化。还可利用其它蛋白质纯化技术,例如离子交换柱分级分离、乙醇沉淀、反相HPLC、二氧化硅上的层析、肝素琼脂糖上的层析、阴离子或阳离子交换树脂上的层析(例如多聚天冬氨酸柱)、色谱聚焦、SDS-PAGE和硫酸铵沉淀,这取决于待回收的抗体或变异体。
进行任何初步纯化步骤后,含有目的抗体或目的变异体和污染物的混合物可进行低pH疏水相互作用层析,其中使用pH约2.5-4.5的洗脱缓冲液,优选在低盐浓度(例如约0-0.25M盐)下进行。
本发明的抗体可为双特异性抗体。双特异性抗体可为单克隆抗体,优选为具有至少两种不同抗原结合特异性的人或人源化抗体。在一个优选的实施方案中,双特异抗体、其片段等等对IL-4和IL-13具有结合特异性。
生产双特异性抗体的方法是众所周知的。传统上,双特异性抗体的重组生产是基于两个免疫球蛋白重链/轻链对的共表达,其中两条重链具有不同的特异性(Milstein等人,Nature 305:537(1983))。由于免疫球蛋白重链和轻链的随机分配,杂交瘤(细胞杂交瘤(quadroma))产生10种不同抗体分子的潜在混合物,其中仅有一种具有正确的双特异性结构。通常通过亲和层析步骤进行正确分子的纯化。类似方法披露于WO 93/08829和Traunecker等人,EMBO J 10:3655(1991)。例如Kufer等人,TrendsBiotech 22:238-244,2004提供了生产双特异性抗体的其它方法。
可将具有所需结合特异性的抗体可变结构域融合到免疫球蛋白的恒定结构域序列上。优选yu包括至少部分铰链区、CH2和CH3区的免疫球蛋白重链恒定结构域进行融合。它可具有首个重链恒定区(CH1),其含有至少在一个融合中出现的轻链结合所需的位点。将编码免疫球蛋白重链融合区和免疫球蛋白轻链(若需要)的DNAs插入到不同的表达载体,并共转化到适宜的宿主生物体内。对于产生双特异性抗体的更多细节,可参阅例如Suresh等人,Meth Enzym 121:210(1986)。
本发明也考虑了异缀合物抗体。异缀合物抗体由两个共价键连接的抗体组成。已经建议例如用这类抗体靶向免疫系统细胞至不想要的细胞(US专利号4,676,980)。考虑,该抗体可用合成蛋白化学的已知方法在体外制备,包括涉及交联剂的那些方法。例如,免疫毒素可用二硫化物交换反应或形成硫酯键的方式来构建。适合于该目的之试剂的例子包括iminothiolate)和甲基-4-mercaptobutyrimidate,以及如US专利号4,676,980中所披露的那些。
此外,可以产生IL-4和/或IL-13的单结构域抗体。这种技术的某些例子,已在WO9425591谈及源自骆驼科重链Ig的抗体时有所叙述,以及在US20030130496谈及从噬菌体文库分离单结构域全人抗体时也有所叙述。
可选地,某些描述用于生产单链抗体的技术(US专利号4,946,778;Bird,Science242:423(1988);Huston等人,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA85:5879(1988);以及Ward,等人,Nature 334:544(1989))也可适应于生产单链抗体。单链抗体是通过将Fv域的重链和轻链片段以氨基酸桥连接生成单链多肽而形成的。大肠杆菌中的功能Fv片段的组装技术也可以利用(Skerra等人,Science 242:1038(1988))。
本发明包括了以重组方式与多肽融合或化学缀合(包括共价和非共价缀合)的抗体。本发明的融合或辍合的抗体可用于简化纯化,参阅例如WO 93/21232;EP 439,095;Naramura等人,Immunol Lett 39:91(1994);US专利号5,474,981;Gillies等人,Proc NatlAcad Sci USA 89:1428(1992);以及Fell等人,J Immunol 146:2446(1991)。标记氨基酸序列可以是六组氨酸肽,如pQE载体提供的标签(QIAGEN,Inc.,Chatsworth,CA),此外,其中许多还可经商业渠道获得,Gentz等人,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA86:821(1989)。其它可用于纯化的肽标签包括但不限于″HA″标签,它对应于一个源自流感血凝素蛋白的表位(Wilson等人,Cell 37:767(1984))以及″flag″标签。
还可创造单肽链结合分子,其中重链和轻链Fv区域相连。单链抗体(″scFv″)和它们的构建方法在例如US专利号4,946,778中有所叙述。或者,Fab可以类似方式构建和表达。与完全的鼠类单克隆抗体相比,所有完全和部分的人抗体均可具有较小的免疫原性,片段和单链抗体也可具有较小的免疫原性。
抗体或抗体片段,可从用McCafferty等人,Nature 348:552(1990)所述技术产生的抗体噬菌体文库分离。Clarkson等人,Nature 352:624(1991)和Marks等人,J Mol Biol222:581(1991)分别叙述了使用噬菌体文库分离鼠类和人抗体。随后的出版物叙述了以链改组生产高亲和力(在nM的范围内)人抗体(Marks等人,Bio/Technology 10:779(1992)),以及以组合感染和体内重组作为构建很大噬菌体文库的策略(Waterhouse等人,NuclAcids Res 21:2265(1993))。因此,这些技术是分离单克隆抗体的传统单克隆抗体杂交瘤技术的可行替代。
候选的抗IL-4和/或IL-13抗体是用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)、FACS、Western免疫印迹技术或本技术领域内已知的其它免疫化学技术检测的。
为了确定特定的抗体同源物是否与人IL-4和/或IL-13结合,任何传统的结合测定均可应用。有用的IL-4和IL-13结合测定包括FACS分析、ELISA测定、表面等离振子共振(Biacore)、放射免疫分析等等,这些方法检测抗体与人IL-4和/或IL-13的结合以及由此产生的功能。本文所教导的全长和可溶形式的人IL-4和IL-13在这类测定中是有用的。抗体或同源物与IL-4和/或IL-13或其可溶性片段的结合,可很方便地通过使用对该物种的免疫球蛋白具有特异性的第二种抗体来检测,所检测的抗体或同源物源自上述物种。
为了确定特定的抗体或同源物是否显著地阻断IL-4和/或IL-13的结合,任何适宜的竞争测定均可使用。有用的测定包括例如ELISA测定、FACS测定、放射免疫测定等,它们定量抗体或同源物与IL-4和/或IL-13结合的竞争能力。优选地,配体阻断标记的人IL-4和/或IL-13与固定化抗体或同源物结合的能力得以测量。
本发明之抗体可在抗体识别或特异性结合的IL-4和/或IL-13的表位或部分方面来描述或规定。该表位或多肽部分可按本文所述而规定,例如通过N端和C端的位置、通过邻近氨基酸残基的大小、构象表位等。
本发明之抗体也可在交叉反应性方面来描述或规定。结合与IL-4和/或IL-13有至少95%、至少90%、至少85%、至少80%、至少75%、至少70%、至少有65%、至少有60%、至少55%,以及至少50%同一性(使用本技术领域内已知和本文所述的方法计算)的IL-4和/或IL-13多肽的抗体,也包括在本发明内。
本发明之抗体也可以在与IL-4和/或IL-13的结合亲和力方面来描述或规定。抗IL-4和/或IL-13抗体可以低于约10-7M、低于约10-6M,或低于约10-5M的KD结合。目的抗体的较高结合亲和力可以是有益的,例如具有约10-8约10-15M、约10-8至约10-12M、约10-9至约10- 11M,或约10-8至约10-10M平衡解离常数或KD的那些抗体。本发明还提供了一些抗体,如本技术领域内任何已知的测定竞争性结合的方法如本文所述的免疫测定所确定,这些抗体竞争性地抑制抗体与本发明之表位的结合。在一些优选的实施方案中,抗体竞争性地抑制与表位的结合达至少95%、至少90%、至少85%、至少80%、至少75%、至少70%、至少为60%,或至少50%。
本发明还包括含有目的抗体的辍合物。该辍合物包含两个主要组分,目的抗体和可以是一种细胞结合剂、细胞毒性剂等的第二个组分。
本文所用的术语″细胞结合剂″是指一种能特异性识别细胞表面的分子并与其结合的活性剂。因此,细胞结合剂可以是CD抗原、病原体抗原如病毒抗原,分化抗原,癌症抗原,细胞特异性抗原,组织特异性抗原,Ig或Ig样分子等。
细胞结合剂可以是目前已知或刚为人所知的任何类型,包括肽、非肽、糖类、核酸、配体、受体等,或其组合。该细胞结合剂可以是能与细胞结合的任何化合物,无论是以特异性或非特异性方式结合。一般而言,细胞结合剂可以是抗体(尤其是单克隆抗体)、淋巴因子、激素、生长因子、维生素,营养输送分子(如转铁蛋白),或其它任何细胞结合分子或物质。
可利用的细胞结合剂的其它例子包括:多克隆抗体;单克隆抗体;和抗体片段,如Fab、Fab′、F(ab′)2以及Fv(Parham,J.Immunol.131:2895-2902(1983);Spring等人,J.Immunol.113:470-478(1974);以及Nisonoff等人,Arch.Biochem.Biophys.89:230-244(1960))。
第二个组分也可以是一种细胞毒性剂。本文所用的术语″细胞毒性剂″是指能降低或阻断细胞的功能或生长,和/或导致细胞破坏的物质。因此,细胞毒性剂可以是一种紫杉醇、美登素(maytansinoids),如DM1或DM4、CC-1065或CC-1065类似物、蓖麻毒蛋白、丝裂霉素C等。在某些实施方案中,如同本发明之辍合物的任何结合剂,细胞毒性剂是以共价键与目的抗体直接或通过一个可切割的或不可切割的连接体连接的。
适宜的美登素的例子包括美登醇(maytansinol)和美登醇类似物。美登素能抑制微管的形成并对哺乳动物细胞具有很强的毒性。
适宜的美登醇类似物的例子包括含有经修饰芳环的那些和在其它位置有修饰的那些美登素醇类似物。在下列US专利中披露了这类适宜的美登素:4,424,219;4,256,746;4,294,757;4,307,016;4,313,946;4,315,929;4,331,598;4,361,650;4,362,663;4,364,866;4,450,254;4,322,348;4,371,533;6,333,410;5,475,092;5,585,499;以及5,846,545。
适宜的含有一个经修饰芳环的美登醇类似物的例子包括:(1)C-19-脱氯(US专利号4,256,746)(例如通过ansamytocin P2的LAH还原而制备);(2)C-20-羟基(或C-20-脱甲基)+/-C-19-脱氯(US专利号4,361,650和4,307,016)(例如用链霉菌属(Stretomyces)或放线菌属(Actinomyces)脱甲基或用氢化锂铝(LAH)脱氯而制备);以及(3)C-20-脱甲氧基、C-20-酰氧基(-OCOR),+/-脱氯(US专利号4,294,757)(用酰基氯酰化而制备)。
适宜的在其它位置有修饰的美登醇类似物的例子包括:(1)C-9-SH(US专利号4,424,219)(通过美登醇与H2S或P2S5的反应而制备);(2)C-14烷氧基甲基(脱甲氧基/CH2OR)(US专利号4,331,598);(3)C-14-羟甲基或酰基氧基甲基(CH2OH或CH2OAc)(US专利号4,450,254)(从诺卡氏菌属(Nocardia)制备);(4)C-15-羟基/酰基氧基(US专利号4,364,866)(通过链霉菌使美登醇转化而制备);(5)C-15-甲氧基(US4,313,946和4,315,929)(从Trewianudiflora分离);(6)C-18-N-脱甲基(US专利号4,362,663和4,322,348)(通过链霉菌使美登醇脱甲基化而制备);以及(7)4,5-脱氧基(US专利号4,371,533)(通过美登醇的三氯化钛/LAH还原而制备)。
细胞毒性辍合物可以体外方法制备。为了将细胞毒性剂、药物或前药与抗体连接,通常使用一个连接基。适宜的连接基是本技术领域内周知的,包括二硫基、硫醚基、酸不稳定基、光不稳定基(photolabile group),肽酶不稳定基以及酯酶不稳定基。例如,利用二硫化物交换反应,或在目的抗体和药物或前体药之间形成硫醚键,即可构建辍合物。
如上所讨论,本发明提供了编码本文所披露抗体或其功能片段或变体变体的分离的核酸序列,含有编码本发明的抗体或其功能片段的IL-4和/或IL-13结合部分的核苷酸序列的载体构建体,含有这种载体的宿主细胞,以及生产多肽的重组技术。
该载体通常包含本技术领域内已知的组分,且一般包括但不限于一个或多个下列:信号序列、复制起点,一个或多个标记或选择基因,促进和/或增强翻译的序列,增强子元件等。因此,表达载体包括与适宜的转录或转译调控核苷酸序列,例如那些源自哺乳动物、微生物、病毒或昆虫基因的核苷酸序列,有效地连接的核苷酸序列。其它调控序列的例子包括操纵子、mRNA核糖体结合位点,和/或其它控制转录和翻译(例如其起始和终止)的适宜序列。当调控序列与适当多肽的核苷酸序列功能相关时,核苷酸序列就是″有效连接的″。因此,如果启动子核苷酸序列控制该核苷酸序列的转录,那么该启动子核苷酸序列就是与例如抗体重链序列有效连接。
此外,编码与抗体重链和/或轻链序列非天然相连的适当信号肽的序列,可纳入表达载体。例如,信号肽(分泌前导)的核苷酸序列可与多肽序列符合读框地融合,使得该抗体被分泌到周质空间或培养基中。在想要的宿主细胞中起作用的信号肽,增强了适当抗体或其部分的细胞外分泌。该信号肽可在细胞分泌抗体时从多肽上被切割下来。这类分泌信号的例子是众所周知的并包括例如在US专利号5,698,435、5,698,417,以及6,204,023中所述的那些分泌信号。
载体可以是质粒、单链或双链病毒载体、单链或双链RNA或DNA噬菌体载体、噬菌粒、黏粒或任何其它目的转基因的载体。采用众所周知的将DNA和RNA导入细胞的技术,可将此类载体作为多核苷酸导入细胞。在噬菌体和病毒载体的情况下,也可采用众所周知的感染及转导技术,将载体作为包装或包囊的病毒导入细胞。病毒载体可以是可复制型或复制缺陷型。在后一种情况下,病毒的繁殖一般只会在补充型(complementing)宿主细胞中发生,并需使用载有产生颗粒所必须的多种病毒成分的多种载体。使用源自现有DNA构建体的RNA,无细胞翻译系统也可用于生产蛋白(参阅例如WO 86/05807和WO 89/01036,以及US专利号5,122,464)。
本发明之抗体可从任何适宜的宿主细胞表达。可用于本发明的宿主细胞的例子包括原核细胞、酵母或较高级的真核细胞,并包括但不限于微生物如用含有目的抗体编码序列的重组噬菌体DNA、质粒DNA或黏粒DNA表达载体转化的细菌(如大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtilis)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter),欧文氏菌属(Erwinia),克雷伯菌属(Klebsiella),变形杆菌属(Proteus)、沙门氏菌属(Salmonella)、沙雷菌属(Serratia)和志贺菌属(Shigella),以及杆菌(Bacilli)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和链霉菌属);用含有抗体编码序列的重组酵母表达载体转化的酵母(例如酵母属(Saccharomyces)、毕赤酵母属(Pichia)、放线菌(Actinomycetes)、克鲁维酵母属(Kluyveromyces)、裂殖酵母属(Schizosaccharomyces)、念珠菌属(Candida)、木霉属(Trichoderma),链孢霉属(Neurospora),以及丝状真菌,如链孢霉属(Neurospora)、青霉属(Penicillium,)、Tolypocladium和曲霉属(Aspergillus));用含有抗体编码序列的重组病毒表达载体(如杆状病毒)感染的昆虫细胞系统;用重组病毒表达载体(如花椰菜花叶病毒、CaMV;或烟草花叶病毒,TMV)感染的,或用含有抗体编码序列的重组质粒表达载体(例如Ti质粒)转化的植物细胞系统;或包含重组表达构建体的哺乳动物细胞系统(例如COS、CHO、BHK、293或3T3细胞)。该构建体含有源自哺乳动物细胞基因组的启动子(例如金属硫蛋白启动子)或源自哺乳动物病毒的启动子(例如腺病毒后期启动子;或痘苗病毒7.5K启动子)。
用于原核宿主细胞的表达载体,一般含有一个或多个表型选择标记基因。表型选择标记基因是,例如编码赋予抗生素抗性或提供自养要求的蛋白的基因。有用的原核宿主细胞的表达载体的例子包括从商业可获得的质粒如pKK223-3(Pharmacia FineChemicals,Uppsala,Sweden)、pGEM1(Promega Biotec,Madison,WI)、pET(Novagen,Madison,WI)以及pRSET(Invitrogen,Carlsbad,CA)系列载体(Studier,J Mol Biol 219:37(1991);以及Schoepfer,Gene 124:83(1993))所来源的那些载体。通常用于重组原核宿主细胞表达载体的启动子序列包括T7,(Rosenberg等人,Gene 56:125(1987))、β-内酰胺酶(青霉素酶)、乳糖启动子系统(Chang等人,Nature275:615(1978);以及Goeddel等人,Nature 281:544(1979))、色氨酸(trp)启动子系统(Goeddel等人,Nucl Acids Res 8:4057(1980)),以及tac启动子(Sambrook等人,Molecular Cloning,A Laboratory Manual,2版,ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory(1990))。
酵母载体往往含有复制起点序列,如来自2μ酵母质粒的、自主复制序列(ARS)、启动子区域、多聚腺苷化序列、转录终止序列以及可选择标记基因。酵母载体的适宜的启动子序列包括下述的启动子:金属硫蛋白、3-磷酸甘油酸酯激酶(Hitzeman等人,J Biol Chem255:2073(1980))或其它糖酵解酶(Holland等人,Biochem 17:4900(1978))如烯醇化酶、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶、己糖激酶、丙酮酸脱羧酶、果糖磷酸激酶、葡糖-6-磷酸异构酶、3-磷酸甘油酸酯变位酶、丙酮酸激酶、丙糖磷酸异构酶、磷酸葡糖异构酶以及葡糖激酶,等等。其它用于酵母表达的适宜载体和启动子,在Fleer等人,Gene 107:285(1991)中进一步说明。其它酵母和酵母转化方案的适宜启动子和载体是本技术领域内众所周知的。酵母转化方案也是众所周知的。Hinnen等人,Proc Natl Acad Sci 75:1929(1978)叙述了这样的一个方案,它在选择性培养基中选择Trp+转化子。
任何真核细胞培养物都是可行的,无论是源自脊椎动物还是无脊椎动物的培养物。无脊椎动物细胞的例子,包括植物和昆虫细胞(Luckow等人,Bio/Technology 6:47(1988);Miller等人,Genetic Engineering,Setlow等人,eds.,vol.8,pp.277-9,PlenumPublishing(1986);以及Maeda等人,Nature 315:592(1985))。例如,杆状病毒系统可用于生产异源蛋白。在昆虫系统中,苜蓿银蚊夜蛾核型多角体病毒(Autographa californicanuclearpolyhedrosis virus,AcNPV)可用作为载体用来表达外来基因。该病毒在草地贪夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda)细胞中生长。抗体编码序列可在AcNPV启动子(例如多角体蛋白启动子)的控制下被克隆。其它已经鉴定的宿主包括伊蚊(Aedes)、黑腹果蝇(Drosophilamelanogaster)和家蚕(Bombyx mori)。多种各样的转染病毒株是公众可获得的,例如AcNPV的L-1变体和家蚕NPV的Bm-5株。此外,如本技术领域内众所周知,棉花、玉米、马铃薯、大豆、牵牛花(petunia)、西红柿和烟草的植物细胞培养物也可用作为宿主。
脊椎动物细胞、脊椎动物细胞在培养基(组织培养基)中的繁殖,可以是一种常规步骤,虽然苛求细胞系确实存在,它需要例如具有独特因子的专门培养基、滋养细胞等,参阅Tissue Culture,Kruse等人,eds.,Academic Press(1973)。有用的哺乳动物宿主细胞系的例子为猴肾;人胚肾系;幼仓鼠肾细胞;中国仓鼠卵巢细胞/-DHFR(CHO,Urlaub等人,ProcNatl Acad Sci USA 77:4216(1980));小鼠塞尔托利细胞;人宫颈癌细胞(例如HeLa);犬肾细胞;人肺细胞;人肝细胞;小鼠乳腺肿瘤;以及NS0细胞。
宿主细胞用载体转化以产生抗体,并在常规营养培养基中培养,所述培养基含有生长因子、维生素、矿物质等,以及适合于所用细胞和载体的诱导物。常用的启动子序列和增强子序列是源自多瘤病毒、腺病毒2、猿猴病毒40(SV40)以及人的巨细胞病毒(CMV)。源自SV40病毒基因组的DNA序列可用于提供其它遗传元件(如SV40起点、早期和晚期启动子、增强子、剪接和多聚腺苷化位点),以在哺乳动物宿主细胞中表达结构基因序列。病毒早期和晚期启动子是特别有用的,因为两者都很容易从病毒基因组作为片段获得,所述片段也可能含有病毒复制起点。用于哺乳动物宿主细胞的示例性表达载体可从商业渠道获得。
可从商业渠道获得的培养基如Ham′s F10、极限必需培养基(MEM)、RPMI-1640和Dulbecco改良的Eagle培养基(DMEM)都适合于培养宿主细胞。此外,Ham等人,Meth Enzymol58:44(1979)和Barnes等人,AnalBiochem 102:255(1980),以及US专利号4,767,704;4,657,866;4,560,655;5,122,469;5,712,163;或6,048,728中所述的任何培养基也可作为宿主细胞的培养基使用。这些培养基中任何一种,必要时都可补充激素和/或其它生长因子(如胰岛素,转铁蛋白或表皮生长因子),盐(如氯化物,如氯化钠、氯化钙或氯化镁;以及磷酸盐)、缓冲液(如HEPES)、核苷酸(如腺苷和胸苷)、抗生素,痕量元素(定义为无机化合物,通常其存在的最终浓度在微摩尔的范围内),以及葡萄糖或相当的能量来源。任何其它必要的补充,都可以适当的浓度包括在内,作为一项设计选择。培养条件,如温度、pH值等,都是本技术领域内已知适合于细胞的,并使转基因能够理想表达。
通过本技术领域内任何已知的方法,就可获得目的多核苷酸,并确定该多核苷酸的核苷酸序列。例如,如果抗体的核苷酸序列是已知的,就可从化学合成的寡核苷酸装配编码抗体的多核苷酸(例如Kutmeier等人,Bio/Techniques 17:242(1994)所叙述的),然后扩增连接的寡核苷酸,例如通过PCR。
可选地,编码抗体的多核苷酸可从表达该抗体的细胞的核酸产生。如果含有编码某特定抗体的核酸的克隆是不可得的,但抗体分子的序列是已知的,则可从适当来源如文库获得编码免疫球蛋白的核酸,所述核酸也许是对产生抗体的细胞具有特异性的核酸,所述细胞如选择来表达本发明之抗体的杂交瘤细胞。可为PCR扩增配置适宜的引物。然后,使用本技术领域内众所周知的任何方法,可将PCR所产生的扩增核酸克隆到可复制的克隆载体中去。
一旦核苷酸序列和对应的抗体氨基酸序列被确定,就可使用本技术领域内已知的操纵核苷酸序列的方法,如DNA重组技术、定点诱变,PCR等(参阅,例如Sambrook等人,Molecular Cloning,A Laboratory Manual,2版,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory(1990);以及Ausubel等人,eds.,Current Protocols in Molecular Biology,JohnWiley&Sons(1998),操纵该抗体的核苷酸序列以获得本文所述的目的等效物,产生含有不同氨基酸序列的抗体,例如,引起氨基酸取代、缺失和/或插入。
可以众所周知的方法检查重链和/或轻链可变结构域的氨基酸序列,以鉴定CDR序列,例如,通过与其它重链和轻链可变区域的已知氨基酸序列的比较以确定序列高可变性的区域。使用常规DNA重组技术,可将一个或多个CDR插入构架区,例如插入人的构架区使非人源抗体人源化,如上所述。通过该构架区与一个或多个CDR的组合而产生的目的多核苷酸,可编码与IL-4和/或IL-13特异性结合的抗体或至少编码其ED结构域。例如,这种方法可用于产生一个或多个参与链内二硫键的可变区域半胱氨酸残基的氨基酸的取代或缺失,以产生缺乏一个或多个链内二硫键的抗体分子。
本发明的抗体或抗体片段可用来在体外或体内检测生物样品中的IL-4和/或IL-13,因此也就可以检测表达IL-4和/或IL-13的细胞。在一个实施方案中,本发明的抗IL-4和/或IL-13抗体被用来确定组织中或来自该组织的细胞中IL-4和/或IL-13的存在及水平。例如,在用本发明之抗体或抗体片段的免疫测定中,可测定IL-4和/或IL-13在该组织或活检样品中的水平。组织或其活检样品可冷冻或固定。同一方法或其它方法可用于测定IL-4和/或IL-13的其它性质,如它的水平、细胞定位、mRNA水平、其突变等等。
上述方法可用于例如在已知将要或疑患癌症的受试者中诊断癌症,其中将该患者中测量的IL-4和/或IL-13水平与正常参照受试者或标准相比。本发明的测定也可用于诊断关节炎或其它以B细胞的浸润和富集以及分化淋巴样组织发展为特征的自身免疫性疾病。
本发明还提供了为了研究或诊断应用而进一步标记的单克隆抗体、人源化抗体及其表位结合片段。在某些实施方案中,该标记是放射性标记的、荧光团、生色团、显像剂,或金属离子。
还提供了一种诊断方法,其中将所述标记抗体或其表位结合片段施用给疑患癌症、关节炎、自身免疫性疾病或其它IL-4和/或IL-13介导的疾病的受试者,并且将所述标记在受试者体内的分布予以测量或监视。
本发明之抗体及其片段可作为亲和纯化剂使用。在此过程中,使用本技术领域已知的方法,将抗体固定在固相上,如葡聚糖或琼脂糖树脂或滤纸上。被固定的抗体与含有IL-4和/或IL-13的样品或待纯化的载有所述IL-4和/或IL-13的细胞接触,然后用适宜的溶剂洗涤支持物,该溶剂将除去样品中除IL-4和/或IL-13或待纯化细胞以外几乎所有的物质,IL-4和/或IL-13或待纯化细胞则结合在被固定的本发明之抗体上。最后,用另一种适宜的溶剂(如甘氨酸缓冲液,pH 5.0)洗涤支持物,这将从抗体上释放IL-4和/或IL-13或细胞。
为了诊断应用,目的抗体通常会用可检测的部分加以标记。有许多标记可供利用,通常可分为以下几类:(a)放射性同位素,如36S、14C、125I、3H和131I(抗体可用放射性同位素标记,例如使用Current Protocols inImmunology,vol.12,Coligen等人,编辑,Wiley-Interscience,New York(1991)所述的技术,并且放射性可用闪烁计数来测量);(b)荧光标记,如稀土螯合物(铕螯合物)、荧光素及其衍生物、罗丹明及其衍生物、丹磺酰、丽丝胺、藻红蛋白以及得克萨斯红;荧光标记可用例如CurrentProtocols in Immunology(同上)披露的技术缀合到抗体上,其中荧光可用荧光计定量;以及(c)有多种酶底物标记可供利用(US专利号4,275,149提供了综述),酶通常可催化生色底物的化学改变,这可采用多种技术来测量,例如酶可催化底物颜色的变化,这可用分光光度来衡量;或者,酶可以改变底物的荧光或化学发光。定量荧光变化的技术是众所周知的,例如使用发光计,或者该标记可向荧光接受体提供能量。酶标记的例子包括荧光素酶(例如,萤火虫荧光素酶和细菌荧光素酶;US专利号4,737,456)、萤光素(luciferin)、2,3-dihydrophthalazinedione、苹果酸脱氢酶、尿素酶,过氧化物酶如辣根过氧化物酶(HRPO)、碱性磷酸酶,β-半乳糖苷酶、葡糖淀粉酶、溶菌酶、糖氧化酶(如葡糖氧化酶、半乳糖氧化酶和葡糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶)、杂环氧化酶(如尿酸酶和黄嘌呤氧化酶)、乳过氧化物酶(lactoperoxiase)、微过氧化物酶(microperoxiase)等。使酶与抗体缀合的技术在O′Sullivan等人,Meth Enz,ed.Langone&Van Vunakis,AcademicPress,New York,73(1981)中有所叙述。
当使用这些标记时,有适宜的底物可供利用,例如:(i)对于辣根过氧化物酶可用氢过氧化物酶(hydrogen peroxiase)作为底物,其中氢过氧化物酶氧化染料前体(例如邻苯二胺(OPD)或3,3′,5,5′-四甲基联苯胺氢氯化物(TMB));(ii)对于碱性磷酸酶(AP)可用对硝基苯基磷酸酯作为生色底物;以及(iii)β-D-半乳糖苷酶(β-D-Gal)可用生色底物(例如对硝基苯基-β-D-半乳糖苷酶),或荧光底物如4-甲基伞形基酮酰-β-D-半乳糖苷酶。
其它酶-底物组合可供本技术领域专业人员利用。对于一般性评述,可参阅US专利号4,275,149和4,318,980。
有时,标记与抗体是间接地缀合。例如,抗体可与生物素缀合,上述任何报导子都可与抗生物素蛋白缀合,反之亦然。生物素与抗生物素蛋白选择性地结合,因此,标记可与抗体以该间接方式缀合。或者,为了实现标记的间接缀合,抗体与小的半抗原(如地高辛)缀合,上述不同类型的标记或报导子之一与抗地高辛抗体缀合。因此,使用第二种抗体可以实现标记与抗体或突变蛋白的间接缀合。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,抗体不必加以标记,它的存在可使用与抗体(另一种形式的第二抗体)结合的标记抗体来检测。
本发明之抗体可用于任何已知的测定方法,如竞争性结合测定、直接和间接夹心测定以及免疫沉淀测定。Zola,Monoclonal Antibodies:AManual of Techniques(CRCPress,Inc.1987)。
竞争性结合测定取决于带标记的标准物与试验样品在与有限量抗体结合中的竞争能力。试验样品中抗原的量与跟抗体结合的标准物的量成反比。为便于测定结合的标准物的量,抗体在竞争之前或之后通常是不溶的。结果,与抗体结合的标准物和试验样品可与未结合的标准物和试验样品方便地分离。
夹心测定涉及使用两种抗体,每一种都有能力与待检测靶的不同免疫原部分(决定子或表位)结合。在夹心测定中,待分析试验样品与直接或间接固定在固体支持物上的第一种抗体结合,然后直接或间接地加以标记的第二种抗体与已经结合的试验样品结合,从而形成不溶性三部分复合物,参阅例如US专利号4,376,110。第二种抗体本身可用可检测的部分加以标记(直接夹心测定),或可用抗免疫球蛋白抗体或用可检测部分加以标记的结合对(例如抗体/抗原、受体/配体、酶/底物)的其它适宜成员测量(间接夹心测定)。例如,一种类型的夹心测定是ELISA测定,在这种情况下,该可检测部分是酶。
本发明还包括试剂试剂盒,例如其包括抗体、其片段、同源物、其衍生物等,例如带标记或具有细胞毒性的辍合物,以及抗体使用说明书、杀死特定类型细胞的辍合物等等。该说明书可包括在体外、体内或离体使用抗体、辍合物等的指导。抗体可以是液体形式或固体,通常是冻干的。该试剂盒可包含其它适宜的试剂,如缓冲液、重构溶液以及为了预定用途的其它必要成分。考虑了以预定量包装好的试剂组合与用于其用途的说明书,所述用途例如用于治疗用途或用于进行诊断测定。当抗体是带标记的时,例如用酶标记的,那么该试剂盒可包括底物和酶所需的辅因子(例如提供可检测生色团或荧光团的底物前体)。此外,其它添加剂,如稳定剂、缓冲液(例如封闭缓冲液或裂解缓冲液)等也可包括在内。多种试剂的相对量可以改变而提供试剂溶液的浓缩物,这就提供了用户灵活性、节省空间、节省试剂等。这些试剂也可以干粉形式提供,通常是冻干形式,包括赋形剂,它在溶解时可提供具有适当浓度的试剂溶液。
本发明之抗体可用于治疗哺乳动物。在一个实施方案中,例如,出于获得临床前数据的目的,将目的抗体或等效物施用给非人哺乳动物。示例性的待治疗非人哺乳动物,包括非人灵长类动物、狗、猫、啮齿类动物以及其它哺乳动物,其中进行了临床前研究。这种哺乳动物可为需用抗体治疗的疾病的建立的动物模型,或可用于研究目的抗体的毒性。在每个这样的实施方案中,可在哺乳动物中进行剂量递增研究。
抗体,无论有无第二个组分(如与之缀合的治疗剂部分),无论是单独或与细胞毒性因子组合施用,均可作为治疗剂使用。本发明涉及以抗体为基础的疗法,其中保留给动物、哺乳动物或人施用本发明之抗体,以治疗IL-4和/或IL-13介导的疾病、障碍或状况。
本发明所使用的术语″治疗″是指治疗性治疗和预防性或预防措施。它指的是预防、治愈、逆转、减弱、改善、最小化、抑制或停止疾病状态、疾病进程、疾病致病因素(如细菌或病毒)或其它异常状况的有害效应。
因此,本发明还包含多价抗体,包括双特异抗IL-4/IL-13抗体,其具有与之相连的诊断或治疗功能的效应分子、原子或其它物质。例如,抗体可具有放射性诊断标签或放射性细胞毒性原子或金属或细胞毒性物质如蓖麻毒蛋白链,与之相连用于癌症的体内诊断或治疗。
此外,本发明的抗体还可用于免疫测定、纯化方法以及其它用到免疫球蛋白或其片段的方法。此类用途在本领域为人所熟知。
相应地,本发明还提供包含本发明的抗IL-13和/或抗IL-4的抗体或其片段的组合物,所述抗体方便地和可药用的载体、稀释剂或赋形剂组合,这是本领域的常规做法。
本发明所使用的术语″药物组合物″系指多种制备物的制剂。含有治疗有效量的多价抗体的制剂为无菌液体溶液、液体悬浮剂或冻干形式,任选地包含稳定剂或赋形剂。
本发明所使用的术语″障碍″系指任何能够得益于本发明抗体治疗的状况。这包括慢性和急性障碍或疾病,包括那些倾向于使哺乳动物,尤其是人染上所述障碍的病理状况。本文中非限制性的有待治疗的障碍之实例包括癌症、炎症、自身免疫疾病、感染、心血管疾病、呼吸疾病、神经疾病以及代谢性疾病。
本发明的抗体可用来治疗、抑制或预防疾病,如变应性疾病、Th2介导的疾病、IL-13介导的疾病、IL-4介导的疾病和/或IL-4/IL-13介导的疾病。此类疾病的实例包括霍奇金病、哮喘、变应性哮喘、特应性皮炎、特应性变态反应、溃疡性结肠炎、硬皮病、变应性鼻炎、COPD3特发性肺纤维化、慢性移植排斥、博来霉素诱导的肺纤维化、辐射诱导的肺纤维化、肺部肉芽肿、进行性系统性硬化、血吸虫病、肝纤维化、肾癌、伯基特淋巴瘤、霍奇金病、非-霍奇金病、塞扎里综合征、哮喘、浓毒性关节炎、疱疹样皮炎、慢性特发性荨麻疹、溃疡性结肠炎、硬皮病、肥厚性疤痕、Whipple病、良性前列腺增生、IL-4受体起作用的肺部障碍、IL-4受体介导的上皮屏障破坏起作用的状况、IL-4受体起作用的消化系统障碍、对药物的变应性反应、川崎病、镰状细胞病、Churg-Strauss综合征、Grave′s病、先兆子痫、Sjogren′s综合征、自身免疫性淋巴组织增生综合征、自身免疫性溶血性贫血、Barrett′s食管、自身免疫性葡萄膜炎、肺结核、囊性纤维化、变应性支气管肺真菌病、慢性阻塞性肺病、博来霉素诱导的肺病和纤维化、肺泡蛋白沉积症(pulmonary alveolar proteinosis)、成人呼吸窘迫综合征、结节病、高IgE综合征、特发性嗜伊红细胞增多综合征(idiopathichypereosinophilsyndrome)、自身免疫性发疱病(autoimmune blisteringdisease)、寻常型天疱疮、大疱性类天疱疮、重症肌无力、慢性疲劳综合征、肾病。
术语″变应性疾病″系指病理状况,其中患者对一种正常情况下非免疫原性的物质超敏并作出免疫反应。变应性疾病的一般特征是IgE激活肥大细胞而造成炎症反应(如局部反应、全身反应),这类反应可导致如流鼻涕那样的良性症状,也可能是危及生命的过敏性休克和死亡。变应性疾病的实例包括但不限于变应性鼻炎(如花粉症)、哮喘(如变应性哮喘)、变应性皮炎(如湿疹)、接触性皮炎、食物过敏和荨麻疹(荨麻疹(hive))。
此处所使用的″Th2介导的疾病″系指一种疾病,其病理是(全部或部份)由CD4+Th2T淋巴样细胞调控的免疫反应(Th2型免疫反应)造成的,其特征地形成IL-4、IL-5、IL-9和IL-13。Th2型免疫反应与某些细胞因子(如IL-4,IL-13)和某些类别的抗体(如IgE)的产生以及体液免疫有关。Th2-介导的疾病的特征是Th2细胞因子(如IL-4,IL-13)和/或某些类别的抗体(如IgE)的升高水平的存在,包括例如变应性疾病(如变应性鼻炎、特发性皮炎、哮喘(如特发性哮喘)、变应性气道疾病(AAD)、过敏性休克、结膜炎),与IL-4和/或IL-13水平增高有关的自身免疫障碍(如类风湿性关节炎、宿主vs移植物疾病、肾病(如肾病综合征、狼疮性肾炎)),以及与IL-4和/或IL-13水平升高有关的感染(如病毒、寄生虫、真菌(如白色念珠菌(C.albicans))感染)。有些癌症与IL-4和/或IL-13的升高水平有关,或与IL-4诱导的和/或IL-13诱导的癌细胞增殖有关(如B细胞淋巴瘤、T细胞淋巴瘤、多发性骨髓瘤、头颈癌、乳腺癌和卵巢癌)。这些癌症可用本发明的Ii gaud治疗、抑制或预防。
本发明所使用的术语″癌症″系指或描述了哺乳动物尤其是人的生理状况,其典型特点是细胞无调控地生长。癌症的实例包括但不限于癌(carcinoma)、淋巴瘤、母细胞瘤、肉瘤和白血病。
本发明所使用的术语″自身免疫疾病″系指由于个体自身组织并针对自身组织的非恶性疾病或障碍。自身免疫疾病或障碍的实例包括但不限于炎症性反应如炎症性皮肤病,包括银屑病和皮炎;变应性状况如湿疹和哮喘;其它涉及T细胞浸润和慢性炎症反应的症状;动脉粥样硬化、糖尿病(如I型糖尿病或胰岛素依赖型糖尿病);多发性硬化和中枢神经系统炎症性障碍。
本发明的抗体可以作为单独施用的组合物使用,或可与其它活性剂联合使用。抗体可以与现有的IL-13疗法(例如现有的IL-13活性剂如抗IL-13Rαl、IL-4/13Trap、抗IL-13)加抗IL-4抗体,以及现有的IL-4活性剂(如抗IL-4R、IL-4突变蛋白质、IL-4/13Trap)加抗IL-13抗体和IL-4抗体(如WO05/0076990(CAT),WO03/092610(Regeneron),WO00/64944(Genetic Inst.)以及WO2005/062967(Tanox))一起用于组合疗法中。
本发明的抗体可以与一个或多个另外的治疗或活性剂一起施用和/或配制。当一个配体与另外的治疗剂一起施用时,配体可在另外的治疗剂施用前、同时或施用后施用。一般来说,配体和另外的活性剂通常是提供治疗效果重叠的方式施用。能够与本发明的配体一起施用或一起配制的另外活性剂包括例如多种免疫治疗药物,诸如环孢素、甲氨蝶呤、阿霉素或顺铂、抗生素、抗真菌剂、抗病毒剂和免疫毒素。例如,当施用拮抗剂来预防、抑制或治疗肺部炎症或呼吸疾病时(如哮喘),拮抗剂可与下述联合施用:磷酸二酯酶抑制剂(如磷酸二酯酶4抑制剂)、支气管扩张药(如β2激动剂、抗胆碱能药、茶碱)、短效β激动剂(如沙丁胺醇(albuterol)、舒喘灵(salbuiamol)、班布特罗、非诺特罗[sigmal]l、isoetherine、异丙肾上腺素、左旋沙丁胺醇(leva[iota]buterol)、澳西那林、吡布特罗、特布他林和tornlate)、长效β激动剂(如福莫特罗和沙美特罗)、短效抗胆碱能药(如异丙托溴铵和氧托溴铵)、长效抗胆碱能药(如噻托溴铵)、茶碱(如短效制剂、长效制剂)、吸入式类固醇(如倍氯米松、倍氯米松、布地奈德、氟尼缩松、丙酸氟替卡松和曲安西龙)、口服类固醇(如甲泼尼龙、泼尼松龙、prednisolon和泼尼松)、短效β激动剂与抗胆碱能药组合(如沙丁胺醇/舒喘灵/异丙托溴铵以及非诺特罗/异丙托溴铵)、长效贝塔激动剂与吸入式类固醇组合(如沙美特罗/氟替卡松以及福莫特罗/布地奈德),以及溶粘蛋白剂(如厄多司坦、乙酰半胱氨酸、溴己新、carbocyslcine、guiiafencsin和碘化甘油。
其它能够与本发明的抗体共同施用以预防、抑制或治疗哮喘(如变应性哮喘)的合适的共治疗剂包括皮质类固醇(如倍氯米松、布地奈德、氟替卡松)、色苷酸盐、奈多罗米、β激动剂(如舒喘灵、特布他林、班布特罗、非诺特罗、茶丙特罗、tolubuterol、沙美特罗、fomtero)、扎鲁司特、沙美特罗、泼尼松、泼尼松龙、茶碱、zileutron、孟鲁司特以及白三烯改性剂。本发明的配体可以与很多适合治疗疾病(如Th-2介导的疾病、YL-A介导的疾病、IL-13介导的疾病、IL-4介导的疾病以及癌症)的共治疗剂共同施用,包括细胞因子、镇痛药/解热药、止吐剂以及化疗药物。
如本技术领域内众所周知或本文所述,本发明之抗体可以可药用的组合物形式提供。″生理上可接受的″、″药理学上可接受的″等术语意为已经联邦或州政府的监管机构批准,或已列入美国药典或其它普遍公认的用于动物尤其是人的药典。
可以任何可接受的方式对哺乳动物,尤其是人施用抗IL-4、抗IL-13以及双特异抗IL-4/IL-13抗体。输入方法包括但不限于胃肠外、皮下、腹膜内、肺内、鼻内、硬膜外、吸入和口服途径;若欲进行免疫抑制治疗,则病灶内(intralesional)施用。胃肠外输注包括肌内、皮内、静脉内、动脉内或腹膜内施用。抗体或组合物可以任何方便途径施用,例如通过输注或快速注射、通过上皮或粘膜衬里(例如口腔粘膜、直肠和肠道粘膜等)吸收,并可与其它生物活性剂一起施用。施用可以是全身性或局部性。此外,也许需要以任何适当途径将本发明的治疗抗体或组合物引入中枢神经系统,包括心室内和鞘内注射;心室内注射借助于一心室内导管,例如与一个贮器如奥莫耶贮器(Ommaya reservoir)连接的导管。此外,该抗体适合于以脉冲输注方式给药,尤其是以抗体剂量递减的方式。优选地,以注射方式给药,优选地静脉内注射或皮下注射,部分地取决于给药是短期还是长期。
多种其它递送系统是众所周知的,可用于本发明之抗体的给药,包括例如封装于脂质体、微粒、微胶囊(参阅Langer,Science 249:1527(1990);Treat等人,in Liposomesin the Therapy of Infectious Disease andCancer;Lopez-Berestein等人,编辑,p.353-365(1989);以及Lopez-Berestein,ibid.,p.317-327)以及能表达该化合物的重组细胞;受体介导的胞吞(参阅Wu等人,J Biol Chem 262:4429(1987));核酸作为逆转录病毒或其它载体等的部分的构建。
活性成分也可封装在例如以coascervation技术或界面多聚化制备的微胶囊中,例如分别在胶体药物递送系统(例如脂质体、白蛋白微球、微乳液、纳米粒子和纳米胶囊)或微乳液中的羟甲基纤维素或明胶微胶囊和聚-(甲基methacylate)微胶囊。Remington′sPharmaceutical Sciences(雷氏药学大全),16版,A.Osal,编辑(1980)中公开了这些技术。
也可应用经肺给药,例如使用吸入器或喷雾器,以及具有雾化剂的制剂。抗体也可以干粉组合物的形式施用入患者肺部,参阅例如US专利号6,514,496。
在一个具体实施方案中,也许希望在需要治疗的区域局部施用本发明之治疗抗体或组合物;这可通过以下方式实现:例如但不限于,局部输注、局部应用、注射、经由导管、以栓剂或植入的方式;所述植入物为多孔、非多孔或凝胶状物质,包括薄膜如sialastic膜或纤维。优选地,当施用本发明之抗体时,应注意采用蛋白不吸收或不吸附的材料。
在另一实施方案中,该抗体可经由控制释放系统递送。在一个实施方案中,可使用泵(参阅Langer,Science 249:1527(1990);Sefton,CRC CritRef Biomed Eng 14:201(1987);Buchwald等人,Surgery 88:507(1980);以及Saudek等人,N Engl J Med 321:574(1989))。在另一实施方案中,可使用聚合材料(参阅Medical Applications ofControlled Release,Langer等人,编辑,CRC Press(1974);Controlled DrugBioavailability,DrugProduct Design and Performance,Smolen等人,eds.,Wiley(1984);Ranger等人,J Macromol Sci Rev Macromol Chem 23:61(1983);还参见Levy等人,Science 228:190(1985);During等人,Ann Neurol 25:351(1989);以及Howard等人,JNeurosurg 71:105(1989))。在又一实施方案中,控制释放系统可放在治疗靶的附近。
通过混合具有所需纯度的多肽与任选的″可药用的″载体、稀释剂、赋形剂或常用于本技术领域的稳定剂(即缓冲剂、稳定剂、防腐剂、等渗剂、非离子型洗涤剂、抗氧化剂以及其它多种添加剂),参阅Remington′sPharmaceutical Sciences(雷氏药学大全),16th版,Osol,ed.(1980),多肽或抗体治疗制剂可制备成冻干制剂或水溶液储存。这些添加剂在所用剂量和浓度下,对接受者一般都没有毒性,因此,赋形剂、稀释剂、载体等是可药用的。
″分离″或″纯化″抗体基本上不含细胞物质,或来自细胞或组织来源或衍生蛋白的培养基的其它污染蛋白,或在化学合成的情况下基本上不含化学前体或其它化合物。″基本上不含细胞物质″这一措词包括抗体制品,其中多肽/蛋白与细胞的细胞组分分开,所述细胞的细胞组分中可以分离或重组产生所述抗体。因此,基本上不含细胞物质的抗体包括污染蛋白低于约30%、20%、10%、5%、2.5%或1%(干重)的抗体制品。当抗体是以重组方式产生时,也优选基本上不含培养基,即以蛋白制品体积计,培养基含量低于约20%、10%、5%、2.5%或1%。当抗体是以化学合成方式产生时,优选基本上不含化学前体或其它化学品和试剂,即目的抗体是与化学前体或涉及蛋白合成的其它化学品分开的。因此,这些抗体制品含有低于约30%、20%、10%、5%或1%(干重)的化学前体或目的抗体以外的其它化合物。在本发明一个优选的实施方案中,抗体是分离或纯化的。
本文所用的术语″低至不可检测的聚集水平″,是指样品中含有不超过5%、不超过4%、不超过3%、不超过2%、不超过1%且往往不超过0.5%的聚集(按蛋白重量计),例如以高效大小排阻层析法(HPSEC)测量。
本文所用的术语″低至不可检测的片段化水平″,是指例如在HPSEC所确定的一个单峰处,或例如还原毛细管凝胶电泳(rCGE)所确定的两个(2)峰(重链和轻链)处,样品中含有等于或高于80%、85%、90%、95%、98%或99%总蛋白,且不含分别高于5%、高于4%、高于3%、高于2%、高于1%,或高于0.5%总蛋白的其它单峰。本文所用的rCGE是指还原条件下的毛细管凝胶电泳,该还原条件足以使抗体或抗体类型分子或抗体衍生分子中的二硫键被还原。
就含有IL-4和/或IL-13抗体或其结合片段的液体制剂而论,本文所用的术语″稳定″和″稳定的″是指制剂中的抗体或其抗原结合片段,在给定的制造、制备、运输和储存条件下,对于热和化学解折叠、聚集、降解或片段化的抵抗力。本发明的″稳定的″制剂在给定的制造、制备、运输和储存条件下,可保持等于或高于80%、85%、90%、95%、98%、99%或99.5%的生物活性。所述抗体制品的稳定性,可根据聚集、降解或片段化的程度来评估,并与参照进行比较;采用的方法是本技术领域内专业人员已知的,包括但不限于rCGE、十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)以及HPSEC。
术语″载体″是指与治疗剂一起施用的稀释剂、佐剂、赋形剂或运载体。这类生理载体可以是无菌液体,例如水和油,包括石油、动物、植物或合成来源的油,例如花生油、大豆油、矿物油、麻油等等。当药物组合物为静脉内施用时,水是适宜的载体。盐水溶液以及葡萄糖和甘油的水溶液也可作为液体载体使用,尤其是用于可注射溶液。适宜的药物赋形剂包括淀粉、葡萄糖、乳糖、蔗糖、明胶、麦芽、米(rice)、面粉、白垩、硅胶、硬脂酸钠、单硬脂酸甘油酯、滑石、氯化钠、脱脂奶粉、甘油、丙二醇、水、乙醇等等。如果需要,该组合物也可含有少量的润湿剂或乳化剂,或pH缓冲剂。该组合物可采取溶液剂、混悬剂、乳剂、片剂、丸剂、胶囊剂、散剂、缓释制剂、贮库(depot)等形式。该组合物可用传统的黏合剂和载体如甘油三酯配制成栓剂。口服制剂可含有标准载体,如药用级的甘露醇、乳糖、淀粉、硬脂酸镁、糖精钠(sodium saccharine)、纤维素、碳酸镁等。适宜载体的例子在″Remington′sPharmaceutical Sciences,Martin″中有所描述。这类组合物将含有效量的抗体,优选地纯化形式抗体,以及适量的载体以提供适合给患者施用的形式。如本领域内周知,该制剂将构建为适合于施用的方式。
缓冲液有助于将pH值维持在近似于生理条件的范围内。优选缓冲液存在的浓度范围为大约2mM到大约50mM。适宜用于本发明的缓冲液包括有机酸和无机酸及其盐,例如柠檬酸盐缓冲液(例如柠檬酸单钠-柠檬酸二钠混合物、柠檬酸-柠檬酸三钠混合物、柠檬酸-柠檬酸单钠混合物等)、琥珀酸盐缓冲液(例如琥珀酸-琥珀酸单钠混合物、琥珀酸-氢氧化钠混合物、琥珀酸-琥珀酸二钠混合物等)、酒石酸盐缓冲液(例如酒石酸-酒石酸钠混合物、酒石酸-酒石酸钾混合物、酒石酸-氢氧化钠混合物等)、富马酸盐缓冲液(例如富马酸-富马酸单钠混合物、富马酸-富马酸二钠混合物、富马酸单钠-富马酸二钠混合物等)、葡糖酸盐缓冲液(例如葡糖酸-葡糖酸钠混合物、葡糖酸-氢氧化钠混合物、葡糖酸-葡糖酸钾混合物等)、草酸盐缓冲液(例如草酸-草酸钠混合物、草酸-氢氧化钠混合物、草酸-草酸钾混合物等)、乳酸盐缓冲液(例如乳酸-乳酸钠混合物、乳酸-氢氧化钠混合物、乳酸-乳酸钾混合物等)以及乙酸盐缓冲液(例如乙酸-乙酸钠混合物、乙酸-氢氧化钠混合物等)。磷酸盐缓冲液、碳酸盐缓冲液、组氨酸缓冲液、三乙胺盐例如Tris、HEPES以及其它已知的此类缓冲液均可以使用。
可加入防腐剂以延迟微生物生长,加入量范围可为0.2%-1%(w/v)。适用于本发明的防腐剂包括苯酚、苯甲醇、间甲酚、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、对羟基苯甲酸丙酯、十八烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵、benzyaconium卤化物(例如氯化物、溴化物和碘化物)、氯己双胺、对羟基苯甲酸烷基酯如对羟基苯甲酸甲酯或丙酯、儿茶酚、间苯二酚、环己醇以及3-戊醇。
等渗剂(isotonicifier)的存在可确保本发明之液体组合物的生理等渗性,其包括多元糖醇、优选地三元或三元以上的糖醇,例如甘油、赤藓醇、阿糖醇、木糖醇、山梨醇以及甘露醇。考虑到其它成分的相对量,多元醇可以约0.1%至约25%(重量)的量存在,优选地1%至5%。
稳定剂是指种类广泛的赋形剂,其功能范围可从填充剂至将治疗剂溶解或有助于预防变性或粘在容器壁上的添加剂。典型的稳定剂可以是多元糖醇;氨基酸,如精氨酸、赖氨酸、甘氨酸、谷氨酰胺、天冬酰胺、组氨酸、丙氨酸、鸟氨酸、L-亮氨酸、2-苯丙氨酸、谷氨酸、苏氨酸等;有机糖或糖醇,如乳糖、海藻糖、水苏糖、阿糖醇、赤藓醇、甘露醇、山梨醇、木糖醇、核糖醇、肌-肌醇(myoinisitol)、半乳糖醇、甘油等,包括环多醇如肌醇;聚乙二醇;氨基酸聚合物;含硫还原剂,如尿素、谷胱甘肽、硫辛酸、硫基乙酸钠、硫代甘油、α-单硫代甘油和硫代硫酸钠;低分子量多肽(即<10残基);蛋白质,如人血清白蛋白、胎牛血清白蛋白、明胶或免疫球蛋白;亲水聚合物,如聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、糖类、单糖,如木糖、甘露糖、果糖、葡萄糖;二糖,如乳糖、麦芽糖和蔗糖;三糖,如棉子糖;多糖,如葡聚糖等等。稳定剂范围为每活性蛋白部分的0.1至10,000w/w。
其它多种赋形剂包括填充剂(如淀粉)、螯合剂(如EDTA)、抗氧化剂(如抗坏血酸、甲硫氨酸或维生素E)以及共溶剂。
根据所治具体适应证的需要,本文的制剂也可包含一种以上活性化合物,优选地那些具有互补活性彼此不会不利影响的化合物。例如,也许希望进一步提供免疫抑制剂。这类化合物分子以有效地实现预期目的量组合存在。
本文所用的术语″表面活性剂″是指具有两亲结构的有机物,由相反溶解倾向的基团,通常是一个油溶性烃链和一个水溶性离子基团组成。表面活性剂可根据表面活性部分的电荷而划分为阴离子型、阳离子型和非离子型表面活性剂。表面活性剂经常作为润湿剂、乳化剂、增溶剂和分散剂,用于多种各样的药物组合物以及生物材料制品。
可加入非离子型表面活性剂或洗涤剂(又称为“润湿剂”)以助于治疗剂的溶解,并保护治疗蛋白以避免振荡引起的聚集,也使得制剂暴露于剪切力表面应激(shear surfacestress)而不会引起蛋白的变性。适宜的非离子型表面活性剂包括聚山梨酯(20、80等)、polyoxamer(184、188等)、多元醇以及聚氧乙烯脱水山梨糖醇单醚( 等)。非离子型表面活性剂存在范围可为约0.05mg/ml至约1.0mg/ml,优选地约0.07mg/ml至约0.2mg/ml。
本文所用的术语″无机盐″是指任何因酸氢或酸中一部分或所有被金属或起金属作用的基团置换而生成的不含碳化合物,并在药物组合物和生物材料制剂中经常用作为张力调节化合物。最常见的无机盐是NaCl、KCl、NaH2PO4等。
本发明包括在医生诊所或实验室的商业冰箱和冷冻室温度(如约-20℃至约5℃)下具有稳定性的液体制剂,上述稳定性是用例如高效大小排阻层析法(HPSEC)来评估的,用于储存目的,例如约60天、约120天、约180天、约1年、约2年或以上。本发明的液体制剂在室温下也显示了至少多个小时的稳定性,例如根据HSPEC评估的,例如在使用之前1小时、2小时或约3小时。
术语″小分子″和类似术语包括但不限于肽、素拟肽(peptidomimetics)、氨基酸、氨基酸类似物、多核苷酸、多核苷酸类似物、核苷酸、核苷酸类似物、分子量为每摩尔小于约10,000克的有机或无机化合物(即包括杂有机和/有机金属化合物)、分子量为每摩尔小于约5,000克的有机或无机化合物、分子量为每摩尔小于约1,000克的有机或无机化合物、分子量为每摩尔小于约500克的有机或无机化合物,以及这类化合物的盐、酯及其它可药用的形式。
因此,在癌症的情况下,本发明的抗体可以单独施用,也可与其它类型的癌症治疗组合施用,包括传统的化疗剂(紫杉醇(paclitaxel)、卡铂(carboplatin)、顺铂(cisplatin)和多柔比星(doxorubicin)),抗EGFR剂(吉非替尼(gefitinib)、埃罗替尼(erlotinib)和西妥昔单抗(cetuximab)),抗血管生成剂(贝伐单抗(bevacizumab)和舒尼替尼(sunitinib)),以及免疫调节剂如干扰素α和沙利度胺(thalidomide)。
本文所用的术语″治疗剂″是指可用于与异常IL-4和/或IL-13代谢和活性相关的疾病、障碍、病症等的治疗、管理或改善的任何活性剂。
此外,本发明的抗体可以与多种效应分子缀合,例如异源的多肽、药物、放射性核苷酸或毒素,参阅例如WO 92/08495;WO 91/14438;WO89/12624;US专利号5,314,995;以及EPO 396,387。抗体及其片段可与治疗部分缀合,例如细胞毒素(例如细胞抑制剂或杀细胞剂)、治疗剂或放射性金属离子(例如α发射体如213Bi)。细胞毒素或细胞毒性剂包括任何损害细胞的活性剂。例子包括紫杉醇(paclitaxol)、松胞菌素B(cytochalasinB)、短杆菌肽D(gramicidin D)、溴乙啶(ethidium bromide)、依米丁(emetine)、丝裂霉素(mitomycin)、依托泊苷(etoposide)、替尼泊苷(tenoposide)、长春新碱(vincristine)、长春碱(vinblastine)、秋水仙碱(colchicine)、多柔比星(doxorubicin)、柔红霉素(daunorubicin)、二羟基蒽醌(dihydroxy anthracindione)、米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone)、米拉霉素(mithramycin)、放线菌素(actinomycin D)、1-去氢睾酮(1-dehydrotestosterone)、糖皮质激素(glucocorticoids)、普鲁卡因(procaine)、丁卡因(tetracaine)、利多卡因(lidocaine)、普萘洛尔(propranolol)和嘌呤霉素(puromycin)及其类似物或同源物。治疗剂包括但不限于抗代谢物(例如甲氨蝶呤(methotrexate)、6-巯基嘌呤(6-mercaptopurine)、6-硫代鸟嘌呤(6-thioguanine)、阿糖胞苷(cytarabine)、5-氟脲嘧啶(5-fluorouracil)和氮烯咪胺(decarbazine)),烷基化剂(例如氮芥(mechlorethamine)、苯丁酸氮芥(chlorambucil)、美法仑(melphalan)、卡莫司汀(carmustine(BSNU))和洛莫司汀(lomustine(CCNU))、环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide)、白消安(busulfan)、二溴甘露醇(dibromomannitol)、链脲霉素(streptozotocin)、丝裂霉素C(mitomycin C)和顺二氯二胺铂(II)(DDP)顺铂(cisplatin)),蒽环类(anthracyclines)(例如柔红霉素(daunorubicin)、道诺霉素(daunomycin)和多柔比星(doxorubicin)),抗生素(例如更生霉素(dactinomycin)、放线菌素(actinomycin)、博来霉素(bleomycin)、米拉霉素(mithramycin)和氨茴霉素(anthramycin(AMC))),以及抗有丝分裂剂(例如长春新碱(vincristine)和长春碱(vinblastine))。
使此类治疗部分与抗体缀合的技术是众所周知的,参阅例如Arnon等人,inMonoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy,Reisfeld等人(eds.),p.243-56AlanR.Liss(1985);Hellstrom等人,in Controlled Drug Delivery,2nd ed.,Robinson等人,eds.,p.623-53,Marcel Dekker(1987);Thorpe,inMonoclonal Antibodies′84:Biological And Clinical Applications,Pinchera等人,eds.,p.475-506(1985);Monoclonal Antibodies For Cancer Detectionand Therapy,Baldwin等人,eds.,p.303-16,Academic Press(1985);和Thorpe等人,Immunol Rev 62:119(1982)。可选地,抗体可以与第二种抗体缀合,以形成抗体异缀合物,如双功能抗体,参阅例如US专利号4,676,980。
本发明的缀合物可用于改变给定的生物反应,治疗剂或药物部分不应被理解为只限于传统的化学治疗剂。例如,该药物部分可以是具有所需生物活性的蛋白或多肽。这类蛋白可包括,例如毒素,如相思豆毒蛋白、蓖麻毒蛋白A、假单胞菌外毒素,或白喉毒素;蛋白,如肿瘤坏死因子、α-干扰素、β-干扰素、神经生长因子、血小板衍生生长因子、组织纤溶酶原激活物;凋亡剂,例如TNF-α、TNF-β、AIM I(WO 97/33899)、AIM II(WO97/34911)、Fas配体(Takahashi等人,Int Immunol,6:1567(1994)),VEGF(WO 99/23105);血栓形成剂;抗血管生成剂,例如血管他丁或内皮他丁;或生物反应改性剂,例如淋巴因子、白细胞介素-1(IL-1)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6),粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)、粒细胞集落刺激因子(GCSF)或其它生长因子。
用于体内施用的制剂必须是无菌的。这可通过例如无菌过滤膜过滤而实现。例如,本发明的液体制剂可通过用0.2μm或0.22μm过滤器过滤而灭菌。
可以制备缓释型制品。缓释型制品的适宜例子包括含有抗体的固体疏水聚合物的半渗透基质,该基质以成形物品的形式,例如薄膜或基质。缓释型基质的例子包括聚酯、水凝胶(例如聚(2-羟乙基甲基丙烯酸酯)、聚(乙烯醇)、聚丙交酯(US专利号3,773,919)、L-谷氨酸和乙基-L-谷氨酸酯的共聚物、不可降解的乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯、可降解的乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物(例如由乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物构成的可注射微球)以及聚-D-(-)-3-羟基丁酸。例如乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯和乳酸-乙醇酸等的聚合物能够释放分子长达100天以上,但某些水凝胶释放蛋白的时间则较短。取决于所涉及的机制,可以制订出用于稳定的合理策略。例如,如果发现聚集机制是通过硫代-二硫化物交换而形成分子间的S-S键,那么通过修饰硫氢基残基、从酸性溶液冷冻干燥、控制含湿量、使用适当的添加剂、氨基酸取代和开发特异的聚合物基质组合物就可以达到稳定。
抗体或变体组合物将以符合优良医疗实践的方式配制、定量以及施用。这方面考虑的因素包括要治的具体障碍、要治的具体哺乳动物或人、个体患者的临床状况、致病原因、递送活性剂部位、给药方法、给药方案以及医疗工作者所知的其它因素。要被施用的抗体或变体的″治疗有效量″将取决于这些考虑,并可以是为了预防、改善或治疗某种IL-4和/或IL-13介导的疾病、状况或障碍所必须的最低量。
任选地,抗体或变体与目前用于预防或治疗所讨论障碍的一种或多种活性剂一起配制。此类其它活性剂的有效量取决于制剂中存在的抗体的量、障碍或治疗的类型,以及上面讨论的其它因素。这些通常与此前所用的剂量一样且通过同样的给药途径使用,或为此前所用剂量的约从1至99%。
此处所使用的术语″有效量″系指下述的疗法(如预防或治疗活性剂)的量,所述量足以降低IL-4和/或IL-13介导的疾病之严重性和/或缩短其持续时间,改善其一种或多种症状,防止IL-4和/或IL-13介导的疾病的发展或引起疾病的退化,或足以防止IL-4和/或IL-13介导的疾病或其一种或多种症状的发展、复发、发作或进展,或加强或改善另一种对治疗IL-4和/或IL-13介导的疾病有用的疗法(如另一种治疗活性剂)的预防和/或治疗效果。
在特定疾病或状况的使用或治疗中有效的治疗抗体或其片段的量将取决于该疾病或状况的性质,并可通过标准的临床技术测定。当可能时,可先在体外得出剂量-反应曲线以及本发明的药物组合物。如果适宜的动物模型系统可用,同样可获得剂量-反应曲线,并利用其外推出实践本技术领域已知的方法的适宜的人剂量。但是,基于本领域的常识,有效地促进降低炎症作用的药物组合物,例如,可提供的局部治疗剂浓度为约5至20ng/ml之间,优选地约10至20ng/ml之间。
在优选的实施方案中,治疗用多肽、抗体或其片段的水溶液可以皮下注射施用。每次剂量的范围按每千克重量计可为约0.5mg至约50mg,或更优选地,按每千克体重计为约3mg至约30mg。针对具体的疾病、患者群体、施用方式等,可凭经验确定该剂量,以实践本技术领域内已知的药学方法。
取决于许多临床因素,包括疾病类型、疾病严重程度以及患者对治疗剂的敏感度,皮下注射的剂量安排可在每周一次至每天一次的范围内变化。
本发明提供了制备抗体或其IL-4和/或IL-13结合片段的液体制剂的方法,其包括将纯化抗体的级分浓缩至约15mg/ml、约20mg/ml、约30mg/ml、约40mg/ml、约50mg/ml、约60mg/ml、约70mg/ml、约80mg/ml、约90mg/ml、约100mg/ml、约200mg/ml、约250mg/ml、约300mg/ml或更高的最终浓度,例如使用具有适当分子量(mw)截断值(cutoff)(例如对于其F(ab′)2片段的截断值为30KD;对于Fab片段的截断值为10KD)的半渗透膜。
此外,本发明也包括了稳定的、具有改善体内半衰期的目的产品的液体制剂。因此,目的抗体在受试者(优选地人)体内的半衰期为3天以上、7天以上、10天以上、15天以上、25天以上、30天以上、35天以上、40天以上、45天以上、2月以上、3月以上、4月以上、5月以上或更长。
为了延长抗体在体内的血清循环,可采用多种各样的技术。例如,惰性聚合物分子如高分子量聚乙二醇(PEG),可以通过PEG的位点特异性缀合到抗体的N端或C端或通过赖氨酸残基上存在的ε氨基连接到抗体上,其中可以用或不用多功能连接体。可以采用导致生物活性损失最小的线性或支链聚合物衍生。缀合程度可通过SDS-PAGE和质谱密切监测,以确保PEG分子与抗体的妥善缀合。未反应的PEG可通过大小排阻或离子交换层析与抗体-PEG缀合物分离。采用本领域专业人员已知的方法,例如本文所述的免疫测定法,可以测定PEG衍生抗体的结合活性以及体内功效。
在体内具有增加的半衰期的抗体,也可通过将一个或多个氨基酸修饰(即取代、插入或缺失)引入IgG恒定结构域或其FcR结合片段(如Fe或铰链Fe结构域片段)来产生,参阅例如WO 98/23289;WO 97/34631;以及US专利号6,277,375。
此外,抗体可与白蛋白缀合使得抗体在体内更稳定,或在体内具有较长的半衰期。这些技术是本领域内众所周知的,参阅例如WO 93/15199、WO 93/15200和WO 01/77137;以及EPO 413,622。抗体也可通过例如糖基化、乙酰化、磷酸化、酰胺化、用已知保护基/阻断基衍生化、蛋白水解切割、与细胞配体或其它蛋白连接等来修饰。
在一项实施方案中,按照常规步骤将该组合物配制成适合于人静脉内给药的药物组合物。通常,静脉内给药的组合物是在无菌等渗缓冲水溶液中的溶液。在必要的情形,该组合物也可包含增溶剂和局部麻醉剂如利多卡因或其它″卡因″类麻醉剂,以减轻注射部位的疼痛。通常,多种成分是以单位剂量的形式单独供应或混合在一起供应,例如作为在密封容器中的干燥冻干粉末或无水浓缩物,所述密封容器如安瓿瓶或囊,并标明活性成分的量。当组合物以输注方式给药时,其可被分散在含有无菌药用级水或盐水的输注瓶中。当组合物以注射方式给药时,可提供无菌注射用水或盐水的安瓿瓶,例如以试剂盒形式提供,使得成分可在施用前先混合。
本发明也提供,本发明的液体制剂是装在密封容器中,如安瓿瓶或囊(sachet)中,其上标明目的产品的量。本发明的液体制剂可在标明抗体或抗体片段的量和浓度的密封容器中。例如,本发明的液体制剂可在密封容器中供应,其具有的IL-4和/或IL-13抗体至少为15mg/ml、20mg/ml、30mg/ml、40mg/ml、50mg/ml、60mg/ml、70mg/ml、80mg/ml、90mg/ml、100mg/ml、150mg/ml、200mg/ml、250mg/ml,或300mg/ml,以1ml、2ml、3ml、4ml、5ml、6ml、7ml、8ml、9ml、10ml、15ml或20ml的量。
提供了含有对上述障碍治疗有用物质的制备物品。该制备物品包括容器和标签。适宜的容器包括例如瓶子、小瓶、注射器和试管。容器可从多种材料形成,例如玻璃或塑料。容器容纳能有效地诊断、预防或治疗IL-4和/或IL-13介导的状况或疾病的组合物,并可具有无菌入口(例如容器可以是静脉内溶液袋或小瓶,其具有能被皮下注射针头刺破的塞子)。容器上的标签或附带的标签标明该组合物是用于治疗所选的状况。该制备物品还可包括第二个容器,其含有可药用的缓冲液,如磷酸缓冲盐溶液、Ringer′s溶液和葡萄糖溶液。它还可包括从商业和用户的立场看来所需的其它材料,包括缓冲液、稀释剂、过滤器、针头、注射器以及使用说明的药品说明书。
为了技术人员有利,本发明将以下列非限制性实例示例说明,所述实例描述了一些本发明可籍以实施或在其中本发明可以实施的实施方案。
实施例
实施例1:小鼠抗人IL-13单克隆抗体克隆B-B13的Fv结构域的测序
下面的方法中所使用的试剂为购自Cell Sciences,Inc.(Canton,MA,USA)的小鼠抗IL-13单克隆抗体克隆B-B13。Cell Sciences为抗体B-B13的制备商Diaclone(Besancon,France)的美国分销商。
抗IL-13单克隆抗体克隆B-B13的氨基酸序列是利用Edman N端测序技术和质谱分析的组合测定的。抗体经过下述不同方法的处理,以便产生多肽或肽片段,这些片段然后用不同的方法分级分离以便制备样品用于后面的Edman N端测序和液相色谱/质谱/质谱(LC-MS/MS)分析,这是用相关的蛋白质序列数据库肽匹配。
抗体的SDS-Page,经过或不经过焦谷氨基肽酶(pyrogluamino)处理以分离重链和轻链,然后印迹到聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜和并进行条带的Edman N端测序。
用抗体的特异蛋白酶有限地部分水解,接着进行SDS-Page并印迹到PVDF膜和并进行条带的Edman N端测序。
对整个抗体或重链和轻链SDS-Page凝胶条带进行有限部分化学切割,接着进行SDS-Page并印迹到PVDF膜和并进行条带的Edman N端测序。
对整个抗体或重链和轻链的SDS-Page凝胶条带以特异蛋白酶进行蛋白水解并进行LC/MS/MS分析。
将重链和轻链的SDS-Page凝胶条带以特异蛋白酶进行蛋白水解,接着用反向高压色谱分级分离(rp-hplc),再进行各级分的Edman N端测序和LC/MS/MS分析。
以木瓜蛋白酶对抗体作有限的蛋白水解,通过SDS-Page分级分离Fd(抗体重链VH-CH1片段)凝胶条带,以特异蛋白酶蛋白水解,反向高效液相色谱(rp-hple),再进行各级分的Edman N端测序和LC/MS/MS分析。
实施例2:小鼠抗人IL-4单克隆抗体克隆8D4-8的Fv结构域测序
试剂小鼠抗IL-4单克隆抗体克隆8D4-8购自Biozol diagnosticaVertrieb GmbH(Eching,德国)。Biozol为生产8D4-8抗体的BioLegend(San Diego,CA,USA)之德国分销商。
小鼠抗IL-4单克隆抗体(克隆8D4-8)的氨基酸序列是利用Edman测序和质谱分析组合测定的(Pham等人,2006,Anal.Biochem.352:77-86;Roberts等人,2005,Anal.Chem.67:3613-25)。简言之,抗体被首先分离成轻链和重链,然后每个链用序列特异的蛋白酶或化学方法切割。得到的肽用反向色谱分离并用基质辅助激光解吸/电离质谱(MALDI)和/或LC-MS/MS分析。独特的肽以及完整的重链和轻链然后进行Edman测序,以准确地测定蛋白质的序列。
实施例3:小鼠抗人IL-13单克隆抗体克隆B-B13的Fv结构域的人源化
此处所描述的人源化规程被用来实现B-B13克隆的人源化。建议六个人源化的形式,包括CDR中的突变来解决有问题的残基(脱酰胺位点、暴露于溶剂的甲硫氨酸、酸不稳定位置)。
B-B13的VL&VH序列与2007年7月的蛋白质数据库(PDB)版本进行blast。检索出大多数类似的轻链和重链氨基酸序列。发现可变轻链中最同源的为1EGJ。发现可变重链中最同源的为1FNS。1EGJ&1FNS结构被用来建造可变结构域的同源性模型,然后利用分子操作环境(MOE)中实施的标准程序对其进行能量最小化。MOE是由Chemical Computinggroup提供的一套综合性的计算机辅助药物设计软件。其后对B-B13的3D同源性模型在广义波恩隐含溶剂(Generalized Born implicit solvent)中进行了1.7纳秒的分子动力学(MD)计算。然后对每一个B-B13氨基酸,利用得到的1,700个MD轨迹快照,与参照medoid位置相比较,计算其均方根差(rmsd)的分布。最后用一个统计试验对每个氨基酸的均方根差分布与全局均方根差分布进行比较,以决定该氨基酸从MD计算来看,是否有足够的柔性而有可能被视为与B细胞受体相互作用,从而成为免疫反应活化的原因。将鼠B-B13可变区的柔性位置与下载到本地的2007年1月版ImMunoGeneTics数据库中人抗体序列对应的位置进行了比较。只有那些柔性大于平均值三倍的残基以及一些保存了这些柔性残基3D结构的侧翼残基才被保留用于搜索。选择含相同柔性残基最多的人抗体可变区,特别考虑位于CDR的5.0范围内的位置,以便替换鼠B-B13抗体可变区的柔性残基。CDR中的一些突变也包括在提议的形式中以避免有问题的残基。研究了下面的序列基序:Asp-Pro(酸性不稳定键)、Asn-X-Ser/Thr(糖基化)、Asn-Gly/Ser/Thr(曝露区域的脱酰胺化位点)、Met(曝露区域的氧化)。将产生的人源化序列就序列相似性而在UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot数据库中blast,得出了已经作出合理假设的置信度。结果发现,所有序列都显示出与人抗体数有很高的相似性程度。此外,所有的序列都不含任何列在免疫表位数据库和分析资源(IEDB数据库)中的已知B-或T-细胞表位。
对重链提出三种形式(H1,H2,H3)并且对轻链提出三种形式(L1、L2和L3)。轻链的三种形式得自CAA83271.1(Genebank登录号CAA83271)。L1形式包含4个突变。L2形式包含一个另外的突变以除去CDR3中的DP位点(Pro99)。与L2相比,L3在CDRs中加入了两个另外的突变,它们是2个假定的脱酰胺位点(N34Q,N96A)。重链的H1,H2和H3形式得自CAC39364.1(Genebank登录号CAC39364)。该模板不是得分最高的模板,但它是不包含与已知免疫原序列显示高同源性(>70%)的得分最高的模板。H1形式包含6个突变,H2序列加入了两个另外的突变来解决三个脱酰胺位点(N60A、N73T和N83T)。氨基酸的序列编号反映了其在蛋白之中的天然次序(N端到C端)。H3包含两个另外的被认为能够提高效力的突变(Y100R&D106K)。建议6个组合的VL和VH的变体以产生人源化抗体:VL1xVH1,VL2xVH2,VL1xVH3,VL3xVH1,VL3xVH2和VL3xVH3。如表1所示,对人源化的B-B13VL和VH变体中的氨基酸利用本申请书详细说明一节中给出的表面重整技术进行了改变。左边一栏表示原始的氨基酸以及它们在鼠B-B13mAb中的位置。
表1
轻链(序列编号) | (VL1) | (VL2) | (VL3) |
Asn1 | Asp | Asp | Asp |
Asn34 | Asn | Asn | Gln |
Pro44 | Ala | Ala | Ala |
Glu83 | Gln | Gln | Gln |
Asp85 | Glu | Glu | Glu |
Asn96 | Asn | Asn | Ala |
Pro99 | Pro | Ser | Ser |
4突变 | 5突变 | 7突变 | |
重链 | (VH1) | (VH2) | (VH3) |
Gln1 | Glu | Glu | Glu |
Ser15 | Gly | Gly | Gly |
Gln16 | Gly | Gly | Gly |
Asn60 | Asn | Ala | Ala |
Ser61 | Asp | Asp | Asp |
Asn73 | Asn | Ser | Ser |
Lys81 | Glu | Glu | Glu |
Asn83 | Asn | Thr | Thr |
Gln86 | Arg | Arg | Arg |
Tyr100 | Tyr | Tyr | Arg |
Asp106 | Asp | Asp | Lys |
6突变 | 9突变 | 11突变 |
实施例4:小鼠抗人IL-4单克隆抗体克隆8D4-8的Fv结构域的人源化
采用本文上面所述的人源化(表面重整)技术来实现8D4-8克隆的人源化。制备了两种人源化形式。一种形式在重链的CDR中包括一个被认为能解决有问题的残基(曝露的酸性不稳定位置)的突变。
8D4-8的VL&VH序列与2007年7月的PDB版本进行blast。检索出大多数类似的轻链和重链氨基酸序列。发现可变轻链中最同源的为1YDJ。发现可变重链中最同源的为1IQW。1YDG&1IQW结构被用来建造可变结构域的同源性模型,然后利用MOE中实施的标准程序对其进行能量最小化。其后对8D4-8的3D同源性模型在广义波恩隐含溶剂(Generalized Bornimplicit solvent)中进行了1.7纳秒的分子动力学(MD)计算。然后对每一个8D4氨基酸,利用得到的1,700个MD轨迹快照,与参照medoid位置相比较,计算其均方根差(rmsd)的分布。最后用一个统计试验对每个氨基酸的均方根差分布与全局均方根差分布进行比较,以决定该氨基酸从MD计算来看,是否有足够的柔性而有可能被视为与B细胞受体相互作用,从而成为免疫反应活化的原因。将鼠8D4-8可变区的柔性位置与下载到本地的2007年1月版ImMunoGeneTics数据库中人抗体序列对应的位置进行了比较。只有那些柔性大于平均值三倍的残基以及一些保存了这些柔性残基3D结构的侧翼残基才被保留用于搜索。选择含相同柔性残基最多的人抗体可变区,特别考虑位于CDR的5.0范围内的位置,以便替换鼠8D4-8抗体可变区的柔性残基。最终制备一些另外的突变来避免问题残基。研究了下面的序列基序:Asp-Pro(酸性不稳定键)、Asn-X-Ser/Thr(糖基化)、Asn-Gly/Ser/Thr(曝露区域的脱酰胺化位点)、Met(曝露区域的氧化)。发现的唯一有问题的残基为重链CDR2中的DP位点。将产生的人源化序列就序列相似性而在UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot数据库中进行blast,得出了已经作出合理假设的置信度。全部序列都显示出与众多人抗体的高度相似性。此外,所有序列均不含有IEDB数据库中所列的任何已知B细胞或T细胞表位。
提示对重链获得了两种形式(H1,H2)并且对轻链获得了一种形式(L1)。轻链的L1形式得自BAC01676.1(Genebank登录号BAC01676)。L1形式包含3个突变。重链的H1和H2形式得自BAC02418.1(Genebank登录号BAC02418)。H1形式包含9个突变,H2形式包含一个额外的突变来除去CDR2中的DP位点(Pro53)。制备了两个组合,VL1xVH1和VL1xVH2。
表2显示利用人源化(表面重整)技术对人源化的8D4-8VL和VH变体中的氨基酸所作的改变。左边一栏表示原始的氨基酸以及它们在鼠8D4-8mAb中的位置。
表2
实施例5:嵌合抗IL-13克隆B-B13单克隆抗体、嵌合抗IL-4克隆8D4-8单克隆抗体以及人源化变体的克隆和生成
抗IL-13克隆B-B13和抗IL-4克隆8D4-8的可变重链和轻链的氨基酸序列被逆转译为核苷酸序列,并用Young L.和Dong Q.(Nucl.AcidsRes.(2004),32(7),e59)描述的重叠延伸PCR(OE-PCR)修改规程分别生成。PCR产物用Invitrogen TOPO TA克隆试剂盒(目录号:45-0641)被克隆到中,并用M13正向和M13反向引物测序。可变结构域被分别融合到恒定的重链(IGHG1,Genebank登录号Q569F4)或轻链(IGKC)Genebank登录号Q502W4)中,用NheI和HindIII消化,每个结构域被连接到Durocher等人(2002),Nucl.AcidsRes.30(2),E9描述的pTT载体的类似物(analogon)游离型表达载体pXL的NheI/HindIII位点,从而产生了嵌合的B-B13重链和轻链以及嵌合的8D4-8重链和轻链的哺乳动物表达质粒。
编码抗IL-13克隆B-B13和抗IL-4克隆8D4-8的人源化变体的表达克隆也透过重叠延伸PCR(OE-PCR),基于提议的原始序列氨基酸交换合成产生。
编码该抗体重链和轻链的表达质粒在大肠杆菌DH5a中繁殖。用于转染的质粒是利用Qiagen EndoFree Plasmid Mega试剂盒从大肠杆菌中制备的。
为转染,在500mL摇瓶里的100mL体积的无血清FreeStyle培养基(Invitrogen)中按3x105细胞/mL接种HEK293FreeStyle细胞(Invitrogen)。细胞在一个37℃、含有8%CO2加湿空气的培养箱中培养,在以110rpm旋转的定轨摇床平台上。
接种三天后,利用一台CASY电子细胞计数器( System GmbH)测定了存活的细胞数和总细胞数。存活率大于90%的细胞用于转染,细胞密度为1-1.5x106细胞/mL。100mL细胞在一个有重链和轻链表达质粒混合物(5x10-7μgDNA/细胞)的500mL摇瓶里利用FugeneHD(Roche)在制备商说明的条件下进行转染,其中DNA∶FugeneHD比率为2∶7。转染后的细胞在一个在以110rpm旋转的定轨摇床平台上的37℃培养箱(8%CO2)中培养7天。
在一个Nunc F96-MaxiSorp-Immuno板上包被山羊抗人IgG(Fc特异)[NatuTecA80-104A]。该抗体在碳酸盐包被缓冲液(50mM碳酸钠pH 9.6)中稀释到10ug/ml,每孔分配50uL。平板用胶带密封,在4℃下储存过夜。用洗涤缓冲液(PBS pH 7.4,0.1%Tween20)洗涤平板三次。每孔分配有150uL封闭溶液(1%BSA/PBS)以覆盖平板。室温下经过1小时后,用洗涤缓冲液洗三次。加入100uL样品或标准(范围为1500ng/ml到120ng/ml),并在室温下放置1小时。用洗涤缓冲液洗平板三次。加入用孵育溶液(0.1%BSA,PBS pH 7.4,0.05%Tween20)按1∶10.000稀释的100uL山羊抗人IgG-FC-HRP缀合物[NatuTec A80-104P-60]。室温下经过1小时孵育后,用洗涤缓冲液洗三次平板。向每孔中分配100uL ABTS底物(10mg ABTS片(Pierce 34026)溶于ml的0.1M Na2HPO4,0.05M柠檬酸溶液,pH 5.0。使用前加入10uL 30%H2O2/10ml底物缓冲液),并令其显色。显色后(大约10到15分钟),加入50uL的1%SDS溶液以终止反应。平板在A405读数。
蛋白质在蛋白A(HiTrap TM Protein A HP Columns,GE Life Sciences)上以亲和色谱纯化。用100mM含有100mM NaCl的乙酸盐缓冲液pH3.5洗脱后,单克隆抗体配制在PBS溶液中并经过0.22μm过滤。蛋白质浓度通过测量在280nm的吸光度而测定。每一批用Protein200Plus LabChip试剂盒在Agilent 2100生物分析仪上在还原和非还原条件下进行分析,以测定每个亚单位和单体的纯度和分子量。
实施例6:人源化抗IL-13克隆B-B13变异体和人源化抗IL-4克隆8D4-8变异体的表征
重组人IL-13和IL-4试剂购自Chemicon(USA)。按下述方法进行了Biacore动力学分析。
利用表面等离振子技术在一台Biacore 3000(GE Healthcare)上对纯化的抗体进行了详细的动力学表征。采用了一种捕获测定,其利用一种物种特异的抗体(例如人-Fc特异性MAB 1302,Chemicon)对感兴趣的抗体进行捕获和定向。捕获抗体用标准程序通过伯胺(10000RU)固定在研究级CM5芯片(GE Life Science)上。捕获所分析的抗体并调节RU值,导致在流速为10μl/min时得到最大的30RU分析物结合。在0到50nM之间的HBS EP浓度范围(10mM HEPES pH 7.4,150mM NaCl,3mMEDTA,0.005%表面活性剂P20),流速为30μl/min时,测量相对于重组IL-4和IL-13的结合动力学。用10mM甘氨酸pH2.5再生芯片表面。利用没有捕获的抗体的流动池作为参照,在BIA评估计划包中对动力学参数进行了分析和计算。为了研究两个抗原的加成结合,应用一个向导驱动(wizard-driven)的共注射方法,其中一个抗原注射后,立即注射IL-13/IL-4的抗原混合物。
籍由测量TF-1细胞中IL-4或IL-13介导的细胞增殖的抑制,测量了本发明抗体的生物活性。简而言之,申请人用IL-4或IL-13来刺激TF-1细胞的生长。TF-1是一个生长依赖于细胞因子并对很多细胞因子,包括IL-4和IL-13有反应的细胞系。诱导的生长(与不存在细胞因子时的基线条件相比)则代表了IL-4或IL-13的生物活性。抗IL-4、抗IL-13以及双特异的抗IL-4/IL-13抗体被表明阻断IL-4或IL-13诱导的TF-1细胞生长。此外,双特异的抗IL-4/IL-13抗体已被表明阻断由组合的IL-4和IL-13刺激所诱导的TF-1细胞增殖。阻断效应按剂量依赖方式测量以产生IC50(50%抑制时的抗体浓度)作为抗体对其靶,即IL-4或IL-13的中和能力。下面更详细地介绍所采用的方法细节。
TF-1细胞(ATCC,CRL-2003)被保持在含有新加入hGM-CSF(最终浓度为4ng/ml)的完全培养基(含有高葡萄糖、25mM Hepes缓冲液和谷氨酰胺、10%FBS、1xP/S、1mM丙酮酸钠的DMEM)中。IL-13(15ng/ml)或IL-4(1ng/ml)处理前24小时。细胞在96孔板上按0.05x106/ml接种在不含hGM-CSF的完全培养基中。在加入到细胞之前,在37℃预温育系列稀释的具有对应细胞因子的抗体30分钟。细胞培养了72小时(37℃、5%CO2)。加入了cellTiter96Aqueous的MTS/PMS溶液。然后孵育细胞3小时。该阶段后,在490nm利用一个培养板读数器记录吸光度。用Speed软件计算了IC50值。
人源化B-B13变异体的结合动力学和中和活性示于表3中(nt、未测)。
表3
抗体 | 开-速率(M-1×S-1) | 关-速率(S-1) | KD(M) | IC50(M) |
鼠B-B13 | 8.64E+05 | 3.73E-04 | 5.63E-10 | Nt |
chB-B13WT | 1.76E+06 | 4.61E-04 | 2.61E-10 | 7.4E-9 |
huB-B13VL1×VH1 | 1.74E+06 | 6.91E-04 | 3.96E-10 | 1.57E-8 |
huB-B13VL1×VH3 | 1.93E+06 | 3.95E-04 | 2.05E-10 | Nt |
huB-B13VL2×VH2 | 1.13E+06 | 1.77E-04 | 1.57E-10 | Nt |
huB-B13VL3×VH1 | 1.93E+06 | 3.33E-04 | 1.72E-10 | 5.2E-9 |
huB-B13VL3×VH2 | 2.55E+06 | 1.12E-04 | 4.39E-11 | 3.2E-9 |
huB-B13VL3×VH3 | 2.14E+06 | 4.05E-04 | 1.89E-10 | Nt |
与原来的鼠B-B13(13倍)和嵌合B-B13(6倍)相比,一种人源化的B-B13变异体,huB-B13VL3xVH2,具有显著更高的亲和力。当这些人源化的抗IL-13抗体用于治疗哮喘患者时,改善的亲和力可导致效能和效力的提高。此外,用于人时,与鼠抗体或嵌合抗体相比,人源化抗体可具有降低的免疫原性。
人源化8D4-8变异体的结合动力学和中和活性示于表4中。
表4
抗体 | 开-速率(M-1×S-1) | 关-速率(S-1) | KD(M) | IC50(M) |
鼠8D4-8 | 5.57E+06 | 2.17E-04 | 3.77E-11 | 9.7E-11 |
ch8D4-8WT | 2.49E+07 | 1.95E-04 | 7.83E-12 | 8.4E-11 |
Hu8D4-8VL1×VH1 | 4.72E+07 | 1.55E-04 | 3.29E-12 | 4.1E-11 |
Hu8D4-8VL1×VH2 | 2.57E+07 | 3.48E-04 | 1.39E-11 | 1.35E-10 |
与原来的鼠8D4-8(11倍)和嵌合8D4-8(2倍)相比,一个人源化的8D4-8变异体,hu8D4-8VL1xVH1,具有显著更高的亲和力。当这个人源化的抗IL-4抗体用于治疗哮喘患者时,改善的亲和力可导致效能和效力的提高。此外,用于人时,与鼠抗体或嵌合抗体相比,人源化抗体可具有降低的免疫原性。
实施例7:人源化抗IL-4/IL-13双特异抗体的克隆和生成
用于表达双特异抗体(BsAb)的形式是US5,989,830描述的双结构域双头形式的IgG变体。这一形式中,IgG分子在其相应的重链和轻链的N端被第二个抗体的另外一个可变结构域延伸。因此,得到的IgG分子是个由两个重链和两个轻链组成的异四聚体。重链由两个可变的重结构域(VH1-VH2)组成,来自由连接体连接在一起的两个不同的抗体,所述连接体由十个氨基酸(G4S)2组成,并且被融合到IgG4恒定结构域。轻链由两个可变的轻域(VL1-VL2)组成,来自由连接体连接在一起两个不同抗体,所述连接体由十个氨基酸(G4S)2组成,并被融合到恒定κ区域。
8D4-8变体的可变重结构域和轻结构域的序列是由PCR产生的,在其各自的编码(G4S)2-(GGA TCC)-8D4-8之一部份的5’-端引入了BamHI限制位点(GGA TCC)。8D4-8人源化变异体VH的3’序列以ApaI限制位点(编码CH1结构域的第一个氨基酸)结束,用于后面融合到IGHG4序列(缺失了末端Lys并带有S241P和L248E双突变的Q569F4)。VL8D4-8的3’-端以编码恒定κ链的前两个氨基酸的BsiWI限制位点结束,用于后面融合到IGKC(Genebank登录号Q502W4)。
B-B13变体的可变重结构域和轻结构域的序列是由PCR产生的,在其各自的编码(G4S)2-(B-B13)-(GGA GGC GGA GGG TCC GGA GGC GGAGGA TCC(SEO ID NO:7))之一部份的3’-端引入了BamHI限制位点。B-B13变异体的VH和VL序列是由NheI限制位点在其各自的5’-端产生的,接着是ATG起始密码子和编码序列的前导肽。
B-B13和8D4-8的VH透过它们的BamHI位点在(G4S)2连接体内被融合到一起。B-B13和8D4-8的VL透过它们的BamHI位点在(G4S)2连接体内被彼此融合到。因此,产生的重链和轻链的串联具有以下组成。
双特异抗体重链:NheI-前导肽-VH-B-B13-(G4S)2-VH 8D4-8-ApaI。
双特异抗体轻链:NheI-前导肽-VL-B-B13-(G4S)2-VL 8D4-8-BsiWI。
所有PCR中间片段用Invitrogen TOPO TA克隆试剂盒(目录号:45-0641)克隆到中,并用M13正向和M13反向引物进行测序。
序列确认后,重链串联通过其ApaI位点融合到IGHG4序列,可变的轻链串联透过其BsiWI位点融合到IGKC。产生的双结构域重链和轻链用NheI和HindIII消化,每个被连接到游离型基因表达载体pXL的NheI/HindIII位点中,分别产生了用于TBTI重链和轻链哺乳动物表达的质粒。
根据下面表5所示的B-B13和8D4-8的人源化VH和VL形式的组合,产生了四个人源化双特异抗IL-4/抗IL-13构建体。
表5
双特异抗IL-4/抗IL-13Ab | 抗IL-13Fv | 抗IL-4Fv |
huTBTI3_1_1 | B-B13VL3xVH2 | 8D4-8VL1xVH2 |
huTBTI3_2_1 | B-B13VL3xVH2 | 8D4-8VL1xVH1 |
huTBTI3_1_2 | B-B13VL2xVH2 | 8D4-8VL1xVH2 |
huTBTI3_2_2 | B-B13VL2xVH2 | 8D4-8VL1xVH1 |
实施例8:人源化双特异抗体的表征
结合和中活性测定按上面实施例中的说明进行。
表6给出了四个人源化的抗IL-4/IL-13抗体变异体的结合动力学。所有四个双特异抗体构建体均以高亲和力结合到IL-4和IL-13。
表6
人源化抗IL-4/IL-13双特异抗体变异体的中和活性总结于表7中。huTBTI3-1_1和huTBTI3-2_1完全中和了IL-13或IL-4诱导的TF-1细胞增殖,IC50如下所示。
表7
抗体 | IL-13测定中的IC50(nM) | IL-4测定中的IC50(nM) |
huTBTI3-1_1 | 3.7 | 1.7 |
huTBTI3-2_1 | 4.1 | 0.32 |
众所周知,突变的IL-13等位基因高频率的与哮喘相关联(HeinzmannA.等人,2000,Hum Mol Genet 9,4,第549-559页)。因此,研究了双特异抗体对突变的IL-13蛋白质(人IL-13R112Q变体,PeproTech,RockyHill,NJ,USA)的结合动力学。结果表明,huTBTI3-1_1和huTBTI3-2_1与IL-13变异体的结合和与野生型IL-13的结合类似。
表8显示人源化抗IL-4/IL-13分子与突变的IL-13蛋白质的结合动力学。
表8
<110>塞诺菲-安万特股份有限公司(sanofi-aventis US Inc)
E·劳(Rao,Ercole)
V·米科尔(Mikol,Vincent)
D·李(Li,Danxi)
J·克鲁伊普(Kruip,Jochen)
M·戴维森(Davison,Matthew)
<120>与IL-4和/或IL-13结合的抗体及其用途
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Claims (13)
1.特异结合IL-13和IL-4的双特异抗体或其双特异抗体片段,其中所述双特异抗体或其双特异抗体片段包含可变轻链和可变重链,其中所述可变轻链包含由氨基酸序列SEQ IDNO:1组成的可变轻链结构域和由氨基酸序列SEQ ID NO:3组成的可变轻链结构域,所述可变重链包含由氨基酸序列SEQ ID NO:2组成的可变重链结构域和由氨基酸序列SEQ ID NO:5组成的可变重链结构域、或包含由氨基酸序列SEQ ID NO:2组成的可变重链结构域和由氨基酸序列SEQ ID NO:4组成的可变重链结构域,其中所述双特异抗体或其双特异抗体片段对IL-13和/或IL-4的亲和力高于所述可变轻链结构域或可变重链结构域所来源的抗体。
2.权利要求1的双特异抗体或其双特异抗体片段,其中肽连接体连接SEQ ID NO:1的氨基酸序列至SEQ ID NO:3的氨基酸序列,并且肽连接体连接SEQ ID NO:2的氨基酸序列至SEQ ID NO:4的氨基酸序列、或连接SEQ ID NO:2的氨基酸序列至SEQ ID NO:5的氨基酸序列。
3.权利要求2的双特异抗体或其双特异抗体片段,其中所述肽连接体由SEQ ID NO:6组成。
4.特异地结合IL-13和IL-4的双特异抗体或其双特异抗体片段,其包含:
(a)可变轻链,其包含由SEQ ID NO:1的氨基酸序列组成的可变轻链结构域和由SEQ IDNO:3的氨基酸序列组成的可变轻链结构域,
(b)可变重链,其包含由SEQ ID NO:2的氨基酸序列组成的可变重链结构域和由SEQ IDNO:4的氨基酸序列组成的可变重链结构域;和
(c)恒定区结构域,
其中所述双特异抗体或其双特异抗体片段对IL-13和/或IL-4的亲和力高于所述可变轻链结构域或可变重链结构域所来源的抗体。
5.权利要求4的双特异抗体或其双特异抗体片段,其中肽连接体连接SEQ ID NO:1的氨基酸序列至SEQ ID NO:3的氨基酸序列,并且肽连接体连接SEQ ID NO:2的氨基酸序列至SEQ ID NO:4的氨基酸序列。
6.权利要求5的双特异抗体或其双特异抗体片段,其中所述肽连接体由SEQ ID NO:6组成。
7.权利要求4的双特异抗体或其双特异抗体片段,其中所述恒定区结构域由CH1、CH2、CH3和CL组成。
8.权利要求6的双特异抗体或其双特异抗体片段,其中所述恒定区结构域由CH1、CH2、CH3和CL组成。
9.包含权利要求1的双特异抗体或其双特异抗体片段和可药用载体的药物组合物。
10.包含权利要求7的双特异抗体或其双特异抗体片段和可药用载体的药物组合物。
11.权利要求1或5的双特异抗体或其双特异抗体片段在制备用于通过阻断IL-4或IL-13与其受体或受体复合物的结合和/或信号传导从而治疗哺乳动物中与IL-4和/或IL-13异常产生有关的变应性疾病的药物中的用途。
12.权利要求1或5的双特异抗体或其双特异抗体片段在制备用于通过阻断IL-4或IL-13与其受体或受体复合物的结合和/或信号传导从而治疗哺乳动物中与IL-4和/或IL-13异常产生有关的哮喘的药物中的用途。
13.权利要求1或5的双特异抗体或其双特异抗体片段在制备用于通过阻断IL-4或IL-13与其受体或受体复合物的结合和/或信号传导从而治疗哺乳动物中与IL-4和/或IL-13异常产生有关的疾病的药物中的用途。
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PCT/US2008/079787 WO2009052081A2 (en) | 2007-10-15 | 2008-10-14 | Antibodies that bind il-4 and/or il-13 and their uses |
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