WO2012165654A1 - 非水系二次電池用正極活物質及びその製造方法、並びにその正極活物質を用いた非水系電解質二次電池 - Google Patents
非水系二次電池用正極活物質及びその製造方法、並びにその正極活物質を用いた非水系電解質二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- C01G45/1221—Manganates or manganites with a manganese oxidation state of Mn(III), Mn(IV) or mixtures thereof
- C01G45/1228—Manganates or manganites with a manganese oxidation state of Mn(III), Mn(IV) or mixtures thereof of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. LiMnO2, Li[MxMn1-x]O2
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- C01G45/125—Manganates or manganites with a manganese oxidation state of Mn(III), Mn(IV) or mixtures thereof of the type[MnO3]n-, e.g. Li2MnO3, Li2[MxMn1-xO3], (La,Sr)MnO3
- C01G45/1257—Manganates or manganites with a manganese oxidation state of Mn(III), Mn(IV) or mixtures thereof of the type[MnO3]n-, e.g. Li2MnO3, Li2[MxMn1-xO3], (La,Sr)MnO3 containing lithium, e.g. Li2MnO3, Li2[MxMn1-xO3
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- C01G51/44—Cobaltates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiCoO2 containing manganese
- C01G51/50—Cobaltates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiCoO2 containing manganese of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. Li(CoxMn1-x)O2, Li(MyCoxMn1-x-y)O2
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- C01G53/44—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2, Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
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- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous secondary battery, a method for producing the same, and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the positive electrode active material.
- a lithium ion secondary battery is composed of a negative electrode, a positive electrode, an electrolyte, and the like, and a material capable of desorbing and inserting lithium is used as an active material for the negative electrode and the positive electrode.
- Such a lithium ion secondary battery is currently being actively researched and developed.
- a lithium ion secondary battery using a layered or spinel type lithium metal composite oxide as a positive electrode material Since a high voltage of 4V class can be obtained, practical use is progressing as a battery having a high energy density.
- lithium-cobalt composite oxide LiCoO 2
- lithium-nickel composite oxide LiNiO 2
- lithium-nickel composite oxide LiNiO 2
- Lithium / nickel / cobalt / manganese composite oxide LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2
- lithium-manganese composite oxide using manganese LiMn 2 O 4
- Li 2 MnO 3 Li 2 MnO 3
- lithium / nickel / cobalt / manganese composite oxide LiCoO 2
- lithium has excellent thermal stability over a nickel-cobalt-manganese composite oxide (Li 2 MnO 3 -LiNi x Mn y Co z O 2) has attracted attention in high capacity .
- This lithium-excess nickel-cobalt-manganese composite oxide is a layered compound, as is the case with lithium-cobalt composite oxide and lithium-nickel composite oxide (see Non-Patent Document 1).
- a composite oxide having a uniform and appropriate particle size and a high specific surface area is suitable for obtaining performance satisfying the above requirements. If a composite oxide having a large particle size and a low specific surface area is used, a sufficient reaction area with the electrolytic solution cannot be secured, and a sufficient capacity as a battery cannot be obtained.
- a complex oxide containing fine particles and having a wide particle size distribution is used, the voltage applied to the particles in the electrode becomes non-uniform, and when charging and discharging are repeated, the fine particles are selectively deteriorated and the capacity is reduced. This is because cycle deterioration tends to occur. Therefore, it is necessary to produce a complex oxide having an appropriate particle size and a uniform particle size distribution.
- Patent Document 1 a nickel / cobalt / manganese salt aqueous solution, an alkali metal hydroxide aqueous solution, and an ammonium ion supplier are supplied to the reaction system continuously or intermittently, and the temperature of the reaction system is set to 30 to 70 ° C.
- the nickel / cobalt / manganese composite hydroxide particles are synthesized by proceeding in a state where the pH is kept at a constant value within the range of 10 to 13 and the pH is maintained at a substantially constant value within the range of 10 to 13.
- Patent Document 2 in a method for producing a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery, a composite metal salt aqueous solution, a metal, wherein a salt is adjusted by dissolving a salt of each constituent element in water using a reaction vessel.
- a water-soluble complexing agent that forms a complex salt with ions and an aqueous lithium hydroxide solution are continuously supplied to the reaction vessel to form a complex metal complex salt, which is then decomposed by lithium hydroxide to form a lithium coprecipitated complex metal.
- the lithium coprecipitated composite metal salt having a substantially spherical particle shape was synthesized by precipitating the salt and repeatedly taking out the lithium coprecipitated composite metal salt while circulating the formation and decomposition of the complex salt in the tank.
- This device collects the generated crystals while classifying them to obtain crystal particles with a large particle size. To obtain a product with a uniform particle size, the production conditions are strictly controlled. This is likely to be a problem in industrial scale production. Furthermore, in the examples, the obtained composite hydroxide or the particle size distribution of the positive electrode active material is not disclosed, and the effect is unknown.
- Patent Document 4 discloses a positive electrode active material composed of a lithium / nickel / manganese composite oxide composed of a hexagonal lithium-containing composite oxide having a layered structure, and has an average particle diameter of 2 to 8 ⁇ m. And [(d 90 -d 10 ) / average particle size], which is an index indicating the spread of the particle size distribution, is 0.60 or less, and is present inside the outer shell portion in which the aggregated primary particles are sintered.
- a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having a hollow structure composed of a hollow portion is disclosed.
- the manufacturing method is easy and suitable for large-scale production.
- the positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery has a positive electrode resistance value measured when used in a non-aqueous secondary battery. There is a description that it can be reduced, the capacity is high, the cycle characteristics are good, and a high output is obtained.
- Patent Document 4 Although the positive electrode active material disclosed in Patent Document 4 has a high capacity, further higher energy density is required. Further, further improvement is demanded for higher output. Addition of foreign elements is used as a method for realizing the high output, and transition metals capable of taking high numbers such as W, Mo, Nb, Ta, Re, etc. are particularly useful.
- Patent Document 5 includes a lithium transition metal compound having a function capable of inserting and removing lithium ions as a main component, and an additive that suppresses grain growth and sintering during firing in the main component material.
- a lithium secondary battery positive electrode material that is fired after adding at least 0.01 mol% and less than 2 mol% with respect to the total molar amount of transition metal elements in the main component raw material
- Lithium transition metal-based compound powders have been proposed, and oxides containing at least one element selected from Mo, W, Nb, Ta, and Re are disclosed as additives.
- the atomic ratio of the total amount of the additive element to the total of the metal elements other than Li and the additive element on the surface of the primary particle is 5 times or more the atomic ratio of the entire particle. It is said that it is possible to improve load characteristics such as rate / output characteristics, reduce costs, increase voltage resistance, and increase safety. However, although the lithium transition metal compound powder has improved output characteristics, it is difficult to say that the increase in capacity and improvement in cycle characteristics are sufficient.
- the present invention provides a non-aqueous secondary battery that has a uniform particle size distribution, can improve capacity and cycle characteristics when used in a battery, and can achieve higher output.
- a positive electrode active material for use in an industrial manufacturing method. Furthermore, it aims at providing the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery excellent in the electrical property using such a positive electrode active material.
- the present inventors have conducted intensive research on the influence of lithium, nickel, cobalt, and manganese composite oxide on battery characteristics.
- lithium, nickel, cobalt, Battery performance is greatly improved by using manganese composite oxide as the positive electrode active material.
- Nickel / cobalt / manganese composite hydroxide with a narrow particle size distribution obtained by separating nucleation and particle growth in the crystallization process The present inventors have found that the above lithium / nickel / cobalt / manganese composite oxide can be obtained by mixing a product with a lithium compound at a specific ratio and firing, and have completed the present invention.
- M is an additive element, Mg, Ca, Al, Ti 1 or more elements selected from V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, and W)
- a positive electrode comprising a lithium metal composite oxide composed of a hexagonal lithium-containing composite oxide having a layered structure
- Non-aqueous system characterized in that the active material has an average particle size of 3 to 12 ⁇ m and an index ((d 90 -d 10 ) / average particle size) indicating the spread of the particle size distribution is 0.60 or less. It is
- the lithium metal composite oxide according to the first aspect has a general formula: bLi 2 MnM 1 t1 O 3.
- a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is selected from Mg, Ca, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, and W.
- sLi 2 MnM 1 t1 O 3 (1-s) LiNM 2 t2 O 2 (N is essential for Ni or Co, Ni, Co, And a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery in which the ratio of Li 2 MnO 3 : LiNO 2 is 0.40: 0.60 to 0.55: 0.45. It is.
- the fifth invention of the present invention is a positive electrode active for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery in which the ratio of Ni: Mn (Ni / Mn) contained in LiNO 2 in the fourth invention is 0.8 to 1.2. It is a substance.
- the lithium metal composite oxide according to the first to fifth aspects of the present invention is a lithium metal composite oxide composed of primary particles and secondary particles formed by agglomerating the primary particles,
- the amount of tungsten contained in the compound layer according to the sixth aspect of the invention is such that the tungsten atom is included in the sum of the number of atoms of a metal element other than lithium contained in the lithium metal composite oxide. It is a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having a number of 0.1 to 3.0 atomic%.
- the lithium metal composite oxide according to the first to seventh aspects comprises an outer shell portion in which aggregated primary particles are sintered and a hollow portion existing inside the outer shell portion.
- a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is provided.
- the ninth invention of the present invention is a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery in which the average particle size of the lithium metal composite oxide in the first to eighth inventions is 3 to 8 ⁇ m.
- the positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery in the first to ninth aspects is used as a positive electrode active material in a 2032 type coin battery, an initial discharge capacity of 220 mAh / g or more. It is characterized by having.
- the ratio Li / Me between the total number of atoms of metal elements other than lithium and the number of lithium atoms Li is 1.05 to 1 in the composite hydroxide, the manganese composite oxide before heat treatment, or a mixture thereof.
- Lithium compound is added so that the And a third step of obtaining a lithium metal composite oxide by calcining the formed lithium mixture in an oxidizing atmosphere at a temperature of 800 ° C. to 1050 ° C. and then pulverizing the mixture. It is what.
- a twelfth invention of the present invention is a method for producing a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the sixth to tenth inventions, wherein the lithium compound is added to form a lithium mixture in the eleventh invention. Further, a tungsten compound is further mixed.
- the thirteenth invention of the present invention is the average of the secondary particle diameter of the manganese composite hydroxide with respect to the average primary particle diameter of the tungsten compound mixed when forming the lithium mixture in the twelfth invention. It is a manufacturing method of the positive electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries whose value is 5 times or more.
- the first step according to the eleventh to thirteenth aspects includes a nucleation stage in which nucleation is performed in an oxidizing atmosphere in which the oxygen concentration in the space in the reaction vessel exceeds 1% by volume;
- the nucleus is grown by switching from an oxidizing atmosphere to a mixed atmosphere of oxygen and inert gas with an oxygen concentration of 1% by volume or less in the range of 0 to 40% of the whole grain growth stage time from the beginning of the growth stage.
- a method for producing a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is a nucleation stage in which nucleation is performed in an oxidizing atmosphere in which the oxygen concentration in the space in the reaction vessel exceeds 1% by volume;
- the nucleus is grown by switching from an oxidizing atmosphere to a mixed atmosphere of oxygen and inert gas with an oxygen concentration of 1% by volume or less in the range of 0 to 40% of the whole grain growth stage time from the beginning of the growth stage.
- the composite hydroxide particles serving as a nucleus which are generated in advance by controlling the pH value to 12 to 14 on the basis of a liquid temperature of 25 ° C.
- the nucleation stage and the particle growth stage are separated by growing the particles while controlling the pH of the reaction liquid to 10.5 to 12.0 based on the liquid temperature of 25 ° C. Is a method for producing a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- a part of the post-reaction solution is discharged out of the reaction tank.
- the temperature of the reaction solution is controlled in an arbitrary temperature range from 35 ° C. to 60 ° C. in the first step of the eleventh to sixteenth aspects. It is a manufacturing method of the positive electrode active material for secondary batteries.
- the eighteenth invention of the present invention is characterized in that the ammonia concentration in the reaction solution is maintained at an arbitrary constant value in the range of 3 to 25 g / L in the crystallization step in the eleventh to seventeenth inventions. It is a manufacturing method of the positive electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries.
- the additive element M (Mg, Ca, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, A method for producing a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, wherein a compound containing one or more additional elements is coated from Mo, W).
- the twentieth invention of the present invention is a non-aqueous system characterized in that, in the third step of the eleventh to nineteenth inventions, preliminary calcination is performed at a temperature lower than the firing temperature and at a temperature of 350 ° C. to 800 ° C. It is a manufacturing method of the positive electrode active material for electrolyte secondary batteries.
- a twenty-first invention of the present invention is a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising a positive electrode using the positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the first to tenth inventions as an active material.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having a large discharge capacity is obtained by obtaining a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous secondary battery having a narrow particle size distribution and monodispersity, and constituting the battery using the positive electrode active material. can get. Further, the resistance can be lowered, and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery capable of realizing a high output can be obtained. Furthermore, the method for producing a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous secondary battery in the present invention is easy and suitable for mass production, and has a remarkable industrial effect.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the present invention will be described in detail, and then the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the present invention will be described.
- a composition ratio such as a metal element other than lithium and a total ratio of Li and metal elements other than lithium depending on the number of atoms in the general formula gives to the initial discharge capacity of the battery.
- Li / Me ratio a composition ratio such as a metal element other than lithium and a total ratio of Li and metal elements other than lithium depending on the number of atoms in the general formula
- LiMO 2 which is a layered compound that causes charge / discharge reaction due to insertion / extraction of Li is present in the surroundings, so that Li insertion / removal reaction is also promoted in Li 2 MnO 3 where Li insertion / removal reaction is not likely to occur, thereby increasing battery capacity. To do. Therefore, in terms of theoretical capacity, it is considered that the discharge capacity increases as the proportion of Li 2 MnO 3 increases. However, when the proportion of Li 2 MnO 3 increases too much, the amount of LiMO 2 present around Li 2 MnO 3 decreases. Thus, the promoting effect on the insertion / extraction of Li is reduced and the amount of inactive Li 2 MnO 3 is increased, which indicates a decrease in battery capacity. Further, in order to enhance the above-described promoting effect, it is advantageous that there are many contact interfaces between Li 2 MnO 3 and LiMO 2 , and a structure in which Li 2 MnO 3 and LiMO 2 are finely mixed is preferable.
- the lithium metal composite oxide has a general formula: bLi 2 MnM 1 t1 O 3.
- v is less than ⁇ 0.05, the reaction resistance of the positive electrode in the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the obtained positive electrode active material is increased, so that the output of the battery is lowered.
- v is preferably 0.05 or more and more preferably 0.15 or less in order to further reduce the reaction resistance.
- the positive electrode active material of the present invention is more preferably adjusted so as to contain an additive element in the lithium metal composite oxide particles.
- the additive element By including the additive element, it is possible to improve durability characteristics and output characteristics of a battery using the additive element as a positive electrode active material.
- the additive element is uniformly distributed on the surface or inside of the particle, the above effect can be obtained over the entire particle, and the above effect can be obtained with a small amount of addition, and a decrease in capacity can be suppressed.
- the concentration of the additive element on the particle surface is increased from the inside of the particle. If the atomic ratio t of the additive element M with respect to all atoms exceeds 0.1, the metal element contributing to the Redox reaction is decreased, which is not preferable because the battery capacity is decreased. Therefore, the additive element M is adjusted so as to fall within the above range at the atomic ratio t.
- Ni and Co are preferably at least one, x indicating Ni content is 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5, and y indicating Co content is 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.5.
- x or y exceeds 0.5, the amount of Li 2 MnO 3 formed decreases, and the battery capacity decreases.
- both x and y are 0, LiMO 2 is not formed and the battery capacity is reduced.
- Z indicating the amount of Mn is 0.5 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.8. When z is less than 0.5, Li 2 MnO 3 is not sufficiently generated and unreacted Li is present. Battery characteristics deteriorate.
- ⁇ in the general formula is a numerical value indicating an excess amount of O (oxygen), and in order to form Li 2 MnO 3 and LiMO 2 , it is necessary to have a numerical value range similar to s.
- a composition in which the ratio of Li 2 MnO 3 is substantially 0.5 and the ratio of Ni to Mn in the remaining layered compound is 1: 1 shows the highest capacity.
- Ni is bivalent and Mn is tetravalent, and the average is trivalent.
- the presence of such a pair of Ni (divalent) and Mn (tetravalent) is considered to further facilitate the reaction of Li 2 MnO 3 Li that does not normally contribute to charge / discharge. . Therefore, when the above general formula is expressed as sLi 2 MnO 3.
- the positive electrode active material has a ratio of Li 2 MnO 3 : LiMO 2 of 0.40: 0.60 to 0.55. : 0.45 is preferable.
- the ratio of Ni: Mn (Ni / Mn) contained in LiMO 2 is preferably 0.8 to 1.2.
- the lithium metal composite oxide is composed of primary particles and secondary particles formed by agglomeration of primary particles, and Li is enriched with W on the surface or grain boundary of the lithium metal composite oxide. It is preferable that the average layer thickness is 20 nm or less.
- the lithium metal composite oxide has the advantage of high capacity.
- a compound layer composed of fine particles containing W and Li is formed on the surface of the lithium metal composite oxide powder, but the fine particles have high lithium ion conductivity. It has the effect of promoting the movement of lithium ions. For this reason, by forming the above compound layer on the surface of the lithium metal composite oxide powder, a Li conduction path is formed at the interface with the electrolyte, thereby reducing the reaction resistance of the active material and improving the output characteristics It is something to be made.
- the specific surface area decreases regardless of the coating thickness, so even if the coating has high lithium ion conductivity, The contact area with the liquid becomes small, which tends to cause a decrease in charge / discharge capacity and an increase in reaction resistance.
- Such fine particles preferably have a primary particle diameter of 20 nm or less, which is the upper limit of the average layer thickness. If the primary particle diameter exceeds 20 nm, the coating by one fine particle becomes too thick, and it becomes difficult to form a compound layer, and the voids increase, so that the resistance increases. If the particle diameter is less than 1 nm, fine particles may not have sufficient lithium ion conductivity.
- the primary particle surface in the present invention refers to the primary particle surface exposed on the outer surface of the secondary particle and the void in the vicinity of the inner surface of the secondary particle through which the electrolyte solution can penetrate through the outer surface of the secondary particle. It includes exposed primary particle surfaces. Furthermore, even a grain boundary between primary particles is included as long as the primary particles are not completely bonded and the electrolyte solution can penetrate.
- This contact with the electrolytic solution occurs not only on the outer surface of the secondary particles constituted by aggregation of primary particles, but also in the vicinity of the surface of the secondary particles and in the internal voids, and also on the incomplete grain boundaries. It is necessary to form fine particles on the surface of the primary particles to promote the movement of lithium ions. Therefore, the reaction resistance of the lithium metal composite oxide particles can be further reduced by forming fine particles on the entire primary particle surface.
- the fine particles do not need to be completely formed on the entire surface of the primary particles, and may be scattered. Even in the scattered state, if fine particles are formed on the primary particle surfaces exposed on the outer surface and the inner voids of the lithium metal composite oxide particles, an effect of reducing the reaction resistance can be obtained.
- the property of the surface of such a lithium metal composite oxide powder can be judged by observing with a field emission scanning electron microscope, for example.
- the lithium metal composite oxide It has been confirmed that fine particles containing W and Li are formed on the surface of the oxide powder.
- the fine particles of the present invention may be those containing tungsten and lithium, but it is preferable that tungsten and lithium are in the form of lithium tungstate. By forming this lithium tungstate, the lithium ion conductivity is further increased, and the effect of reducing the reaction resistance is further increased.
- the amount of tungsten contained in the compound layer is preferably 0.1 to 3.0 atomic% with respect to the total number of atoms of metal elements other than lithium contained in the lithium metal composite oxide. Thereby, it is possible to achieve both high charge / discharge capacity and output characteristics. If the amount of tungsten is less than 0.1 atomic%, a sufficient path for improving lithium ion transmission is not ensured on both the surface and internal grain boundaries. When tungsten exceeds 3.0 atomic%, the sintering prevention effect by tungsten advances, the primary particles forming the secondary particles become too small, the number of grain boundaries causing resistance increases, and the compound layer A constant layer thickness cannot be maintained, the average layer thickness exceeds 20 nm, and the resistance increases again, leading to a decrease in discharge capacity.
- the amount of lithium contained in the compound layer is not particularly limited, and if it is contained in the compound layer, an effect of improving lithium ion conductivity can be obtained, but it should be an amount sufficient to form lithium tungstate. preferable.
- the particle size characteristics of the positive electrode active material of the present invention are also important. That is, the average particle diameter is 3 to 12 ⁇ m, preferably 3 to 8 ⁇ m, more preferably 3 to 7 ⁇ m, and [(d 90 ⁇ d 10 ) / average particle diameter] is an index indicating the spread of the particle size distribution. By being 6 or less, preferably 0.55 or less, an unprecedented high energy density is achieved. When the average particle size is less than 3 ⁇ m, the packing density of the particles decreases when the positive electrode is formed, and the battery capacity per positive electrode volume decreases.
- the average particle diameter exceeds 12 ⁇ m
- the specific surface area of the positive electrode active material is reduced, and the interface with the battery electrolyte is reduced, thereby increasing the resistance of the positive electrode and lowering the output characteristics of the battery.
- the composite oxide is originally a material having low conductivity, the discharge capacity that can be taken out decreases.
- the particle size distribution is wide, there are many fine particles having a very small particle size with respect to the average particle size and coarse particles having a very large particle size with respect to the average particle size. become.
- the positive electrode active material of the present invention is a material excellent in thermal stability in terms of composition, but when the positive electrode active material has a large amount of fine particles, it is caused by a local reaction of the fine particles in the positive electrode of the battery. There is a possibility of generating heat and the thermal stability is lowered. Further, since the fine particles are selectively deteriorated, the cycle characteristics are deteriorated. On the other hand, when there are many coarse particles, the discharge capacity that can be taken out decreases due to the low conductivity.
- d 10 is the cumulative volume when the number of particles in each particle size is accumulated from the smaller particle size. It means a particle size that is 10% of the total volume of all particles. Further, d 90 means a particle size in which the cumulative volume is 90% of the total volume of all particles when the number of particles in each particle size is accumulated from the smallest particle size.
- the method for obtaining the average particle diameter and d 90 and d 10 is not particularly limited, but can be obtained, for example, from the volume integrated value measured with a laser light diffraction / scattering particle size analyzer.
- d 50 is used as the average particle diameter, it is sufficient to use a particle diameter at which the cumulative volume is 50% of the total particle volume, similarly to d 90 .
- the positive electrode active material of the present invention exhibits the above particle size distribution and has an average particle size of 3 to 12 ⁇ m, preferably 3 to 8 ⁇ m, more preferably 3 to 7 ⁇ m, and even more preferably 3 to 6.5 ⁇ m. If adjusted in this way, when used for the positive electrode of a battery, the battery capacity is large, and excellent battery characteristics can be obtained.
- the positive electrode active material of the present invention has a hollow structure composed of an outer shell portion in which aggregated primary particles are sintered and a hollow portion existing inside the outer shell portion. it can.
- the reaction surface area can be increased, and the electrolyte solution infiltrates from the grain boundaries or voids between the primary particles of the outer shell, so that the primary particle surface on the hollow side inside the particles Lithium insertion / extraction is also carried out at the reaction interface in Li, so that the movement of Li ions and electrons is not hindered, and the output characteristics can be improved.
- the thickness of the outer shell portion is preferably 5 to 45%, more preferably 8 to 38% in the ratio to the particle diameter of the lithium metal composite oxide particles.
- the absolute value is more preferably in the range of 0.5 to 2.5 ⁇ m, and particularly preferably in the range of 0.4 to 2.0 ⁇ m.
- the ratio of the thickness of the outer shell part exceeds 45%, the electrolyte solution is reduced from the grain boundaries or voids where the electrolyte solution can enter the hollow part inside the particle, and the surface area contributing to the battery reaction is reduced. As a result, the positive electrode resistance increases and the output characteristics deteriorate.
- the ratio of the thickness of the outer shell part to the lithium metal composite oxide particle diameter can be measured by observing the cross section of the lithium metal composite oxide particle using a scanning electron microscope.
- a plurality of lithium metal composite oxide particles (secondary particles) are embedded in a resin or the like, and the cross section of the particles can be observed by cross section polisher processing or the like.
- the ratio of the thickness of the outer shell portion to the secondary particle diameter can be obtained as follows. From the secondary particles in the resin, select particles that can observe the cross-section of the particle center, and the distance on the outer periphery of the outer shell portion and the inner periphery on the center portion side is arbitrary at three or more locations.
- the distance between the two shortest points is measured to determine the average thickness of the outer shell for each particle.
- the above ratio of the thickness of the outer shell portion for each particle is obtained by dividing the average thickness by taking the distance between any two points having the maximum distance on the outer periphery of the secondary particle as the secondary particle diameter.
- the ratio of the thickness of the outer shell part to the secondary particle diameter in the lithium metal composite oxide particles can be obtained by averaging the ratios of the particles obtained for 10 or more particles.
- the method for producing a positive electrode active material according to the present invention has the following three steps.
- Manganese composite hydroxide particles having an average particle diameter of 3 to 12 ⁇ m and an index indicating the spread of the particle size distribution [(d 90 -d 10 ) / average particle diameter] of 0.55 or less are at least manganese
- the addition amount is adjusted and supplied, and the pH of the reaction solution is 12 on the basis of the solution temperature of 25 ° C.
- the manganese composite hydroxide particles are obtained by separating the nuclei generated in the nucleation step into a particle growth step for growing the nuclei.
- the manganese composite hydroxide obtained in the first step is heat-treated at 105 to 750 ° C.
- the composite hydroxide particles are obtained by a crystallization method that can be efficiently produced with a homogeneous composition.
- a continuous crystallization method is often used. This method is a method capable of easily producing a large amount of composite hydroxides having the same composition.
- this continuous crystallization method has a problem that the particle size distribution of the obtained product tends to be a relatively wide normal distribution, and particles having a uniform particle size distribution and a narrow particle size distribution cannot always be obtained. Therefore, it is conceivable to classify the composite hydroxide particles having a wide normal distribution to obtain a composite hydroxide having a narrow particle size distribution.
- the present invention adopts a crystallization process in which the nucleation stage and the particle growth stage are clearly separated, and the nuclei generated in the nucleation stage are grown from the nuclei in the next particle growth stage.
- the particle size was made uniform, and a composite hydroxide having a narrow particle size distribution was obtained. Therefore, the crystallization step used in the first step of the present invention comprises an aqueous solution containing at least a manganese compound, an aqueous solution containing nickel, cobalt and an additive element M as required, and an aqueous solution containing an ammonium ion supplier.
- an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution is supplied by adjusting the addition amount in order to keep the reaction solution in the reaction tank at a predetermined pH, and the pH of this reaction solution is 12.0 based on a liquid temperature of 25 ° C.
- the produced nuclei are separated into a particle growth stage for growth to obtain manganese composite hydroxide particles in the first step.
- An outline of the method for producing composite hydroxide particles in the first step is shown in FIGS.
- (A) corresponds to the nucleation stage
- (B) corresponds to the grain growth stage.
- a compound of a metal constituting the above-described general formula with easy water solubility (hereinafter sometimes referred to as a metal compound including the additional elements described later) is dissolved in water at a predetermined ratio to prepare a mixed manganese aqueous solution. Is made. Subsequently, the prepared mixed aqueous solution and the aqueous solution containing an ammonium ion supplier are supplied to the stirring reaction solution in the crystallization reaction tank, and at the same time, an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution is supplied.
- the nuclei generated in the reaction solution Hardly grows and selectively produces minute nuclei of the composite hydroxide.
- the nucleation stage is the next stage.
- the composite hydroxide obtained in the crystallization process is coarsened and the particle size distribution is easily widened.
- pH exceeds 14.0 the produced
- the pH is preferably controlled to a constant value, and specifically, it is preferably controlled to ⁇ 0.2 as the fluctuation range. If the fluctuation range of the pH is increased, the total number of the obtained nuclei varies, and it becomes difficult to control the particle diameter, which is not preferable. Further, in order to obtain composite hydroxide particles having a good particle size distribution, the amount of the metal compound supplied in the nucleation stage is set to the total amount, that is, 0. 0% of all metal compounds supplied to obtain composite hydroxide particles. The content is preferably 1% to 2%, and more preferably 1.5% or less.
- particle growth stage Next, in the particle growth stage, complex hydration with a narrow particle size distribution range and a uniform particle size is achieved by suppressing new nucleation and causing only particle growth of the nuclei obtained in the nucleation stage of the previous process. The product particles are obtained.
- the pH of the reaction solution is controlled to be a constant value within the range of 10.5 to 12.0 on the basis of the liquid temperature of 25 ° C.
- the pH is controlled by adjusting the amount of aqueous sodium hydroxide. That is, when the pH exceeds 12.0, the particle size distribution of the particles obtained without sufficiently suppressing new nucleation becomes wide.
- the pH is less than 10.5, the solubility of the metal compound by ammonia ions is high, and the metal ions remaining in the liquid without being precipitated are not preferable. Further, when a metal sulfate is used as a raw material, the amount of S (sulfur) remaining in the particles increases, which is not preferable.
- the pH in the grain growth stage is preferably controlled to a constant value as in the nucleation stage, and specifically, it is preferably controlled within ⁇ 0.2 as the fluctuation range.
- the fluctuation range of pH increases, the solubility of metal ions changes, and the particle size distribution of the resulting composite hydroxide may become wide.
- this pH when this pH is 12, it is a boundary condition between nucleation and nucleation, and therefore, it can be a condition of either the nucleation process or the particle growth process depending on the presence or absence of nuclei present in the reaction aqueous solution. . That is, if the pH of the nucleation stage is higher than 12 to cause nucleation in a large amount and then the pH is set to 12 in the particle growth stage, a large amount of nuclei are present in the reaction aqueous solution. As a result, hydroxide particles having a narrow particle size distribution and a relatively large particle size are obtained.
- the pH of the particle growth stage may be controlled to a value lower than the pH of the nucleation stage.
- the pH of the particle growth process is nucleated. It is preferably 0.5 or more lower than the pH of the process, more preferably 1.0 or more.
- the composite hydroxide particles can be grown in a state where the relative concentration of the mixed aqueous solution is high, so that the particle size distribution of the particles can be further narrowed and the particle density can be increased. Specifically, the supply of the mixed aqueous solution or the like to the reaction solution and the stirring are stopped, the nucleus or composite hydroxide particles are allowed to settle, and the supernatant of the reaction solution is discharged.
- the transition from the nucleation stage to the particle growth stage can be carried out, for example, by adjusting the pH of the reaction solution after the completion of nucleation to the pH of the particle growth stage, and subsequent particle growth can be performed. Can be done quickly. This pH adjustment can be easily performed by temporarily stopping the supply of the alkaline aqueous solution.
- an inorganic acid of the same type as the acid constituting the metal compound for example, sulfuric acid in the case of a sulfate, is added to the reaction aqueous solution. It can also be adjusted by adding to.
- a reaction vessel containing a reaction liquid adjusted to pH and ammonium ion concentration suitable for the particle growth stage is prepared, and seed crystals generated in another reaction vessel are prepared in this reaction vessel for the particle growth stage.
- the particle growth step may be performed by adding an aqueous solution containing nuclei.
- the state of the reaction aqueous solution in each stage can be set to the optimum condition for each stage.
- the pH of the reaction solution can be set to the optimum condition from the beginning of the particle growth stage, the particle size distribution range can be made narrower and the particle size can be made uniform.
- atmosphere control during the crystallization reaction is also important.
- the atmosphere during the crystallization reaction is oxidizing, the oxidation of metal elements in the composite hydroxide particles is promoted during nucleation and particle growth, so the structure inside the composite hydroxide secondary particles is very small. Gaps are generated. Therefore, by controlling the oxygen concentration of the atmosphere in the nucleation stage and the grain growth stage, or by combining the time periods of exposure to the oxidizing atmosphere and the non-oxidizing atmosphere in the grain growth stage, It is possible to control the density by changing the ratio.
- the manganese composite hydroxide particles obtained in the first step are substantially spherical particles as illustrated in FIG. 6, and specifically, as illustrated in FIG. 7, a plurality of plate-like primary particles. It is a substantially spherical secondary particle formed by aggregation of particles.
- the third (sintering step) for forming the lithium metal composite oxide that is the positive electrode active material of the present invention lithium is sufficiently diffused into the particles, so that the distribution of lithium is uniform.
- a good positive electrode active material can be obtained.
- the positive electrode active material of the present invention when trying to obtain a metal composite oxide having a hollow structure composed of an outer shell portion in which aggregated primary particles are sintered and a hollow portion existing inside the outer shell portion. Is a manganese composite hydroxide having a structure having a central part made of fine primary particles inside the particles and an outer shell part made of plate-like primary particles larger than the fine primary particles outside the central part. Use.
- the central portion has a structure with many gaps in which fine primary particles are connected, the shrinkage due to sintering is caused in the firing step as compared with the outer shell portion made of thicker plate-like primary particles. Occurs from low temperatures. For this reason, sintering proceeds from a low temperature during firing, shrinks from the center of the particles to the outer shell portion where the progress of the sintering is slow, and a space is created in the center portion. Further, since the central portion is considered to have a low density and the shrinkage rate is large, the central portion is a sufficiently large space. Thereby, the positive electrode active material obtained after baking becomes a hollow structure. Moreover, it is more preferable if the plate-like primary particles are aggregated in a random direction to form secondary particles.
- the plate-like primary particles aggregate in a random direction, voids are formed almost uniformly between the primary particles, and when mixed with the lithium compound and baked, the molten lithium compound reaches the secondary particles, or lithium This is because the diffusion of is sufficiently performed. Furthermore, the aggregation in the random direction causes the central portion to shrink evenly in the firing step, which is preferable because a space having a sufficient size can be formed inside the positive electrode active material.
- the fine primary particles preferably have an average particle size of 0.01 to 0.3 ⁇ m, and more preferably 0.1 to 0.3 ⁇ m.
- the plate-like primary particles larger than the fine primary particles preferably have an average particle size of 0.3 to 3 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.4 to 1.5 ⁇ m, and 0.4 to 1 Particularly preferred is 0.0 ⁇ m.
- the average primary particle size of the fine primary particles is less than 0.01 ⁇ m, a sufficiently large central portion may not be formed in the composite hydroxide particles. In some cases, the formation and shrinkage are not sufficient, and a sufficiently large space cannot be obtained after firing.
- the sintering during firing may be performed at a lower temperature, and a sufficiently large space may not be obtained after firing.
- the diameter may exceed the above range.
- the fine primary particles are preferably plate-shaped and / or needle-shaped.
- the central portion has a sufficiently low density, and a large amount of space is generated due to large shrinkage caused by firing.
- the thickness of the outer shell portion is preferably 5 to 45%, more preferably 7 to 35%, as a ratio to the particle size of the secondary particles.
- the positive electrode active material particles obtained using the composite hydroxide as a raw material have a hollow structure, and the ratio of the thickness of the outer shell to the particle diameter is generally maintained at the ratio of the composite hydroxide secondary particles. . Therefore, by setting the ratio of the thickness of the outer shell portion to the secondary particle diameter in the above range, a sufficient hollow portion can be formed in the lithium metal composite oxide particles. If the thickness of the outer shell is too thin, less than 5% as a ratio to the particle size of the secondary particles, the shrinkage of the composite hydroxide particles increases in the firing step during the production of the positive electrode active material, and lithium Sintering may occur between the secondary particles of the metal composite oxide, and the particle size distribution of the positive electrode active material may deteriorate. On the other hand, if it exceeds 45%, there may be a problem that a sufficiently large central portion is not formed.
- the ratio of the thickness of the outer shell part to the secondary particle diameter can be performed in the same manner as the measurement of the ratio of the thickness of the outer shell part in the lithium metal composite oxide particles.
- the particle size of the said fine primary particle and plate-shaped primary particle can be measured as follows, for example. First, a plurality of manganese composite hydroxide particles (secondary particles) are embedded in a resin or the like, and the cross section of the particles can be observed by cross section polisher processing or the like.
- the particle diameters of the fine primary particles and the plate-like primary particles can be obtained by measuring the maximum diameter of the cross section of the primary particles, preferably 10 or more, in the secondary particles, and calculating the average value. it can.
- the growth of primary particles forming the manganese composite hydroxide particles is controlled, and in the oxidizing atmosphere, low density particles having many voids and formed by fine primary particles are formed. In a non-oxidizing atmosphere, primary particles are large and dense and high-density particles are formed.
- the primary particles in the central part usually have a fine plate shape and / or needle shape, and the primary particles in the outer shell part have a plate shape.
- the primary particles may have a shape such as a rectangular parallelepiped, an ellipse, and a ridged body depending on the composition.
- the oxidizing atmosphere for forming the central portion in the present invention is defined as an atmosphere in which the oxygen concentration in the space in the reaction tank exceeds 1% by volume.
- the oxygen concentration is preferably an oxidizing atmosphere exceeding 2% by volume, more preferably an oxidizing atmosphere exceeding 10% by volume, and particularly preferably an air atmosphere (oxygen concentration: 21% by volume) that can be easily controlled.
- the average particle size of the primary particles can be 0.01 to 0.3 ⁇ m.
- the average particle size of the primary particles in the center may exceed 0.3 ⁇ m.
- the upper limit of the oxygen concentration in the space between the reaction vessel lid and the liquid surface is not particularly limited, but if it exceeds 30% by volume, the average particle size of the primary particles may be less than 0.01 ⁇ m. It is not preferable.
- the oxygen concentration in the space between the reaction vessel lid in the reaction tank space and the liquid surface is 1% by volume or less. Is defined as the atmosphere.
- the mixed oxygen and inert gas atmosphere is controlled so that the nuclear oxygen concentration is preferably 0.5% by volume or less, more preferably 0.2% by volume or less.
- Secondary particles having a dense and high-density outer shell portion having a uniform primary particle size larger than the center portion of 3 ⁇ m and a uniform particle size can be obtained.
- Means for maintaining the reaction vessel space in such an atmosphere include circulating an inert gas such as nitrogen to the reaction vessel space, and further bubbling the inert gas in the reaction solution. .
- the switching of the atmosphere in the particle growth stage is performed at the central part of the manganese composite hydroxide particles so that a hollow part is obtained in such a degree that fine particles are generated and cycle characteristics are not deteriorated in the positive electrode active material finally obtained.
- the timing is determined in consideration of the size. For example, the time is 0 to 40%, preferably 0 to 30%, and more preferably 0 to 25% from the start of the particle growth stage with respect to the entire grain growth stage time.
- the formed central part becomes large, and the thickness of the outer shell part with respect to the particle diameter of the secondary particles may become too thin.
- the switching is performed before the start of the grain growth stage, that is, during the nucleation stage, the central part becomes too small or secondary particles having the above structure are not formed.
- the ammonia concentration in the reaction solution is preferably maintained at a constant value within the range of 3 to 25 g / L, more preferably 3 to 15 g / L. If the ammonia concentration is less than 3 g / L, the solubility of metal ions cannot be kept constant, so that the formation of ordered hydroxide particles cannot be realized, and gel-like nuclei are likely to be generated at the nucleation stage. For this reason, the particle size distribution also tends to spread. On the other hand, when the ammonia concentration exceeds 25 g / L, the hydroxide is densely formed, so that the positive electrode active material for the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery finally obtained also has a dense structure, and the specific surface area is low. Therefore, it is not preferable.
- ammonia concentration is preferably controlled to a constant value, and specifically, it is preferably controlled at ⁇ 2.5 g / L as the fluctuation range.
- the solubility of metal ions fluctuates, and uniform hydroxide particles may not be formed.
- an ammonium ion supply body is not specifically limited, For example, ammonia, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium carbonate, ammonium fluoride etc. can be used.
- the temperature of the reaction solution is preferably set to 35 ° C. to 60 ° C. If the temperature of the reaction solution is less than 35 ° C., sufficient solubility of the metal ions to be supplied cannot be obtained, and nucleation is likely to occur and control becomes difficult. On the other hand, if the temperature exceeds 60 ° C., the volatilization of ammonia is promoted, so that ammonia for complex formation becomes insufficient, and the solubility of metal ions tends to decrease as described above, which is not preferable.
- the particle size of the composite hydroxide particles can be controlled by the total number of nuclei in the nucleation stage. It can be controlled by the amount of the metal component. That is, the number of nucleation can be increased by increasing the pH at the time of nucleation to the high pH side, or by increasing the amount of metal compound added by increasing the nucleation time. This makes it possible to reduce the particle size of the composite hydroxide particles even when the particle growth stage is under the same conditions. On the other hand, if the nucleation number is controlled to be reduced, the particle size of the composite hydroxide particles can be increased.
- the particle size of the composite hydroxide particles can be controlled by the amount of metal compound added in the particle growth stage. If a metal compound is continuously added until it grows to a desired particle size, composite hydroxide particles having the desired particle size can be obtained.
- a compound aqueous solution of an additive element for improving battery characteristics can be supplied as necessary.
- the compound aqueous solution and the mixed aqueous solution are supplied to the reaction solution individually and simultaneously.
- the composition ratio of each metal in the obtained composite hydroxide matches the composition ratio of the metal component contained in each aqueous solution, the metal compound dissolved in each aqueous solution so as to have the desired composition ratio of the metal component Adjust the amount.
- a water-soluble compound can be used, and examples thereof include nitrates, sulfates and hydrochlorides. For example, nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate are preferably used.
- the concentration of the mixed aqueous solution is preferably 1 to 2.6 mol / L, more preferably 1 to 2.2 mol / L in total of the metal compounds. Even if the concentration of the mixed aqueous solution is less than 1 mol / L, it is possible to cause the crystallization reaction of the composite hydroxide particles. However, since the amount of the crystallized product per reaction tank is reduced, the productivity is lowered, which is not preferable. On the other hand, when the concentration of the mixed aqueous solution exceeds 2.6 mol / L, the saturated concentration at room temperature is exceeded, and there is a risk that crystals re-deposit and clog the equipment piping.
- the metal compound does not necessarily have to be supplied to the reaction vessel as a mixed aqueous solution, and is reacted at a predetermined ratio as an aqueous solution of individual metal compounds so that the total concentration of the metal compounds in the aqueous reaction solution falls within the above range.
- the additive element M, M 1 , M 2 : one or more elements selected from Mg, Ca, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, and W
- a water-soluble compound is used as the additive element (M, M 1 , M 2 : one or more elements selected from Mg, Ca, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, and W).
- titanium sulfate, ammonium peroxotitanate, potassium oxalate, vanadium sulfate, ammonium vanadate, chromium sulfate, potassium chromate, zirconium sulfate, zirconium nitrate, niobium oxalate, ammonium molybdate, sodium tungstate, tungsten Ammonium acid or the like can be used.
- an additive containing the additive element may be added to the mixed aqueous solution, and the additive element is uniformly distributed in the composite hydroxide particles. It can be coprecipitated in a dispersed state.
- the composite hydroxide particles When the surface of the composite hydroxide particles is coated with an additive element, for example, the composite hydroxide particles are slurried with an aqueous solution containing the additive element and controlled to have a predetermined pH, If an aqueous solution containing one or more additive elements is added and the additive elements are precipitated on the surface of the composite hydroxide particles by a crystallization reaction, the surface can be uniformly coated with the additive elements.
- an alkoxide solution of the additive element may be used instead of the aqueous solution containing the additive element.
- the surface of the composite hydroxide particles can be covered with the additive element by spraying an aqueous solution or slurry containing the additive element onto the composite hydroxide particle and drying it.
- the slurry in which the composite hydroxide particles and the salt containing one or more additional elements are suspended is spray-dried, or the composite hydroxide and the salt containing one or more additional elements are mixed by a solid phase method. It can coat
- the atomic ratio of the metal ions of the resulting composite hydroxide particles is reduced by reducing the atomic ratio of the additive element ions present in the mixed aqueous solution by an amount that covers the surface. Can be matched. Further, the step of coating the surface of the particles with the additive element may be performed on the particles after the composite hydroxide particles are heated.
- an apparatus of a system in which the product is not recovered until the reaction is completed is used.
- it is a normally used batch reactor equipped with a stirrer.
- the growing particles are recovered simultaneously with the overflow liquid unlike the continuous crystallization apparatus that recovers the product by the overflow, so that the particle size distribution is narrow and the particle size is uniform. Particles can be obtained.
- the atmosphere at the time of a crystallization reaction it is preferable that it is an apparatus which can control atmosphere, such as a sealed apparatus.
- a sealed apparatus By using such an apparatus, the oxidation of the metal element can be easily controlled in the nucleation stage or the particle growth stage. What is necessary is just to supply the mixed solution to be used, the aqueous solution containing an ammonium ion supply body, and the sodium hydroxide aqueous solution with the pump etc. which can control flow volume.
- the supply amount of the aqueous solution containing an ammonium ion supplier and the aqueous sodium hydroxide solution is adjusted while measuring the reaction solution with a general ion meter or pH meter.
- Manganese composite hydroxide particles having a desired composition, particle size and structure can be obtained by the production method as described above.
- the composition ratio of the metal elements contained in the composite hydroxide particles hardly changes depending on the subsequent process. Therefore, by making the composition ratio of the composite hydroxide particles and the positive electrode active material to be finally obtained substantially the same, a positive electrode active material having good characteristics when used in a battery can be obtained.
- the average particle diameter since the average particle diameter is not substantially changed by the subsequent process, the average particle diameter may be in the same range as the positive electrode active material to be finally obtained, that is, 2 to 12 ⁇ m.
- [(d 90 -d 10 ) / average particle size] which is an index indicating the spread of the particle size distribution, may be slightly deteriorated by firing or the like as a subsequent step. For this reason, the index for the composite hydroxide needs to be slightly improved from the positive electrode active material, and may be 0.55 or less.
- the second step is a step of heat treating the manganese composite hydroxide particles obtained in the first step at 105 ° C. to 750 ° C.
- This step residual moisture in the composite hydroxide particles can be removed and reduced.
- the composite hydroxide particles can be converted into composite oxide particles, it is possible to prevent variations in the number of metal atoms and the number of lithium atoms in the obtained positive electrode active material. It should be noted that it is only necessary to remove moisture to such an extent that this ratio does not vary, so it is not always necessary to convert all the composite hydroxide particles into composite oxide particles, and a mixture of composite hydroxide and composite oxide. May be.
- the composite hydroxide particles are all converted to composite oxide particles at a heat treatment temperature of 500 ° C. or higher. It is preferable.
- an oxidizing atmosphere may be used, but it is easy and preferable to perform in an air atmosphere having a sufficient flow rate. If the heat treatment temperature is less than 105 ° C., it takes a long time for the heat treatment, which is not industrially suitable and cannot sufficiently remove residual moisture. On the other hand, if the heat treatment temperature exceeds 750 ° C., sintering occurs between the particles that have become the composite oxide, and the particle size distribution deteriorates, which is not preferable.
- the heat treatment time is not particularly limited, but if it is less than 1 hour, the residual moisture in the composite hydroxide particles may not be sufficiently removed, so that it is preferably 1 hour or more, and more preferably 5 to 15 hours.
- the purpose of the second step is to prevent variation in the number of metal atoms and the number of lithium atoms in the positive electrode active material. it can.
- the equipment used for this heat treatment is not particularly limited as long as it can be heated in an air stream, and a blower dryer and an electric furnace that does not generate gas can be suitably used.
- the composite hydroxide or composite oxide obtained in the second step, or a mixture thereof and a lithium compound are mixed, and the resulting mixture is oxidized in an atmosphere.
- This is a step of baking at 800 to 1050 ° C.
- the mixture with the lithium compound is such that the ratio (Li / Me) of the sum of the number of atoms of the metal elements other than lithium (Me) and the number of atoms of lithium (Li) in the obtained lithium metal composite oxide is 1.05. Mix to ⁇ -1.95 to form a lithium mixture. Since the Li / Me ratio before and after firing is almost the same, a positive electrode active material having excellent battery characteristics can be obtained by making the Li / Me ratio of the mixture and the lithium metal composite oxide equal.
- this lithium compound is not particularly limited, either lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate, or a mixture thereof can be suitably used. In view of ease of handling and quality stability, it is more preferable to use lithium carbonate. It is preferable that the manganese composite hydroxide and the lithium compound to be subjected to such firing are sufficiently mixed before firing. If the mixing is insufficient, Li / Me varies among the individual particles, which may cause problems such as insufficient battery characteristics.
- a general mixer can be used. For example, a shaker mixer, a Laedige mixer, a Julia mixer, a V blender, or the like can be used, and the lithium compound is used to such an extent that the heat-treated particles are not destroyed. And mix well.
- a tungsten compound is further mixed at the time of forming the lithium mixture.
- Tungsten can be added as an additive element to the manganese composite hydroxide, but the compound layer can be sufficiently formed by mixing a tungsten compound with the lithium mixture.
- the average particle size of the tungsten compound to be mixed is preferably 1/5 times or less than the average particle size of the manganese composite hydroxide or manganese composite oxide.
- the thickness may not be 20 nm or less.
- the amount of tungsten contained in the compound layer may be controlled as the amount of tungsten compound to be mixed at the time of forming the thium mixture.
- the number of atoms may be 0.1-30 atomic%.
- the amount of tungsten in the entire lithium metal composite oxide may be controlled as the total amount of tungsten compounds mixed with the amount of tungsten contained in the manganese composite hydroxide.
- the amount of the lithium compound to be mixed is preferably added in an amount such that the tungsten compound added at the time of forming the lithium mixture can form lithium tungstate.
- the firing temperature in the third step is less than 800 ° C.
- the diffusion of lithium into the manganese composite hydroxide or manganese composite oxide particles is not sufficient, and excess lithium and unreacted manganese composite oxide remain.
- the Mn spinel phase remains and the crystal structure is not sufficiently arranged.
- the firing temperature exceeds 1050 ° C.
- intense sintering occurs between the lithium and metal composite oxide particles, and abnormal grain growth occurs, so the particles become coarse, and the shape and particle size distribution of the spherical secondary particles can be maintained. Disappear.
- the battery capacity decreases. Therefore, by setting the firing temperature to 800 to 1050 ° C., more preferably 900 to 1000 ° C., a lithium metal composite oxide that exhibits good characteristics when used in a battery can be obtained.
- the temperature is preferable to raise the temperature to the above temperature with a temperature increase rate of 3 to 10 ° C./min.
- the reaction can be carried out more uniformly by maintaining at a temperature near the melting point of the lithium compound for about 1 to 5 hours.
- the firing time is preferably 1 hour or more, more preferably 4 hours. -24 hours, more preferably 5-15 hours. If it is less than 1 hour, the lithium metal composite oxide may not be sufficiently produced.
- this firing it is preferable to pre-sinter by holding at a temperature of 350 to 800 ° C. lower than the firing temperature for about 1 to 10 hours before firing, and subsequently to fire at 800 to 1050 ° C. This is because by maintaining the temperature near the melting point of lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate or near the reaction temperature, lithium can be sufficiently diffused to obtain a uniform lithium metal composite oxide.
- the firing atmosphere is an oxidizing atmosphere, but is preferably an atmosphere having an oxygen concentration of 18 to 100% by volume. That is, it is preferably performed in an air to oxygen atmosphere. Considering the cost, it is particularly preferable to perform in an air stream. If the oxygen concentration is less than 18% by volume, the oxidation may not be sufficient and the crystallinity of the lithium metal composite oxide may not be sufficient.
- the furnace used for firing is not particularly limited as long as it can be heated in the atmosphere to an oxygen atmosphere.
- an electric furnace that does not generate gas is preferable, and a batch type or continuous type furnace is used.
- crushing refers to agglomeration in which mechanical energy is input to an aggregate composed of a plurality of secondary particles generated by sintering necking or the like, and the secondary particles are separated without substantially destroying the secondary particles. This is a loosening operation.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a non-aqueous electrolyte solution, and the like, and includes the same components as a general non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the embodiment described below is merely an example, and the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention can be variously modified based on the knowledge of those skilled in the art based on the embodiment described in the present specification. It can be implemented in an improved form. Further, the use of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention is not particularly limited.
- a positive electrode of a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is produced as follows. First, a powdered positive electrode active material, a conductive material, and a binder are mixed, and activated carbon and a target solvent such as viscosity adjustment are added as necessary, and this is kneaded to prepare a positive electrode mixture paste. . At that time, the mixing ratio in the positive electrode mixture paste is also an important factor for determining the performance of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the content of the positive electrode active material is 60 to 95 parts by mass as in the case of the positive electrode of a general non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, and the content of the conductive material
- the content is preferably 1 to 20 parts by mass, and the binder content is preferably 1 to 20 parts by mass.
- the obtained positive electrode mixture paste is applied to, for example, the surface of a current collector made of aluminum foil and dried to disperse the solvent. If necessary, pressurization may be performed by a roll press or the like to increase the electrode density. In this way, a sheet-like positive electrode can be produced. This sheet-like positive electrode can be cut into an appropriate size according to the intended battery and used for battery production.
- the method for manufacturing the positive electrode is not limited to the above-described examples, and other methods may be used.
- the conductive material for example, graphite (natural graphite, artificial graphite, expanded graphite and the like), and carbon black materials such as acetylene black and ketjen black can be used.
- the binder plays a role of anchoring the active material particles.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- fluorine rubber ethylene propylene diene rubber
- styrene butadiene cellulosic resin and polyacrylic.
- An acid can be used.
- a positive electrode active material, a conductive material, and activated carbon are dispersed, and a solvent that dissolves the binder is added to the positive electrode mixture.
- an organic solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone can be used as the solvent.
- Activated carbon can be added to the positive electrode mixture in order to increase the electric double layer capacity.
- the negative electrode is made of metal lithium, lithium alloy, or the like, or a negative electrode active material capable of occluding and desorbing lithium ions, mixed with a binder, and added with an appropriate solvent to form a paste.
- the composite material is applied to the surface of a metal foil current collector such as copper, dried, and compressed to increase the electrode density as necessary.
- the negative electrode active material for example, organic compound fired bodies such as natural graphite, artificial graphite and phenol resin, and powdery bodies of carbon materials such as coke can be used.
- a fluorine-containing resin such as PVDF can be used as the negative electrode binder, as in the case of the positive electrode, and an organic material such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone can be used as a solvent for dispersing these active materials and the binder.
- a solvent can be used.
- a separator is interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. This separator separates the positive electrode and the negative electrode and retains the electrolyte, and a thin film such as polyethylene or polypropylene and a film having many minute holes can be used.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte is obtained by dissolving a lithium salt as a supporting salt in an organic solvent.
- organic solvent include cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate and trifluoropropylene carbonate, chain carbonates such as diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate and dipropyl carbonate, tetrahydrofuran, 2- One kind selected from ether compounds such as methyltetrahydrofuran and dimethoxyethane, sulfur compounds such as ethylmethylsulfone and butanesultone, and phosphorus compounds such as triethyl phosphate and trioctyl phosphate are used alone or in admixture of two or more.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte solution may contain a radical scavenger, a surfactant, a flame retardant, and the like.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention composed of the positive electrode, negative electrode, separator, and nonaqueous electrolyte described above has various shapes such as a cylindrical shape and a laminated shape. be able to.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode are laminated via a separator to form an electrode body, and the obtained electrode body is impregnated with a non-aqueous electrolyte and communicated with the positive electrode current collector and the outside. Connect between the positive electrode terminal and between the negative electrode current collector and the negative electrode terminal leading to the outside using a current collecting lead, etc., and seal the battery case to complete the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery. .
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the positive electrode active material of the present invention is, for example, a 2032 type coin battery, a high initial discharge capacity of 220 mAh / g or higher, more preferably 250 mAh / g or higher.
- a low positive electrode resistance and a high cycle capacity retention ratio can be obtained, and excellent characteristics as a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery are exhibited.
- the thermal stability is comparable and it can be said that there is no problem in safety.
- Table 1 shows the average particle diameter, [(d 90 -d 10 ) / average particle diameter] value, and initial discharge capacity value of the obtained composite hydroxide and the positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- SEM JEOL scanning electron microscope JSM-6360LA
- the average particle size is measured with a laser diffraction / scattering particle size distribution measuring device (manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd., Microtrac HRA), and the particle size distribution measurement result is shown in FIG.
- the obtained positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was evaluated by preparing a battery and measuring the charge / discharge capacity as follows. 52.5 mg of a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, 15 mg of acetylene black, and 7.5 mg of polytetrafluoroethylene resin (PTFE) are mixed and press-molded to a diameter of 11 mm and a thickness of 100 ⁇ m at a pressure of 100 MPa.
- the produced positive electrode 1 was dried at 120 ° C. for 12 hours in a vacuum dryer. And using this positive electrode 1, 2032 type coin battery B was produced in the glove box of Ar atmosphere where the dew point was controlled at -80 degreeC.
- the negative electrode 2 is made of Li metal having a diameter of 17 mm and a thickness of 1 mm. Used).
- As the separator 3 a polyethylene porous film having a film thickness of 25 ⁇ m was used.
- the coin battery B has a gasket 4 and a wave washer 5, and the positive electrode can 6 and the negative electrode can 7 are assembled into a coin-shaped battery.
- the manufactured coin battery (B) is left for about 24 hours after assembly, and after the open circuit voltage OCV (Open Circuit Voltage) is stabilized, the current density with respect to the positive electrode is 0.1 mA / cm 2 and the cut-off voltage is 4.8 V.
- OCV Open Circuit Voltage
- a charge / discharge test was performed to evaluate the initial discharge capacity by measuring the discharge capacity when the battery was discharged until the cut-off voltage reached 2.0 V after a 1-hour pause.
- charging and discharging cycles were repeated 200 times under the conditions of a current density at which charging is completed in one hour and a temperature of 40 ° C. within a voltage range of 3.0 V to 4.6 V.
- the capacity retention rate was calculated from the subsequent discharge capacity ratio.
- a multi-channel voltage / current generator (Fujitsu Access Co., Ltd.) was used to measure the charge / discharge capacity.
- the initial discharge capacity of the obtained secondary battery using the positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was 269 mAh / g.
- the capacity retention rate after 200 cycles was 73.1%.
- a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the Li / Me ratio was 1.41.
- Composition ratio of Ni, Co, Mn, Li / Me ratio, Li 2 MnO 3 and LiMO 2 ratio calculated from the composition of the positive electrode active material for the obtained non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, initial discharge capacity, capacity maintenance The rates are shown in Table 1.
- a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the Li / Me ratio was 1.55.
- Composition ratio of Ni, Co, Mn, Li / Me ratio, Li 2 MnO 3 and LiMO 2 ratio calculated from the composition of the positive electrode active material for the obtained non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, initial discharge capacity, capacity maintenance The rates are shown in Table 1.
- Table 1 shows the composition ratio of Ni, Co, Mn, Li / Me ratio, the ratio of Li 2 MnO 3 and LiMO 2 calculated from the composition, and the initial discharge capacity of the obtained positive electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery. Shown in Since the unreacted Li is a composition of excess Li, the capacity retention rate was not measured.
- Table 1 shows the composition ratio of Ni, Co, Mn, Li / Me ratio, the ratio of Li 2 MnO 3 and LiMO 2 calculated from the composition, and the initial discharge capacity of the obtained positive electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery. Shown in In addition, since the spinel phase generate
- Table 1 shows the composition ratio of Ni, Co, Mn, Li / Me ratio, the ratio of Li 2 MnO 3 and LiMO 2 calculated from the composition, and the initial discharge capacity of the obtained positive electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery. Shown in In addition, since the spinel phase generate
- Example 6 A positive electrode active material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the firing temperature was 1050 ° C.
- Example 7 A positive electrode active material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that crystallization was performed for 4 minutes while controlling the pH to 14.5 (nucleation pH) in the nucleation stage. .
- Example 8 A positive electrode active material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the pH was constant at 12.0 (no nucleation step) and the total crystallization time was 3 hours.
- a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained and evaluated.
- Composition ratio of Ni, Co, Mn, Li / Me ratio, Li 2 MnO 3 and LiMO 2 ratio calculated from the composition, initial discharge capacity, and 200 cycles of the obtained positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery Table 1 shows the subsequent capacity retention rate.
- Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 having a large amount of Mn relative to the amount of Ni have a low initial discharge capacity even when Li / Me is changed.
- Comparative Example 3 with a small amount of Mn the initial discharge capacity is higher than that in Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2, but there is a problem in thermal safety because unreacted Li is present.
- Comparative Examples 4 and 5 having a large amount of Mn relative to the amount of Ni a spinel phase is generated and the initial discharge capacity is greatly reduced.
- Composite hydroxide particles were produced as follows.
- the temperature in the tank was set to 40 ° C. while stirring the reaction tank (34 L) with half the amount of water.
- the inside of the reaction tank at this time was an air atmosphere (oxygen concentration: 21% by volume).
- Appropriate amounts of 25% by mass aqueous sodium hydroxide and 25% by mass ammonia water are added to the water in this reaction tank, and the pH value of the reaction liquid in the tank is adjusted to 12.8 based on the liquid temperature of 25 ° C. did.
- the ammonia concentration in the reaction solution was adjusted to 10 g / L to obtain a pre-reaction aqueous solution.
- Ni: Co: Mn 0.167: 0.167: 0.666.
- This mixed aqueous solution was added to the pre-reaction aqueous solution in the reaction tank at a rate of 88 ml / min to obtain a reaction aqueous solution.
- 25% by mass aqueous ammonia and 25% by mass sodium hydroxide aqueous solution are also added to this reaction aqueous solution at a constant rate, and the ammonia concentration in the reaction aqueous solution (nucleation aqueous solution) is maintained at the above value. While controlling the value to 12.8 (nucleation pH value), crystallization was carried out for 2 minutes and 30 seconds to perform nucleation.
- Nitrogen gas was circulated at a rate of 5 L / min until the oxygen concentration in the space between them became 0.2% by volume or less. Thereafter, the liquid supply was restarted, and crystallization was performed for 2 hours from the start of growth. When the reaction vessel became full, crystallization was stopped, and stirring was stopped and the mixture was allowed to stand to promote precipitation of the product. Then, after extracting half amount of the supernatant from the reaction tank, crystallization was resumed, and after crystallization for 2 hours (4 hours in total), crystallization was terminated.
- the product was washed with water, filtered and dried to obtain composite hydroxide particles. Note that the switching from the air atmosphere to the nitrogen atmosphere is performed at a point of 12.5% with respect to the entire particle growth process time from the start of the particle growth process.
- the pH was controlled by adjusting the supply flow rate of the sodium hydroxide aqueous solution with a pH controller, and the fluctuation range was within the range of 0.2 above and below the set value.
- the composite hydroxide particles were subjected to a heat treatment at 700 ° C. for 6 hours in an air (oxygen: 21 vol%) air stream to be converted into composite oxide particles and recovered.
- Mixing was performed using a shaker mixer apparatus (manufactured by Willy et Bacofen (WAB), TURBULA Type T2C).
- WAB Willy et Bacofen
- TURBULA Type T2C The obtained lithium mixture was calcined at 500 ° C. for 4 hours in the atmosphere (oxygen: 21% by volume), then calcined at 950 ° C. for 10 hours, cooled, and crushed to obtain a positive electrode active material. .
- the positive electrode active material had a hollow structure including an outer shell portion formed by sintering primary particles and a hollow portion therein.
- the cross-sectional SEM observation result of this positive electrode active material is shown in FIG.
- the ratio of the thickness of the outer shell portion to the particle diameter of the positive electrode active material determined from this observation was 13%.
- the specific surface area was determined by a flow method gas adsorption method specific surface area measurement device (manufactured by Yuasa Ionics Co., Ltd., Multisorb), and it was 1.5 m 2 / g. Furthermore, when the composition analysis of the positive electrode active material was similarly conducted by ICP emission spectroscopy, it was confirmed that the composition was Li 1.50 Ni 0.167 Co 0.167 Mn 0.666 O 2.5 .
- the initial discharge capacity, cycle capacity retention rate, and positive electrode resistance for evaluating the performance of the obtained coin-type battery were defined as follows.
- the initial discharge capacity is left for about 24 hours after the coin-type battery is produced, and after the open circuit voltage OCV (open circuit voltage) is stabilized, the current density with respect to the positive electrode is set to 0.1 mA / cm 2 and the cut-off voltage is 4.
- the capacity when the battery was charged to 7 V, discharged after 1 hour of rest, and discharged to a cutoff voltage of 2.5 V was defined as the initial discharge capacity.
- the cycle capacity retention rate is the discharge capacity and initial discharge capacity after repeating 200 cycles of charging to 4.7 V and discharging to 3.0 V with a current density of 2 mA / cm 2 with respect to the positive electrode and repeating charging and discharging.
- the ratio was calculated as the capacity retention rate.
- a multi-channel voltage / current generator manufactured by Advantest Corporation, R6741A was used for the measurement of the charge / discharge capacity.
- the positive electrode resistance was evaluated as follows. When a coin-type battery is charged at a charging potential of 4.1 V and measured by an AC impedance method using a frequency response analyzer and a potentiogalvanostat (manufactured by Solartron, 1255B), a Nyquist plot shown in FIG. 10 is obtained. Since this Nyquist plot is expressed as the sum of the characteristic curve indicating the solution resistance, the negative electrode resistance and its capacity, and the positive electrode resistance and its capacity, fitting calculation is performed using an equivalent circuit based on this Nyquist plot, and the positive resistance The value of was calculated.
- Example 8 When a battery evaluation was performed on a coin-type battery having a positive electrode formed using the positive electrode active material, the initial discharge capacity was 272 mAh / g, and the positive electrode resistance was 37 ⁇ . Moreover, the capacity retention rate after 200 cycles was 80%.
- Table 2 shows the characteristics of the composite hydroxide obtained in Example 7, and Table 3 shows the characteristics of the positive electrode active material and each evaluation of the coin-type battery manufactured using this positive electrode active material. The same contents are shown in Tables 2 and 3 for the following Examples 8 to 15 and Comparative Examples 10 to 14.
- Example 9
- Example 7 In the particle growth step in the composite hydroxide particle production step, the same procedure as in Example 7 was performed except that the switching from the air atmosphere to the nitrogen atmosphere was performed at a point of 6.25% with respect to the entire particle growth step time. Thus, a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained and evaluated.
- the composition of the obtained composite hydroxide particles and the positive electrode active material is the same as in Example 7.
- the composite hydroxide particles are needle-shaped fine primary particles (particle size of about 0.00 mm) as in Example 1. 4 ⁇ m) and an outer shell portion made of plate-like primary particles (particle diameter 0.8 ⁇ m) larger than the fine primary particles outside the central portion.
- Example 10 Example 10
- Example 7 a positive electrode active material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 7 except that the temperature in the tank was 50 ° C. and the ammonia concentration was 15 g / L. did.
- the composition of the obtained composite hydroxide and positive electrode active material was the same as in Example 7.
- the composite hydroxide particles were needle-shaped fine primary particles (particle size of about 0.3 ⁇ m as in Example 7).
- an outer shell portion formed of plate-like primary particles (particle diameter of about 0.8 ⁇ m) larger than the fine primary particles on the outside of the center portion.
- Example 7 In the composite hydroxide particle manufacturing process, the switching from the air atmosphere to the nitrogen atmosphere in the particle growth process was performed at the time of 25% with respect to the entire particle growth process time, as in Example 7.
- the positive electrode active material for nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries was obtained and evaluated.
- the composition of the obtained composite hydroxide and positive electrode active material was the same as in Example 7.
- the composite hydroxide particles were needle-shaped fine primary particles (particle size 0.3 ⁇ m) as in Example 7. And a shell part formed of plate-like primary particles (particle size 0.5 ⁇ m) larger than the fine primary particles on the outside of the center part.
- Example 14 Example 14
- Example 15 When mixing the composite hydroxide obtained in the same manner as in Example 7 and lithium carbonate, the same as in Example 7 except that tungsten oxide was added to the same active material composition as in Example 10 and baked. Thus, a positive electrode active material was obtained. The composition of the obtained active material was the same as in Example 10.
- Example 15 When mixing the composite hydroxide obtained in the same manner as in Example 7 and lithium carbonate, the same as in Example 7 except that tungsten oxide was added to the same active material composition as in Example 10 and baked. Thus, a positive electrode active material was obtained. The composition of the obtained active material was the same as in Example 10. Example 15
- the composite hydroxide obtained in the same manner as in Example 7 was dispersed in an ammonium tungstate solution so as to have a concentration of 150 g / L, and slurried. Then, the slurry was micro-mist dryer (MDL- A positive electrode active material was obtained in the same manner as in Example 7 except that a composite hydroxide coated with ammonium tungstate was obtained by spray drying using 050M). The composition of the obtained active material was the same as in Example 10, and it was confirmed that a large amount of tungsten was present near the surface of the active material particles.
- Example 7 and Example 7 while maintaining the pH value of the reaction aqueous solution at a constant value of 11.0 on the basis of the liquid temperature of 25 ° C. in an air atmosphere using a continuous crystallization reaction tank equipped with an overflow pipe at the top Crystallization was performed by a general method in which a similar mixed aqueous solution, an aqueous ammonia solution and a sodium hydroxide solution were continuously added at a constant flow rate, and an overflowing slurry was continuously recovered. The same as in Example 7, except that the average residence time in the reaction tank was 10 hours, and the slurry was recovered and separated into solid and liquid after the inside of the continuous tank was in an equilibrium state to obtain a crystallized product.
- a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained and evaluated.
- the composition of the obtained composite hydroxide and positive electrode active material was the same as in Example 7. Since the composite hydroxide particles were entirely composed of primary particles similar to the outer shell portion of Example 7, the positive electrode active material became particles having a dense solid structure.
- Example 11 The positive electrode activity for the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was the same as in Example 7 except that the pH value during nucleation and particle growth was both kept at a constant value of 11.6 based on the liquid temperature of 25 ° C. The material was obtained and evaluated. During crystallization, nitrogen gas was circulated at a rate of 5 L / min in the reaction vessel space, and the oxygen concentration in the space between the reaction vessel lid and the liquid surface was maintained at 0.2% by volume or less. In addition, the composition of the obtained composite hydroxide and positive electrode active material was the same as that of Example 1. Since the composite hydroxide particles were entirely composed of primary particles similar to the outer shell portion of Example 7, the positive electrode active material became particles having a dense solid structure.
- Example 13 A positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was obtained and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 7 except that the firing temperature was 1100 ° C.
- the composition of the obtained composite hydroxide and the positive electrode active material was the same as in Example 7, but the grain growth was intense and the specific surface area decreased to 0.8 m 2 / g and the initial capacity, A significant decrease in the positive electrode resistance occurred.
- Example 14 A non-aqueous electrolyte is obtained in the same manner as in Example 7 except that the switching from the air atmosphere to the nitrogen atmosphere in the grain growth process is performed at the time of 50% with respect to the entire grain growth process time from the start of the grain growth process.
- a positive electrode active material for a secondary battery was obtained and evaluated. Since the thickness of the outer shell portion of the composite hydroxide was insufficient, sintering of the secondary particles proceeded in the firing stage to be the positive electrode active material, and an active material containing coarse particles was obtained.
- the composition of the obtained composite hydroxide and positive electrode active material was the same as in Example 7.
- each positive electrode active material has a structure composed of an outer shell portion in which aggregated primary particles are sintered and a hollow portion inside the outer shell portion. Coin-type batteries using these positive electrode active materials have high initial discharge capacity, excellent cycle characteristics, low positive electrode resistance, and have excellent characteristics.
- Comparative Example 10 uses a continuous crystallization method, so that nucleation and particle growth cannot be separated, and the particle growth time is not constant, so that the particle size distribution is wide. For this reason, the coin-type battery has a high initial discharge capacity, but has a poor cycle characteristic.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using this positive electrode active material has a high initial discharge capacity, It can be confirmed that the battery has excellent cycle characteristics and low positive electrode resistance, and has excellent characteristics.
- manganese composite hydroxide particles which are precursors having an average particle size of 6.4 ⁇ m and (d 90 -d 10 ) / average particle size of 0.55 Got. Tungsten oxide calculated and weighed to be 1.2 atomic% with respect to the total number of nickel, cobalt, and manganese atoms in the obtained composite hydroxide, and an amount that gives a Li / Me ratio of 1.5 Further, the total amount of the tungsten oxide added to make the tungsten oxide to be added to the lithium tungstate was calculated, and the weighed lithium carbonate was mixed with a Spartan Luser. The average particle diameter of the added tungsten oxide was 840 nm, and the average particle diameter ratio (tungsten oxide / manganese composite hydroxide particles) of the manganese composite hydroxide particles to tungsten oxide was 7.6 times.
- the thickness of the compound layer made of tungsten and lithium at this time was found to be about 6 to 11 nm from a TEM (transmission electron microscope) observation image.
- a 2032 type coin battery 1 (hereinafter referred to as a coin type battery) produced in the same manner as in Example 1 was used.
- the initial discharge capacity and positive electrode resistance showing the performance of the manufactured coin-type battery were evaluated as follows.
- the initial discharge capacity is left for about 24 hours after the coin-type battery is manufactured, and after the open circuit voltage OCV (Open Circuit Voltage) is stabilized, the current density with respect to the positive electrode is set to 0.1 mA / cm 2 and the cut-off voltage is 4.
- the capacity when charged to 8 V, discharged after a pause of 1 hour to a cutoff voltage of 2.5 V was defined as the initial discharge capacity.
- the resistance was measured by performing constant current-low voltage charging, adjusting the potential to 4.0 V, then flowing a current of 1.3 mA for 10 seconds, and subtracting the potential after 4.0 seconds from 4.0 V to obtain ⁇ V, The resistance ( ⁇ ) was calculated by dividing by 1.3 mA, which is the current value through which ⁇ V was passed.
- Example 17 When the battery evaluation measurement was performed, as shown in Table 4, the initial discharge capacity was 268.5 mAh / g, and the resistance value at 3C by DC-IR was calculated as a resistance reduction rate using a relative value based on Example 20. However, it was 36%.
- Table 4 shows the W addition conditions of this example, the characteristics of the obtained positive electrode active material, and the evaluations of the coin-type battery manufactured using this positive electrode active material. The same contents are shown in Table 4 for the following Examples 17 to 19 and Comparative Examples 15 to 18.
- a lithium metal composite oxide was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 16 except that the addition amount of tungsten oxide was changed from 1.2 atomic% to 2.5 atomic%. As shown in Table 4, The layer thickness was 13 to 17 nm, the initial discharge capacity was 265.2 mAh / g, and the resistance reduction rate was 31%.
- a lithium metal composite oxide was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 16 except that 0.7 atomic% of tungsten oxide having an average particle diameter of 370 nm with an average particle diameter ratio of 17 was added. As shown in FIG. 4, the layer thickness was 2 to 6 nm, the initial discharge capacity was 270.1 mAh / g, and the resistance reduction rate was 33%.
- Example 19
- a lithium metal composite oxide was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 16 except that 2.3 atomic% of tungsten oxide having an average particle diameter of 1.1 ⁇ m with an average particle diameter ratio of 5.7 times was added. As shown in Table 4, the layer thickness was 11 to 19 nm, the initial discharge capacity was 263.0 mAh / g, and the resistance reduction rate was 29%.
- Example 20
- a lithium metal composite oxide was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 16 except that the addition amount of tungsten oxide was changed from 1.2 atomic% to 4.7 atomic%. As shown in Table 4, The film thickness was 16 to 34 nm, the initial discharge capacity was 254.1 mAh / g, and the resistance reduction rate was 6%.
- a lithium metal composite oxide was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 16 except that the addition amount of tungsten oxide was changed from 1.2 atomic% to 0.05 atomic%. As shown in Table 4, The layer thickness of 0 to 3 nm was not much covered, and the initial discharge capacity was 271.0 mAh / g, and the resistance reduction rate was 2%.
- the non-aqueous secondary battery of the present invention Since the non-aqueous secondary battery of the present invention has a high capacity and excellent electrical characteristics, it is suitable as a small power supply device that requires a high energy density such as a portable electronic device such as a recent mobile phone or a notebook computer. is there.
- a hybrid vehicle or a plug-in hybrid used in combination with a combustion engine such as an electric vehicle driven by purely electric energy, a gasoline engine, or a diesel engine. It can also be suitably used as a large power supply device for automobiles and the like.
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Abstract
Description
リチウムイオン二次電池は、負極および正極と電解液等で構成され、負極および正極の活物質には、リチウムを脱離および挿入することの可能な材料が用いられている。
これらの正極活物質の中でも、近年、高容量で熱安定性に優れているリチウム過剰ニッケル・コバルト・マンガン複合酸化物(Li2MnO3−LiNixMnyCozO2)が注目されている。このリチウム過剰ニッケル・コバルト・マンガン複合酸化物は、リチウム・コバルト複合酸化物やリチウム・ニッケル複合酸化物などと同じく層状化合物である(非特許文献1参照)。
粒径が大きく比表面積が低い複合酸化物を使用すると、電解液との反応面積が十分に確保できず、電池として十分な容量が得られない。また、微粒子が含まれる粒度分布が広い複合酸化物を使用すると、電極内で粒子に掛かる電圧が不均一となり、充放電を繰り返すと該微粒子が選択的に劣化して、容量が低下するなどのサイクル劣化が生じやすくなるためである。
したがって、適度な粒径で粒度分布の均一な複合酸化物を製造することが必要であり、そのためには粒度分布の均一な複合水酸化物を用い、製造条件を最適化することが重要である。
特に、プラグインハイブリッド自動車や電気自動車といった大きな電流を使用する用途では、抵抗低減を狙い電解液との接触面積をふやすために粒度分布が小さい方がよい。
たとえば特許文献1では、ニッケル・コバルト・マンガン塩水溶液とアルカリ金属水酸化物水溶液と、アンモニウムイオン供給体とをそれぞれ連続的または間欠的に反応系に供給し、反応系の温度を30~70℃の範囲内の一定値にし、かつpHを10~13の範囲内のほぼ一定値に保持した状態で進行させてニッケル・コバルト・マンガン複合水酸化物粒子を合成している。
これらの方法は、密度の高い粒子を作製するには適しているが、粒子成長が十分に制御されているとは言えず、特に連続晶析法では粒度分布が正規分布となって広がりやすく、ほぼ均一な粒径の粒子を得るために適しているとは言いがたい。
この方法自体は、原子レベルでの固溶が不完全になることを抑制することを目的としており、粒径の制御を行なうものではないが、高密度で大きな粒径をもつ球状の水酸化物または酸化物を得ための装置が開示されている。この装置は、水溶液の混合物を下から上にフローさせ、結晶がある程度発達して比重が増加した結晶粒子は、沈降して下部の捕集部に到達するが、未発達の結晶粒子は下部からフローされる溶液の力に押し戻され、下部に落ちないシステムとしたものである。
たとえば、特許文献4には、層状構造を有する六方晶系リチウム含有複合酸化物により構成されるリチウム・ニッケル・マンガン複合酸化物からなる正極活物質であって、平均粒径が2~8μmであり、粒度分布の広がりを示す指標である〔(d90−d10)/平均粒径〕が0.60以下であり、凝集した一次粒子が焼結している外殻部と、その内側に存在する中空部とからなる中空構造を備える非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質が開示されている。また、その製造方法は、容易で大規模生産に適したものであり、この非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質は、非水系二次電池に用いた場合に測定される正極抵抗の値を低減することができ、高容量でサイクル特性が良好で、高出力が得られるとの記載もある。
上記高出力化を実現する方法として異元素の添加が用いられており、とりわけW、Mo、Nb、Ta、Reなどの高価数をとることができる遷移金属が有用とされている。
このリチウム遷移金属系化合物粉体においては、一次粒子の表面部分のLi及び前記添加元素以外の金属元素の合計に対する該添加元素の合計の原子比が、粒子全体の該原子比の5倍以上であるとされ、レート・出力特性といった負荷特性の向上、低コスト化、耐高電圧化及び高安全性化との両立が可能であるとされている。しかしながら、そのリチウム遷移金属系化合物粉体は、出力特性は改善されているものの、高容量化やサイクル特性の改善が十分なものとは言い難いものである。
また、低抵抗化も可能となり、高出力を実現できる非水系電解質二次電池が得られる。
さらに、本発明における非水系二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法は、容易且つ大量生産にも適したものであり工業上顕著な効果を奏するものである。
(1)非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質
本発明に係る非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質は、一般式:Li1+uNixCoyMnzMtO2+α(0.05≦u≦0.95、x+y+z+t=1、0≦x≦0.5、0≦y≦0.5、0.5≦z<0.8、0≦t≦0.1、Mは添加元素であり、Mg、Ca、Al、Ti、V、Cr、Zr、Nb、Mo、Wから選択される1種以上の元素)で表され、層状構造を有する六方晶系リチウム含有複合酸化物により構成されるリチウム金属複合酸化物からなる正極活物質であって、その平均粒径が3~12μm、粒度分布の広がりを示す指標である〔(d90−d10)/平均粒径〕が0.60以下であることを特徴とするものである。
Liが挿抜され充放電反応を起こす層状化合物であるLiMO2が周囲に存在することで、通常はLiの挿抜反応が起こりにくいLi2MnO3においてもLiの挿抜反応が促進されて電池容量が増加する。したがって、理論容量的にはLi2MnO3の割合が多いほど放電容量は大きくなると考えられるが、Li2MnO3の割合が多くなり過ぎると、Li2MnO3の周囲に存在するLiMO2が少なくなり、上記Li挿抜に対する促進効果が低下して不活性なLi2MnO3が増えることで、電池容量の低下を示す。また、上記促進効果を高めるためには、Li2MnO3とLiMO2の接触界面が多いことが有利であり、Li2MnO3とLiMO2が微細に混在する組織であることが好ましい。
ここで、vが−0.05未満の場合、得られた正極活物質を用いた非水系電解質二次電池における正極の反応抵抗が大きくなるため、電池の出力が低くなってしまう。一方、vが0.20を超える場合、上記正極活物質を電池の正極に用いた場合の初期放電容量が低下するとともに、正極の反応抵抗も増加してしまう。したがって、vは、その反応抵抗をより低減させるためには0.05以上とすることが好ましく、0.15以下とすることが好ましい。
特に、添加元素が粒子の表面または内部に均一に分布することで、粒子全体で上記効果を得ることができ、少量の添加で上記効果が得られるとともに容量の低下を抑制できる。
全原子に対する添加元素Mの原子比tが0.1を超えると、Redox反応に貢献する金属元素が減少するため、電池容量が低下するため好ましくない。したがって、添加元素Mは、上記原子比tで上記範囲となるように調整する。
ここで、Niに対するMnの過剰量、すなわち、「z−x」が0.4より大きい場合、sを(z−x)以上とする必要がある。sが(z−x)未満になると、Li2MnO3の形成量が少なくなり、電池容量が低下する。また、Mn量を示すzが0.6未満の場合、Li量がMn量を超えると、MnとLi2MnO3を形成しない過剰のLiが増加するため、電池容量が低下する。
Mn量を示すzは、0.5≦z<0.8であり、zが0.5未満になると、Li2MnO3が十分に生成されなくなるとともに未反応のLiが存在するようになるため電池特性が低下する。一方、zが0.8以上となると、Li2MnO3とLiMO2を形成するために必要なLiが不足してしまうため、LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4といったスピネル相が発生してしまい、電池特性が低下してしまう。スピネル相の発生を抑制するためには、この(x−z)を0.6以下とすることが好ましい。
さらに一般式におけるαは、O(酸素)の過剰量を示す数値であり、Li2MnO3とLiMO2を形成させるためにはsと同様の数値範囲とする必要がある。
したがって、上記正極活物質は、上記一般式をsLi2MnO3・(1−s)LiMO2として表した場合、Li2MnO3:LiMO2の比が0.40:0.60~0.55:0.45であることが好ましい。また、該LiMO2中に含まれるNi:Mnの比(Ni/Mn)が、0.8~1.2であることが好ましい。
その粒子径が1nm未満では、微細な粒子が十分なリチウムイオン伝導度を有しない場合がある。
したがって、一次粒子表面全体に微粒子を形成させることで、リチウム金属複合酸化物粒子の反応抵抗をより一層低減させることが可能となる。
ここで、微粒子は完全に一次粒子の全表面において形成されている必要はなく、点在している状態でもよい。点在している状態でも、リチウム金属複合酸化物粒子の外面および内部の空隙に露出している一次粒子表面に微粒子が形成されていれば、反応抵抗の低減効果が得られる。
したがって、リチウム金属複合酸化物粉末間においても均一に微粒子が形成されていることが好ましい。
タングステン量が0.1原子%未満であると表面、内部の粒界ともにリチウムイオン伝道を向上させるパスが十分確保されない。タングステンが3.0原子%を超えた場合は、タングステンによる焼結防止効果が進み、二次粒子を形成する一次粒子が小さくなりすぎて抵抗の原因となる粒界が増えすぎるほか、化合物層が一定の層厚を維持できなくなり、平均層厚が20nmを超えてしまい、抵抗は再び上昇してしまうため、放電容量の低下にもつながる。
化合物層に含まれるリチウム量は、特に限定されるものではなく、化合物層に含まれればリチウムイオン伝導度の向上効果が得られるが、タングステン酸リチウムを形成させるのに十分な量とすることが好ましい。
すなわち、平均粒径が3~12μm、好ましくは3~8μm、より好ましくは3~7μmであり、粒度分布の広がりを示す指標である〔(d90−d10)/平均粒径〕が0.6以下、好ましくは0.55以下であることにより、従来にない高エネルギー密度が達成される。
平均粒径が3μm未満の場合には、正極を形成したときに粒子の充填密度が低下して、正極の容積あたりの電池容量が低下する。一方、平均粒径が12μmを超えると、正極活物質の比表面積が低下して、電池の電解液との界面が減少することにより、正極の抵抗が上昇して電池の出力特性が低下する。また、上記複合酸化物は、元来、導電性の低い材料であるため、取り出せる放電容量は低下してしまう。
また、粒度分布が広範囲になっている場合、平均粒径に対して粒径が非常に小さい微粒子や、平均粒径に対して非常に粒径の大きい粗大粒子が正極活物質に多く存在することになる。
一方、粗大粒子が多く存在する場合には、上記低導電性の影響により、取り出せる放電容量は低下してしまう。
なお、粒度分布の広がりを示す指標〔(d90−d10)/平均粒径〕において、d10は、各粒径における粒子数を粒径が小さいほうから累積したときにおいて、その累積体積が全粒子の合計体積の10%となる粒径を意味している。また、d90は、各粒径における粒子数を粒径が小さいほうから累積したときにおいて、その累積体積が全粒子の合計体積の90%となる粒径を意味している。
平均粒径や、d90、d10を求める方法は特に限定されないが、たとえば、レーザー光回折散乱式粒度分析計で測定した体積積算値から求めることができる。平均粒径としてd50を用いる場合には、d90と同様に累積体積が全粒子体積の50%となる粒径を用いればよい。
このような中空構造とすることにより、反応表面積を大きくすることができ、かつ、外殻部の一次粒子間の粒界あるいは空隙から電解液が浸入して、粒子内部の中空側の一次粒子表面における反応界面でもリチウムの挿脱入が行われるため、Liイオン、電子の移動が妨げられず、出力特性を高くすることができる。
外殻部の厚みの比率が5%未満であると、リチウム金属複合酸化物粒子の強度が低下するため、粉体取扱時および電池の正極とするときに粒子が破壊され微粒子が発生し、特性を悪化させる。一方、外殻部の厚みの比率が45%を超えると、粒子内部の中空部へ電解液が侵入可能な上記粒界あるいは空隙から電解液が少なくなり、電池反応に寄与する表面積が小さくなるため、正極抵抗が上がり、出力特性が低下してしまう。
たとえば、複数のリチウム金属複合酸化物粒子(二次粒子)を樹脂などに埋め込み、クロスセクションポリッシャ加工などにより該粒子の断面観察が可能な状態とする。上記外殻部の厚みの二次粒子径に対する比率は、以下のように求めることができる。
この樹脂中の二次粒子から、ほぼ粒子中心の断面観察が可能な粒子を選択して、3箇所以上の任意の箇所で、外殻部の外周上と中心部側の内周上の距離が最短となる2点間の距離を測定して、粒子ごとの外殻部の平均厚みを求める。二次粒子外周上で距離が最大となる任意の2点間の距離を二次粒子径として該平均厚みを除することで、粒子ごとの外殻部の厚さの上記比率を求める。さらに、10個以上の粒子について求めた粒子ごとの該比率を平均することで、上記リチウム金属複合酸化物粒子における、二次粒子径に対する外殻部の厚みの比率を求めることができる。
本発明に係る正極活物質の製造方法は、以下の3工程を有している。
[第1工程]
一般式:NixCoyMnzMt(OH)2+a(x+y+z+t=1、0≦x≦0.5、0≦y≦0.5、0.5≦z<0.8、0≦t≦0.1、0≦a≦0.5、Mは添加元素であり、Mg、Ca、Al、Ti、V、Cr、Zr、Nb、Mo、Wから選択される1種以上の元素)で表され、平均粒径が3~12μm、その粒度分布の広がりを示す指標である〔(d90−d10)/平均粒径〕が0.55以下であるマンガン複合水酸化物粒子を、少なくともマンガンの化合物を含む水溶液、及びアンモニウムイオン供給体を含む水溶液を、反応槽内に供給して反応液とし、かつ水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を、その反応槽内の反応液を所定のpHに保持するために添加量を調整して供給し、その反応液のpHを液温25℃基準で12.0~14.0に制御して核生成を行う核生成段階と、pHを液温25℃基準で10.5~12.0の範囲で核生成段階より低くなるように制御して、先の核生成段階において生成した核を成長させる粒子成長段階に分離して、上記マンガン複合水酸化物粒子を得る工程である。
第1工程で得られたマンガン複合水酸化物を、105~750℃で熱処理する工程である。
第2工程を経たマンガン複合水酸化物、または熱処理前のマンガン複合酸化物、もしくはそれらの混合物に、リチウム以外の金属元素の原子数の和Meと、リチウムの原子数Liとの比Li/Meが1.05~1.95となるようにリチウム化合物を加えてリチウム混合物を形成し、前記リチウム混合物を酸化性雰囲気中、800℃~1050℃の温度で焼成した後、解砕して、リチウム金属複合酸化物を得る工程である。
(2−a)第1工程
本発明の製造方法における第1工程は、一般式:NixCoyMnzMt(OH)2+a(x+y+z+t=1、0≦x≦0.5、0≦y≦0.5、0.5≦z<0.8、0≦t≦0.1、0≦a≦0.5、Mは添加元素であり、Mg、Ca、Al、Ti、V、Cr、Zr、Nb、Mo、Wから選択される1種以上の元素)で表され、その平均粒径が3~12μm、その粒度分布の広がりを示す指標である〔(d90−d10)/平均粒径〕が0.55以下であるマンガン複合水酸化物粒子を得る工程である。
そこで、幅広い正規分布を有する複合水酸化物粒子を、分級して粒度分布の狭い複合水酸化物を得ることも考えられるが、本発明の複合水酸化物粒子のような平均粒径では、使用可能な目開きの篩自体がなく、篩いによる分級は困難である。また、湿式サイクロンのような装置を用いても十分に狭い粒度分布に分級することはできず、工業的な分級方法では、粒径が均一で粒度分布が狭い複合水酸化物を得ることは困難である。
したがって、本発明における第1工程に用いる晶析工程は、少なくともマンガンの化合物を含む水溶液、必要に応じてニッケル、コバルト及び添加元素Mの化合物を含む水溶液及びアンモニウムイオン供給体を含む水溶液を反応槽内に供給すると共に、水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を反応槽内の反応液を所定のpHに保持するために添加量を調整して供給し、この反応液のpHを液温25℃基準で12.0~14.0に制御して核生成を行う核生成段階と、pHを液温25℃基準で10.5~12.0の範囲で核生成段階より低くなるように制御して核生成段階で生成した核を、成長させる粒子成長段階とに分離して、第1工程におけるマンガン複合水酸化物粒子を得るものである。
第1工程における複合水酸化物粒子の製造方法の概略を、図1および図2に示す。なお、図1および図2では、(A)が核生成段階に相当し、(B)が粒子成長段階に相当する。以下、各段階について詳細に説明する。
まず、易水溶性の上記一般式を構成する金属の化合物(以下、これらを後述の添加元素を含めて金属化合物と記載することがある)を、所定の割合で水に溶解してマンガン混合水溶液を作製する。
次いで、作製した混合水溶液と、アンモニウムイオン供給体を含む水溶液とを、撹拌している晶析反応槽内の反応液へ供給すると同時に、水酸化ナトリウム水溶液も供給する。
また、粒度分布の良好な複合水酸化物粒子を得るためには、核生成段階で供給する金属化合物量を、全体量、すなわち複合水酸化物粒子を得るために供給する全金属化合物の0.1%から2%とすることが好ましく、1.5%以下とすることがより好ましい。
次に粒子成長段階では、新たな核形成を抑制して前工程の核生成段階で得られた核の粒子成長のみを生じさせることで、粒度分布の範囲が狭く粒径が均一な複合水酸化物粒子を得るものである。
このため粒子成長段階においては、反応液のpHを液温25℃基準で10.5~12.0の範囲内で一定値となるように制御する。またpHの制御は、水酸化ナトリウム水溶液量を調節することで行われる。すなわち、そのpHが12.0を超えると、新たな核生成を十分に抑制することができずに得られる粒子の粒度分布は広くなる。一方、pHが10.5未満では、アンモニアイオンによる金属化合物の溶解度が高く、析出せずに液中に残る金属イオンが増えるため好ましくない。また、金属硫酸塩を原料として使用した場合に粒子中に残るS(イオウ)分が多くなるため好ましくない。
すなわち、核生成段階のpHを12より高くして多量に核生成させた後、粒子成長段階でpHを12とすると、反応水溶液中に多量の核が存在するため、核の成長が優先して起こり、粒径分布が狭く比較的大きな粒径の水酸化物粒子が得られる。
一方、反応水溶液中に核が存在しない状態、すなわち、核生成段階においてpHを12とした場合、成長する核が存在しないため、核生成が優先して起こり、粒子成長工程のpHを12より小さくすることで、生成した核が成長して良好な前記水酸化物粒子が得られる。
本発明の製造方法では、両段階において、金属イオンは核または複合水酸化物粒子となって晶出するので、反応液中の金属成分に対する液体成分の割合が増加する。このような状態では、見かけ上、供給する混合水溶液の濃度が低下したようになり、粒子成長段階において、複合水酸化物粒子が十分に成長しない可能性がある。
したがって、核生成後あるいは粒子成長段階の途中で、反応液の一部を反応槽外に排出することにより反応液中の複合水酸化物粒子濃度を高めた後、引き続き粒子成長を行うことも可能である。
この場合、核生成段階と粒子成長段階の分離をより確実に行うことができるので、各段階における反応水溶液の状態を各段階に最適な条件とすることができる。とくに、粒子成長段階を開始する初期から、反応液のpHを最適な条件とすることができるため、より粒度分布の範囲が狭くかつ粒径が均一なものとすることができる。
すなわち、晶析反応時の雰囲気を酸化性とすると、核生成時や粒子成長時に複合水酸化物粒子中の金属元素の酸化が促進されるため、複合水酸化物二次粒子内部の構造に微小な空隙が生じる。したがって、核生成段階および粒子成長段階における雰囲気の酸素濃度を制御する、あるいは粒子成長段階において酸化性雰囲気と非酸化性雰囲気のそれぞれにさらす時間帯を組み合わせることにより、複合水酸化物粒子の空隙の割合を変化させて緻密性を制御することが可能である。
また、本発明の正極活物質において、凝集した一次粒子が焼結している外殻部と、その内側に存在する中空部とからなる中空構造を有する金属複合酸化物を得ようとする場合には、粒子内部には微細一次粒子からなる中心部を有し、中心部の外側に該微細一次粒子よりも大きな板状一次粒子からなる外殻部を有する構造を備えたマンガン複合水酸化物を用いる。
また、板状一次粒子がランダムな方向に凝集して二次粒子を形成したものであれば、より好ましい。板状一次粒子がランダムな方向に凝集することで、一次粒子間にほぼ均一に空隙が生じて、リチウム化合物と混合して焼成するとき、溶融したリチウム化合物が二次粒子内へ行きわたり、リチウムの拡散が十分に行われるからである。
さらに、ランダムな方向に凝集していることで、上記焼成工程における中心部の収縮も均等に生じることから、正極活物質内部に十分な大きさを有する空間を形成することができ、好ましい。
一方、外殻部の板状一次粒子の平均粒径が、0.3μm未満であると、焼成時の焼結が低温化して焼成後に十分な大きさの空間が得られないことがあり、3μmを超えると、得られる正極活物質の結晶性を十分なのもとするために、焼成温度を高くする必要があり、上記二次粒子間で焼結が発生して、得られる正極活物質の粒径が上記範囲を超えることがある。
また、上記二次粒子においては、外殻部の厚みは、その二次粒子の粒径に対する比率で5~45%であることが好ましく、7~35%であることがより好ましい。
したがって、上記二次粒子径に対する外殻部の厚さの比率を上記範囲とすることで、リチウム金属複合酸化物粒子に十分な中空部を形成することができる。この外殻部の厚みが、二次粒子の粒径に対する比率で5%未満と薄すぎると、正極活物質の製造時の焼成工程において、複合水酸化物粒子の収縮が大きくなり、かつ、リチウム金属複合酸化物の二次粒子間に焼結が生じて、正極活物質の粒度分布が悪化することがある。一方、45%を超えると、十分な大きさの中心部が形成されないなどの問題を生ずる場合がある。
まず、複数のマンガン複合水酸化物粒子(二次粒子)を樹脂などに埋め込み、クロスセクションポリッシャ加工などにより該粒子の断面観察が可能な状態とする。上記微細一次粒子および板状一次粒子の粒径は、二次粒子中の、好ましくは10個以上の上記一次粒子断面の最大径を粒径として測定し、平均値を計算することで求めることができる。
一方、晶析反応時全体を反応槽内の空間の酸素濃度が5容量%以下となるように制御すると、複合酸化物粒子全体が比較的大きな一次粒子で構成されるため、焼成後に中実構造を有するものとすることができる。
反応槽内の空間の酸素濃度が1容量%を超える雰囲気とすることで、一次粒子の平均粒径を0.01~0.3μmとすることができる。酸素濃度が1容量%以下では、中心部の一次粒子の平均粒径が0.3μmを超えることがある。反応容器蓋と液面の間の空間の酸素濃度の上限は、特に限定されるものではないが、30容量%を超えると、上記一次粒子の平均粒径が0.01μm未満となる場合があり、好ましくない。
反応容器蓋と液面の間の空間の酸素濃度を1容量%以下にして粒子成長させることで、粒子の不要な酸化を抑制し、一次粒子の成長を促して、平均粒径0.3~3μmの中心部より大きい一次粒子径で粒度が揃った、緻密で高密度の外殻部を有する二次粒子を得ることができる。
このような雰囲気に反応槽内空間を保つための手段としては、窒素などの不活性ガスを反応槽内空間部へ流通させること、さらには反応液中に不活性ガスをバブリングさせることがあげられる。
たとえば、粒子成長段階時間の全体に対して、粒子成長段階の開始時から0~40%、好ましくは0~30%、さら好ましくは0~25%の時間の範囲で行う。粒子成長段階時間の全体に対して30%を超える時点で上記切り替えを行うと、形成される中心部が大きくなり、上記二次粒子の粒径に対する外殻部の厚みが薄くなり過ぎることがある。
一方、粒子成長段階の開始前、すなわち、核生成段階中に上記切り替えを行うと、中心部が小さくなりすぎるか、上記構造を有する二次粒子が形成されない。
なお、アンモニウムイオン供給体はとくに限定されないが、例えば、アンモニア、硫酸アンモニウム、塩化アンモニウム、炭酸アンモニウム、フッ化アンモニウムなどを使用することができる。
その反応液の温度が35℃未満では、供給する金属イオンの溶解度が充分に得られず、核発生が起こりやすく制御が難しくなる。また、60℃を越えるとアンモニアの揮発が促進されることにより錯形成するためのアンモニアが不足し、上記と同様に金属イオンの溶解度が減少しやすくなるため好ましくない。
また、複合水酸化物粒子の粒径は、粒子成長段階に添加する金属化合物量により制御できる。所望の粒径に成長するまで粒子成長段階を継続して金属化合物を添加すれば、所望の粒径を有する複合水酸化物粒子を得ることができる。
混合水溶液の濃度が1mol/L未満でも複合水酸化物粒子を晶析反応させることは可能であるが、反応槽当たりの晶析物量が少なくなるために生産性が低下して好ましくない。一方、混合水溶液の濃度が2.6mol/Lを超えると、常温での飽和濃度を超えるため、結晶が再析出して設備の配管を詰まらせるなどの危険がある。
添加元素(M、M1、M2:Mg、Ca、Al、Ti、V、Cr、Zr、Nb、Mo、Wから選択される1種以上の元素)は、水溶性の化合物を用いることが好ましく、たとえば、硫酸チタン、ペルオキソチタン酸アンモニウム、シュウ酸チタンカリウム、硫酸バナジウム、バナジン酸アンモニウム、硫酸クロム、クロム酸カリウム、硫酸ジルコニウム、硝酸ジルコニウム、シュウ酸ニオブ、モリブデン酸アンモニウム、タングステン酸ナトリウム、タングステン酸アンモニウムなどを用いることができる。
上記添加元素を複合水酸化物粒子の内部に均一に分散させる場合には、混合水溶液に、添加元素を含有する添加物を添加すればよく、複合水酸化物粒子の内部に添加元素を均一に分散させた状態で共沈させることできる。
なお、表面を添加元素で被覆する場合、混合水溶液中に存在する添加元素イオンの原子数比を被覆する量だけ少なくしておくことで、得られる複合水酸化物粒子の金属イオンの原子数比と一致させることができる。また、粒子の表面を添加元素で被覆する工程は、複合水酸化物粒子を加熱した後の粒子に対して行ってもよい。
使用する混合溶液、アンモニウムイオン供給体を含む水溶液、および水酸化ナトリウム水溶液は、流量制御が可能なポンプ等で供給すればよい。また、アンモニウムイオン供給体を含む水溶液および水酸化ナトリウム水溶液は、一般的なイオンメーター、pH計によって反応液を測定しながら供給量を調整する。
第2工程は、第1工程で得られたマンガン複合水酸化物粒子を、105℃~750℃で熱処理する工程である。
この工程によって、複合水酸化物粒子中の残留水分を除去して減少させることができる。また、複合水酸化物粒子を複合酸化物粒子に転換することができるので、得られる正極活物質中の金属の原子数やリチウムの原子数の割合がばらつくことを防ぐことができる。
なお、この割合にばらつきが生じない程度に水分が除去できればよいので、必ずしも全ての複合水酸化物粒子を複合酸化物粒子に転換する必要はなく、複合水酸化物と複合酸化物の混合物であってもよい。しかしながら、得られる正極活物質中の金属の原子数やリチウムの原子数の割合を正確に制御するためには、熱処理温度を500℃以上として複合水酸化物粒子を複合酸化物粒子にすべて転換することが好ましい。
また、熱処理時間はとくに制限されないが、1時間未満では複合水酸化物粒子中の残留水分の除去が十分に行われない場合があるため、1時間以上が好ましく、5~15時間がより好ましい。
第2工程は、正極活物質中の金属の原子数やリチウムの原子数の割合がばらつくことを防止することが目的であるため、組成の制御が十分に可能である場合には省略することができる。
第3工程は、第2工程で得られた複合水酸化物または複合酸化物、もしくはそれらの混合物と、リチウム化合物とを混合し、得られた混合物を酸化性雰囲気中800~1050℃で焼成する工程である。
リチウム化合物との混合は、得られるリチウム金属複合酸化物中のリチウム以外の金属元素の原子数の和(Me)とリチウム(Li)の原子数との比(Li/Me)が、1.05~1.95となるように混合してリチウム混合物を形成する。焼成前後でのLi/Me比はほぼ一致するため、この混合物とリチウム金属複合酸化物のLi/Me比を同等とすることで、優れた電池特性を有する正極活物質を獲ることができる。
このような焼成を施されるマンガン複合水酸化物とリチウム化合物は、焼成前に十分混合しておくことが好ましい。その混合が不十分な場合には、個々の粒子間でLi/Meがばらつき、十分な電池特性が得られない間等の問題が生じる可能性がある。
混合には、一般的な混合機を使用することができ、例えばシェーカーミキサーやレーディゲミキサー、ジュリアミキサー、Vブレンダーなどを用いることができ、熱処理された粒子の形骸が破壊されない程度でリチウム化合物と十分に混合してやればよい。
さらに、リチウム金属複合酸化物全体でのタングステン量は、マンガン複合水酸化物に含有されるタングステン量と混合するタングステン化合物量の合計として制御すればよい。一方、混合するリチウム化合物量は、リチウム混合物形成時に添加したタングステン化合物がタングステン酸リチウムを形成できる量を追加して添加することが好ましい。
なお、熱処理粒子とリチウム化合物との反応を均一に行わせる観点から、昇温速度を3~10℃/minとして上記温度まで昇温することが好ましい。さらには、リチウム化合物の融点付近の温度にて1~5時間程度保持することで、より反応を均一に行わせることができる
この焼成時間は、1時間以上とすることが好ましく、より好ましくは4~24時間、さらに好ましくは5~15時間である。1時間未満では、リチウム金属複合酸化物の生成が十分に行われないことがある。
この解砕は、本発明の範囲内の焼成温度で焼成した場合、リチウム金属複合酸化物粒子間に激しい焼結は生じないが、二次粒子間の焼結ネッキング等が生じる場合があるため、解砕することで、焼結ネッキング等が解消されて良好な粒度分布を有する正極活物質が得られる。なお、解砕とは、焼結ネッキング等により生じた複数の二次粒子からなる凝集体に機械的エネルギーを投入して、二次粒子をほとんど破壊することなく二次粒子を分離させて凝集体をほぐす操作のことである。
本発明の非水系電解質二次電池は、正極、負極および非水系電解液などからなり、一般の非水系電解質二次電池と同様の構成要素により構成される。なお、以下に説明する実施形態は例示に過ぎず、本発明の非水系電解質二次電池は、本明細書に記載されている実施形態を基に、当業者の知識に基づいて種々の変更、改良を施した形態で実施することができる。また、本発明の非水系電解質二次電池は、その用途を特に限定するものではない。
前述のように得られた非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質を用いて、例えば、以下のようにして、非水系電解質二次電池の正極を作製する。
まず、粉末状の正極活物質、導電材および結着剤を混合し、さらに必要に応じて活性炭や、粘度調整などの目的の溶剤を添加し、これを混練して正極合材ペーストを作製する。
その際、正極合材ペースト中のそれぞれの混合比も、非水系電解質二次電池の性能を決定する重要な要素となる。溶剤を除いた正極合材の固形分を100質量部とした場合、一般の非水系電解質二次電池の正極と同様、正極活物質の含有量を60~95質量部とし、導電材の含有量を1~20質量部とし、結着剤の含有量を1~20質量部とすることが望ましい。
結着剤は、活物質粒子をつなぎ止める役割を果たすもので、例えば、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、フッ素ゴム、エチレンプロピレンジエンゴム、スチレンブタジエン、セルロース系樹脂およびポリアクリル酸を用いることができる。
必要に応じ、正極活物質、導電材および活性炭を分散させ、結着剤を溶解する溶剤を正極合材に添加する。溶剤としては、具体的には、N−メチル−2−ピロリドンなどの有機溶剤を用いることができる。また、正極合材には、電気二重層容量を増加させるために、活性炭を添加することができる。
負極には、金属リチウムやリチウム合金など、あるいは、リチウムイオンを吸蔵および脱離できる負極活物質に、結着剤を混合し、適当な溶剤を加えてペースト状にした負極合材を、銅などの金属箔集電体の表面に塗布し、乾燥し、必要に応じて電極密度を高めるべく圧縮して形成したものを使用する。
この場合、負極結着剤としては、正極同様、PVDFなどの含フッ素樹脂を用いることができ、これらの活物質および結着剤を分散させる溶剤としては、N−メチル−2−ピロリドンなどの有機溶剤を用いることができる。
正極と負極との間には、セパレータを挟み込んで配置する。
このセパレータは、正極と負極とを分離し、電解質を保持するものであり、ポリエチレンやポリプロピレンなどの薄い膜で、微少な孔を多数有する膜を用いることができる。
非水系電解液は、支持塩としてのリチウム塩を有機溶媒に溶解したものである。
有機溶媒としては、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ブチレンカーボネートおよびトリフルオロプロピレンカーボネートなどの環状カーボネート、また、ジエチルカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネートおよびジプロピルカーボネートなどの鎖状カーボネート、さらに、テトラヒドロフラン、2−メチルテトラヒドロフランおよびジメトキシエタンなどのエーテル化合物、エチルメチルスルホンやブタンスルトンなどの硫黄化合物、リン酸トリエチルやリン酸トリオクチルなどのリン化合物などから選ばれる1種を単独で、あるいは2種以上を混合して用いることができる。
支持塩としては、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiClO4、LiAsF6、LiN(CF3SO2)2、およびそれらの複合塩などを用いることができる。
さらに、非水系電解液は、ラジカル捕捉剤、界面活性剤および難燃剤などを含んでいてもよい。
以上説明した正極、負極、セパレータおよび非水系電解液で構成される本発明の非水系電解質二次電池は、円筒形や積層形など、種々の形状にすることができる。
いずれの形状を採る場合であっても、正極および負極を、セパレータを介して積層させて電極体とし、得られた電極体に、非水系電解液を含浸させ、正極集電体と外部に通ずる正極端子との間、および、負極集電体と外部に通ずる負極端子との間を、集電用リードなどを用いて接続し、電池ケースに密閉して、非水系電解質二次電池を完成させる。
本発明の正極活物質を用いた非水系電解質二次電池は、たとえば2032型コイン電池とした場合、220mAh/g以上、より好ましい態様では250mAh/g以上の高い初期放電容量、低い正極抵抗および高いサイクル容量維持率が得られるものとなり、非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質として優れた特性を示すものである。また、従来のリチウム・コバルト系酸化物あるいはリチウム・ニッケル系酸化物の正極活物質との比較においても熱安定性は同等程度で、安全性においても問題ないといえる。
実施例1
まず、反応槽内に純水を半分の量まで入れて撹拌しながら、窒素ガスを流通させ反応槽内の酸素濃度を5容量%以下に低下させ、槽内温度を40℃に設定し、純水に25質量%水酸化ナトリウム水溶液と25質量%アンモニア水を適量加えて、液のpHを液温25℃基準で(pHは全て液温25℃基準で調整)12.8に、液中アンモニア濃度を10g/Lに調節して反応液を調製した。ここに、硫酸ニッケル、硫酸コバルト、硫酸マンガン(金属元素モル比でNi:Co:Mn=2:1:7)を純水に溶かして得た1.8mol/Lの水溶液(混合水溶液A)と、上記アンモニア水および水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を一定速度で加えていき、pH値を12.8(核生成pH)に制御しながら2分30秒間晶析を行った。
以上、述べた方法により、Ni0.20Co0.10Mn0.70(OH)2+β(0≦β≦0.5)で表される複合水酸化物を得た。
得られた複合水酸化物を大気雰囲気中150℃で12時間熱処理した後、Li/Me=1.5となるように炭酸リチウムを秤量し、シェーカーミキサー装置(ウィリー・エ・バッコーフェン(WAB)社製TURBULA TypeT2C)を用いて、その熱処理した複合水酸化物と炭酸リチウムを十分に混合した混合物を得た。この混合物を空気(酸素:21容量%)気流中にて900℃で10時間焼成し、さらに解砕して非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質を得た。
得られた複合水酸化物および非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の平均粒径、および〔(d90−d10)/平均粒径〕値、初期放電容量値を表1に、正極活物質のSEM(日本電子株式会社製走査電子顕微鏡JSM−6360LA)観察結果を図3に示す。
なお、平均粒子径測定は、レーザー回折散乱式粒度分布測定装置(日機装株式会社製、マイクロトラックHRA)により測定し、その粒度分布測定結果を図4に示す。
得られた非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の評価は、以下のように電池を作製し、充放電容量を測定することで行なった。
非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質52.5mg、アセチレンブラック15mg、およびポリテトラフッ化エチレン樹脂(PTFE)7.5mgを混合し、100MPaの圧力で直径11mm、厚さ100μmにプレス成形して図5に示す正極1(評価用電極)を作製した。その作製した正極1を真空乾燥機中120℃で12時間乾燥した。そして、この正極1を用いて2032型コイン電池Bを、露点が−80℃に管理されたAr雰囲気のグローブボックス内で作製した。
また、耐久特性を測定するために、3.0Vから4.6Vの電圧範囲で、1時間で充電が終了する電流密度および温度40℃の条件下で充放電サイクルを200サイクル繰り返し、初期とサイクル後の放電容量比より容量維持率を算出した。
充放電容量の測定には,マルチチャンネル電圧/電流発生器(株式会社富士通アクセス製)を用いた。
初期充放電試験の結果、得られた非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質を用いた二次電池の初期放電容量は269mAh/gであった。また、200サイクル後の容量維持率は73.1%であった。
実施例2
得られた非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質のNi、Co、Mnの組成比、Li/Me比、組成から算出されたLi2MnO3とLiMO2の割合、および初期放電容量、容量維持率を表1に示す。
実施例3
得られた非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質のNi、Co、Mnの組成比、Li/Me比、組成から算出されたLi2MnO3とLiMO2の割合、および初期放電容量、容量維持率を表1に示す。
実施例4
得られた非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質のNi、Co、Mnの組成比、Li/Me比、組成から算出されたLi2MnO3とLiMO2の割合、および初期放電容量、容量維持率を表1に示す。
実施例5
得られた非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質のNi、Co、Mnの組成比、Li/Me比、組成から算出されたLi2MnO3とLiMO2の割合、および初期放電容量、容量維持率を表1に示す。
実施例6
得られた非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質のNi、Co、Mnの組成比、Li/Me比、組成から算出されたLi2MnO3とLiMO2の割合、および初期放電容量、容量維持率を表1に示す。
組成をモル比でNi:Co:Mn=2:0:8と変更したこと、Li/Me比を1.3としたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質を得るとともに評価した。
得られた非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質のNi、Co、Mnの組成比、Li/Me比、組成から算出されたLi2MnO3とLiMO2の割合、および初期放電容量を表1に示す。なお、初期放電容量が低いため、容量維持率は測定しなかった。
組成をモル比でNi:Co:Mn=2:0:8と変更したこと、Li/Me比を1.6としたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質を得るとともに評価した。
得られた非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質のNi、Co、Mnの組成比、Li/Me比、組成から算出されたLi2MnO3とLiMO2の割合、および初期放電容量を表1に示す。なお、初期放電容量が低いため、容量維持率は測定しなかった。
組成をモル比でNi:Co:Mn=5:1:4と変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質を得るとともに評価した。
得られた非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質のNi、Co、Mnの組成比、Li/Me比、組成から算出されたLi2MnO3とLiMO2の割合、および初期放電容量を表1に示す。未反応のLiが余るLi過剰の組成であるため、容量維持率は測定しなかった。
組成をモル比てNi:Co:Mn=1:1:8と変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質を得るとともに評価した。
得られた非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質のNi、Co、Mnの組成比、Li/Me比、組成から算出されたLi2MnO3とLiMO2の割合、および初期放電容量を表1に示す。なお、スピネル相が発生したため、容量維持率は測定しなかった。
組成をモル比でNi:Co:Mn=1:1:8と変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質を得るとともに評価した。
得られた非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質のNi、Co、Mnの組成比、Li/Me比、組成から算出されたLi2MnO3とLiMO2の割合、および初期放電容量を表1に示す。なお、スピネル相が発生したため、容量維持率は測定しなかった。
焼成温度を1050℃にした以外は、実施例1と同様にして非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質を得るとともに評価した。得られた非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質のNi、Co、Mnの組成比、Li/Me比、組成から算出されたLi2MnO3とLiMO2の割合、初期放電容量、および200サイクル後の容量維持率を表1に示す。
核生成段階においてpHを14.5(核生成pH)に制御しながら4分間晶析を行った以外は、実施例1と同様にして非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質を得るとともに評価した。得られた非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質のNi、Co、Mnの組成比、Li/Me比、組成から算出されたLi2MnO3とLiMO2の割合、初期放電容量、および200サイクル後の容量維持率を表1に示す。
pHを12.0一定(核生成段階なし)とし、合計の晶析時間を3時間とした以外は、実施例1と同様にして非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質を得るとともに評価した。得られた非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質のNi、Co、Mnの組成比、Li/Me比、組成から算出されたLi2MnO3とLiMO2の割合、初期放電容量、および200サイクル後の容量維持率を表1に示す。
攪拌機とオーバーフローパイプを備えた34Lの円筒形反応槽を用いて、上記混合水溶液Aを30cm3/分、25%アンモニア水を3cm3/分の流量にて反応槽に添加しながらpHを11.5~12.0に制御し、反応槽内が定常状態になった後、オーバーフローパイプより複合水酸化物粒子を連続的に採取したこと、採取した複合水酸化物粒子を湿式サイクロン(ハイドロサイクロン、日本化学機械製造株式会社製、NHC−1)を用いて、供給圧力を上げて粗粉を除去した後、再度、供給圧力を下げて微粒を除去したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質を得ると共に評価した。
得られた非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質のNi、Co、Mnの組成比、Li/Me比、組成から算出されたLi2MnO3とLiMO2の割合、初期放電容量、および200サイクル後の容量維持率を表1に示す。
また、Mn量が少ない比較例3では、初期放電容量は比較例1比較例2より高いが、未反応のLiが存在するため熱安全性に問題がある。さらに、Ni量に対するMn量が多い比較例4および比較例5は、スピネル相が発生して、初期放電容量が大幅に低下している。
実施例7
複合水酸化物粒子を、以下のようにして作製した。
まず、反応槽(34L)内に、水を半分の量まで入れて撹拌しながら、槽内温度を40℃に設定した。このときの反応槽内は、大気雰囲気(酸素濃度:21容量%)とした。この反応槽内の水に、25質量%水酸化ナトリウム水溶液と25質量%アンモニア水を適量加えて、液温25℃基準で、槽内の反応液のpH値が12.8となるように調整した。さらに、該反応液中のアンモニア濃度を10g/Lに調節して反応前水溶液とした。
次に、硫酸ニッケルと硫酸コバルト、硫酸マンガンを水に溶かして1.8mol/Lの混合水溶液を調製した。この混合水溶液では、各金属の元素モル比が、Ni:Co:Mn=0.167:0.167:0.666となるように調整した。
核生成終了後、反応水溶液のpH値が液温25℃基準で11.6になるまで、25質量%水酸化ナトリウム水溶液の供給のみを一時停止した。
反応水溶液のpH値が11.6に到達した後、反応水溶液(粒子成長用水溶液)に、再度、25質量%水酸化ナトリウム水溶液の供給を再開し、アンモニア濃度を上記値に保持してpH値を液温25℃基準で11.6、に制御したまま、30分間の晶析を継続し粒子成長を行った後、給液を一旦停止し、反応槽内空間の反応容器蓋と液面の間の空間の酸素濃度が0.2容量%以下となるまで窒素ガスを5L/minで流通させた。その後、給液を再開し、成長開始からあわせて2時間晶析を行った。
反応槽内が満液になったところで、晶析を停止するとともに、撹拌を止めて静置することで、生成物の沈殿を促した。その後、反応槽から上澄み液を半量抜き出した後、晶析を再開し、2時間晶析を行った後(計4時間)、晶析を終了させた。
上記晶析において、pHは、pHコントローラにより水酸化ナトリウム水溶液の供給流量を調整することで制御され、変動幅は設定値の上下0.2の範囲内であった。
得られた複合水酸化物について、その試料を無機酸により溶解した後、ICP発光分光法により化学分析を行ったところ、その組成は、Ni0.169Co0.164Mn0.667(OH)2+a(0≦a≦0.5)であった。
また、この複合水酸化物について、平均粒径および粒度分布を示す〔(d90−d10)/平均粒径〕値を、レーザー回折散乱式粒度分布測定装置(日機装株式会社製、マイクロトラックHRA)を用いて測定した体積積算値から算出して求めた。その結果、平均粒径は5.8μmであり、〔(d90−d10)/平均粒径〕値は、0.46であった。
この断面のSEM観察結果を、図7に示す。この断面のSEM観察から求めた、二次粒子径に対する外殻部の厚さは、14%であった。
上記複合水酸化物粒子を、空気(酸素:21容量%)気流中にて、700℃で6時間の熱処理を行って、複合酸化物粒子に転換して回収した。
Li/Me=1.50となるように炭酸リチウムを秤量し、上記複合酸化物粒子と混合してリチウム混合物を調製した。混合は、シェーカーミキサー装置(ウィリー・エ・バッコーフェン(WAB)社製、TURBULA TypeT2C)を用いて行った。
得られたリチウム混合物を大気中(酸素:21容量%)にて、500℃で4時間仮焼した後、950℃で10時間焼成し、冷却した後、解砕して正極活物質を得た。
複合水酸化物粒子と同様の方法で、得られた正極活物質の粒度分布を測定したところ、平均粒径は5.3μmであり、〔(d90−d10)/平均粒径〕値は、0.46であった。
また、複合水酸化物粒子と同様の方法で、正極活物質のSEM観察および断面SEM観察を行ったところ、得られた正極活物質は、略球状であり、粒径がほぼ均一に揃っていることが確認された。この正極活物質のSEM観察結果を図8に示す。
一方、断面SEM観察により、この正極活物質が、一次粒子が焼結して構成された外殻部と、その内部に中空部を備える中空構造となっていることを確認した。この正極活物質の断面SEM観察結果を図9に示す。この観察から求めた、正極活物質の粒子径に対する外殻部の厚さの比率は、13%であった。
さらに、同様にICP発光分光法により、正極活物質の組成分析を行ったところ、Li1.50Ni0.167Co0.167Mn0.666O2.5であることが確認された。
得られた正極活物質の評価には、実施例1と同様に作製した2032型コイン電池を使用した。
得られたコイン型電池の性能を評価する、初期放電容量、サイクル容量維持率、正極抵抗は、以下のように定義した。
初期放電容量は、コイン型電池を作製してから24時間程度放置し、開回路電圧OCV(open circuit voltage)が安定した後、正極に対する電流密度を0.1mA/cm2としてカットオフ電圧4.7Vまで充電し、1時間の休止後、カットオフ電圧2.5Vまで放電したときの容量を初期放電容量とした。
充放電容量の測定には,マルチチャンネル電圧/電流発生器(株式会社アドバンテスト製、R6741A)を用いた。
コイン型電池を充電電位4.1Vで充電して、周波数応答アナライザおよびポテンショガルバノスタット(ソーラトロン製、1255B)を使用して、交流インピーダンス法により測定すると、図10に示すナイキストプロットが得られる。このナイキストプロットは、溶液抵抗、負極抵抗とその容量、および、正極抵抗とその容量を示す特性曲線の和として表しているため、このナイキストプロットに基づき等価回路を用いてフィッティング計算して、正極抵抗の値を算出した。
本実施例7により得られた複合水酸化物の特性を表2に、正極活物質の特性およびこの正極活物質を用いて製造したコイン型電池の各評価を表3に、それぞれ示す。また、以下の実施例8~15および比較例10~14についても、同様の内容について、表2および表3に示す。
実施例8
実施例9
実施例10
実施例11
実施例12
実施例13
実施例14
実施例15
上部にオーバーフロー用配管を備えた連続晶析用の反応槽を用いて、大気雰囲気中で、反応水溶液のpH値を液温25℃基準で11.0の一定値に保ちながら、実施例7と同様の混合水溶液とアンモニア水溶液および水酸化ナトリウム溶液を一定流量で連続的に加えて、オーバーフローするスラリーを連続的に回収する、一般的な方法により晶析を行った。反応槽内の平均滞留時間を10時間として、連続槽内が平衡状態になってから、スラリーを回収して、固液分離して、晶析物を得たこと以外は、実施例7と同様にして、非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質を得るとともに評価した。
なお、得られた複合水酸化物および正極活物質の組成は、実施例7と同様であった。複合水酸化物粒子全体が実施例7の外殻部と同様な一次粒子で構成されたため、正極活物質は緻密な中実構造の粒子となった。
核生成時と粒子成長時のpH値を、いずれも液温25℃基準で11.6の一定値に保ったこと以外は、実施例7と同様にして、非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質を得るとともに評価した。晶析中は、反応槽内空間に窒素ガスを5L/minで流通させて、反応容器蓋と液面の間の空間の酸素濃度が0.2容量%以下となるように保持した。なお、得られた複合水酸化物および正極活物質の組成は、実施例1と同様であった。複合水酸化物粒子全体が実施例7の外殻部と同様な一次粒子で構成されたため、正極活物質は緻密な中実構造の粒子となった。
核生成時と粒子成長時のpH値を、いずれも液温25℃基準で12.6の一定値に保ったこと以外は、実施例7と同様にして、ニッケル・コバルト・マンガン複合水酸化物を得た。晶析中は、反応槽内空間に窒素ガスを5L/minで流通させて、反応容器蓋と液面の間の空間の酸素濃度が0.2容量%以下となるように保持した。しかしながら、晶析反応全期間において新たな核が生成したために、粒度分布が広くゲル状の析出物を含む不定形の粒子となり、固液分離が困難であり処理を中止した。
焼成温度を1100℃としたこと以外は、実施例7と同様にして、非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質を得るとともに評価した。得られた複合水酸化物および正極活物質の組成は、実施例7と同様であったが、粒成長が激しく粒成長しており、比表面積が0.8m2/gまで低下し初期容量、正極抵抗の大幅な低下が起きた。
粒成長工程における大気雰囲気から窒素雰囲気への切り替えを、粒子成長工程開始時から粒子成長工程時間全体に対して50%の時点で行ったこと以外は、実施例7と同様にして、非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質を得るとともに評価した。
複合水酸化物の外殻部の厚みが不足していたため、正極活物質とする焼成段階において二次粒子同士の焼結が進み、粗大粒を含む活物質となった。なお、得られた複合水酸化物および正極活物質の組成は、実施例7と同様であった。
実施例7~15の複合水酸化物粒子および正極活物質は、本発明に従って製造されたため、平均粒径および粒度分布の広がりを示す指標である〔(d90−d10)/平均粒径〕値のいずれもが、好ましい範囲にあり、粒径分布が良好で粒径がほぼ揃った粒子となっている。また、いずれの正極活物質も、凝集した一次粒子が焼結している外殻部と、その内側の中空部とからなる構造を備えている。これらの正極活物質を用いたコイン型電池は、初期放電容量が高く、サイクル特性に優れ、正極抵抗も低いものとなっており、優れた特性を有した電池となっている。
実施例16
このときのタングステンとリチウムからなる化合物層の層厚はTEM(透過型電子顕微鏡)観察像からおよそ6~11nmであることが分かった。
正極活物質の評価には、実施例1と同様に作製した2032型コイン電池1(以下、コイン型電池と称す)を使用した。
製造したコイン型電池の性能を示す初期放電容量、正極抵抗は、以下のように評価した。
抵抗の測定は、定電流−低電圧充電を行い、電位を4.0Vに合わせた後、1.3mAの電流を10秒間流し、4.0Vから10秒後の電位を引いてΔVを求め、ΔVを流した電流値である1.3mAで割ることで抵抗(Ω)を算出した。
本実施例のW添加条件と得られた正極活物質の特性およびこの正極活物質を用いて製造したコイン型電池の各評価を表4に示す。また、以下の実施例17~19および比較例15~18についても、同様の内容について、表4に示す。
実施例17
実施例18
実施例19
実施例20
実施例21
実施例22
また、本発明の非水系二次電池は、優れた安全性を有することから、純粋に電気エネルギーで駆動される電気自動車、ガソリンエンジンやディーゼルエンジンなどの燃焼機関と併用するハイブリッド自動車もしくはプラグインハイブリッド自動車などの大型電源装置としても好適に用いることができる。
2 Li金属負極
3 セパレータ
4 ガスケット
5 ウェーブワッシャー
6 正極缶
7 負極缶
Claims (21)
- 一般式:Li1+uNixCoyMnzMtO2+α(0.05≦u≦0.95、x+y+z+t=1、0≦x≦0.5、0≦y≦0.5、0.5≦z<0.8、0≦t≦0.1、Mは添加元素であり、Mg、Ca、Al、Ti、V、Cr、Zr、Nb、Mo、Wから選択される1種以上の元素)で表され、層状構造を有する六方晶系リチウム含有複合酸化物により構成されるリチウム金属複合酸化物からなる正極活物質であって、
平均粒径が3~12μm、粒度分布の広がりを示す指標である〔(d90−d10)/平均粒径〕が0.60以下であることを特徴とする非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質。 - 前記リチウム金属複合酸化物が、一般式:bLi2MnM1 t1O3・(1−b)Li1+vNixCoyMnzM2 t2O2(0.2≦b≦0.7、−0.05≦v≦0.20、t1+t2=t、x+y+z+t=1、0.1≦x≦0.4、0.2≦y≦0.8、0.1≦z≦0.4、0≦t≦0.1、M1及びM2は添加元素であり、Mg、Ca、Al、Ti、V、Cr、Zr、Nb、Mo、Wから選択される1種以上の元素)で表されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記リチウム金属複合酸化物が、一般式:Li1+sNixCoyMnzMtO2+α(0.40≦s<0.60、z−x>0.4の時z−x≦s、z<0.6の時s≦z、0≦x≦0.5、0≦y≦0.5、0.5≦z<0.8、0<x+y、x+y+z+t=1、z−x<0.6、0.4≦α<0.6)で表されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 請求項3における前記一般式を、sLi2MnM1 t1O3・(1−s)LiNM2 t2O2(Nは、NiもしくはCoを必須とし、Ni、Co、Mnの少なくとも1種からなる)として表した場合、Li2MnO3:LiNO2の比が0.40:0.60~0.55:0.45であることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記LiNO2中に含まれるNi:Mnの比(Ni/Mn)が、0.8~1.2であることを特徴とする請求項4に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記リチウム金属複合酸化物が、一次粒子および前記一次粒子が凝集して構成された二次粒子からなるリチウム金属複合酸化物であって、前記リチウム金属複合酸化物の表面または粒界に、タングステンが濃縮されたリチウムを含む層厚が20nm以下の化合物層を有することを特徴とする請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記化合物層中に含有されるタングステン量が、リチウム金属複合酸化物に含まれるリチウム以外の金属元素の原子数の和に対して、タングステンの原子数が0.1~3.0原子%であることを特徴とする請求項6に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記リチウム金属複合酸化物が、凝集した一次粒子が焼結している外殻部と、その内側に存在する中空部とからなる中空構造を備えることを特徴とする請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記リチウム金属複合酸化物の平均粒径が、3~8μmであることを特徴とする請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 正極活物質として2032型コイン電池に用いた場合、220mAh/g以上の初期放電容量を有することを特徴とする請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 請求項1~10のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法であって、
一般式NixCoyMnzMt(OH)2+a(x+y+z+t=1、0≦x≦0.5、0≦y≦0.5、0.5≦z<0.8、0≦t≦0.1、0≦a≦0.5、Mは添加元素であり、Mg、Ca、Al、Ti、V、Cr、Zr、Nb、Mo、Wから選択される1種以上の元素)で表されるマンガン複合水酸化物で、その平均粒径が2~12μm、粒度分布の広がりを示す指標である〔(d90−d10)/平均粒径〕が0.55以下であるマンガン複合水酸化物粒子を、少なくともマンガンの化合物を含む水溶液、及びアンモニウムイオン供給体を含む水溶液を、反応槽内に供給して反応液とし、かつ水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を、反応槽内の前記反応液を所定のpHに保持するために添加量を調整して供給し、前記反応液のpHを液温25℃基準で12.0~14.0に制御して核生成を行う核生成段階と、pHを液温25℃基準で10.5~12.0の範囲で核生成段階より低くなるように制御して該核生成段階において生成した核を成長させる粒子成長段階に分離して上記マンガン複合水酸化物粒子を得る第1工程と、
前記マンガン複合水酸化物粒子を、105~750℃で熱処理する第2工程と、
前記熱処理後のマンガン複合水酸化物、または熱処理前のマンガン複合酸化物、もしくはそれらの混合物に、リチウム以外の金属元素の原子数の和Meと、リチウムの原子数Liとの比Li/Meが1.05~1.95となるようにリチウム化合物を加えてリチウム混合物を形成し、前記リチウム混合物を酸化性雰囲気中、800℃~1050℃の温度で焼成した後、解砕して、リチウム金属複合酸化物を得る第3工程と、
を有することを特徴とする非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。 - 請求項6~10のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法であって、
前記リチウム化合物を加えてリチウム混合物を形成する際に、さらにタングステン化合物を混合することを特徴とする請求項11に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記タングステン化合物の一次粒子径の平均値に対して、前記マンガン複合水酸化物の二次粒子径の平均値が5倍以上であることを特徴とする請求項12に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記第1工程が、反応槽内の空間の酸素濃度が1容量%を超える酸化性雰囲気中で核生成を行う核生成段階と、
粒子成長段階の開始時から粒子成長段階時間の全体に対して0~40%の範囲で前記酸化性雰囲気から酸素濃度1容量%以下の酸素と不活性ガスの混合雰囲気に切り替えて、前記核を成長させる粒子成長段階とを有することを特徴とする請求項11~13のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記第1工程において、予め液温25℃基準でpH値を12~14に制御して生成させた核となる複合水酸化物粒子を種晶として反応液に添加した後、反応液のpHを液温25℃基準で10.5~12.0に制御して該粒子を成長させることにより核生成段階と粒子成長段階を分離することを特徴とする請求項11~14のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記第1工程において核生成後あるいは粒子成長段階の途中で、反応後溶液の一部を反応槽外に排出することにより反応槽内の複合水酸化物粒子濃度を高めた後に、引き続き粒子成長を行うことを特徴とする請求項11~15のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記第1工程における反応液の温度が、35℃以上60℃以下の任意の温度範囲に制御されることを特徴とする請求項11~16のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記晶析工程における反応液中のアンモニア濃度が、3~25g/Lの範囲内の任意の一定値に保持されることを特徴とする請求項11~17のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記粒子成長段階で得られたマンガン複合水酸化物に、前記添加元素M(Mg、Ca、Al、Ti、V、Cr、Zr、Nb、Mo、W)から1種以上の添加元素を含む化合物を被覆することを特徴とする請求項11~18のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記第3工程の焼成に際して、予め、焼成温度より低く、かつ350℃~800℃の温度で仮焼を行うことを特徴とする請求項11~19のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 請求項1~10のいずれか1項に記載の非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質を活物質とする正極を有することを特徴とする非水系電解質二次電池。
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Publication number | Publication date |
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WO2012164752A1 (ja) | 2012-12-06 |
US10829385B2 (en) | 2020-11-10 |
EP2752923A4 (en) | 2015-03-25 |
KR20170135997A (ko) | 2017-12-08 |
CN103688396B (zh) | 2016-02-10 |
KR101929700B1 (ko) | 2018-12-14 |
EP2752923A1 (en) | 2014-07-09 |
KR20140047044A (ko) | 2014-04-21 |
KR101860596B1 (ko) | 2018-07-02 |
CN103688396A (zh) | 2014-03-26 |
EP2752923B1 (en) | 2021-02-24 |
KR20170135998A (ko) | 2017-12-08 |
US20140087263A1 (en) | 2014-03-27 |
KR101929701B1 (ko) | 2018-12-14 |
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