WO2014156054A1 - 非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質及びそれを用いた非水電解質二次電池 - Google Patents
非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質及びそれを用いた非水電解質二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- C01G53/44—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2, Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the same.
- a lithium ion secondary battery which is a typical non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, has a high energy density, and is therefore widely used as a driving power source for mobile information terminals such as mobile phones and laptop computers.
- nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries such as lithium ion secondary batteries are also attracting attention as power sources for power tools, electric vehicles, and the like, and further expansion of applications is expected.
- Patent Document 1 in order to improve output characteristics and cycle characteristics, non-aqueous electrolyte 2 in which the resistance between the positive electrode active material and the electrolyte solution interface is reduced by adding tungsten (W) or the like during firing of the positive electrode active material.
- W tungsten
- Patent Document 2 discloses a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery in which an oxide such as gadolinium (Gd) is present on the surface of a mother particle capable of inserting and extracting lithium ions.
- Gad gadolinium
- non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries are required to maintain good cycle characteristics even when large current discharge is repeated and to achieve higher capacity.
- such a demand is remarkable in applications such as electric tools and electric vehicles.
- the positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the present invention includes a mother particle formed by agglomerating primary particles composed of a lithium-containing transition metal oxide containing tungsten, and a rare earth compound attached to the surface of the mother particle. It is characterized by providing.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery that has a high capacity and can maintain good cycle characteristics even when large current discharge is repeated.
- a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10 (hereinafter referred to as “secondary battery 10”), which is an example of an embodiment of the present invention, has a positive electrode 12 and a negative electrode 13 wound around a separator 14. It is a cylindrical battery provided with the electrode body 11 formed and a non-aqueous electrolyte (not shown).
- the structure of the electrode body 11 is a winding structure and it demonstrates as what has a cylindrical external appearance, the structure and external appearance shape of an electrode body are not limited to this.
- the structure of the electrode body may be a stacked type in which positive electrodes and negative electrodes are alternately stacked via separators, for example.
- the external shape of the battery may be a square shape or a coin shape.
- the secondary battery 10 includes an electrode body 11 to which a positive electrode lead 16 and a negative electrode lead 17 are respectively attached, and a battery case 15 that houses an electrolyte.
- the battery case 15 is, for example, a metal bottomed cylindrical container.
- the negative electrode lead 17 is connected to the inner bottom portion of the battery case 15, and the battery case 15 is also used as a negative electrode external terminal.
- the battery case 15 is not limited to a metal hard container, and may be formed of a laminate packaging material.
- insulating plates 20 and 21 are provided above and below the electrode body 11.
- a filter 22, an inner cap 23, a valve body 24, and a positive electrode external terminal 25 are provided in this order.
- These members are arranged so as to integrally close the opening of the battery case 15.
- the gasket 26 is provided in the clearance gap between the periphery of each of these members and the battery case 15, and the inside of the battery case 15 is sealed.
- the positive electrode lead 16 extends upward through the hole of the insulating plate 20 and is connected to the filter 22 by welding or the like.
- the negative electrode lead 17 extends downward through the hole of the insulating plate 20 and is connected to the battery case 15 by welding or the like.
- the positive electrode 12 includes a positive electrode current collector 30 and a positive electrode active material layer 31 formed on the current collector.
- the positive electrode active material layer 31 is preferably formed on both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector 30.
- a conductive thin film sheet particularly a metal foil or alloy foil that is stable in the potential range of the positive electrode 12, a film having a metal surface layer, or the like can be used.
- the metal constituting the positive electrode current collector 30 is preferably a metal containing aluminum as a main component, for example, aluminum or an aluminum alloy.
- the positive electrode active material layer 31 preferably contains a conductive material and a binder in addition to the positive electrode active material particles 32 (see FIG. 2).
- the positive electrode active material particles 32 include mother particles 33 formed by agglomerating primary particles 33 a and rare earth compound particles 34 attached to the surfaces of the mother particles 33. That is, the mother particle 33 is a secondary particle formed by the primary particles 33a contacting and aggregating with each other.
- the primary particles 33a are composed of a lithium-containing transition metal oxide containing W.
- the rare earth compound particles 34 are uniformly dispersed and attached on the surface of the mother particles 33, for example.
- the rare earth compound particles 34 are also present in the vicinity of the interface (hereinafter referred to as “contact interface”) where the primary particles 33 a contact each other. Further, a part of the rare earth compound particles 34 may enter and enter the contact interface.
- the positive electrode active material particles 32 have rare earth compound particles 34 attached at least at the contact interface or in the vicinity thereof (hereinafter, at least A or B is expressed as “A and / or B”). Moreover, since the positive electrode active material particle 32 is comprised from the lithium containing transition metal oxide containing at least W, W exists in a contact interface or its vicinity. W is usually present uniformly in the primary particles 33a, but may be present in a large amount on the surface and / or surface layer (near the surface inside the primary particles 33a) of the primary particles 33a, or the mother particles 33 that are secondary particles. A large amount may exist on the surface and / or surface layer. Thereby, a stable structure is formed at the contact interface, and cracking of the mother particles 33 during large current discharge can be suppressed. As a result, good cycle characteristics can be maintained even when charging and discharging are repeated under conditions involving large current discharge.
- the lithium-containing transition metal oxide has a composition formula Li x M 1 -y W y O 2 (M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, Mn, and Al, and 0.9 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.2, 0.001 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.01).
- M may contain one or more metal elements such as Mg, Ga, Ge, Ti, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, and Ta in addition to the above metal elements such as Ni.
- the lithium-containing transition metal oxide the composition formula Li x Ni a Co b Mn c Al (1-yab) W y O 2 (0.9 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.2,0.001 ⁇ y ⁇ 0. 01, 0.30 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.95, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.50, and ac> 0.03).
- X is preferably 0.9 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.2, more preferably 0.98 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.05.
- the value of x is 0.9 or less, the stability of the crystal structure is lowered, and for example, the effect of improving the cycle characteristics is reduced.
- the value of x is 1.2 or more, there is a tendency that the amount of gas generation increases.
- the value of y is preferably 0.001 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.01, more preferably 0.003 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.007. If the value of y is less than 0.001, the effect of improving the cycle characteristics by W is reduced. On the other hand, when the value of y exceeds 0.01, the discharge capacity tends to decrease.
- ac> 0.03 is preferable. (1) When the composition ratio of Mn is high, an impurity phase is generated, resulting in a decrease in capacity and a decrease in output, so that ac is preferably 0 or more. (2) The higher the Ni composition ratio, the larger the capacity per weight of the positive electrode active material. Therefore, it is desirable that the Ni composition ratio is as high as possible.
- the particle diameter of the primary particles 33a is preferably 0.2 ⁇ m or more and 2 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 1 ⁇ m or less.
- the “particle diameter” is an average particle diameter (D50) observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and means an average value of about 10 to 30 particles.
- the stabilization of the structure at the contact interface becomes insufficient, and the effect of improving the cycle characteristics and the effect of suppressing the decrease in output characteristics may be reduced.
- the primary particle diameter exceeds 2 ⁇ m, the diffusion distance of lithium ions in the lithium-containing transition metal oxide becomes long during large current discharge, and the output characteristics may deteriorate.
- the particle diameter of the mother particles 33 (secondary particles) (hereinafter referred to as “secondary particle diameter”) is preferably 3 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 8 ⁇ m or more and 15 ⁇ m or less.
- the secondary particle diameter is less than 3 ⁇ m, for example, the positive electrode active material particles 32 are less likely to be clogged during rolling, and the electrode plate density is not increased and it is difficult to increase the capacity.
- the secondary particle diameter exceeds 20 ⁇ m, the diffusion distance of lithium ions in the lithium-containing transition metal oxide becomes long during large current discharge, and the output characteristics may deteriorate.
- the rare earth compound constituting the rare earth compound particles 34 is preferably a rare earth hydroxide, a rare earth oxyhydroxide, or a rare earth oxide, more preferably a rare earth hydroxide or a rare earth oxyhydroxide. preferable. When these are used, the effect of improving the cycle characteristics becomes more remarkable.
- the rare earth compound may partially contain a rare earth carbonate compound, a rare earth phosphate compound, a fluoride, and the like.
- rare earth elements constituting the rare earth compounds include scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium. Of these, neodymium, samarium and erbium are preferred. This is because a neodymium compound, a samarium compound, and an erbium compound have a smaller average particle diameter than other rare earth compounds and are more likely to be deposited more uniformly on the surface of the positive electrode active material.
- the rare earth compound examples include lanthanum hydroxide, lanthanum oxyhydroxide, neodymium hydroxide, neodymium oxyhydroxide, samarium hydroxide, samarium oxyhydroxide, erbium hydroxide, erbium oxyhydroxide and the like. Since lanthanum is inexpensive, the production cost of the positive electrode 12 can be reduced when lanthanum hydroxide or lanthanum oxyhydroxide is used.
- the particle diameter of the rare earth compound particles 34 is preferably 1 nm or more and 100 nm or less, and more preferably 10 nm or more and 50 nm or less.
- the particle diameter of the rare earth compound particles 34 becomes too large, the number per unit weight decreases, and the existence probability of the rare earth compound particles 34 in the contact interface and / or in the vicinity thereof decreases.
- the particle diameter of the rare earth compound particles 34 becomes too small, the surfaces of the mother particles 33 are too densely covered with the rare earth compound particles 34, and the lithium ion occlusion / release performance is lowered, and the charge / discharge characteristics are lowered. There is a case.
- the ratio of voids formed inside the mother particle 33 to the entire area of the mother particle 33 is preferably 0.1% or more and 10% or less. . More preferably, it is 0.5% or more and 8% or less, and particularly preferably 1% or more and 5% or less.
- the entire area of the mother particle 33 is an area surrounded by the outer periphery of the mother particle 33.
- the ratio of the voids formed inside the mother particle 33 to the entire area of the mother particle 33 described above is calculated as follows, for example. After obtaining the average particle size of the mother particles 33, about 3 to 10 particles having the same size as the average particle size are randomly extracted from the cross-sectional SEM image of the positive electrode. For each of the extracted mother particles 33, the area ratio of the area where the primary particles do not exist (voids formed inside the mother particles 33) with respect to the entire area is calculated, and an average value of about 3 to 10 particles is calculated. The ratio of voids formed inside the mother particle 33 to the entire area of 33 is taken as the ratio.
- the ratio of the voids When the ratio of the voids is less than 0.1%, the amount of the electrolytic solution taken into the mother particles 33 (secondary particles) via the primary particle interface becomes insufficient, and the discharge capacity during high rate discharge is increased. It may be insufficient. On the other hand, when the ratio of the voids exceeds 10%, the voids inside the mother particles 33 are excessively increased, and the rare-earth compound is not adhered, so that the side reaction inside may not be suppressed. When the ratio of the voids is 1% or more and 5% or less, the electrolyte solution penetrates into the mother particles 33, but there is no excess space inside the active material, and there is sufficient contact between the primary particles and the primary particles. It becomes a secured state. Therefore, not only excellent high rate discharge performance and cycle characteristics can be obtained, but also an electrode plate having a high packing density and a high capacity can be obtained.
- the rare earth compound particles 34 can be deposited on the surface of the mother particles 33 by, for example, attaching a rare earth salt to the surfaces of the mother particles 33 and then performing a heat treatment.
- a rare earth salt for example, an aqueous solution in which an erbium salt is dissolved is mixed in a dispersion in which the mother particle 33 is dispersed, and the mother particle 33 having an erbium salt hydroxide adhering to the surface is mixed. obtain.
- the heat treatment temperature is preferably 120 ° C. or higher and 700 ° C. or lower, and more preferably 250 ° C. or higher and 500 ° C. or lower.
- the temperature is lower than 120 ° C.
- moisture adsorbed on the active material is difficult to remove, and moisture may be mixed in the battery.
- the rare earth compound diffuses into the active material, and the effect of improving the cycle characteristics becomes small.
- heat treatment is performed at 250 ° C. to 500 ° C.
- moisture can be easily removed, and a state where the rare earth compound particles 34 are selectively attached to the surfaces of the mother particles 33 can be formed.
- a rare earth salt hydroxide may be adhered to the surface of the mother particle 33 by spraying an aqueous solution in which the rare earth salt is dissolved while mixing the mother particle 33.
- the rare earth compound particles 34 deposited on the surfaces of the mother particles 33 by a method using a rare earth salt are physically in close contact with the mother particles 33.
- the mother particles 33 and the rare earth compound particles 34 attached to the mother particles 33 are integrated, and the rare earth compound particles 34 are not released from the mother particles 33 during slurry preparation or the like.
- An aqueous solution in which a rare earth salt is dissolved refers to a solution in which a rare earth nitrate compound, a sulfuric acid compound, an acetic acid compound, or the like is dissolved in water.
- a solution obtained by dissolving a rare earth oxide or the like in an acid such as nitric acid, sulfuric acid, or acetic acid can be regarded as being in the same state as an aqueous solution in which the rare earth salt is dissolved, and thus can be used as an aqueous solution in which the rare earth salt is dissolved. A combination of these can also be used.
- the mother particles 33 and the rare earth compound particles 34 may be mixed using a mixing processor, and the rare earth compound particles 34 may be mechanically attached to the surfaces of the mother particles 33. Also in this case, it is preferable to perform the heat treatment under the same conditions as in the method using the rare earth salt.
- the rare earth compound particles 34 are preferably deposited using a rare earth salt, and particularly preferably a method in which an aqueous solution in which a rare earth salt such as an erbium salt is dissolved is mixed into the dispersion of the mother particles 33. .
- the rare earth compound particles 34 can be attached to the surfaces of the mother particles 33 in a more uniformly dispersed state. Since the rare earth compound particles 34 attached to the mother particles 34 by this method adhere to the surface of the mother particles 33 without releasing the rare earth compounds even after the slurry is produced, the mother particles 33 are cracked during large current discharge. When the charge / discharge is repeated under conditions involving large current discharge, the cycle characteristics are further improved.
- the pH of the dispersion liquid of the mother particles 33 it is preferable to make the pH of the dispersion liquid of the mother particles 33 constant, and it is particularly preferable to regulate the pH to 6-10. This facilitates the uniform precipitation of rare earth compound particles 34, which are fine particles of 1 to 100 nm, on the entire surface of the base particles 33.
- the transition metal which comprises the mother particle 33 may elute.
- the rare earth compound particles 34 may segregate.
- the adhesion amount of the rare earth compound particles 34 is preferably 0.003 mol% or more and 0.25 mol% or less based on the ratio of the rare earth element to the total molar amount of the transition metal constituting the mother particle 33.
- the ratio is less than 0.003 mol%, the effect of attaching the rare earth compound particles 34 may not be sufficiently exhibited.
- the ratio exceeds 0.25 mol%, the reactivity of the lithium-containing transition metal oxide on the particle surface is lowered, and the cycle characteristics in large current discharge may be deteriorated.
- the conductive agent is used to increase the electrical conductivity of the positive electrode active material layer.
- the conductive agent include carbon materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, and graphite. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the binder is used to maintain a good contact state between the positive electrode active material and the conductive agent and to enhance the binding property of the positive electrode active material and the like to the surface of the positive electrode current collector.
- the binder for example, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), or a modified product thereof is used.
- the binder may be used in combination with a thickener such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) or polyethylene oxide (PEO).
- the negative electrode 13 includes a negative electrode current collector 40 and a negative electrode active material layer 41 formed on the current collector.
- the negative electrode active material layer 41 is preferably formed on both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector 40.
- a conductive thin film sheet particularly a metal foil or alloy foil that is stable in the potential range of the negative electrode 13, a film having a metal surface layer, or the like can be used.
- the metal constituting the negative electrode current collector 40 is preferably a metal mainly composed of copper.
- the negative electrode active material layer 41 preferably contains a binder in addition to, for example, a negative electrode active material that reversibly occludes / releases lithium ions.
- a carbon material a metal alloyed with lithium, an alloy material, a metal oxide, or the like can be used. From the viewpoint of reducing the material cost, it is preferable to use a carbon material for the negative electrode active material.
- the carbon material include natural graphite, artificial graphite, mesophase pitch-based carbon fiber (MCF), mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB), coke, and hard carbon.
- a carbon material obtained by coating a graphite material with low crystalline carbon it is preferable to use a carbon material obtained by coating a graphite material with low crystalline carbon.
- PTFE or the like can be used as in the case of the positive electrode, but it is preferable to use a styrene-butadiene copolymer (SBR) or a modified product thereof.
- SBR styrene-butadiene copolymer
- the binder may be used in combination with a thickener such as CMC.
- Separator 14 For the separator 14, a porous sheet having ion permeability and insulating properties is used. Specific examples of the porous sheet include a microporous thin film, a woven fabric, and a nonwoven fabric.
- a material for the separator 40 cellulose, or an olefin resin such as polyethylene or polypropylene is preferable.
- a layer containing an inorganic filler can be formed at the interface between the positive electrode 12 and the separator 14 or the interface between the negative electrode 13 and the separator 14.
- the filler for example, oxides such as titanium, aluminum, silicon, and magnesium, phosphoric acid compounds, and those whose surfaces are treated with hydroxides or the like can be used.
- the filler layer can be formed by a method of directly applying a filler-containing slurry to the positive electrode 12, the negative electrode 13, or the separator 14, a method of attaching a sheet containing the filler to the positive electrode 12, the negative electrode 13, or the separator 14.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte includes a nonaqueous solvent and a solute (electrolyte salt) dissolved in the nonaqueous solvent.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte is not limited to a liquid electrolyte (nonaqueous electrolyte solution), and may be a solid electrolyte using a gel polymer or the like.
- Nonaqueous solvent is not particularly limited, and a conventionally known solvent can be used.
- Nonaqueous solvents include cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, chain carbonates such as dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, propionic acid Compounds containing esters such as methyl, ethyl propionate and ⁇ -butyrolactone, compounds containing sulfone groups such as propane sultone, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dioxane , 1,4-dioxane, compounds containing ether such as 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, butyronitrile, valeronitrile, n-heptanenitrile, succinonitrile,
- halogen substituted body which substituted some hydrogen of these solvents with halogen atoms, such as a fluorine.
- fluorinated cyclic carbonates and fluorinated chain carbonates can be used alone or in combination, and a compound containing a small amount of nitrile or a compound containing ether may be mixed.
- an ionic liquid can be used as the non-aqueous solvent.
- the cation species and anion species of the ionic liquid are not particularly limited. However, from the viewpoint of low viscosity, electrochemical stability and hydrophobicity, a combination using a pyridinium cation, an imidazolium cation or a quaternary ammonium cation as the cation and a fluorine-containing imide anion as the anion is particularly preferable. .
- the solute is preferably a lithium salt.
- a lithium salt containing one or more elements among P, B, F, O, S, N, and Cl can be used.
- LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiN (FSO 2 ) 2 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) Lithium salts such as (C 4 F 9 SO 2 ), LiC (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 3 , LiAsF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiPF 2 O 2 and mixtures thereof can be used.
- LiPF 6 is preferably used in order to enhance the high rate charge / discharge characteristics and durability of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- lithium salt which uses an oxalato complex as an anion can also be used as the solute.
- lithium salts having an oxalato complex as an anion include LiBOB [lithium-bisoxalate borate] and lithium salts having an anion in which C 2 O 4 2 ⁇ is coordinated to a central atom, such as Li [M (C 2 O 4 ) x R y ] (wherein M is a transition metal, an element selected from Groups 13, 14, and 15 of the periodic table, R is a group selected from halogen, an alkyl group, and a halogen-substituted alkyl group) , X is a positive integer, and y is 0 or a positive integer).
- LiBOB is suitable for forming a stable film on the surface of the negative electrode even in a high temperature environment.
- the above solutes may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the concentration of the solute is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.8 to 1.7 mol per liter of the electrolyte. In applications that require large current discharge, the concentration of the solute is preferably 1.0 to 1.6 mol per liter of the electrolyte.
- This coprecipitated transition metal hydroxide was calcined at 750 ° C. for 12 hours to obtain a transition metal oxide.
- Lithium-containing transition metal oxide particles A1 were obtained by mixing 515 g of Li 2 CO 3 and 15.8 g of WO 3 with respect to 1000 g of the obtained transition metal oxide and firing at 1000 ° C. for 12 hours.
- XRD measurement it was found that the crystal structure of the lithium-containing transition metal oxide particle A1 was a single phase belonging to the space group R3-m.
- ICP emission spectroscopic analysis confirmed that the composition of the lithium-containing transition metal oxide particles A1 was LiNi 0.545 Co 0.20 Mn 0.25 W 0.005 O 2 .
- the lithium-containing transition metal oxide particles A1 are secondary particles formed by agglomeration of primary particles (average particle diameter (D50) by SEM observation is 0.4 ⁇ m). did.
- the average particle diameter (D50) of the secondary particles was 14 ⁇ m.
- the average particle diameter (D50) of the secondary particles is obtained by integrating the volume of the particles in order from the smallest particle diameter using a laser diffraction particle size distribution measuring device, and the accumulated volume is 50% of the total particle volume. It calculated
- lithium-containing transition metal oxide particles A1 were put into 3 liters of pure water and stirred, and then a solution in which 4.58 g of erbium nitrate pentahydrate was dissolved was added thereto. At this time, a 10% by mass aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was appropriately added to adjust the pH of the solution containing lithium-containing transition metal oxide particles A1 to 9 (so that the pH was maintained at 9). Subsequently, after suction filtration and washing with water, the powder obtained by baking at 400 ° C. for 5 hours was dried. Thereby, positive electrode active material particles B1 in which erbium oxyhydroxide was uniformly attached to the surface of the lithium-containing transition metal oxide particles A1 were obtained.
- the adhesion amount of erbium oxyhydroxide was 0.1 mol% with respect to the total molar amount of transition metals of the lithium-containing transition metal oxide particles A1 in terms of erbium element. SEM observation of the positive electrode active material particle B1 confirmed that erbium oxyhydroxide was attached in the vicinity of the interface where the primary particles of the lithium-containing transition metal oxide particle A1 contact each other.
- LiPF 6 was dissolved as a solute in the mixed solvent at a rate of 1.5 mol / liter.
- VC vinyl carbonate
- test cell C1 which is a cylindrical (18650 type) nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery (theoretical amount: 2.0 Ah) having a diameter of 18 mm and a height of 65 mm. .
- Test cell Z1 was produced in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1 except that erbium oxyhydroxide was not used.
- Test cell Z2 was fabricated in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1, except that WO 3 was not used and the lithium-containing transition metal oxide was baked at 950 ° C.
- Test cell Z2 was produced in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1 except that WO 3 and erbium oxyhydroxide were not used and the lithium-containing transition metal oxide was calcined at 950 ° C.
- test cell C1 has an increased number of cycles (75%) compared to the test cells Z1 to Z3.
- grains which do not have a rare earth compound (erbium oxyhydroxide) are used (test cell Z1, Z3), favorable cycling characteristics are not acquired irrespective of the presence or absence of tungsten.
- the number of cycles (75%) is increased by attaching a rare earth compound to the surface of the lithium-containing transition metal oxide particles. However, it is still insufficient.
- the cycle number (75%) cannot be improved simply by adding tungsten to the lithium-containing transition metal oxide.
- the rare earth compound is simply attached to the lithium-containing transition metal oxide particles.
- a lithium-containing transition metal oxide containing tungsten a rare earth compound is attached to the particle surface, specifically, the primary particles constituting the lithium-containing transition metal oxide particle are in contact with each other.
- the cycle number (75%) is specifically increased, and the cycle characteristics are greatly improved.
- Test cell C2 was prepared in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1 except that lanthanum hexahydrate was used instead of erbium nitrate pentahydrate.
- lanthanum oxyhydroxide was present in the vicinity of the interface where the primary particles constituting the lithium-containing transition metal oxide particles were in contact with each other, and W was A part of W was present in the primary particles, and a part of W was present at the interface between the primary particles and the primary particles.
- Test cell C3 was produced in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1 except that neodymium hexahydrate was used instead of erbium nitrate pentahydrate.
- neodymium oxyhydroxide was present in the vicinity of the interface where the primary particles constituting the lithium-containing transition metal oxide particles were in contact with each other, and W was A part of W was present in the primary particles, and a part of W was present at the interface between the primary particles and the primary particles.
- Test cell C4 was produced in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1 except that samarium hexahydrate was used instead of erbium nitrate pentahydrate.
- samarium oxyhydroxide was present in the vicinity of the interface where the primary particles constituting the lithium-containing transition metal oxide particles were in contact with each other.
- a part of W was present in the primary particles, and a part of W was present at the interface between the primary particles and the primary particles.
- Example 3 Lithium-containing transition obtained by mixing 515 g of Li 2 CO 3 , 15.8 g of WO 3 and 5.15 g of ZrO 2 with 1000 g of the obtained transition metal oxide, followed by firing at 1000 ° C. for 12 hours.
- a test cell D1 was produced in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1 except that the positive electrode active material particles B2 having erbium oxyhydroxide uniformly adhered to the surface were obtained using the metal oxide particles A2.
- ICP emission spectroscopic analysis confirmed that the composition of the lithium-containing transition metal oxide particles A2 was LiNi 0.545 Co 0.20 Mn 0.25 W 0.005 Zr 0.003 O 2 .
- the average value of the void ratio with respect to the entire area of the secondary particles of the lithium-containing transition metal oxide particles A2 calculated in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1 was 3%.
- SEM observation of the positive electrode active material particle B2 confirmed that erbium oxyhydroxide was attached in the vicinity of the interface where the primary particles of the lithium-containing transition metal oxide particle A2 contact each other. It was also confirmed that Zr and W were present inside the primary particles of the lithium-containing transition metal oxide particles A2, and W was present at the interface between the primary particles and the primary particles.
- test cell D1 further improves the cycle characteristics in the large current discharge as compared with the test cell C1. This is because tungsten is contained in the primary particle and not only the ion diffusibility inside the crystal is improved but also the interaction with the rare earth compound on the surface of the secondary particle. This is considered to be because it was higher and cracking from the interface could be suppressed.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery which is an example of the embodiment of the present invention has a high capacity and can maintain good cycle characteristics even when a large current discharge is repeated.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is particularly useful in applications such as an electric vehicle, HEV, and electric tool when it is necessary to discharge with a large current of 2.0 It, 5.0 It, or 10 It.
- the present invention can be expected to be developed to drive power sources for mobile information terminals such as mobile phones, notebook computers, and smart phones, high power drive power sources such as electric vehicles, HEVs, and power tools, or power sources related to power storage.
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Abstract
Description
正極12は、正極集電体30と、当該集電体上に形成された正極活物質層31とを有する。正極活物質層31は、正極集電体30の両面に形成されることが好適である。正極集電体30には、導電性を有する薄膜シート、特に正極12の電位範囲で安定な金属箔や合金箔、金属表層を有するフィルム等を用いることができる。正極集電体30を構成する金属は、アルミニウムを主成分とする金属、例えばアルミニウム又はアルミニウム合金であることが好ましい。正極活物質層31は、正極活物質粒子32(図2参照)の他に、導電材及び結着剤を含むことが好ましい。
(1)Mnの組成比率が高い場合には不純物相を生じ、容量の低下及び出力の低下を招くため、a-cは0以上であることが望ましい。
(2)Ni組成比率が高いほうが正極活物質重量あたりの容量が大きくなるため、できる限りNi組成比率が高い方が望ましい。
負極13は、負極集電体40と、当該集電体上に形成された負極活物質層41とを有する。負極活物質層41は、負極集電体40の両面に形成されることが好適である。負極集電体40には、導電性を有する薄膜シート、特に負極13の電位範囲で安定な金属箔や合金箔、金属表層を有するフィルム等を用いることができる。負極集電体40を構成する金属は、銅を主成分とする金属が好ましい。
セパレータ14には、イオン透過性及び絶縁性を有する多孔性シートが用いられる。多孔性シートの具体例としては、微多孔薄膜、織布、不織布等が挙げられる。セパレータ40の材質としては、セルロース、又はポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン等のオレフィン系樹脂が好適である。また、ポリエチレンの表面にポリプロピレンからなる層が形成されたものや、ポリエチレンのセパレータの表面にアラミド系の樹脂が塗布されたものを用いてもよい。
非水電解質は、非水溶媒と、非水溶媒に溶解した溶質(電解質塩)とを含む。非水電解質は、液体電解質(非水電解液)に限定されず、ゲル状ポリマー等を用いた固体電解質であってもよい。
(実施例1)
〔正極活物質の合成〕
NiとCoとMnとの原子比が55:20:25になるように混合した硫酸ニッケルと硫酸コバルトと硫酸マンガンとの混合物1600gを5リットルの水に溶解させて、原料溶液を得た。この原料溶液に、水酸化ナトリウムを200g加えて沈殿物を生成させた。この沈殿物を十分に水洗し、乾燥させ、共沈遷移金属水酸化物を得た。
94質量部の正極活物質粒子B1に、炭素導電剤としてカーボンブラック4質量部と、結着剤としてポリフッ化ビニリデン2質量部とを混合し、更に、NMP(N-メチル-2-ピロリドン)を適量加えることにより正極スラリーを調製した。次に、該正極スラリーを、アルミニウムからなる正極集電体の両面に塗布した。続いて、塗布物を乾燥させ、ローラーを用いて圧延することで集電体上に正極活物質層を形成した。最後に、活物質層が形成された集電体を所定の電極サイズにカットし、正極リードを取り付けて正極を得た。
負極活物質として人造黒鉛97.5質量部と、増粘剤としてCMC1質量部と、結着剤としてSBR1.5質量部とを混合し、純水を適量加えて負極スラリーを調製した。次に、この負極スラリーを銅箔からなる負極集電体の両面に塗布した。続いて、塗布物を乾燥させ、ローラーを用いて圧延することで集電体上に負極活物質層を形成した。最後に、活物質層が形成された集電体を所定の電極サイズにカットし、負極リードを取り付けて負極を得た。
EC(エチレンカーボネート)とMEC(メチルエチルカーボネート)とDMC(ジメチルカーボネート)とPC(プロピレンカーボネート)とFEC(フルオロエチレンカーボネート)を10:10:65:5:10の体積比で混合した混合溶媒を用いた。該混合溶媒に溶質としてLiPF6を1.5モル/リットル割合で溶解させた。更に、非水電解液の総重量に対する割合が1重量%となるようにVC(ビニレンカーボネート)を、0.5重量%となるようにジフルオロリン酸リチウムをそれぞれ添加して、非水電解液を調製した。
上記正極及び上記負極をポリエチレン製微多孔膜からなるセパレータを介して対向配置した後、巻き芯を用いて渦巻状に巻回した。次に、巻き芯を引き抜いて渦巻状の電極体を作製し、この電極体を金属製の外装缶(電池ケース)に挿入した。その後、上記非水電解液を注入して封口し、直径18mm、高さ65mmの円筒型(18650型)の非水電解質二次電池(理論量:2.0Ah)である試験セルC1を作製した。
オキシ水酸化エルビウムを使用しなかったこと以外は、実験例1と同様にして試験セルZ1を作製した。
WO3を使用せず、且つリチウム含有遷移金属酸化物を950℃で焼成したこと以外は、実験例1と同様にして試験セルZ2を作製した。
WO3及びオキシ水酸化エルビウムを使用せず、且つリチウム含有遷移金属酸化物を950℃で焼成したこと以外は、実験例1と同様にして試験セルZ2を作製した。
試験セルC1、Z1~Z3について、下記条件で充放電を繰り返し、容量維持率が75%となるサイクル数(以下、「サイクル数(75%)」とする)を調べた。その結果等を表1に示す。
(充放電条件)
25℃の温度条件下、2.0It(4.0A)の充電電流で電池電圧が4.2Vまで定電流充電を行い、更に、電池電圧4.2Vの定電圧で電流が0.02It(0.04A)になるまで定電圧充電を行った。次に、10.0It(20.0A)の放電電流で2.5Vまで定電流放電を行った。
<実験例5>
硝酸エルビウム・5水和物に代えて、ランタン・6水和物を用いたこと以外は実験例1と同様にして試験セルC2を作製した。得られた粉末をSEMにより観察したところ、実験例1と同様に、オキシ水酸化ランタンが、リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物粒子を構成する一次粒子同士が接触する界面近傍に存在しており、Wが一次粒子内部に存在し、一部のWが一次粒子と一次粒子の界面に存在していた。
硝酸エルビウム・5水和物に代えて、ネオジム・6水和物を用いたこと以外は実験例1と同様にして試験セルC3を作製した。得られた粉末をSEMにより観察したところ、実験例1と同様に、オキシ水酸化ネオジムが、リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物粒子を構成する一次粒子同士が接触する界面近傍に存在しており、Wが一次粒子内部に存在し、一部のWが一次粒子と一次粒子の界面に存在していた。
硝酸エルビウム・5水和物に代えて、サマリウム・6水和物を用いたこと以外は実験例1と同様にして試験セルC4を作製した。得られた粉末をSEMにより観察したところ、実験例1と同様に、オキシ水酸化サマリウムが、リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物粒子を構成する一次粒子同士が接触する界面近傍に存在しており、Wが一次粒子内部に存在し、一部のWが一次粒子と一次粒子の界面に存在していた。
試験セルC2~C4について、上記実施例1と同様の条件で、サイクル特性評価を行った。結果を表2に示す。
<実験例8>
得られた遷移金属酸化物1000gに対して、Li2CO3を515g、WO3を15.8g、ZrO2を5.15g混合した後、1000℃で12時間焼成して得られたリチウム含有遷移金属酸化物粒子A2を用いて、表面にオキシ水酸化エルビウムが均一に付着した正極活物質粒子B2を得たこと以外は、実験例1と同様にして、試験セルD1を作製した。なお、ICP発光分光分析により、リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物粒子A2の組成がLiNi0.545Co0.20Mn0.25W0.005Zr0.003O2であることを確認した。実験例1と同様に算出した、リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物粒子A2の二次粒子の全体面積に対する、空隙の割合の平均値は、3%であった。正極活物質粒子B2のSEM観察により、リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物粒子A2の一次粒子同士が接触する界面の近傍に、オキシ水酸化エルビウムが付着していることを確認した。また、リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物粒子A2の一次粒子内部にZr及びWが存在しており、かつ、一次粒子と一次粒子の界面にWが存在していることが確認された。
試験セルD1ついて、上記実施例1と同様の条件で、サイクル特性評価を行った。結果を表3に示す。
Claims (8)
- タングステンを含むリチウム含有遷移金属酸化物から構成される一次粒子が凝集してなる母粒子と、
前記母粒子の表面に付着した希土類化合物と、
を備える非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。 - 請求項1に記載の正極活物質において、
前記希土類化合物が、前記一次粒子同士が接触する界面、又は当該界面の近傍に付着している、非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。 - 請求項1または請求項2に記載の正極活物質において、
前記タングステンは前記一次粒子の内部に含有されている、非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。 - 請求項1から請求項3の何れかに記載の正極活物質において、
前記一次粒子の内部にジルコニウムが含有されている、非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。 - 請求項1から請求項4の何れかに記載の正極活物質において、
前記リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物が、組成式LixM1-yWyO2(MはNi、Co、Mn、及びAlからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素であり、0.9<x<1.2、001≦y≦0.01)で表される非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。 - 請求項1から請求項5の何れかに記載の正極活物質において、
前記希土類化合物が、エルビウム、ランタン、ネオジム、サマリウムから選ばれる少なくとも1種を含む、非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。 - 請求項1から請求項6の何れかに記載の正極活物質において、
前記母粒子の断面SEM像において、前記母粒子の全体面積に対する、前記母粒子の内部に形成された空隙の割合が、0.1%以上10%以下である、非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。 - 請求項1~請求項7の何れかに記載の正極活物質を用いた正極と、
リチウムを吸蔵、放出可能な負極活物質を用いた負極と、
前記正極及び前記負極の間に配置されたセパレータと、
非水電解質と、
を備える非水電解質二次電池。
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WO2015125444A1 (ja) * | 2014-02-19 | 2015-08-27 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質 |
WO2016031147A1 (ja) * | 2014-08-26 | 2016-03-03 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質 |
US20160190595A1 (en) * | 2014-12-26 | 2016-06-30 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
WO2017022222A1 (ja) * | 2015-08-06 | 2017-02-09 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池 |
JP2017084676A (ja) * | 2015-10-29 | 2017-05-18 | Jx金属株式会社 | リチウムイオン電池用正極活物質、リチウムイオン電池用正極及びリチウムイオン電池 |
JP2017084674A (ja) * | 2015-10-29 | 2017-05-18 | Jx金属株式会社 | リチウムイオン電池用正極活物質、リチウムイオン電池用正極及びリチウムイオン電池 |
CN107004897A (zh) * | 2015-02-26 | 2017-08-01 | 三洋电机株式会社 | 非水电解质二次电池 |
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WO2020026687A1 (ja) * | 2018-08-02 | 2020-02-06 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法 |
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WO2019131194A1 (ja) * | 2017-12-27 | 2019-07-04 | パナソニック株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質、非水電解質二次電池用正極及び非水電解質二次電池 |
EP4310954A1 (en) * | 2022-03-24 | 2024-01-24 | JX Nippon Mining & Metals Corporation | Positive electrode active material for lithium ion battery, positive electrode for lithium ion battery, lithium ion battery, positive electrode active material for all-solid-state lithium ion battery, positive electrode for all-solid-state lithium ion battery, all-solid-state lithium ion battery, method for producing positive electrode active material for lithium ion battery, and method for producing positive electrode active material for all-solid-state lithium ion battery |
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WO2020026687A1 (ja) * | 2018-08-02 | 2020-02-06 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法 |
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Also Published As
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CN105122514A (zh) | 2015-12-02 |
US20160006029A1 (en) | 2016-01-07 |
CN105122514B (zh) | 2017-12-19 |
JP6305984B2 (ja) | 2018-04-04 |
JPWO2014156054A1 (ja) | 2017-02-16 |
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