WO2010106893A1 - 電子写真感光体及びそれを用いた画像形成装置 - Google Patents
電子写真感光体及びそれを用いた画像形成装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010106893A1 WO2010106893A1 PCT/JP2010/053126 JP2010053126W WO2010106893A1 WO 2010106893 A1 WO2010106893 A1 WO 2010106893A1 JP 2010053126 W JP2010053126 W JP 2010053126W WO 2010106893 A1 WO2010106893 A1 WO 2010106893A1
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- layer
- undercoat layer
- photosensitive member
- image
- titanium oxide
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/14—Inert intermediate or cover layers for charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/142—Inert intermediate layers
- G03G5/144—Inert intermediate layers comprising inorganic material
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
- G03G5/043—Photoconductive layers characterised by having two or more layers or characterised by their composite structure
- G03G5/047—Photoconductive layers characterised by having two or more layers or characterised by their composite structure characterised by the charge-generation layers or charge transport layers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
- G03G5/06—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being organic
- G03G5/0664—Dyes
- G03G5/0696—Phthalocyanines
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/14—Inert intermediate or cover layers for charge-receiving layers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/14—Inert intermediate or cover layers for charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/142—Inert intermediate layers
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor, and more particularly to an electrophotographic photoreceptor and an image forming apparatus in which an undercoat layer (intermediate layer) is provided between a conductive support and a photosensitive layer.
- an electrophotographic process using a photoconductive photoconductor is one of information recording means utilizing the photoconductive phenomenon of the photoconductor.
- image exposure is performed to selectively discharge the charge of the exposed portion, thereby electrostatically exposing the non-exposed portion.
- image exposure is performed to selectively discharge the charge of the exposed portion, thereby electrostatically exposing the non-exposed portion.
- image exposure is performed to selectively discharge the charge of the exposed portion, thereby electrostatically exposing the non-exposed portion.
- an image is performed to selectively discharge the charge of the exposed portion, thereby electrostatically exposing the non-exposed portion.
- colored charged fine particles toner
- the surface of the photoconductor can be easily neutralized, the residual potential is small, the mechanical strength is excellent, the flexibility is excellent, and the electrical characteristics, especially the chargeability, when repeatedly used. Characteristics such as high stability and durability are required, such as no change in photosensitivity, residual potential, etc., and resistance to heat, light, temperature, humidity, ozone degradation, and the like.
- electrophotographic photoreceptors in practical use have a photosensitive layer formed on a conductive support.
- the carrier injection from the conductive support tends to occur, the surface charge is microscopically observed. Image defects occur due to disappearance or reduction.
- a layer (intermediate layer) is provided.
- Materials used when forming the undercoat layer with a single resin layer include polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, acrylic resin, vinyl chloride resin, vinyl acetate resin, polyurethane resin, epoxy resin, polyester resin, melamine fat, silicone resin, Known resin materials such as polyvinyl butyral resin and polyamide resin, copolymer resins containing two or more of these repeating units, and casein, gelatin, polyvinyl alcohol, ethyl cellulose, etc. Polyamide resin is preferred (Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 48-47344).
- the undercoat layer contains untreated titanium oxide powder (Patent Document 2: Special). No. 56-52757), and further containing titanium oxide fine particles coated with alumina to improve the dispersibility of the titanium oxide powder (Patent Document 3: Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 59-93453), titanate cup One containing metal oxide particles surface-treated with a ring agent (Patent Document 4: JP-A-4-172362), one containing metal oxide particles surface-treated with a silane compound (Patent Document 5: Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 4-229872) has been proposed.
- the methods described in these prior art documents still have insufficient image characteristics of the photoreceptor, and an electrophotographic photoreceptor having further excellent characteristics is desired.
- the problem to be solved by the present invention is to suppress the deterioration of the sensitivity of the photosensitive member due to the influence of temperature and humidity, and the electrophotographic photosensitive member and its electrophotographic photosensitive member free from image defects and fog, with little change in sensitivity during repeated use. It is an object to provide an image forming apparatus using the.
- the inventors of the present invention include an undercoat layer in an electrophotographic photoreceptor containing metal oxide particles, particularly titanium oxide fine particles, which are surface-treated with anhydrous silicon dioxide, together with a binder resin.
- the present inventors have found that an electrophotographic photosensitive member having an undercoat layer can solve the above problems, and have completed the present invention.
- an undercoat layer coating solution for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which an undercoat layer and a photosensitive layer are sequentially formed on a conductive support comprises at least a binder resin and an anhydrous resin.
- An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising metal oxide particles that have been surface-treated with silicon dioxide is provided.
- an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which the photosensitive layer contains a phthalocyanine as a charge generating substance.
- the photosensitive layer comprises a ⁇ -type metal-free phthalocyanine, a crystalline titanyl phthalocyanine having a maximum diffraction peak at a black angle (2 ⁇ ⁇ 0.2 °) of 27.3 ° in an X-ray diffraction spectrum, and at least X-ray diffraction spectrum shows diffraction peaks at black angles (2 ⁇ ⁇ 0.2 °) of 7.3 °, 9.4 °, 9.7 °, and 27.3 °, and diffraction at 9.4 ° and 9.7 All of the peaks are larger than the diffraction peak at 27.3 °, have a clear branching peak, and an electrophotography containing phthalocyanine selected from crystalline titanyl phthalocyanine having a maximum diffraction peak at 9.4 ° as a charge generating material A photoreceptor is provided.
- an electrophotographic photoreceptor wherein the metal oxide particles are titanium oxide fine particles, particularly titanium oxide fine particles having an average primary particle diameter of 20 nm to 100 nm.
- an electrophotographic photoreceptor in which the metal oxide particles are used in a weight ratio of 10/90 to 95/5 with respect to the binder resin, and the binder resin is a polyamide resin.
- the undercoat layer has a film thickness of 0.05 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m
- the photosensitive layer is a laminated photosensitive layer comprising a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer
- the film thickness is 0.00.
- An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a charge generation layer of 05-5 ⁇ m is provided.
- the undercoat layer is subjected to a surface treatment with a binder resin and anhydrous silicon dioxide.
- the photosensitive layer contains phthalocyanines, especially ⁇ -type metal-free phthalocyanine, and a black angle (2 ⁇ ⁇ 0.2 °) of 27.3 ° in the X-ray diffraction spectrum.
- the 9.4 ° and 9.7 diffraction peaks are both larger than the 27.3 ° diffraction peak, a distinct branched peak, and a crystalline titanyl phthalocyanine having a maximum diffraction peak at 9.4 °.
- An image forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photosensitive member containing a selected phthalocyanine as a charge generation material.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member even when the electrophotographic photosensitive member is repeatedly used for a long period of time, it is possible to provide an electrophotographic photosensitive member that does not deteriorate image characteristics and has very stable environmental characteristics.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of electrophotographic photoreceptors a and b according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- A is a view showing a multilayer photoreceptor comprising three layers of an intermediate layer, a charge generation layer, and a charge transport layer.
- B is a view showing a single-layer type photoreceptor composed of an intermediate layer and a photosensitive layer.
- 1 is an example of an image forming apparatus.
- 1 is an X-ray spectrum diagram of titanyl phthalocyanine used in the present invention.
- 1 is an X-ray spectrum diagram of titanyl phthalocyanine used in the present invention.
- the conductive support serves as an electrode for the photoreceptor and also functions as a support member for other layers.
- the constituent material of the conductive support is not particularly limited as long as it is a material used in this field.
- metals and alloy materials such as aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper, brass, zinc, nickel, stainless steel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, indium, titanium, gold, platinum: polyethylene terephthalate, polyamide, polyester, polyoxy Polymer material such as methylene, polystyrene, cellulose, polylactic acid, hard paper, glass substrate laminated with metal foil, metal material or alloy material deposited, conductive polymer, tin oxide, oxidation Examples thereof include those obtained by depositing or applying a layer of a conductive compound such as indium or carbon black.
- Examples of the shape of the conductive support include a sheet shape, a cylindrical shape, a columnar shape, and an endless belt (seamless belt) shape. If necessary, the surface of the conductive support is subjected to irregular reflection treatment such as anodic oxide coating treatment, surface treatment with chemicals, hot water, coloring treatment, and surface roughening within a range that does not affect the image quality. May be given.
- irregular reflection treatment such as anodic oxide coating treatment, surface treatment with chemicals, hot water, coloring treatment, and surface roughening within a range that does not affect the image quality. May be given.
- the irregular reflection treatment is particularly effective when the photoconductor according to the present invention is used in an electrophotographic process using a laser as an exposure light source. That is, in the electrophotographic process using a laser as an exposure light source, the wavelength of the laser beam is uniform, so the laser beam reflected on the surface of the photoconductor and the laser beam reflected inside the photoconductor cause interference, Interference fringes due to this interference may appear in the image and cause image defects. Therefore, by performing irregular reflection processing on the surface of the conductive support, it is possible to prevent image defects due to interference of laser light having a uniform wavelength.
- the present invention is characterized in that the undercoat layer applied and formed on the surface of the conductive support contains a binder resin and metal oxide particles surface-treated with anhydrous silicon dioxide. To do.
- the metal oxide particles are preferably titanium oxide fine particles.
- the metal oxide particles are preferably used in a weight ratio of 10/90 to 95/5 with respect to the binder resin.
- the binder resin is preferably a polyamide resin.
- the undercoat layer has a function of preventing charge injection from the conductive support to the single-layer type photosensitive layer or the laminated type photosensitive layer (which serves as a barrier against hole injection).
- the undercoat layer suppresses a decrease in chargeability of the single layer type photosensitive layer or the multilayer type photosensitive layer, suppresses a decrease in surface charge other than a portion to be erased by exposure, and causes image defects such as fogging. Is prevented.
- image fogging called black spots in which minute black dots made of toner are formed on a white background portion.
- the undercoat layer covering the surface of the conductive support reduces the degree of unevenness, which is a defect on the surface of the conductive support, and makes the surface uniform, thereby forming a single layer type photosensitive layer or a multilayer type photosensitive layer.
- the film property can be improved, and the adhesion (adhesiveness) between the conductive support and the single-layer type photosensitive layer or the multilayer type photosensitive layer can be improved.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member in which the undercoat layer is formed prevents image defects caused by defects in the conductive support while maintaining predetermined electrical characteristics between the conductive support and the photosensitive layer. be able to.
- an electrophotographic photosensitive member is manufactured using an organic material having photosensitivity with respect to a long wavelength, for example, a phthalocyanine pigment, as the charge generation material.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an electroconductive support, an undercoat layer formed on the electroconductive support, and a photosensitive layer formed on the undercoat layer.
- the thickness of the undercoat layer is 0.05 to 5 ⁇ m.
- the present inventors have improved the dispersibility in the undercoat layer by containing metal oxide particles surface-treated with anhydrous silicon dioxide, particularly titanium oxide fine particles, and without generating aggregates.
- the inventors have found that the coating film is flat and the resistance value can be kept uniform.
- the electrophotographic photoconductor of the present invention can suppress microscopic photoconductor characteristics, particularly fluctuations in sensitivity and residual potential, and can prevent image defects and image fogging.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member is characterized in that the binder resin contained in the undercoat layer is an organic solvent-soluble polyamide resin.
- the polyamide resin as the binder resin contained in the undercoat layer is easy to be familiar with the metal oxide particles and has excellent adhesion to the conductive support. Can maintain the flexibility of the membrane.
- the polyamide resin contained in the formed undercoat layer does not swell or dissolve in the solvent for the photoreceptor coating solution, it prevents occurrence of coating defects and unevenness in the undercoat layer, and has excellent image characteristics.
- An electrophotographic photoreceptor having the above can be provided.
- the crystal form of the titanium oxide may be any of rutile, anatase, and amorphous, and may be a mixture of two or more of these, and the shape is generally granular. Needle-like or dendritic ones can also be used.
- the term “needle” used for the crystal form of the inorganic compound may be an elongated shape including a rod shape, a columnar shape, a spindle shape, and the like. There is no need to be sharp and pointed.
- the present invention is characterized in that the average primary particle diameter of the metal oxide particles surface-treated with the above-mentioned anhydrous silicon dioxide, particularly titanium oxide fine particles, is 20 nm to 100 nm.
- the average primary particle diameter of titanium oxide contained in the undercoat layer is more preferably in the range of 20 nm to 100 nm.
- the average primary particle diameter of titanium oxide or the average primary particle diameter of titanium oxide surface-treated with anhydrous silicon dioxide is 50 or more based on the measurement of SEM (S-4100; manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation) photograph. This is a value obtained by measuring and averaging the particle size of the particles.
- the average primary particle size is 20 nm or less, the dispersibility is poor, aggregation may occur, the viscosity increases, and the stability as a liquid is not preferable. Moreover, it is very difficult to apply the coating solution for the undercoat layer further thickened to the conductive support, resulting in poor productivity. Moreover, when the average primary particle diameter is 100 nm or more, the charging property of the microregion is lowered when the undercoat layer is formed, and black spots are easily generated, which is not preferable.
- the content in the undercoat layer of the titanium oxide fine particles surface-treated with the anhydrous silicon dioxide is 10% to 99% by weight, preferably 30% to 99% by weight, and more preferably 35% to 95%. It is in the range of wt%.
- the content of titanium oxide is lower than 10% by weight, the sensitivity is lowered, charges are accumulated in the undercoat layer, and the residual potential is increased. Such a phenomenon becomes prominent particularly in the repetitive characteristics under low temperature and low humidity.
- the content of titanium oxide is higher than 99% by weight, it is not preferable because aggregates are easily generated in the undercoat layer and image defects are likely to occur.
- the volume resistance value of the titanium oxide fine particles is preferably 10 5 to 10 10 ⁇ cm.
- the volume resistance value of the powder is less than 10 5 ⁇ cm, the resistance value as the undercoat layer decreases, and the undercoat layer does not function as a charge blocking layer.
- the volume resistivity of the powder is very low, 10 0 ⁇ cm to 10 1 ⁇ cm, and this was used.
- the undercoat layer does not function as a charge blocking layer, deteriorates the chargeability as the characteristics of the photoreceptor, and cannot be used because fog and black spots (black spots) occur in the image.
- the volume resistance value of the titanium oxide fine particle powder is higher than 10 10 ⁇ cm and becomes equal to or higher than the volume resistance value of the binder resin itself, the resistance value as the undercoat layer is too high, and during light irradiation. Since the transport of the generated carriers is inhibited and prevented, the residual potential is increased and the photosensitivity is lowered, which is not preferable.
- titanium oxide fine particles in the present invention those whose surfaces are coated with anhydrous silicon dioxide are used.
- titanium oxide fine particles with untreated surface even if the coating solution for the undercoat layer is sufficiently dispersed because the titanium oxide particles used are fine particles, they are oxidized during long-term use and storage of the coating solution. The titanium fine particles tend to aggregate, and the generation of this aggregate cannot be avoided. Therefore, when the undercoat layer is formed using the above-described coating solution for the undercoat layer containing the untreated surface-treated titanium oxide fine particles, defects in the coating film and uneven coating occur and image defects occur. In addition, charge injection from the conductive support is likely to occur due to defects in the coating film and coating unevenness, so that the chargeability of the micro area is reduced and black spots are generated.
- silicon dioxide may be used in combination with alumina so that the surface treatment of titanium oxide is sufficiently performed.
- crystal water is contained. It is considered that the undercoat layer is easily influenced by humidity in each environment by being attracted by the crystal water, and not only the image quality is deteriorated but also the sensitivity of the photoreceptor is affected.
- an electrophotographic photoreceptor that reduces the influence of humidity, has excellent images free from black spots and image fogging in various environments, and has excellent stability in repeated use. It is obtained by coating with silicon dioxide. Electrons that can coat titanium oxide fine particles with anhydrous silicon dioxide to prevent titanium oxide from agglomerating even when dispersed for a long period of time, provide a stable coating solution, and form a very uniform undercoat coating film A photographic photoreceptor is obtained.
- an electrophotographic photoreceptor having excellent image characteristics free from black spots can be obtained. Further, even when used repeatedly in an environment such as low temperature and low humidity and high temperature and high humidity, the sensitivity does not change, and excellent image characteristics free from black spots and image fogging can be obtained.
- the amount used for the surface treatment of anhydrous silicon dioxide covering the surface of the fine titanium oxide particles is preferably 0.1% by weight to 50% by weight with respect to parts by weight of the titanium oxide used. If the amount of anhydrous silicon dioxide used is less than 0.1% by weight, the surface of the titanium oxide cannot be sufficiently covered with anhydrous silicon dioxide, so that the effect of the surface treatment is hardly exhibited.
- the particle diameter of the titanium oxide fine particles subjected to surface treatment with anhydrous silicon dioxide is more preferably 20 to 100 nm.
- the thickness of the undercoat layer is preferably in the range of 0.01 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.05 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m. If the thickness of the undercoat layer is less than 0.01 ⁇ m, the undercoat layer substantially does not function as an undercoat layer, and a uniform surface property cannot be obtained by covering defects of the conductive support. Carrier injection cannot be prevented, and chargeability is reduced. Also, it is not preferable to make the undercoat layer thicker than 10 ⁇ m because it becomes difficult to produce a photoreceptor when the undercoat layer is applied by dip coating, and the sensitivity of the photoreceptor is lowered.
- Binder resin for undercoat layer As the binder resin contained in the undercoat layer, the same material as that used for forming the undercoat layer with a single resin layer is used.
- resin materials such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, acrylic resin, vinyl chloride resin, vinyl acetate resin, polyurethane resin, epoxy resin, polyester resin, melamine resin, silicon resin, butyral resin, polyamide resin, and their repeating units Copolymer resins containing two or more, and casein, gelatin, polyvinyl alcohol, ethyl cellulose and the like are known.
- alcohol-soluble polyamide resins, butyral resins, and vinyl acetate resins are preferable, and polyamide resins are more preferable.
- the polyamide resin contained in the undercoat layer does not dissolve or swell with respect to the solvent used when forming the photoreceptor layer on the undercoat layer as a property of the binder resin.
- it has excellent adhesion to the conductive support, has flexibility, and has good affinity with the metal oxide contained in the undercoat layer. This is because characteristics such as excellent storage stability are required.
- an alcohol-soluble nylon resin can be preferably used.
- the alcohol-soluble nylon resin include so-called copolymer nylon obtained by copolymerizing 6-nylon, 6,6-nylon, 6,10-nylon, 11-nylon, 12-nylon, and the like, and N-alkoxy.
- an ultrasonic disperser that does not use a dispersion medium or a disperser such as a ball mill, a bead mill, or a paint conditioner that uses a dispersion medium can be used.
- a binder dissolved in an organic solvent can be used.
- a disperser using a dispersion medium in which an inorganic compound is charged into the resin solution and the inorganic compound can be dispersed with a strong force applied from the disperser through the dispersion medium is preferable.
- the material of the dispersion medium it is preferable to use glass, zircon, alumina, titanium, preferably zirconia or titania having high wear resistance.
- the shape of the dispersion medium may be any shape and size such as a bead shape of about 0.3 mm to several mm and a ball shape of about several cm.
- a bead shape of about 0.3 mm to several mm and a ball shape of about several cm.
- the powerful force given from the disperser is used not only as energy to disperse the metal oxide fine particles but also as energy to wear the dispersion medium itself.
- the dispersion medium material generated by the abrasion of the dispersion medium is mixed into the dispersion coating liquid, so that the dispersibility and storage stability of the dispersion coating liquid deteriorate, and the undercoat layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is formed. This is considered to be based on having some influence on the coating property and the film quality of the undercoat layer.
- organic solvent used in the dispersion for forming the undercoat layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to the present invention a general organic solvent can be used, but a more preferable alcohol-soluble nylon resin is used as the binder resin.
- an organic solvent such as a lower alcohol having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is used.
- the lower alcohol selected from the group consisting of methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and t-butyl alcohol is used as the solvent for the coating solution for the undercoat layer. Is preferred.
- An undercoat layer is formed by applying an undercoat layer coating solution prepared by dispersing the polyamide resin and titanium oxide fine particles in the lower alcohol to the conductive support and drying.
- the undercoat layer is obtained, for example, by applying the undercoat layer coating solution of the present invention on a conductive support and drying the resulting coating film.
- the coating solution for the undercoat layer is a baker applicator method, a bar coater method (for example, a wire bar coater method), a casting method, a spin coating method, a roll method, a blade method, a bead method, or a curtain method.
- a spray method, a vertical ring method, a dip coating method, etc. are mentioned.
- an optimum method may be selected in consideration of the physical properties and productivity of the coating solution, and the dip coating method, the blade coater method, and the spray method are particularly preferable.
- Photosensitive layer 4 As the structure of the photosensitive layer formed on the undercoat layer, a functional separation type (laminated type) photosensitive layer composed of two layers of a charge generation layer 5 and a charge transport layer 6 and a single layer without separation of these are provided. Although there is a single-layer type photosensitive layer formed by one layer, any of them may be used.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the configuration of the main parts of the multilayer photoreceptor (a) and the single-layer photoreceptor (b) of the present invention.
- FIG. 2A shows a photosensitive layer 4 in which a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer are laminated in this order on the undercoat layer 3 (also referred to as a “functional separation type photosensitive layer”).
- FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration of a main part of a certain laminated photoreceptor.
- FIG. 2B is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a main part of a single-layer type photosensitive member in which the photosensitive layer 4 is a single-layer type photosensitive layer composed of one layer and is laminated on the undercoat layer 3.
- the charge generating layer 5 and the charge transporting layer 6 may be reversed, but the laminated photosensitive layer formed in the order of FIG. 2A is preferred.
- a single-layer type photoreceptor 1 b shown in FIG. 2B has a single-layer type photosensitive body that includes an undercoat layer 3, a charge generation material 8, a charge transport material 19, and a binder resin 9 on the surface of a conductive support 2. Layer 4 is formed in this order.
- the photosensitive layer 4 of the multilayer photoconductor 1 a includes a charge generation layer 5 and a charge transport layer 6. As described above, by assigning the charge generation function and the charge transport function to separate layers, the optimum material constituting each layer can be independently selected.
- a multilayer photoconductor (FIG. 2 (a)) in which a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer are laminated in this order will be described. It is basically the same except that the order is different.
- the undercoat layer serves as a barrier against hole injection from the conductive support, and in order to have high sensitivity and high durability, the multilayer photosensitive layer is used.
- the photosensitive layer 4 of the body 1a and the photosensitive layer 4 of the single-layer type photoreceptor 1b described later are preferably negatively charged.
- charge generation layer 5 In the case of the function separation type photosensitive layer, a charge generation layer is formed on the undercoat layer.
- the charge generation material contained in the charge generation layer include bisazo compounds such as chlorodian blue, polycyclic quinone compounds such as dibromoanthsanthrone, perylene compounds, quinacridone compounds, phthalocyanine compounds, and azurenium salt compounds.
- an electrophotographic photosensitive member that forms an image by a reversal development process using a light source such as a laser beam or an LED is required to have sensitivity in a long wavelength range of 620 nm to 800 nm.
- phthalocyanine pigments and trisazo pigments have been studied from the past because of their high sensitivity and excellent durability. Of these, phthalocyanine pigments have particularly superior characteristics, and these pigments can be used singly or in combination.
- phthalocyanine pigment examples include metal-free phthalocyanine or metal phthalocyanine, and mixtures and mixed crystal compounds thereof.
- metal used in the metal phthalocyanine pigment one having an oxidation state of zero, a metal halide such as chloride or bromide, or an oxide thereof is used.
- Preferred metals include Cu, Ni, Mg, Pb, V, Pd, Co, Nb, Al, Sn, Zn, Ca, In, Ga, Fe, Ge, Ti, Cr and the like.
- Various methods have been proposed for the production of these phthalocyanine pigments, but any production method may be used. After the pigment is formed, it is dispersed in various organic solvents in order to change various purifications and crystal forms. You may use what processed.
- phthalocyanines are used as the charge generation material contained in the charge generation layer.
- ⁇ -type metal-free phthalocyanine crystalline titanyl phthalocyanine having a maximum diffraction peak at 27.3 ° in a black angle (2 ⁇ ⁇ 0.2 °) in an X-ray diffraction spectrum, or at least a black angle in an X-ray diffraction spectrum ( 2 ⁇ ⁇ 0.2 °) shows diffraction peaks at 7.3 °, 9.4 °, 9.7 °, and 27.3 °, and the diffraction peaks at 9.4 ° and 9.7 are both 27.3 °.
- a crystalline titanyl phthalocyanine having a clear branching peak larger than the diffraction peak of 1 and a maximum diffraction peak at 9.4 ° is preferably used.
- titanyl phthalocyanine having a specific X-ray diffraction peak as described above, it is highly sensitive even in long-term use, and exhibits excellent electrical characteristics in all environments ranging from high temperature and high humidity to low temperature and low humidity. Can do.
- the basic structure of the above titanyl phthalocyanine has the following general formula:
- the halogen atom is a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom
- the C 1 -C 4 alkyl group is a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl or t-butyl group.
- the C 1 -C 4 alkoxy group is a methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy or t-butoxy group.
- the method for synthesizing titanyl phthalocyanine may be any of the publicly known methods described in Moser and Thomas' “phthalocyanine compounds” (Moser, and Thomas.
- dichlorotitanium phthalocyanine can be obtained in a high yield by heating and melting o-phthalodinitrile and titanium tetrachloride or heating in the presence of an organic solvent such as ⁇ -chloronaphthalene.
- titanyl phthalocyanine is obtained by hydrolyzing the dichlorotitanium phthalocyanine with a base or water.
- the obtained titanyl phthalocyanine may contain a phthalocyanine derivative in which the hydrogen atom of the benzene ring is substituted with a substituent such as chlorine, fluorine, nitro group, cyano group or sulfone group.
- the crystal form of the present invention is obtained.
- a method of treating titanyl phthalocyanine with an organic solvent having a non-affinity with water in the presence of water a method in which titanyl phthalocyanine is swollen with water and treated with an organic solvent, or water is removed without performing a swelling treatment. Examples thereof include, but are not limited to, a method of adding titanyl phthalocyanine powder therein, and adding titanyl phthalocyanine powder therein.
- titanyl phthalocyanine As a method for swelling titanyl phthalocyanine with water, for example, a method in which titanyl phthalocyanine is dissolved in sulfuric acid and precipitated in water to form a wet paste, or stirring / dispersing such as a homomixer, paint mixer, ball mill, or side mill
- stirring / dispersing such as a homomixer, paint mixer, ball mill, or side mill
- the crystal form of the present invention is obtained by milling the titanyl phthalocyanine composition obtained by hydrolysis with sufficient stirring or mechanical strain.
- a homomixer, a paint mixer, a disperser, an agitator, a ball mill, a side mill, an attritor, an ultrasonic dispersion device, or the like can be used in addition to a general stirring device. After the treatment, it is filtered, washed and isolated with methanol, ethanol, water or the like.
- the titanyl phthalocyanine thus obtained exhibits excellent properties as a charge generation material for an electrophotographic photoreceptor.
- other charge generation materials may be used in combination.
- Examples of such a charge generation material include ⁇ -type, ⁇ -type, Y-type, amorphous titanyl phthalocyanine having a different crystal form from the titanyl phthalocyanine of the present invention, other phthalocyanines, azo pigments, anthraquinone pigments, Examples include a rylene pigment, a polycyclic quinone pigment, and a squalium pigment.
- a method for producing a charge generation layer using these phthalocyanine pigments there are a method of forming a charge generation material, particularly a phthalocyanine pigment by vacuum deposition, and a method of forming a film by mixing and dispersing a binder resin and an organic solvent.
- pulverization may be performed by a pulverizer in advance before mixing and dispersing. Examples of the pulverizer used in the pulverizer include a method using a ball mill, a sand mill, an attritor, a vibration mill, an ultrasonic disperser, and the like.
- a method of coating after dispersing in a binder resin solution is preferable.
- the coating method include a spray method, a bar coating method, a roll coating method, a blade method, a ring method, and a dip coating method.
- the dip coating method is a method in which a layer is formed on a conductive support by immersing the conductive support in a coating tank filled with a coating solution and then pulling it up at a constant speed or a speed that changes sequentially. Since this method is relatively simple and excellent in terms of productivity and cost, it is often used in the production of photoreceptors. In addition, you may provide the coating liquid dispersion
- the dip coating method as shown in FIG. 1 is applied to a coating tank filled with a photoreceptor coating solution such as a charge generation layer coating solution, a charge transport layer coating solution or a single layer type photosensitive layer coating solution.
- a photoreceptor coating solution such as a charge generation layer coating solution, a charge transport layer coating solution or a single layer type photosensitive layer coating solution.
- the coating liquid 12 is accommodated in the coating liquid tank 13 and the stirring tank 14.
- the coating liquid 12 is sent from the stirring tank 14 to the coating liquid tank 13 through the circulation path 17 a by the motor 16, and passes through the inclined circulation path 17 b connecting the upper part of the coating liquid tank 13 and the upper part of the stirring tank 14. It is sent from the tank 13 to the stirring tank 14 and thus circulated.
- the conductive support 2 is attached to the rotary shaft 10 at the top of the coating liquid tank 13.
- the axial direction of the rotating shaft 10 is along the vertical direction of the coating liquid tank 13, and the attached support 2 is moved up and down by rotating the rotating shaft 10 with the motor 11.
- the support 11 is lowered by rotating the motor 11 in a predetermined direction and immersed in the coating liquid 12 inside the coating liquid tank 13.
- the motor 11 is rotated in the other direction opposite to the one direction to raise the support 2, pulled out from the coating liquid 12, and dried to form a film by the coating liquid 12.
- the dip coating method as shown in FIG. 1 forms a photosensitive layer by immersing a conductive support in a coating tank filled with a photoreceptor coating solution and then pulling it up at a constant speed or a speed that changes sequentially.
- This method is relatively simple, and is excellent in productivity and cost, and is therefore often used in the production of electrophotographic photosensitive members.
- the binder resin used in the photoreceptor coating solution includes melamine resin, epoxy resin, silicon resin, polyurethane resin, acrylic resin, polycarbonate resin, polyarylate resin, phenoxy resin, butyral resin, and two or more repeating units.
- Copolymer resins including, for example, insulating resins such as vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resins and acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer resins, but are not limited thereto, and all commonly used resins These resins can be used alone or in admixture of two or more.
- Solvents for dissolving these resins include halogenated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride and ethane chloride, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and cyclohexanone, esters such as ethyl acetate and butyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane and the like.
- Ethers, aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene and xylene, aprotic polar solvents such as N, N-dimethylformamide and N, N-dimethylacetamide, or a mixed solvent thereof can be used.
- the blending ratio of the phthalocyanine pigment and the binder resin is preferably in the range of 10% to 99% by weight of the phthalocyanine pigment. If the amount is less than this range, the sensitivity is lowered. If the amount is larger, not only the durability is lowered, but also the dispersibility is lowered and coarse particles are increased, so that image defects, particularly black spots are increased.
- the above-mentioned phthalocyanine pigment, binder resin, and organic solvent are mixed and dispersed.
- impurities are not mixed due to wear of containers and dispersion media used. Appropriate dispersion conditions are selected.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member obtained when the primary particles and / or the aggregated particle diameter thereof is larger than 3 ⁇ m black spots are extremely generated on a white background during reversal development. Therefore, when manufacturing the coating solution for the charge generation layer by various dispersing machines, the dispersion conditions are optimized and the phthalocyanine pigment particles are dispersed to 3 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or less in median diameter and 3 ⁇ m or less in mode diameter. It is preferable not to contain particles larger than this.
- phthalocyanine pigment particles Because of its chemical structure, phthalocyanine pigment particles require relatively strong dispersion conditions and a long dispersion time in order to make fine particles, and further dispersion is inefficient in terms of cost and wear of the dispersion media. Impurities are inevitably mixed.
- the crystal form of the phthalocyanine pigment particles changes due to an organic solvent at the time of dispersion, heat, impact due to dispersion, etc.
- the sensitivity of the photoreceptor is greatly reduced. Therefore, it is not preferable to reduce the particle diameter of the phthalocyanine pigment so that the median diameter is 0.01 ⁇ m or less and the mode diameter is 0.1 ⁇ m or less.
- particles larger than 3 ⁇ m are contained in the phthalocyanine pigment particles in the dispersed coating liquid
- primary particles and / or aggregated particles larger than 3 ⁇ m can be removed by performing a filtration treatment.
- the material of the filter used for the filtration treatment those commonly used are used as long as they do not swell or dissolve in the organic solvent used for dispersion, but preferably made of Teflon (registered trademark) having a uniform pore size.
- Teflon registered trademark
- a membrane filter is good.
- coarse particles and aggregates may be removed by centrifugation.
- the charge generation layer formed using the thus obtained charge generation layer coating solution is preferably applied to a thickness of 0.05 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.08 ⁇ m to 1 ⁇ m. Is done.
- the undercoat layer is used by containing metal oxide particles surface-treated with the anhydrous silicon dioxide of the present invention, particularly titanium oxide fine particles, the dispersibility in the undercoat layer is improved, so that aggregates are formed. It does not occur, and the coating film is flat and the resistance value can be kept uniform. As a result, microscopic photoconductor characteristics, particularly sensitivity and residual potential fluctuations can be kept uniform, so that image defects and image fogging can be suppressed even when the charge generation layer is thick. it can. Furthermore, since the thickness of the charge generation layer can be increased, high sensitivity can be achieved.
- the thickness of the charge generation layer is thinner than the above thickness, not only the sensitivity is lowered, but also the crystal form is changed to disperse the phthalocyanine pigment until it becomes very small. Further, if the charge generation layer is thicker than the above-mentioned film thickness, a certain sensitivity is exhibited, but it is not preferable in terms of cost, and it is not preferable because it is difficult to apply uniformly.
- Charge transport layer 6 As a method for producing the charge transport layer provided on the charge generation layer, there is a method in which a charge transport coating solution in which a charge transport material is dissolved in a binder resin solution is prepared, and this is applied to form a film. It is common.
- charge transport materials contained in the charge transport layer include hydrazone compounds, pyrazoline compounds, triphenylamine compounds, triphenylmethane compounds, stilbene compounds, oxadiazole compounds, etc. Or it is also possible to use 2 or more types together.
- binder resin one or a mixture of two or more resins for the charge generation layer can be used.
- a method for producing the charge transport layer the same method as that for the undercoat layer is used.
- the film thickness of the charge transport layer is preferably in the range of 5 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m, more preferably 10 ⁇ m to 40 ⁇ m.
- the single-layer type photosensitive layer contains a charge generation material, a charge transport material, and a binder resin (binder) as main components.
- the single-layer type photosensitive layer may contain an appropriate amount of the same additive as that contained in the charge generation layer, if necessary, within the range not impairing the effects of the present invention.
- a single-layer type photosensitive layer is prepared by dissolving and / or dispersing a charge generation material, a charge transport material and other additives as required in a suitable organic solvent to prepare a coating solution for forming a single-layer type photosensitive layer. It can be formed by applying the coating solution to the surface of the undercoat layer formed on the conductive support, and then drying to remove the organic solvent. Other processes and conditions are in accordance with the formation of the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer.
- the thickness of the single-layer type photosensitive layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably 5 to 50 ⁇ m, particularly preferably 10 to 40 ⁇ m. If the film thickness of the single-layer type photosensitive layer is less than 5 ⁇ m, the charge holding ability on the surface of the photoreceptor may be lowered. If the film thickness of the single-layer type photosensitive layer exceeds 50 ⁇ m, the productivity may be lowered. is there.
- At least one or more electron accepting substances can be added to the photosensitive layer for the purpose of improving sensitivity, reducing residual potential and fatigue during repeated use.
- quinone compounds such as parabenzoquinone, chloranil, tetrachloro 1,2-benzoquinone, hydroquinone, 2,6-dimethylbenzoquinone, methyl 1,4-benzoquinone, ⁇ -naphthoquinone, ⁇ -naphthoquinone, 2,4,7- Nitro compounds such as trinitro-9-fluorenone, 1,3,6,8-tetranitrocarbazole, p-nitrobenzophenone, 2,4,5,7-tetranitro-9-fluorenone, 2-nitrofluorenone, tetracyanoethylene, 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane, 4- (p-nitrobenzoyloxy) -2 ′, 2′-dicyanovinylbenzene, 4- (m-nitrobenzoyloxy)
- fluorenone-based compounds, quinone-based compounds, and benzene derivatives having electron-withdrawing substituents such as Cl, CN, and NO 2 are particularly preferable.
- ultraviolet absorbers and antioxidants such as benzoic acid, stilbene compounds and derivatives thereof, nitrogen-containing compounds such as triazole compounds, imidazole compounds, oxadiazole compounds, thiazole compounds, and derivatives thereof may be contained. it can.
- the photoreceptor of the present invention may have a protective layer (not shown) on the surface of the photosensitive layer 4 of the multilayer photoreceptor 1a and the photosensitive layer 4 of the single-layer photoreceptor 1b.
- the protective layer has functions of improving the abrasion of the photosensitive layer and preventing chemical adverse effects caused by ozone, nitrogen oxides, and the like.
- the surface protective layer can be made of thermoplastic resin, light or thermosetting resin.
- the surface protective layer may contain an ultraviolet ray inhibitor, an antioxidant, an inorganic material such as a metal oxide, an organometallic compound, an electron accepting substance, and the like.
- the protective layer is prepared by, for example, preparing a protective layer-forming coating solution by dissolving or dispersing a binder resin in an appropriate organic solvent and, if necessary, an additive such as an antioxidant or an ultraviolet absorber. It can be formed by applying a coating solution on the surface of a single-layer type photosensitive layer or a laminated type photosensitive layer, and removing the organic solvent by drying. Other processes and conditions are in accordance with the formation of the charge generation layer.
- the thickness of the protective layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.5 to 10 ⁇ m, particularly preferably 1 to 5 ⁇ m. If the thickness of the surface protective layer is less than 0.5 ⁇ m, the surface resistance of the photoreceptor is inferior and the durability may be insufficient. Conversely, if it exceeds 10 ⁇ m, the resolution of the photoreceptor may be reduced. is there.
- a plasticizer such as dibasic acid ester, fatty acid ester, phosphoric acid ester, phthalic acid ester or chlorinated paraffin is mixed in the photosensitive layer and the protective layer as necessary to give processability and flexibility. Further, mechanical properties may be improved, and a leveling agent such as silicon resin may be used.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention can be used in various printers using an electrophotographic copying machine, a laser, a light emitting diode (LED), and the like, and an electrophotographic plate making system.
- the image forming apparatus 20 of the present invention includes a photosensitive member 21 of the present invention, a charging unit that charges the photosensitive member, an exposure unit that exposes the charged photosensitive member to form an electrostatic latent image, and exposure. Developing means for developing the formed electrostatic latent image to form a toner image, transfer means for transferring the toner image formed by development onto a recording medium, and transferring the transferred toner image to the recording material
- the image forming apparatus includes at least fixing means for forming an image by fixing the image on the image forming apparatus.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic side view showing the configuration of the image forming apparatus of the present invention.
- 3 includes a photoconductor 21 of the present invention (for example, the photoconductors 1a and 1b of FIGS. 2A and 2B), a charging unit (charger) 24, an exposure unit 28, Developing means (developing device) 25, transferring means (transfer device) 26, cleaning means (cleaner) 27, fixing means (fixing device) 31, and static eliminating means (not shown, provided together with cleaning means 27) It is comprised including.
- Reference numeral 30 denotes a transfer sheet.
- the photosensitive member 21 is rotatably supported by the main body of the image forming apparatus 20 (not shown), and is driven to rotate around the rotation axis 22 in the direction of the arrow 23 by a driving means (not shown).
- the drive means includes, for example, an electric motor and a reduction gear, and transmits the driving force to a conductive support constituting the core of the photoconductor 21, thereby rotating the photoconductor 21 at a predetermined peripheral speed.
- the charger 24, the exposure unit 28, the developing unit 25, the transfer unit 26, and the cleaner 27 are arranged in this order along the outer peripheral surface of the photoconductor 21 from the upstream side in the rotation direction of the photoconductor 21 indicated by the arrow 23. It is provided toward the side.
- the charger 24 is a charging unit that charges the outer peripheral surface of the photoconductor 21 to a predetermined potential.
- the charger 24 is realized by a contact-type charging roller 24a, a charging brush, or a charger wire such as corotron or scorotron.
- Reference numeral 24b denotes a bias power source.
- the exposure unit 28 includes, for example, a semiconductor laser as a light source, and irradiates a laser beam 28 a output from the light source between the charger 24 and the developing unit 25 of the photoconductor 21, thereby charging the photoconductor 21.
- the outer peripheral surface is exposed according to image information.
- the light 28a is repeatedly scanned in the main scanning direction in the direction in which the rotation axis 22 of the photoconductor 21 extends, and accordingly, electrostatic latent images are sequentially formed on the surface of the photoconductor 21.
- the developing unit 25 is a developing unit that develops an electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the photoreceptor 21 by exposure with a developer.
- the developing unit 25 is provided facing the photoreceptor 21, and applies toner to the outer peripheral surface of the photoreceptor 21.
- the transfer device 26 supplies a toner image, which is a visible image formed on the outer peripheral surface of the photoconductor 21 by development, between the photoconductor 21 and the transfer device 26 from the direction of the arrow 29 by a conveying unit (not shown). It is a transfer means for transferring onto the transfer paper 30 as a recording medium.
- the transfer unit 26 is, for example, a non-contact type transfer unit that includes a charging unit and transfers the toner image onto the transfer paper 30 by applying a charge having a polarity opposite to that of the toner to the transfer paper 30.
- the cleaner 27 is a cleaning unit that removes and collects toner remaining on the outer peripheral surface of the photoconductor 21 after the transfer operation by the transfer device 26, and includes a cleaning blade 27 a that peels off toner remaining on the outer peripheral surface of the photoconductor 21, and a cleaning device.
- the cleaner 27 is provided together with a charge eliminating lamp (not shown).
- the image forming apparatus 20 is provided with a fixing device 31 as fixing means for fixing the transferred image on the downstream side where the transfer paper 30 that has passed between the photoreceptor 21 and the transfer device 26 is conveyed.
- the fixing device 31 includes a heating roller 31a having a heating unit (not shown), and a pressure roller 31b that is provided to face the heating roller 31a and is pressed by the heating roller 31a to form a contact portion.
- the image forming operation by the image forming apparatus 20 is performed as follows. First, when the photosensitive member 21 is rotationally driven in the direction of the arrow 23 by the driving unit, the photosensitive member is provided by the charger 24 provided on the upstream side in the rotational direction of the photosensitive member 21 with respect to the imaging point of the light 28a by the exposure unit 28. The surface of 21 is uniformly charged to a predetermined positive or negative potential.
- the light 28 a corresponding to the image information is irradiated from the exposure means 28 to the surface of the photoreceptor 21.
- the surface charge of the portion irradiated with the light 28a is removed from the photosensitive member 21, and a difference occurs between the surface potential of the portion irradiated with the light 28a and the surface potential of the portion not irradiated with the light 28a.
- An electrostatic latent image is formed.
- toner is supplied to the surface of the photosensitive member 21 on which the electrostatic latent image is formed from a developing unit 25 provided on the downstream side in the rotation direction of the photosensitive member 21 with respect to the image forming point of the light 28a by the exposure unit 28.
- the electrostatic latent image is developed to form a toner image.
- the transfer paper 30 is supplied between the photosensitive member 21 and the transfer unit 26.
- the transfer device 26 applies a charge having a polarity opposite to that of the toner to the supplied transfer paper 30, and the toner image formed on the surface of the photoreceptor 21 is transferred onto the transfer paper 30.
- the transfer paper 30 onto which the toner image has been transferred is conveyed to the fixing device 31 by the conveying means, and is heated and pressurized when passing through the contact portion between the heating roller 31a and the pressure roller 31b of the fixing device 31.
- the toner image is fixed on the transfer paper 30 and becomes a robust image.
- the transfer paper 30 on which the image is formed in this way is discharged to the outside of the image forming apparatus 20 by the conveying means.
- the toner remaining on the surface of the photoconductor 21 even after the transfer of the toner image by the transfer unit 26 is separated from the surface of the photoconductor 21 by the cleaner 27 and collected.
- the charge on the surface of the photoconductor 21 from which the toner has been removed in this manner is removed by the light from the static elimination lamp, and the electrostatic latent image on the surface of the photoconductor 21 disappears. Thereafter, the photosensitive member 21 is further driven to rotate, and a series of operations starting from charging is repeated to continuously form images.
- the image forming apparatus is not equipped with a cleaning unit such as a cleaner 26 that removes and collects toner remaining on the photoconductor 21 depending on the model, and a neutralizing unit that neutralizes the surface charge remaining on the photoconductor 21. There may be.
- a cleaning unit such as a cleaner 26 that removes and collects toner remaining on the photoconductor 21 depending on the model
- a neutralizing unit that neutralizes the surface charge remaining on the photoconductor 21. There may be.
- the coating solution for an undercoat layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention the production method thereof, the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and an image forming apparatus will be described in more detail with reference to the drawings.
- the present invention is not limited to these examples.
- Production Example 1 Production of anhydrous silicon dioxide coated titanium oxide fine particles 1 A 50 L reactor was mixed with 18.25 L of deionized water, 22.8 L of ethanol (made by Junsei Chemical Co., Ltd.), and 124 mL of 25% by mass ammonia water (made by Daisei Kako Co., Ltd.). Then, 1.74 kg of raw material titanium oxide particles (High Purity Titanium Oxide F-10 manufactured by Showa Titanium Co., Ltd .; primary particle diameter: 150 nm) were dispersed to prepare suspension A.
- raw material titanium oxide particles High Purity Titanium Oxide F-10 manufactured by Showa Titanium Co., Ltd .; primary particle diameter: 150 nm
- Solution B 1.62L of tetraethoxysilane (GE Toshiba Silicone) and 1.26L of ethanol were mixed to prepare Solution B. After the solution B was added to the stirring suspension A at a constant rate over 9 hours, the solution was aged at 45 ° C. for 12 hours to form a film at the same temperature. Then, solid content was isolate
- Production Example 2 Manufacture of anhydrous silicon dioxide coated titanium oxide fine particles 2
- the raw material titanium oxide particles Showa Titanium Co., Ltd. high purity titanium oxide F-10; primary particle diameter 150 nm
- Anhydrous silicon dioxide coated titanium oxide fine particles 2 were obtained in the same manner as in Production Example 1 except that the purity was changed to high purity titanium oxide F-6 (manufactured by company; primary particle diameter 15 nm).
- the particle diameter of the obtained anhydrous silicon dioxide-coated titanium oxide fine particles 1 was measured by SEM photographs, and it was found that the particle diameter was 16 nm to 17 nm.
- This crude product is washed with 200 ml of ⁇ -chloronaphthalene and then with 200 ml of methanol at room temperature, and then suspended and washed in 500 ml of methanol for 1 hour when heated.
- the crude product obtained after filtration is dissolved by stirring in 100 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid, and insoluble matter is collected by filtration.
- the sulfuric acid solution was poured into 3000 ml of water, and the precipitated crystals were collected by filtration. After repeated hot suspension washing with hot water in 500 ml of water until the pH reached 6-7, the solution was collected by filtration and wet.
- the cake was treated with dichloromethane, washed with methanol, and then dried to show the X-ray diffraction spectrum shown in FIG.
- the titanyl phthalocyanine described above exhibits a maximum diffraction peak at a black angle (2 ⁇ ⁇ 0.2 °) of 9.4 °, and is at least 7.3 °, 9.7 °, 27
- a crystalline form of titanyl phthalocyanine characterized by having a diffraction peak at 3 ° and 9.4 ° and 9.7 ° having distinct branching peaks, both being larger than the diffraction peak at 27.3 ° It turned out that.
- Production Example 4 Production of titanyl phthalocyanine After obtaining a crude product of dichlorotitanium phthalocyanine in the same manner as in Production Example 3, the crude product was washed with 200 ml of ⁇ -chloronaphthalene at room temperature and then with 200 ml of methanol, and further in 500 ml of methanol. Perform suspension washing with heat for 1 hour. The crude product obtained after filtration was subjected to hot suspension washing until the pH reached 6 to 7 in 500 ml of water and then dried to have a structure represented by the above formula (I). Crystalline titanyl phthalocyanine crystal (30 g) having the X-ray diffraction spectrum shown in 5 was obtained.
- the titanyl phthalocyanine obtained from the X-ray diffraction spectrum shown in FIG. 5 was found to have a black angle (2 ⁇ ⁇ 0.2 °) of 27.3. It was found to be a crystalline titanyl phthalocyanine having a maximum diffraction peak at ° and having diffraction peaks at 7.4 °, 9.7 °, and 27.3 °.
- FIG. 2B is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an embodiment of the single layer type electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 2B, the undercoat layer 3 is formed on the conductive support 2, and the photosensitive layer 4 containing the charge generation material 8 and the charge transport material 19 is formed thereon. ing.
- the undercoat layer coating solution was applied thereon with a baker applicator, dried with hot air at 110 ° C. for 10 minutes, and dried.
- An undercoat layer 3 having a thickness of 0.05 ⁇ m was provided.
- a single-layer electrophotographic photoreceptor 1b was produced.
- Example 2 instead of Maxlite (registered trademark) TS-04 (manufactured by Showa Denko KK) used in Example 1, Maxlite (registered trademark) ZS-032 (manufactured by Showa Denko KK: anhydrous silicon dioxide-treated zinc oxide: zinc oxide 80
- a single-layer electrophotographic photosensitive member 1b was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 20% by weight, anhydrous silicon dioxide 20% by weight, zinc oxide particle diameter 25 nm, and anhydrous silicon dioxide-treated zinc oxide particle diameter 31 nm) were used. did.
- FIG. 2A is a schematic cross-sectional view showing one embodiment of the function-separated electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention.
- the charge generation layer 5 contains a charge generation material 8
- the charge transport layer 6 contains a charge transport material 18.
- the undercoat layer coating solution was applied thereon with a baker applicator, dried with hot air at 110 ° C. for 10 minutes, and dried.
- An undercoat layer 3 having a thickness of 5 ⁇ m was provided.
- Example 4 In the coating solution for the undercoat layer used in Example 3, 0.95 parts by weight of Maxlite (registered trademark) TS-04 (manufactured by Showa Denko KK) and Maxlite (registered trademark) TS-043 (manufactured by Showa Denko KK): Anhydrous silicon dioxide-treated titanium oxide: 90% by weight of titanium oxide, 10% by weight of anhydrous silicon dioxide, titanium oxide particle diameter 30 nm, anhydrous silicon dioxide-treated titanium oxide particle diameter 32 nm) Except for changing to 2 parts by weight, the same as in Example 3 After preparing the undercoat layer, a photosensitive layer was prepared in the same manner as in Example 3 to prepare a function-separated electrophotographic photoreceptor 1a.
- Example 5 In the coating liquid for undercoat layer used in Example 3, 0.05 part by weight of polyamide resin (Toray Industries, Inc .: CM8000) was changed to 0.1 part by weight of polyamide resin (Daicel Degussa, Inc .: X1010). After preparing an undercoat layer in the same manner as in Example 3, a photosensitive layer was prepared in the same manner as in Example 3 to produce a function-separated electrophotographic photoreceptor 1a.
- polyamide resin Toray Industries, Inc .: CM8000
- the coating solution for undercoat layer used in Example 1 has the following components: Zinc oxide (alumina, treated with organopolysiloxane: Sakai Chemical Co., Ltd .: FINEX-30WLP2) 0.1 parts by weight Polyamide resin (Toray Industries, Inc .: CM8000) 0.9 parts by weight Methanol 50 parts by weight 1,3-dioxolane 50 parts by weight A subbing layer was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the photosensitive layer was changed to 1. Then, a photosensitive layer was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 to produce a single-layer electrophotographic photoreceptor 1b.
- Zinc oxide alumina, treated with organopolysiloxane: Sakai Chemical Co., Ltd .: FINEX-30WLP2
- Polyamide resin Toray Industries, Inc .: CM8000
- Methanol 50 parts by weight 1,3-dioxolane 50 parts by weight
- a subbing layer was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the photosensitive
- Comparative Example 2 0.95 parts by weight of Maxlite (registered trademark) TS-04 (manufactured by Showa Denko KK) in the undercoat layer coating solution used in Example 3 was added to titanium oxide (surface untreated: manufactured by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd .: TTO-55N). ) A subbing layer was prepared in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the amount was changed to 2 parts by weight. Then, a photosensitive layer was prepared in the same manner as in Example 3 to prepare a function-separated electrophotographic photoreceptor 1a.
- Maxlite registered trademark
- TS-04 manufactured by Showa Denko KK
- Comparative Example 3 0.99 parts by weight of Maxlite (registered trademark) TS-04 (manufactured by Showa Denko KK) in the undercoat layer coating solution used in Example 3 was added to silicon dioxide (surface untreated: manufactured by Electrochemical Co., Ltd .: UFP-80). ) A subbing layer was prepared in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the amount was changed to 2 parts by weight. Then, a photosensitive layer was prepared in the same manner as in Example 3 to prepare a function-separated electrophotographic photoreceptor 1a.
- Example 6 Maxlite (registered trademark) TS-04 (manufactured by Showa Denko KK) 0.95 parts by weight and polyamide resin (Toray Industries, Inc .: CM8000) 0.05 parts by weight in the undercoat layer coating solution used in Example 3, Subtracting in the same manner as in Example 3 except that 0.89 parts by weight of Maxlite (registered trademark) TS-04 (manufactured by Showa Denko KK) and 0.11 part by weight of polyamide resin (CM8000) manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc. were used. After preparing the layers, a photosensitive layer was prepared in the same manner as in Example 3 to prepare a function-separated electrophotographic photoreceptor 1a.
- the photoreceptor produced using the undercoat layer prepared in Examples 1 to 6 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 as described above is wound around an aluminum drum of a modified digital copying machine (manufactured by Sharp Corporation: AR-450M).
- the solid white images obtained by printing the white solid images by the reversal development method were evaluated according to the following evaluation methods.
- the printed matter obtained by the digital copying machine equipped with the photoconductors obtained in Examples 1 to 6 in the initial white solid image evaluation has no defects at all, or few defects that can be ignored. As a result, a good image that does not hinder normal use was obtained. Further, in the printed matter by the photoconductors according to Comparative Examples 1 to 3, fogging and a large number of black spot-like defects occurred on the image. Further, when the dispersion stability of the coating solution for the undercoat layer was compared, in Examples 1 to 6 and Comparative Example 1, no agglomerates were observed after one month. In Comparative Examples 2 to 3, the dispersion stability of the coating solution for the undercoat layer was extremely poor, and the aggregates were precipitated.
- Example 7 The following ingredients: Maxlite (registered trademark) TS-043 (manufactured by Showa Denko KK: anhydrous silicon dioxide-treated titanium oxide: 90% by weight of titanium oxide, anhydrous silicon dioxide 10% by weight, titanium oxide particle diameter 30 nm, anhydrous silicon dioxide-treated titanium oxide particle diameter 32 nm ) 1 part by weight Polyamide resin (manufactured by Daicel Degussa: X1010) 9 parts by weight Ethanol 50 parts by weight Tetrahydrofuran 50 parts by weight in a horizontal bead mill with a capacity of 16,500 ml 80% of silicon nitride beads having a diameter of 0.5 mm Then, the following components were accumulated in a stirring tank and sent to a disperser via a diaphragm pump to circulate and disperse for 15 hours to produce 3,000 g of an undercoat layer coating solution.
- Maxlite registered trademark
- TS-043 manufactured by Showa Denko KK: anhydrous silicon dioxide-treated titanium
- Example 8 The coating solution for undercoat layer used in Example 7 has the following components: Titanium oxide (Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 ⁇ nH 2 O treatment: manufactured by Teica: MT-500SA: 90% by weight of titanium oxide, 5% by weight of Al (OH) 3, 5% by weight of SiO 2 ⁇ nH 2 O) 4 Part by weight Maxlite (registered trademark) TS-043 (manufactured by Showa Denko KK) 4 parts by weight Polyamide resin (manufactured by Daicel Degussa: X1010) 2 parts by weight Ethanol 50 parts by weight Tetrahydrofuran 50 parts by weight In the same manner as in Example 7, 3,000 g of the undercoat layer coating solution was prepared.
- Titanium oxide Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 ⁇ nH 2 O treatment: manufactured by Teica: MT-500SA: 90% by weight of titanium oxide, 5% by weight of Al (OH) 3, 5% by weight of SiO 2 ⁇ nH 2 O) 4
- Example 7 Fill this coating liquid into a coating tank, and use a cylindrical support made of aluminum having a diameter of 30 mm and a total length of 345 mm as a conductive support, and form an undercoat layer of 1.0 ⁇ m in thickness on the conductive support by dip coating. did.
- a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer were sequentially formed in the same manner as in Example 7 to prepare a function-separated electrophotographic photosensitive member sample.
- Comparative Example 4 One part by weight of Maxlite (registered trademark) TS-043 (manufactured by Showa Denko KK) in the coating solution for the undercoat layer used in Example 7 was treated with alumina-treated titanium oxide (TTO-55A: manufactured by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd .: titanium oxide 95). wt%, Al (OH) 3 5 wt%) 8 except for changing the parts by weight, to prepare a coating solution 3,000g for undercoat layer in the same manner as in example 7. An undercoat layer was formed in this undercoat layer coating solution in the same manner as in Example 7, and then a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer were sequentially formed to prepare a function-separated electrophotographic photosensitive member sample.
- Maxlite registered trademark
- TS-043 manufactured by Showa Denko KK
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member sample thus produced is mounted on a digital copying machine (manufactured by Sharp Corporation: AR-450M), and is subjected to a stability test of electric characteristics at normal temperature / normal humidity (N / N, 22 ° C./65%).
- initial charge potential V 0 which the initial light-area potential V L after the laser exposure, and low temperature / low humidity (L / L, 5 ° C. / initial at 10%) light potential V L, temperature / high humidity under The initial bright part potential V L at (H / H, 35 ° C./85%) was measured.
- V 0 represents the surface potential of the photoconductor immediately after the charging operation by the charger when the laser beam exposure was not performed
- V L represents the surface potential of the photoconductor immediately after the laser beam exposure.
- Comparative Example 4 since the potential of VL was high from the beginning and the sensitivity was poor, the occurrence of fogging and black spotted defects were observed. In addition, the sensitivity was remarkably lowered due to environmental changes (particularly in a low humidity environment), and the image defects were greatly deteriorated.
- FIG. 2B is a schematic cross-sectional view showing one embodiment of the single layer type electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 2B, the undercoat layer 3 is formed on the conductive support 2, and the photosensitive layer 4 containing the charge generation material 8 and the charge transport material 19 is formed thereon. ing.
- a conductive support 1 made of aluminum having a thickness of 100 ⁇ m was used as the conductive support 1, and the above coating solution for the undercoat layer was applied thereon with a baker applicator, followed by drying with hot air at 110 ° C. for 10 minutes to obtain a dry film
- An undercoat layer 3 having a thickness of 1 ⁇ m was provided.
- Photosensitive layer coating solution The following ingredients: 2 parts by weight of titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 3 Liophoton TPA-891 (manufactured by Toyo Ink Co., Ltd.) 17.1 parts by weight Polycarbonate resin Z-400 (manufactured by Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company) 17.1 parts by weight The above formula (II) 17.1 parts by weight of the dihydroquinone compound of formula (III) 17.1 parts by weight Tetrahydrofuran 100 parts by weight was dispersed for 12 hours in a ball mill to prepare 50 g of a coating solution for a photosensitive layer. The film was applied onto the undercoat layer 3 by a Baker applicator and dried with hot air at 100 ° C. for 1 hour to provide a photosensitive layer 4 having a dry film thickness of 20 ⁇ m to produce a single-layer electrophotographic photoreceptor 1b.
- FIG. 2 (a) is a schematic cross-sectional view showing one embodiment of the function-separated electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention.
- FIG. 2A a structure in which an undercoat layer 3 is formed on a conductive support 2 and a photosensitive layer 4 including a charge generation layer 5 and a charge transport layer 6 is laminated thereon.
- the charge generation layer 5 contains a charge generation material 8
- the charge transport layer 6 contains a charge transport material 18.
- a conductive support 2 made of aluminum having a thickness of 100 ⁇ m was used as the conductive support 2, and the undercoat layer coating solution was applied thereon with a baker applicator and dried with hot air at 110 ° C. for 10 minutes to obtain a dry film.
- a subbing layer 3 having a thickness of 1 ⁇ m was provided.
- Example 11 Maxlite (registered trademark) TS-04 (manufactured by Showa Denko KK) used in the undercoat layer coating solution used in Example 10 was changed to anhydrous silicon dioxide-coated titanium oxide fine particles 1 obtained in Production Example 1.
- the undercoat layer 3 was produced in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the photosensitive layer 4 was formed, and the function-separated electrophotographic photoreceptor 1a was produced.
- Example 12 Maxlite (registered trademark) TS-04 (manufactured by Showa Denko KK) used in the coating solution for the undercoat layer used in Example 10 was added to the anhydrous silicon dioxide-coated titanium oxide fine particles 2 obtained in Production Example 2 above. Except for the change, the undercoat layer 3 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 10, the photosensitive layer 4 was formed, and the function-separated electrophotographic photoreceptor 1a was prepared.
- Example 13 Maxlite (registered trademark) TS-04 (manufactured by Showa Denko KK) used in the undercoat layer coating solution used in Example 10 was replaced with Maxlite (registered trademark) TS-01 (manufactured by Showa Denko KK: anhydrous dioxide dioxide). Silicon-treated titanium oxide: 67 wt% titanium oxide, 33 wt% anhydrous silicon dioxide, titanium oxide particle diameter 90 nm, anhydrous silicon dioxide-treated titanium oxide particle diameter 110 nm) was prepared, a photosensitive layer was formed, and a function-separated electrophotographic photoreceptor 1a was produced.
- Example 14 A photosensitive layer 4 was produced in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the dry film thickness of the charge generation layer produced in Example 10 was changed to 0.04 ⁇ m, and a function-separated electrophotographic photoreceptor 1a was produced.
- Example 15 A photosensitive layer 4 was produced in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the dry film thickness of the charge generation layer produced in Example 10 was changed to 6 ⁇ m, and a function-separated electrophotographic photoreceptor 1a was produced.
- Example 16 Example 9 except that the titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 3 used in the photosensitive layer coating solution used in Example 9 was changed to ⁇ -type metal-free phthalocyanine Liophoton TPA-891 (manufactured by Toyo Ink Co., Ltd.). In the same manner as described above, a photosensitive layer 4 was prepared, and a single-layer electrophotographic photoreceptor 1b was prepared.
- Example 17 The titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 3 used in the coating solution for charge generation used in Example 10 has an X-ray diffraction spectrum black angle (2 ⁇ ⁇ 0.2 °) obtained in Production Example 4 of 27.
- a photosensitive layer was prepared in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the crystal type titanyl phthalocyanine having the maximum diffraction peak at 3 ° was used, thereby preparing a function-separated electrophotographic photoreceptor 1a.
- Comparative Example 7 Maxlite (registered trademark) TS-04 (manufactured by Showa Denko KK) in the undercoat coating solution used in Example 10 was changed to alumina-treated titanium oxide (TTO-55A: manufactured by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd.) for charge generation.
- TTO-55A alumina-treated titanium oxide
- the titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 3 in the coating solution was changed to ⁇ -type metal-free phthalocyanine Liophoton TPA-891 (manufactured by Toyo Ink Co., Ltd.)
- the undercoat layer 3 and the photosensitive layer were used.
- Layer 4 was produced, and a function-separated electrophotographic photoreceptor 1a was produced.
- Comparative Example 8 Except that Maxlite (registered trademark) TS-04 (manufactured by Showa Denko KK) in the coating solution for the undercoat layer used in Example 10 was changed to surface untreated titanium oxide (TTO-55N: manufactured by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd.). In the same manner as in Example 10, the undercoat layer 3 and the photosensitive layer 4 were produced, and the function-separated electrophotographic photoreceptor 1a was produced.
- Maxlite registered trademark
- TS-04 manufactured by Showa Denko KK
- Example 9 Except that Maxlite (registered trademark) TS-04 (manufactured by Showa Denko KK) in the coating solution for undercoat layer used in Example 10 was changed to alumina-treated titanium oxide (TTO-55A: manufactured by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd.) In the same manner as in Example 10, an undercoat layer 3 and a photosensitive layer 4 were prepared, and a function-separated electrophotographic photoreceptor 1a was prepared.
- Maxlite registered trademark
- TS-04 manufactured by Showa Denko KK
- TTO-55A manufactured by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd.
- Example 12 in which the titanium oxide particles are small, Example 11 in which the titanium oxide particles are large, Example 15 in which the charge generation layer is thick, or titanyl phthalocyanine in which the charge generation material is obtained in Production Example 3, that is, At least in the X-ray diffraction spectrum, diffraction peaks are exhibited at black angles (2 ⁇ ⁇ 0.2 °) of 7.3 °, 9.4 °, 9.7 °, and 27.3 °, and 9.4 ° and 9.7
- Examples 16 and 17 which are not crystalline titanyl phthalocyanine, both of which are larger than the diffraction peak of 27.3 °, have a distinctly branched peak, and have a maximum diffraction peak at 9.4 °
- the grid bias is The presence of slightly black spot-like defects was observed under the elevated conditions or under high temperature and high humidity, but it was found that there was no problem in normal use.
- the photoreceptors obtained in Examples 9 to 15 not only have excellent sensitivity characteristics in each of the N / N, H / H, and L / L environments, but also the environment.
- the change in VL due to the change was small and showed a stable potential.
- Diffraction peaks are shown at .3 °, 9.4 °, 9.7 °, and 27.3 °, and the diffraction peaks at 9.4 ° and 9.7 are both larger than the diffraction peak at 27.3 °.
- Examples 16 and 17 which have a branched peak and are not crystalline titanyl phthalocyanine having a maximum diffraction peak at 9.4 °, a high potential was shown, but the level was not problematic in practical use.
- the photoreceptors obtained in Comparative Examples 5 to 9 generally have a high VL , and particularly the sensitivity deterioration due to the change to the LL environment is remarkable, and it was found that the photoreceptors are not suitable for normal use.
- Examples 16 and 17 which are not crystalline titanyl phthalocyanine, both of which are larger than the diffraction peak at 27.3 °, have a distinctly branched peak, and have a maximum diffraction peak at 9.4 °, Although the presence of black spot-like defects was observed, there was no problem in actual use.
- the printed matter produced by the digital multifunction machine equipped with the photoconductors obtained in Comparative Examples 5 to 9 had fog on the image and many black spotted defects from the initial stage, and was practically unusable. .
- the photoreceptors obtained in Examples 9 to 15 showed a stable sensitivity characteristic with a small change in VL over 100K from the beginning, and durability (sensitivity characteristic) was improved. I found it excellent.
- Example 14 in which the thickness of the charge generation layer was reduced, or the charge generation material was titanyl phthalocyanine obtained in Production Example 3, that is, at least a black angle (2 ⁇ ⁇ 0.2 °) of 7 in the X-ray diffraction spectrum.
- Diffraction peaks are shown at .3 °, 9.4 °, 9.7 °, and 27.3 °, and the diffraction peaks at 9.4 ° and 9.7 are both larger than the diffraction peak at 27.3 °.
- Examples 16 and 17 which have a branched peak and are not crystalline titanyl phthalocyanine having a maximum diffraction peak at 9.4 °, a high potential was shown in the sensitivity characteristics, but it was not a problem for practical use. .
- the photoreceptors obtained in Comparative Examples 5 to 9 generally have a high VL from the beginning, and the sensitivity is significantly deteriorated when 100K is achieved. The sensitivity characteristics are inferior in durability, and are not actually suitable for use. understood.
- the diffraction peaks at 9.4 ° and 9.7 are both larger than the diffraction peak at 27.3 ° and have distinct branching peaks.
- a photosensitive layer that is a crystalline titanyl phthalocyanine having a maximum diffraction peak at 9.4 °, it is highly sensitive even in long-term use and can be used in all environments ranging from high temperature and high humidity to low temperature and low humidity.
- a photoconductor having excellent electrical characteristics and an image forming apparatus capable of obtaining excellent image characteristics free from image defects.
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Abstract
Description
このプロセスは、先ず、感光体を暗所においてコロナ放電によりその表面を一様に帯電させた後、像露光を施して露光部の電荷を選択的に放電させることによって、非露光部に静電像を形成させる。次に、着色した荷電微粒子(トナー)を静電引力などで潜像に付着させて可視像とし、画像を形成する。
1)暗所において適当な電位に一様に帯電させることができること;
2)暗所において高い電荷保持能を有し、電荷の放電が少ないこと;
3)光感度に優れており、光照射によって速やかに電荷を放電すること;
などが挙げられる。
しかしながら、これらの先行技術文献に記載の方法では感光体の画像特性が未だ不充分であり、さらに優れた特性を有する電子写真感光体が望まれている。
導電性支持体は、感光体の電極としての役割を果たすとともに、他の各層の支持部材としても機能する。
導電性支持体の構成材料は、当該分野で用いられる材料であれば特に限定されない。
導電性支持体の表面には、必要に応じて、画質に影響のない範囲内で、陽極酸化被膜処理、薬品、熱水などによる表面処理、着色処理、表面を粗面化するなどの乱反射処理が施されていてもよい。
すなわち、レーザーを露光光源として用いる電子写真プロセスでは、レーザー光の波長が揃っているので、感光体の表面で反射されたレーザー光と感光体の内部で反射されたレーザー光とが干渉を起こし、この干渉による干渉縞が画像に現れて画像欠陥を生じることがある。そこで、導電性支持体の表面に乱反射処理を施すことにより、波長の揃ったレーザー光の干渉による画像欠陥を防止することができる。
本発明は、上記の導電性支持体表面に塗布、形成される前記の下引き層が、バインダー樹脂と、無水二酸化ケイ素で表面処理を施した金属酸化物粒子を含有していることを特徴とする。
すなわち、下引き層により単層型感光層または積層型感光層の帯電性の低下が抑制され、露光によって消去されるべき部分以外の表面電荷の減少が抑えられ、かぶりなどの画像欠陥の発生が防止される。
特に、反転現像プロセスによる画像形成の際に、白地部分にトナーからなる微小な黒点が形成される黒ポチと呼ばれる画像かぶりが発生するのが防止される。
特に、この優れた下引き層が形成された電子写真感光体において、電荷発生物質として、長波長に対して光感度である有機材料、例えばフタロシアニン顔料を用いて電子写真感光体を製造し、この電子写真感光体を、反転現像方法を利用する画像形成装置に搭載することにより、微小領域での表面電荷の減少や消失による反転現像特有の白地に微小な黒点(黒ポチ)のない優れた画像特性を発揮することができる。
一方、下引き層の膜厚を厚くすると感度低下を招き、環境特性が悪化するという問題があり、画像欠陥の低減と電気的特性の安定性向上を両立させるための実用的な膜厚が制限されることとなっていた。
本発明の電子写真感光体は、微視的な感光体特性、特に感度や残留電位の変動を抑制することができ、画像欠陥や画像カブリの発生を防止することができる。
また、本発明は、上記の無水二酸化ケイ素で表面処理を施した金属酸化物粒子、特に酸化チタン微粒子の平均一次粒子径が20nm~100nmであることを特徴とする。
したがって、下引き層に含まれる酸化チタンの平均一次粒子径は、20nm~100nmの範囲内がより好ましい。
なお、酸化チタンの平均一次粒子径または無水二酸化ケイ素で表面処理を施した酸化チタンの平均一次粒子径は、SEM(S-4100;株式会社日立ハイテクノロジーズ製)写真の測定に基づき、50個以上の粒子の粒径を計測し、平均して求めた値である。
また、さらに増粘した下引き層用塗液を、導電性支持体に塗布することは非常に困難で、生産性に劣る。
また、平均一次粒子径が100nm以上であると、下引き層形成時に微小領域の帯電性が低下し黒点が発生し易くなるため好ましくない。
酸化チタンの量が、10重量%より低い含有率であれば、感度が低下し、下引き層中に電荷が蓄積され残留電位が増大する。このような現象は、特に低温低湿下での繰り返し特性において顕著になる。
粉体の体積抵抗値が105Ωcmより小さくなると、下引き層としての抵抗値が低下し、下引き層が、電荷ブロッキング層として機能しなくなる。
表面未処理の酸化チタン微粒子を用いると、使用する酸化チタンの粒子が微粒子であるために十分に分散された下引き層用塗布液であっても、長期間の使用や塗布液の保管時に酸化チタン微粒子が凝集し易くなり、この凝集物の発生を避けることができない。
そのため、上記の長期保管した表面未処理の酸化チタン微粒子を含む下引き層用塗布液を用いて下引き層を形成した場合には、塗布膜の欠陥や塗布ムラを発生し画像欠陥が生じる。
また、塗布膜の欠陥や塗布ムラに基づき、導電性支持体からの電荷の注入が起こり易くなるために、微小領域の帯電性が低下し黒点が発生することになる。
さらに、このような黒点は高温高湿環境下で長期間使用すると顕著となり、画像品質が著しく低下する。
酸化チタン微粒子を無水二酸化ケイ素で被覆させることにより長時間分散処理を行っても酸化チタンの凝集を防止し、安定した塗液が得られるとともに、非常に均一な下引き層塗布膜を形成できる電子写真感光体が得られる。
0.1重量%より少ない無水二酸化ケイ素の使用量であれば、無水二酸化ケイ素で酸化チタンの表面を十分に被覆することができないために、表面処理の効果が発現しにくくなる。
無水二酸化ケイ素で表面処理を施した酸化チタン微粒子の粒子径は20~100nmであることがより好ましい。
また、繰り返し使用時に、画像カブリが特に顕著に発生することから、アルコキシシラン化合物などのシランカップリング剤、ハロゲン、窒素、硫黄のような原子がケイ素と結合したシリル化剤、チタネート系カップリング剤、アルミニウム系カップリング剤などの有機化合物で表面処理を施すことは好ましくない。
下引き層の膜厚が0.01μmより薄ければ実質的に下引き層として機能しなくなり、導電性支持体の欠陥を被覆して均一な表面性が得られず、導電性支持体からのキャリアの注入を防止することができなくなり、帯電性の低下が生じる。
また、下引き層の膜厚を10μmよりも厚くすることは、下引き層を浸漬塗布する場合、感光体を製造する上で難しくなり、また感光体の感度が低下するために好ましくない。
下引き層に含有されるバインダー樹脂としては、樹脂単一層で下引き層を形成する場合と同様の材料が用いられる。例えば、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリスチレン、アクリル樹脂、塩化ビニル樹脂、酢酸ビニル樹脂、ポリウレタン樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、ポリエステル樹脂、メラミン樹脂、シリコン樹脂、ブチラール樹脂、ポリアミド樹脂等の樹脂材料やこれらの繰り返し単位のうち二つ以上を含む共重合体樹脂、更には、カゼイン、ゼラチン、ポリビニルアルコール、エチルセルロース等が知られている。これらの中でもアルコール可溶性のポリアミド樹脂、ブチラール樹脂、酢酸ビニル樹脂が好ましく、さらにポリアミド樹脂が好ましい。
上記のアルコール可溶性ナイロン樹脂としては、例えば、6-ナイロン、6,6-ナイロン、6,10-ナイロン、11-ナイロン、12-ナイロン等を共重合させた、いわゆる共重合ナイロンや、N-アルコキシメチル変性ナイロン、N-アルコキシエチル変性ナイロンのように、ナイロンを化学的に変性させたタイプが好ましい。
分散メディアの材質がガラスを使用した場合には、分散液の粘度が上昇し保存安定性が悪くなることから、好ましくない。
下引き層用塗布液の塗布方法は、シートの場合にはベーカーアプリケーター法、バーコーター法(例えば、ワイヤーバーコーター法)、キャスティング法、スピンコート法、ロール法、ブレード法、ビード法、カーテン法など、ドラムの場合にはスプレー法、垂直リング法、浸漬塗工法などが挙げられる。
塗布方法は、塗布液の物性や生産性などを考慮して最適な方法を選択すればよく、浸漬塗布法、ブレードコーター法およびスプレー法が特に好ましい。
下引き層の上に形成される感光層の構造としては、電荷発生層5と電荷輸送層6との二層から成る機能分離型(積層型)感光層、および、これらが分離されずに単一層で形成される単層型感光層があるが、いずれを用いても良い。
図2は、本発明の積層型感光体(a)および単層型感光体(b)の要部の構成を示す模式断面図である。
図2(b)は、感光層4が、一層からなる単層型感光層であり、下引き層3上に積層された単層型感光体の要部の構成を示す模式断面図である。
図2(a)の積層型感光層は、電荷発生層5と電荷輸送層6とが逆順であってもよいが、図2(a)の順に形成された積層型感光層のほうが好ましい。
図2(b)の単層型感光体1bは、導電性支持体2の表面に、下引き層3と、電荷発生物質8と電荷輸送物質19とバインダー樹脂9とを含有する単層型感光層4がこの順で形成されている。
積層型感光体1aの感光層4は、電荷発生層5と電荷輸送層6とからなる。このように電荷発生機能と電荷輸送機能とを別々の層に担わせることにより、各層を構成する最適な材料を独立して選択することができる。
以下の説明では、電荷発生層と電荷輸送層とがこの順で積層された積層型感光体(図2(a))について説明するが、逆二層型の積層型感光体の場合には積層順が異なるだけで基本的に同様である。
機能分離型感光層の場合、下引き層の上に電荷発生層が形成される。電荷発生層に含有される電荷発生物質としては、クロロダイアンブルー等のビスアゾ系化合物、ジブロモアンサンスロン等の多環キノン系化合物、ペリレン系化合物、キナクリドン系化合物、フタロシアニン系化合物、アズレニウム塩系化合物等が知られているが、レーザー光やLEDなどの光源を用いて反転現像プロセスにより画像形成を行う電子写真感光体では、620nm~800nmの長波長の範囲に感度を有することが要求される。
上記のチタニルフタロシアニンの基本構造は下記一般式:
チタニルフタロシアニンを水の存在下で水に非親和性の有機溶媒で処理する方法としては、チタニルフタロシアニンを水で膨潤させ、有機溶媒で処理する方法、或いは膨潤処理を行わずに、水を有機溶媒中に添加し、その中にチタニルフタロシアニン粉末を投入する方法等が挙げられるが、これらに限定されるものではない。
この処理で用いられる装置としては、一般的な撹拌装置の他に、ホモミキサー、ペイントミキサー、デイスパーサー、アジター、或いはボールミル、サイドミル、アトライター、超音波分散装置等を用いることもできる。処理後、濾過し、メタノール、エタノール、水等を用いて洗浄し単離される。
一方、下引き層の膜厚を薄くすると感度低下を招くため、画像欠陥の低減と電気的特性および生産安定性向上を両立させるための実用的な膜厚が制限されることとなっていた。
また、上記の膜厚より電荷発生層の膜厚が厚くなれば一定の感度を示すが、コスト的に好ましくないばかりか、均一に塗布することが困難となり好ましくない。
電荷発生層の上に設けられる電荷輸送層の作製方法としては、結着性樹脂溶液中に電荷輸送物質を溶解させた電荷輸送用塗布液を作製し、これを塗布して成膜する方法が一般的である。
単層型感光層は、電荷発生物質と、電荷輸送物質と、バインダー樹脂(結合剤)とを主成分として含有する。
単層型感光層は、本発明の効果を阻害しない範囲内で必要に応じて、電荷発生層に含まれるものと同様の添加剤を適量含有していてもよい。
その他の工程およびその条件は、電荷発生層および電荷輸送層の形成に準ずる。
単層型感光層の膜厚が5μm未満であると、感光体表面の帯電保持能が低下するおそれがあり、単層型感光層の膜厚が50μmを超えると、生産性が低下するおそれがある。
本発明の感光体は、積層型感光体1aの感光層4および単層型感光体1bの感光層4の表面に保護層(図示せず)を有していてもよい。
保護層は、感光層の摩耗性の改善やオゾン、窒素酸化物などによる化学的悪影響の防止の機能を有する。
その他の工程およびその条件は、電荷発生層の形成に準ずる。
本発明の画像形成装置20は、本発明の感光体21と、前記感光体を帯電させる帯電手段と、帯電された前記感光体を露光して静電潜像を形成する露光手段と、露光によって形成された前記静電潜像を現像してトナー像を形成する現像手段と、現像によって形成された前記トナー像を記録媒体上に転写する転写手段と、転写された前記トナー像を前記記録材上に定着して画像を形成する定着手段を少なくとも備えたことを特徴とする。
図3は、本発明の画像形成装置の構成を示す模式側面図である。
図3の画像形成装置20は、本発明の感光体21(例えば、図2(a)および(b)の感光体1aおよび1b)と、帯電手段(帯電器)24と、露光手段28と、現像手段(現像器)25と、転写手段(転写器)26と、クリーニング手段(クリーナ)27と、定着手段(定着器)31と、除電手段(図示せず、クリーニング手段27に併設される)を含んで構成される。符号30は転写紙を示す。
また、画像形成装置は、機種によって感光体21に残留するトナーを除去し回収するクリーナ26のようなクリーニング手段と、感光体21に残留する表面電荷を除電する除電手段を装備していないものであっても良い。
無水二酸化ケイ素被膜酸化チタン微粒子1の製造
50L反応器に脱イオン水18.25L、エタノール(純正化学株式会社製)22.8Lおよび、25質量%アンモニア水124mL(大盛化工社製)を混合し、その中に原料の酸化チタン粒子(昭和タイタニウム株式会社製高純度酸化チタンF-10;一次粒子径150nm)1.74Kgを分散させ、懸濁液Aを調整した。
撹拌している懸濁液Aに溶液Bを9時間かけて一定速度で加えた後、12時間45℃で熟成し、同温度で成膜させた。
その後、固形分を遠心濾過にて分離し、50℃で12時間真空乾燥し、さらに80℃で12時間温風乾燥した。
次いでジェットミルにより解砕することにより、無水二酸化ケイ素被膜酸化チタン微粒子1を得た。
得られた無水二酸化ケイ素被膜酸化チタン微粒子1の粒子径を、SEM写真により測定したところ、粒子径が160nm~170nmであることが判った。
無水二酸化ケイ素被膜酸化チタン微粒子2の製造
上記の製造例1において、原料の酸化チタン粒子(昭和タイタニウム株式会社製高純度酸化チタンF-10;一次粒子径150nm)を、酸化チタン粒子(昭和タイタニウム株式会社製高純度酸化チタンF-6;一次粒子径15nm)に変えた以外は、上記の製造例1と同様にして無水二酸化ケイ素被膜酸化チタン微粒子2を得た。
得られた無水二酸化ケイ素被膜酸化チタン微粒子1の粒子径を、SEM写真により測定したところ、粒子径が16nm~17nmであることが判った。
チタニルフタロシアニンの製造
o-フタロジニトリル40gと四塩化チタン18g、α-クロロナフタレン500mlを、窒素雰囲気下200℃~250℃で3時間加熱撹拌して反応させ、100~130℃まで放冷後、熱時濾過し、100℃に過熱したα-クロロナフタレン200mlで洗浄してジクロロチタニウムフタロシアニン粗生成物を得る。この粗生成物を室温にてα-クロロナフタレン200ml、次いで、メタノール200mlで洗浄後、さらにメタノール500ml中で1時間熱時懸濁洗浄を行う。濾過後得られた粗生成物を濃硫酸100ml中で撹拌して溶解させ、不溶物を濾取する。その硫酸溶液を水3000ml中に注ぎ、析出した結晶を濾取し、水500ml中でpHが6~7になるまで、温水で熱時懸濁洗浄を繰り返した後、また、濾取し、ウェットケーキをジクロロメタンで処理し、メタノールで洗浄した後、乾燥して、図4に示すX線回折スペクトルを示し以下の式(I):
X線源 CuKα=1.54050Å
電圧 30kV
電流 50mA
スタート角度 5.0deg
ストップ角度 35.0deg
ステップ角度 0.01deg
測定時間 1deg/分
測定方法 θ/2θスキャン方法
で測定した。
チタニルフタロシアニンの製造
製造例3と同様の方法でジクロロチタニウムフタロシアニン粗生成物を得た後、この粗生成物を室温にてα-クロロナフタレン200ml、次いで、メタノール200mlで洗浄後、さらにメタノール500ml中で1時間熱時懸濁洗浄を行う。濾過後得られた粗生成物を水500ml中でpHが6~7になるまで、熱時懸濁洗浄を繰り返した後、乾燥して、上記式(I)で示される構造を有し、図5に示すX線回折スペクトルを有する結晶型チタニルフタロシアニン結晶(30g)を得た。
実施例1
図2(b)は、本発明の単層型の電子写真感光体の一実施例を示す概略断面図である。図2(b)に示されるように、導電性支持体2の上に下引き層3が形成され、その上に電荷発生物質8と電荷輸送物質19を含有している感光層4が形成されている。
[下引き層用塗布液]
下記の成分:
マックスライト(登録商標)TS-04(昭和電工社製:無水二酸化ケイ素処理酸化チタン:酸化チタン67重量%、無水二酸化ケイ素33重量%、酸化チタン粒子径30nm、無水二酸化ケイ素処理酸化チタン粒子径38nm)
0.1重量部
ポリアミド樹脂(東レ社製:CM8000) 0.9重量部
メタノール 50重量部
1,3-ジオキソラン 50重量部
と分散メディアとして直径1mmのジルコニア製ビーズを容積500mlのポリプロピレン製容器の半分の容積量まで投入の後、ペイントシェーカーで20時間分散し、下引き層用塗布液100gを作製した。
次に、下引き層上に下記の成分:
τ型無金属フタロシアニン
Liophoton TPA-891(東洋インキ製造社製) 17.1重量部
ポリカーボネート樹脂Z-400(三菱瓦斯化学社製) 17.1重量部
下記式(II)のヒドラゾン系化合物 17.1重量部
下記式(III)のジフェノキノン化合物 17.1重量部
テトラヒドロフラン 100重量部
実施例1で使用したマックスライト(登録商標)TS-04(昭和電工社製)に変えて、マックスライト(登録商標)ZS-032(昭和電工社製:無水二酸化ケイ素処理酸化亜鉛:酸化亜鉛80重量%、無水二酸化ケイ素20重量%、酸化亜鉛粒子径25nm、無水二酸化ケイ素処理酸化亜鉛粒子径31nm)を使用した以外は、実施例1と同様にして単層型の電子写真感光体1bを作製した。
図2(a)は、本発明の機能分離型の電子写真感光体の一実施例を示す概略断面図である。図2(a)に示されるように、導電性支持体2の上に下引き層3が形成され、その上に電荷発生層5及び電荷輸送層6とから成る感光層4が積層された構造になっており、電荷発生層5には電荷発生物質8が、電荷輸送層6には電荷輸送物質18がそれぞれ含まれている。
下記の成分:
マックスライト(登録商標)TS-04(昭和電工社製) 0.95重量部
ポリアミド樹脂(東レ社製:CM8000) 0.05重量部
メタノール 35重量部
1,3-ジオキソラン 65重量部
を、容積500mlのポリプロピレン製容器に分散メディアとして直径1mmのジルコニア製ビーズとともに半分の容積量まで投入の後、ペイントシェーカーで20時間分散し、下引き層用塗布液100gを作製した。
τ型無金属フタロシアニン
Liophoton TPA-891(東洋インキ製造社製) 2重量部
塩化ビニル―酢酸ビニル―マレイン酸共重合体樹脂
SOLBIN M(日信化学工業社製) 2重量部
メチルエチルケトン 100重量部
をボールミルで12時間分散し、電荷発生層用塗布液50gを作製した後、その塗布液をベーカーアプリケーターによって塗布し、120℃で10分間の熱風乾燥を行ない、乾燥膜厚0.8μmの電荷発生層5を設けた。
さらにその電荷発生層5上に、下記成分:
前記式(II)のヒドラゾン系化合物 8重量部
ポリカーボネート樹脂 K1300(帝人化成社製)10重量部
シリコンオイル KF50(信越化学社製) 0.002重量部
ジクロロメタン 120重量部
を混合・撹拌・溶解させて電荷輸送層用塗布液100gを作製した。その塗布液をベーカーアプリケーターによって塗布し、80℃で1時間の熱風乾燥を行ない、乾燥膜厚20μmの電荷輸送層6を設け、機能分離型電子写真感光体1aを作製した。
実施例3で使用した下引き層用塗布液において、マックスライト(登録商標)TS-04(昭和電工社製)0.95重量部をマックスライト(登録商標)TS-043(昭和電工社製:無水二酸化ケイ素処理酸化チタン:酸化チタン90重量%、無水二酸化ケイ素10重量%、酸化チタン粒子径30nm、無水二酸化ケイ素処理酸化チタン粒子径32nm)2重量部に変えた以外は、実施例3と同様にして下引き層を作製した後、実施例3と同様にして感光層を作製し、機能分離型電子写真感光体1aを作製した。
実施例3で使用した下引き層用塗布液において、ポリアミド樹脂(東レ社製:CM8000)0.05重量部を、ポリアミド樹脂(ダイセル・デグサ社製:X1010)0.1重量部に変えた以外は、実施例3と同様にして下引き層を作製した後、実施例3と同様にして感光層を作製し、機能分離型電子写真感光体1aを作製した。
実施例1で使用した下引き層用塗布液を以下の成分:
酸化亜鉛(アルミナ、有機ポリシロキサン処理:堺化学社製:FINEX-30WLP2) 0.1重量部
ポリアミド樹脂(東レ社製:CM8000) 0.9重量部
メタノール 50重量部
1,3-ジオキソラン 50重量部
に変えた以外は、実施例1と同様にして下引き層を作製した後、実施例1と同様にして感光層を作製し、単層型電子写真感光体1bを作製した。
実施例3で使用した下引き層用塗布液におけるマックスライト(登録商標)TS-04(昭和電工社製)0.95重量部を、酸化チタン(表面未処理:石原産業社製:TTO-55N)2重量部に変えた以外は、実施例3と同様にして下引き層を作製した後、実施例3と同様にして感光層を作製し、機能分離型電子写真感光体1aを作製した。
実施例3で使用した下引き層用塗布液におけるマックスライト(登録商標)TS-04(昭和電工社製)0.95重量部を、二酸化ケイ素(表面未処理:電気化学社製:UFP-80)2重量部に変えた以外は、実施例3と同様にして下引き層を作製した後、実施例3と同様にして感光層を作製し、機能分離型電子写真感光体1aを作製した。
実施例3で使用した下引き層用塗布液におけるマックスライト(登録商標)TS-04(昭和電工社製)0.95重量部およびポリアミド樹脂(東レ社製:CM8000)0.05重量部を、マックスライト(登録商標)TS-04(昭和電工社製)0.89重量部およびポリアミド樹脂(東レ社製:CM8000)0.11重量部に変えた以外は、実施例3と同様にして下引き層を作製した後、実施例3と同様にして感光層を作製し、機能分離型電子写真感光体1aを作製した。
実施例1~6、比較例1~3で作製した感光体を、それぞれ装着したデジタル複写機で印刷し、初期白ベタ画像を以下の評価基準に従って評価した。
VG(very good):黒い斑点状欠陥無し
G(good):やや黒い斑点状欠陥がわずかに存在
B(bad):黒い斑点状欠陥多く存在
VB(very bad):画像カブリ発生
得られた上記の評価結果を以下の表に示す。
また、得られた下引き層用塗布液の分散安定性を評価するため、1ヶ月間静置して凝集物の発生の有無を調べた。
G(good):凝集物無し
NB(not bad):やや凝集物発生しているが通常の使用可
B(bad):凝集物沈降使用不可
得られた上記の評価結果を以下の表に示す。
また、下引き層用塗布液の分散安定性を比較すると、実施例1~6、比較例1は、1ヵ月後、凝集物の発生は認められなかった。比較例2~3は、下引き層用塗布液の分散安定性が著しく悪く、凝集物が沈降していた。
下記の成分:
マックスライト(登録商標)TS-043(昭和電工社製:無水二酸化ケイ素処理酸化チタン:酸化チタン90重量%、無水二酸化ケイ素10重量%、酸化チタン粒子径30nm、無水二酸化ケイ素処理酸化チタン粒子径32nm) 1重量部
ポリアミド樹脂(ダイセル・デグサ社製:X1010) 9重量部
エタノール 50重量部
テトラヒドロフラン 50重量部
を容積16,500mlの横型ビーズミルに分散メディアとして直径0.5mmの窒化ケイ素製ビーズを80%の容積量まで投入の後、下記の成分を撹拌タンクにためてダイヤフラムポンプを介して分散機へ送液することで15時間循環分散し、下引き層用塗布液3,000gを作製した。
製造例4において得られたチタニルフタロシアニン 2重量部
ポリビニルブチラール樹脂(積水化学社製:エスレックBM-S)
2重量部
メチルエチルケトン 100重量部
を混合したものをボールミルで12時間分散し、電荷発生層用塗布液2,000gを作製した。次いで、この塗布液を上記下引き層と同様の方法で前記下引き層上に塗布して120℃で10分間の熱風乾燥を行ない、乾燥膜厚0.8μmの電荷発生層5を設けた。
下記式(IV)で表されるエナミン化合物 10重量部
ポリカーボネート樹脂(三菱エンジニアリングプラスチック社製:Z200)
10重量部
シリコンオイル KF50(信越化学社製) 0.02重量部
テトラヒドロフラン 120重量部
を混合、溶解して、電荷輸送層用塗布液3,000gを作製した後、その塗布液を上記下引き層と同様の方法で前記電荷発生層上に塗布し、110℃にて1時間乾燥し、膜厚23μmの電荷輸送層を形成し、機能分離型電子写真感光体サンプルを作製した。
実施例7で使用した下引き層用塗布液を以下の成分:
酸化チタン(Al2O3、SiO2・nH2O処理:テイカ社製:MT-500SA:酸化チタン90重量%、Al(OH)3 5重量%、SiO2・nH2O 5重量%) 4重量部
マックスライト(登録商標)TS-043(昭和電工社製) 4重量部
ポリアミド樹脂(ダイセル・デグサ社製:X1010) 2重量部
エタノール 50重量部
テトラヒドロフラン 50重量部
に変えた以外は、実施例7と同様にして下引き層用塗布液3,000gを作製した。
次いで、実施例7と同様にして電荷発生層、電荷輸送層を順次形成して機能分離型電子写真感光体サンプルを作製した。
実施例7で使用した下引き層用塗布液におけるマックスライト(登録商標)TS-043(昭和電工社製)1重量部を、アルミナ処理酸化チタン(TTO-55A:石原産業社製:酸化チタン95重量%、Al(OH)3 5重量%)8重量部に変えた以外は、実施例7と同様にして下引き層用塗布液3,000gを作製した。
この下引き層用塗布液にて実施例7と同様に下引き層を形成した後、電荷発生層、電荷輸送層を順次形成して、機能分離型電子写真感光体サンプルを作製した。
なお、V0とはレーザー光による露光を施さなかった場合の帯電器による帯電動作直後の感光体の表面電位を示し、VLとはレーザー光によって露光を施した直後の感光体の表面電位をいう。
また、耐久性試験として初期および10,000枚の実写Aging終了後における画像特性を行った。これらの結果を以下の表に示す。
実施例9
単層型電子写真感光体の製造
図2(b)は、本発明の単層型の電子写真感光体の一実施例を示す概略断面図である。図2(b)に示されるように、導電性支持体2の上に下引き層3が形成され、その上に電荷発生物質8と電荷輸送物質19を含有している感光層4が形成されている。
下記の成分:
マックスライト(登録商標)ZS-032(昭和電工社製)2重量部
ポリアミド樹脂(東レ社製:CM8000) 0.05重量部
メタノール 50重量部
1,3-ジオキソラン 50重量部
を、容積500mlのポリプロピレン製容器に、分散メディアとして直径1mmのジルコニア製ビーズと共に、半分の容積量まで投入の後、ペイントシェーカーで20時間分散し、下引き層用塗布液100gを作製した。
下記の成分:
製造例3で得られたチタニルフタロシアニン 2重量部
Liophoton TPA-891(東洋インキ製造社製) 17.1重量部
ポリカーボネート樹脂Z-400(三菱瓦斯化学社製) 17.1重量部
前記式(II)のヒドラゾン系化合物 17.1重量部
前記式(III)のジフェノキノン化合物 17.1重量部
テトラヒドロフラン 100重量部
を、ボールミルで12時間分散し、感光層用塗布液50gを作製した後、その塗布液をベーカーアプリケーターによって上記の下引き層3上に塗布し、100℃で1時間熱風乾燥を行ない、乾燥膜厚20μmの感光層4を設け、単層型電子写真感光体1bを作製した。
積層型電子写真感光体の製造
図2(a)は、本発明の機能分離型の電子写真感光体の一実施例を示す概略断面図である。
図2(a)に示されるように、導電性支持体2の上に下引き層3が形成され、その上に電荷発生層5及び電荷輸送層6とから成る感光層4が積層された構造になっており、電荷発生層5には電荷発生物質8が、電荷輸送層6には電荷輸送物質18がそれぞれ含まれている。
下記の成分:
マックスライト(登録商標)TS-04(昭和電工社製) 2重量部
ポリアミド樹脂(東レ社製:CM8000) 0.05重量部
メタノール 35重量部
1,3-ジオキソラン 65重量部
を、容積500mlのポリプロピレン製容器に、分散メディアとして直径1mmのジルコニア製ビーズと共に、半分の容積量まで投入の後、ペイントシェーカーで20時間分散し、下引き層用塗布液100gを作製した。
次に、下記の成分:
製造例3で得られたチタニルフタロシアニン 2重量部
ポリビニルブチラール樹脂(積水化学社製:エスレックBM-S)
2重量部
メチルエチルケトン 100重量部
を、ボールミルで12時間分散し、電荷発生層用塗布液50gを作製した。得られた塗布液を、ベーカーアプリケーターによって上記の下引き層3上に塗布し、120℃で10分間熱風乾燥を行ない、乾燥膜厚0.8μmの電荷発生層5を設けた。
さらに、下記の成分:
前記式(IV)で表されるエナミン化合物 10重量部
ポリカーボネート樹脂Z200(三菱エンジニアリングプラスチック社製)
10重量部
シリコンオイル KF50(信越化学社製) 0.02重量部
テトラヒドロフラン 120重量部
を、撹拌混合して溶解させて電荷輸送層用塗布液100gを作製した。
この塗布液をベーカーアプリケーターによって、上記で得られた電荷発生層5上に塗布し、80℃で1時間熱風乾燥を行ない、乾燥膜厚20μmの電荷輸送層6を設けて感光層4を形成し、機能分離型電子写真感光体1aを作製した。
実施例10で使用した下引き層用塗布液で用いたマックスライト(登録商標)TS-04(昭和電工社製)を、製造例1で得られた無水二酸化ケイ素被膜酸化チタン微粒子1に変えた以外は実施例10と同様にして、下引き層3を作製した後、感光層4を形成し、機能分離型電子写真感光体1aを作製した。
実施例10で使用した下引き層用塗布液で用いたマックスライト(登録商標)TS-04(昭和電工社製)を、上記の製造例2で得られた無水二酸化ケイ素被膜酸化チタン微粒子2に変えた以外は、実施例10と同様にして下引き層3を作製した後、感光層4を形成し、機能分離型電子写真感光体1aを作製した。
実施例10で使用した下引き層用塗布液で用いたマックスライト(登録商標)TS-04(昭和電工社製:)を、マックスライト(登録商標)TS-01(昭和電工社製:無水二酸化ケイ素処理酸化チタン:酸化チタン67重量%、無水二酸化ケイ素33重量%、酸化チタン粒子径90nm、無水二酸化ケイ素処理酸化チタン粒子径110nm)に変えた以外は、実施例10と同様にして下引き層を作製し、感光層を形成し、機能分離型電子写真感光体1aを作製した。
実施例10で作製した電荷発生層の乾燥膜厚を0.04μmに変えた以外は、実施例10と同様にして感光層4を作製し、機能分離型電子写真感光体1aを作製した。
実施例10で作製した電荷発生層の乾燥膜厚を6μmに変えた以外は、実施例10と同様にして感光層4を作製し、機能分離型電子写真感光体1aを作製した。
実施例9で使用した感光層用塗布液で用いた製造例3で得られたチタニルフタロシアニンを、τ型無金属フタロシアニンLiophoton TPA-891(東洋インキ製造社製)に変えた以外は、実施例9と同様にして、感光層4を作製し、単層型電子写真感光体1bを作製した。
実施例17
実施例10で使用した電荷発生用塗布液で用いた製造例3で得られたチタニルフタロシアニンを、製造例4で得られたX線回折スペクトルのブラック角(2θ±0.2°)が27.3°に最大回折ピークを有する結晶型チタニルフタロシアニンに変えた以外は、実施例10と同様にして、感光層を作製し、機能分離型電子写真感光体1aを作製した。
実施例10で使用した下引き層用塗布液におけるマックスライト(登録商標)TS-04(昭和電工社製)を、酸化亜鉛(アルミナ、有機ポリシロキサン処理:堺化学社製:FINEX-30WLP2)に変え、かつ電荷発生用塗布液における製造例3で得られたチタニルフタロシアニンを、τ型無金属フタロシアニンLiophoton TPA-891(東洋インキ製造社製)に変えた以外は、実施例10と同様にして、下引き層3と感光層4とを作製し、機能分離型電子写真感光体1aを作製した。
実施例10で使用した下引き層用塗布液におけるマックスライト(登録商標)TS-04(昭和電工社製)を、酸化チタン(表面未処理:石原産業社製:TTO-55N)に変え、電荷発生用塗布液における製造例3で得られたチタニルフタロシアニンを、τ型無金属フタロシアニンLiophoton TPA-891(東洋インキ製造社製)に変えた以外は、実施例10と同様にして、下引き層3と感光層4とを作製し、機能分離型電子写真感光体1aを作製した。
実施例10で使用した下引き層用塗布液におけるマックスライト(登録商標)TS-04(昭和電工社製)を、アルミナ処理酸化チタン(TTO-55A:石原産業社製)に変え、電荷発生用塗布液における製造例3で得られたチタニルフタロシアニンを、τ型無金属フタロシアニンLiophoton TPA-891(東洋インキ製造社製)に変えた以外は、実施例10と同様にして、下引き層3と感光層4を作製し、機能分離型電子写真感光体1aを作製した。
実施例10で使用した下引き層用塗布液におけるマックスライト(登録商標)TS-04(昭和電工社製)を、表面未処理酸化チタン(TTO-55N:石原産業社製)に変えた以外は、実施例10と同様にして、下引き層3と感光層4を作製し、機能分離型電子写真感光体1aを作製した。
実施例10で使用した下引き層用塗布液におけるマックスライト(登録商標)TS-04(昭和電工社製)を、アルミナ処理酸化チタン(TTO-55A:石原産業社製)に変えた以外は、実施例10と同様にして、下引き層3と感光層4を作製し、機能分離型電子写真感光体1aを作製した。
デジタル複写機(シャープ社製:AR-451)改造機のアルミニウムドラムに巻き付けて装着し、反転現像方式で白ベタの画像をそれぞれ印刷した白ベタ画像の評価を以下の評価方法に従って評価した。
NB(not bad):やや黒い斑点状欠陥存在
B(bad):黒い斑点状欠陥多く存在
VB(very bad):画像カブリ発生
実施例9~17、比較例5~9で作製した感光体を、それぞれ装着したデジタル複写機で印刷し、常温/常湿(25℃/50%)、低温/低湿下(5℃/10%)、高温/高湿下(35℃/85%)下、初期白ベタ画像を以下の評価基準に従って評価した。GridバイアスとDVバイアスの差は一定のまま、Gridバイアスの値を650、750、850に設定して、初期白ベタ画像を評価した。
得られた上記の評価結果を以下の表に示す。
一方、比較例5~9で得られた感光体を装着したデジタル複合機による印刷物には、画像上かぶりや多数の黒い斑点状の欠陥が発生した。特に、高温高湿環境下では著しく画像かぶりが発生し、通常の使用には適さないことが判った。
実施例9~17、比較例5~9で作製した感光体を、デジタル複写機(シャープ社製:AR-451)に搭載し、初期電気特性の感度特性と環境安定性を評価するため、常温/常湿(25℃/50%)下での帯電電位VOとレーザー露光後の表面電位VL、及び低温/低湿下(5℃/10%)における露光後電位VL、高温/高湿下(35℃/85%)における露光後電位VLを測定した。これらの結果を以下の表に示す。
なお、V0とは、レーザー光による露光を施さなかった場合の帯電器による帯電動作直後の感光体の表面電位を示し、VLとは、レーザー光によって露光を施した直後の感光体の表面電位をいう。
但し、電荷発生層の膜厚を薄くした実施例14、または、電荷発生物質が製造例3で得られたチタニルフタロシアニン、すなわち、少なくともX線回折スペクトルにおいてブラック角(2θ±0.2°)7.3°、9.4°、9.7°、27.3°に回折ピークを示し、9.4°および9.7の回折ピークはいずれも27.3°の回折ピークより大きく、明確な分岐ピークを有し、かつ9.4°に最大回折ピークを有する結晶型チタニルフタロシアニンでない実施例16および17では、高い電位を示したが実使用上問題ないレベルであった。
一方、比較例5~9で得られた感光体は、総じてVLが高く、特にLL環境への変化による感度悪化が著しく、通常の使用には適さないことが判った。
実施例9~17、比較例5~9で作製した感光体を、デジタル複写機(シャープ社製:AR-451)に搭載し、各特性の耐久性を評価するため、50,00(50K)枚及び、100,000(100K)枚の実写Aging終了時における感度特性、画像特性を以下の評価基準:
G(good):黒い斑点状欠陥無し
NB(not bad):黒い斑点状欠陥存在するが使用できる
B(bad):黒い斑点状欠陥多く存在
VB(very bad):画像カブリ発生
に従って評価した。これらの結果を以下の表に示す。
一方、比較例5~9で得られた感光体を装着したデジタル複合機による印刷物には、初期から画像上かぶりや多数の黒い斑点状の欠陥が発生し、実際には使用できない程度であった。
実施例9~17、比較例5~9で作製した感光体を、デジタル複写機(シャープ社製:AR-451)に搭載し、初期電気特性、5,000(50K)枚印刷後および100,000(100K)印刷後の感度特性を測定した。これらの結果を以下の表に示す。
但し、電荷発生層の膜厚を薄くした実施例14、または、電荷発生物質が製造例3で得られたチタニルフタロシアニン、すなわち、少なくともX線回折スペクトルにおいてブラック角(2θ±0.2°)7.3°、9.4°、9.7°、27.3°に回折ピークを示し、9.4°および9.7の回折ピークはいずれも27.3°の回折ピークより大きく、明確な分岐ピークを有し、かつ9.4°に最大回折ピークを有する結晶型チタニルフタロシアニンでない実施例16および17では、感度特性において高い電位を示したが、実際の使用には差し支えない程度であった。
一方、比較例5~9で得られた感光体は、初期からVLが総じて高く、100K達成時には著しく感度悪化しており、感度特性の耐久性に劣り、実際には使用に適さないことが判った。
1b 単層型感光体
2 導電性支持体
3 下引き層
4 感光層
5 電荷発生層
7、9 バインダー樹脂
8 電荷発生物質
10 回転軸
11、16 モータ
12 塗液
14 撹拌槽
15 撹拌装置
17a、b 循環経路
18、19 電荷輸送物質
20 画像形成装置
22 回転軸線
23 回転駆動方向
24 帯電器
24a 帯電ローラ
24b バイアス電源
25 現像器
25a 現像ローラ
25b ケーシング
26 転写器
27a クリーニングブレード
27b 回収用ケーシング
28 露光手段
28a レーザー光(光)
30 転写紙
31 定着器
31a 加熱ローラー
31b 加圧ローラー
Claims (10)
- 導電性支持体上に、下引き層、感光層を順次形成してなる電子写真感光体を製造するための下引き層用塗布液が、少なくともバインダー樹脂と、無水二酸化ケイ素で表面処理を施した金属酸化物粒子とを含有することを特徴とする電子写真感光体。
- 前記感光層が、フタロシアニン類を電荷発生物質として含む請求項1に記載の電子写真感光体。
- 前記感光層が、τ型無金属フタロシアニン、X線回折スペクトルにおいてブラック角(2θ±0.2°)27.3°に最大回折ピークを有する結晶型チタニルフタロシアニンおよび少なくともX線回折スペクトルにおいてブラック角(2θ±0.2°)7.3°、9.4°、9.7°、27.3°に回折ピークを示し、9.4°および9.7の回折ピークはいずれも27.3°の回折ピークより大きく、明確な分岐ピークを有し、かつ9.4°に最大回折ピークを有する結晶型チタニルフタロシアニンから選択されるフタロシアニンを電荷発生物質として含む請求項1に記載の電子写真感光体。
- 前記金属酸化物粒子が、酸化チタン微粒子である請求項1に記載の電子写真感光体。
- 前記金属酸化物粒子が、平均一次粒子径20nm~100nmを有する酸化チタン微粒子である請求項1に記載の電子写真感光体。
- 前記金属酸化物粒子が、バインダー樹脂に対して重量割合で、10/90~95/5で用いられている請求項1に記載の電子写真感光体。
- 前記バインダー樹脂が、ポリアミド樹脂であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電子写真感光体。
- 前記下引き層が、膜厚0.05μm~5μmである請求項1に記載の電子写真感光体。
- 前記感光層が、電荷発生層および電荷輸送層からなる積層型感光層の場合、膜厚0.05~5μmの電荷発生層を含む請求項1に記載の電子写真感光体。
- 請求項1に記載の電子写真感光体を搭載することを特徴とした画像形成装置。
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US20110104600A1 (en) * | 2009-10-29 | 2011-05-05 | Kurauchi Takahiro | Electrophotographic photoconductor and image forming apparatus using the same |
US8465890B2 (en) | 2010-08-30 | 2013-06-18 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Electrophotographic photoconductor and image forming apparatus including the same, and coating solution for undercoat layer formation in electrophotographic photoconductor |
US8568946B2 (en) | 2009-03-19 | 2013-10-29 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Electrophotographic photoreceptor and image formation device comprising same |
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CN102356355A (zh) | 2012-02-15 |
US8568946B2 (en) | 2013-10-29 |
CN102356355B (zh) | 2013-07-17 |
JP2010244000A (ja) | 2010-10-28 |
US20120003577A1 (en) | 2012-01-05 |
JP4565047B1 (ja) | 2010-10-20 |
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