WO2004061418A2 - Assay cartridges and methods of using the same - Google Patents

Assay cartridges and methods of using the same Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2004061418A2
WO2004061418A2 PCT/US2003/041241 US0341241W WO2004061418A2 WO 2004061418 A2 WO2004061418 A2 WO 2004061418A2 US 0341241 W US0341241 W US 0341241W WO 2004061418 A2 WO2004061418 A2 WO 2004061418A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
chamber
sample
reagent
assay
cartridge
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2003/041241
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2004061418A3 (en
Inventor
Eli N. Glazer
Jonathan K. Leland
Mark A. Billadeau
Joseph M. Leginus
Bandele Jeffrey-Coker
Jeff D. Debad
Koustubh A. Phalnikar
Sriram Jambunathan
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Meso Scale Technologies LLC
Original Assignee
Meso Scale Technologies LLC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to AU2003302263A priority Critical patent/AU2003302263A1/en
Priority to EP03810079.8A priority patent/EP1583950B1/en
Priority to EP13198399.1A priority patent/EP2711415B1/en
Priority to HK08107106.8A priority patent/HK1117189B/xx
Priority to JP2004565694A priority patent/JP4764010B2/ja
Priority to CN2003801099993A priority patent/CN101098956B/zh
Application filed by Meso Scale Technologies LLC filed Critical Meso Scale Technologies LLC
Priority to CA2511389A priority patent/CA2511389C/en
Publication of WO2004061418A2 publication Critical patent/WO2004061418A2/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Publication of WO2004061418A3 publication Critical patent/WO2004061418A3/en
Priority to AU2011200010A priority patent/AU2011200010B2/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/0046—Sequential or parallel reactions, e.g. for the synthesis of polypeptides or polynucleotides; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making molecular arrays
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
    • B01L3/50—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes
    • B01L3/502—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures
    • B01L3/5027—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures by integrated microfluidic structures, i.e. dimensions of channels and chambers are such that surface tension forces are important, e.g. lab-on-a-chip
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
    • B01L3/50—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes
    • B01L3/502—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures
    • B01L3/5027—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures by integrated microfluidic structures, i.e. dimensions of channels and chambers are such that surface tension forces are important, e.g. lab-on-a-chip
    • B01L3/502715—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures by integrated microfluidic structures, i.e. dimensions of channels and chambers are such that surface tension forces are important, e.g. lab-on-a-chip characterised by interfacing components, e.g. fluidic, electrical, optical or mechanical interfaces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L9/00—Supporting devices; Holding devices
    • B01L9/52—Supports specially adapted for flat sample carriers, e.g. for plates, slides, chips
    • B01L9/527—Supports specially adapted for flat sample carriers, e.g. for plates, slides, chips for microfluidic devices, e.g. used for lab-on-a-chip
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/001—Enzyme electrodes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/75—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated
    • G01N21/76—Chemiluminescence; Bioluminescence
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
    • G01N27/28—Electrolytic cell components
    • G01N27/30—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
    • G01N33/54366—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing
    • G01N33/54373—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing involving physiochemical end-point determination, e.g. wave-guides, FETS, gratings
    • G01N33/5438—Electrodes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
    • A61M25/0017—Catheters; Hollow probes specially adapted for long-term hygiene care, e.g. urethral or indwelling catheters to prevent infections
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
    • B01J2219/00583—Features relative to the processes being carried out
    • B01J2219/00603—Making arrays on substantially continuous surfaces
    • B01J2219/00653—Making arrays on substantially continuous surfaces the compounds being bound to electrodes embedded in or on the solid supports
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
    • B01J2219/00718—Type of compounds synthesised
    • B01J2219/0072—Organic compounds
    • B01J2219/00725—Peptides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
    • B01J2219/00718—Type of compounds synthesised
    • B01J2219/0072—Organic compounds
    • B01J2219/0074—Biological products
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2200/00—Solutions for specific problems relating to chemical or physical laboratory apparatus
    • B01L2200/06—Fluid handling related problems
    • B01L2200/0684—Venting, avoiding backpressure, avoid gas bubbles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2200/00—Solutions for specific problems relating to chemical or physical laboratory apparatus
    • B01L2200/10—Integrating sample preparation and analysis in single entity, e.g. lab-on-a-chip concept
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
    • B01L2300/06—Auxiliary integrated devices, integrated components
    • B01L2300/0627—Sensor or part of a sensor is integrated
    • B01L2300/0645—Electrodes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
    • B01L2300/06—Auxiliary integrated devices, integrated components
    • B01L2300/0681—Filter
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
    • B01L2300/08—Geometry, shape and general structure
    • B01L2300/0809—Geometry, shape and general structure rectangular shaped
    • B01L2300/0816—Cards, e.g. flat sample carriers usually with flow in two horizontal directions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
    • B01L2300/08—Geometry, shape and general structure
    • B01L2300/0861—Configuration of multiple channels and/or chambers in a single devices
    • B01L2300/0867—Multiple inlets and one sample wells, e.g. mixing, dilution
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
    • B01L2300/08—Geometry, shape and general structure
    • B01L2300/0887—Laminated structure
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2400/00—Moving or stopping fluids
    • B01L2400/04—Moving fluids with specific forces or mechanical means
    • B01L2400/0475—Moving fluids with specific forces or mechanical means specific mechanical means and fluid pressure
    • B01L2400/0487—Moving fluids with specific forces or mechanical means specific mechanical means and fluid pressure fluid pressure, pneumatics
    • B01L2400/049—Moving fluids with specific forces or mechanical means specific mechanical means and fluid pressure fluid pressure, pneumatics vacuum
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2400/00—Moving or stopping fluids
    • B01L2400/06—Valves, specific forms thereof
    • B01L2400/0688—Valves, specific forms thereof surface tension valves, capillary stop, capillary break
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
    • B01L3/50—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes
    • B01L3/502—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures
    • B01L3/5029—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures using swabs
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y80/00—Products made by additive manufacturing
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C40—COMBINATORIAL TECHNOLOGY
    • C40B—COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY; LIBRARIES, e.g. CHEMICAL LIBRARIES
    • C40B40/00—Libraries per se, e.g. arrays, mixtures
    • C40B40/04—Libraries containing only organic compounds
    • C40B40/10—Libraries containing peptides or polypeptides, or derivatives thereof
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2458/00—Labels used in chemical analysis of biological material
    • G01N2458/30—Electrochemically active labels
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/483—Physical analysis of biological material
    • G01N33/487—Physical analysis of biological material of liquid biological material
    • G01N33/48707—Physical analysis of biological material of liquid biological material by electrical means
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
    • Y10T436/25—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing including sample preparation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
    • Y10T436/25—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing including sample preparation
    • Y10T436/25375—Liberation or purification of sample or separation of material from a sample [e.g., filtering, centrifuging, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
    • Y10T436/25—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing including sample preparation
    • Y10T436/25375—Liberation or purification of sample or separation of material from a sample [e.g., filtering, centrifuging, etc.]
    • Y10T436/255—Liberation or purification of sample or separation of material from a sample [e.g., filtering, centrifuging, etc.] including use of a solid sorbent, semipermeable membrane, or liquid extraction

Definitions

  • This application relates to apparatuses, systems, kits and methods for conducting chemical, biochemical and/or biological assays on a sample. These apparatuses include assay cartridges and cartridge readers for conducting these assays.
  • the application also describes electrode arrays for use in assays, methods of preparing and using these electrode arrays and diagnostic devices comprising the arrays. These electrode arrays may be incorporated into the cartridges and apparatuses of the invention.
  • the invention relates in part to assay modules, preferably assay cartridges.
  • An assay module of the invention incorporates one or more fluidic components such as compartments, wells, chambers, fluidic conduits, fluid ports/vents, valves, and the like and/or one or more detection components such as electrodes, electrode contacts, sensors (e.g. electrochemical sensors, fluid sensors, mass sensors, optical sensors, capacitive sensors, impedance sensors, optical waveguides, etc.), detection windows (e.g. windows configured to allow optical measurements on samples in the cartridge such as measurements of absorbance, light scattering, light refraction, light reflection, fluorescence, phosphorescence, chemiluminescence, electrochemiluminescence, etc.), and the like.
  • sensors e.g. electrochemical sensors, fluid sensors, mass sensors, optical sensors, capacitive sensors, impedance sensors, optical waveguides, etc.
  • detection windows e.g. windows configured to allow optical measurements on samples in the cartridge such as measurements of absorbance, light scattering, light
  • a module may also comprise reagents for carrying out an assay such as binding reagents, detectable labels, sample processing reagents, wash solutions, buffers, etc.
  • the reagents may be present in liquid form, solid form and/or immobilized on the surface of solid phase supports present in the cartridge, i certain embodiments of the invention, the modules include all the components necessary for carrying out an assay.
  • the invention also includes a module reader adapted to receive the module and carry out certain operations on the module such as controlling fluid movement, supplying power, conducting physical measurements on the cartridge, and the like.
  • the invention also relates, in part, to a method of performing a plurality of
  • At least one of the electrodes is used as a working electrode for measuring
  • At least two of the electrodes are used as a working electrode and,
  • the method uses at least a
  • biochemical assays using a plurality of electrodes is disclosed.
  • the method comprises
  • the measured assay dependent signal is, preferably, selected from
  • second and third electrodes can each have an assay reagent immobilized thereon.
  • each electrode can have a different assay reagent immobilized thereon
  • each assay reagent can be specific for a different analyte of interest.
  • the plurality of electrodes can be arranged within a flow
  • the flow cell can have a flow cell path along which
  • the electrodes may be arranged.
  • the electrodes can be arranged along the path,
  • the electrodes can be arranged such that the first electrode is adjacent the second electrode and the second electrode is adjacent trie tlnrd electrode.
  • the electrodes can be arranged within a single detection chamber. Additionally, the
  • Electrodes may comprise printed carbon ink. Further, the assay reagents may be
  • the electrodes may have electrical leads for
  • the electrical leads may comprise
  • the method may then include the further step of applying an inlet
  • conduit interrogation potential between the exposed surfaces of the electrical leads to
  • the apparatus may comprise a plurality of biochemical assays.
  • the apparatus may comprise a plurality
  • electrodes comprising at least one dedicated working electrode, at least one dual-
  • the dedicated working electrode role electrode and at least one dedicated counter electrode.
  • the dedicated working electrode at least one dedicated counter electrode.
  • dual-role electrodes preferably have deposited thereon an assay reagent.
  • the assay reagent is preferably a binding
  • the plurality of electrodes maybe arranged within a flow cell
  • the dedicated counter electrode is adjacent the
  • the plurality of electrodes are preferably arranged within a single detection chamber.
  • the plurality of electrodes may comprise printed carbon ink.
  • the dedicated working and dual-role electrodes may have assay reagents immobilized thereon within an assay domain defined by a dielectric layer.
  • the dedicated working, dual-role and dedicated counter electrodes preferably have corresponding electrical leads for supplying electrical energy to the electrodes.
  • at least two non-adjacent electrical leads would have an exposed surface located thereon. These exposed surfaces of the electrical leads preferably at least partially define an inlet conduit in fluid communication with a flow cell so that fluid present within the inlet conduit is in electrical contact with the exposed surfaces.
  • the exposed surfaces may be configured to apply an inlet conduit interrogation potential between exposed surfaces to determine the presence or composition of fluid in the inlet conduit.
  • the apparatus is preferably configured such that the applied interrogation potential between exposed surfaces is of insufficient magnitude to induce electrochemiluminescence at the corresponding electrodes.
  • the apparatus can be configured with an optical detector for detecting luminescence generated at the dedicated working and dual-role electrodes.
  • the apparatus may comprise a voltmeter for measuring potentials at the dedicated working and dual-role electrodes.
  • the apparatus may comprise an ammeter for measuring electrical current at said dedicated working and dual-role electrodes.
  • the electrodes are housed in a disposable assay cartridge and the optical detector(s), voltmeter(s), and/or ammeter(s) are housed in a separate re-usable cartridge reader.
  • plurality of assays may comprise a flow cell having an inlet, outlet and a detection
  • the detection chamber preferably comprises a plurality of electrodes
  • Electrodes may comprise carbon ink.
  • the electrodes preferably have a plurality of
  • the cartridge may comprise a second electrode arranged adjacent to the first electrode, the second
  • the cartridge preferably has a detection
  • the detection chamber surface would be transparent. Still further, the cartridge may
  • an optical detector adapted and arranged to detect luminescence from the
  • the optical detector is provided in a separate cartridge
  • the impedance is measured between the two electrodes.
  • measurement step is preferably conducted using electrical energy that is insufficient
  • impedance measurement may be conducted using either a DC impedance
  • the method comprises the steps of dispensing a predetermined
  • the predetermined volume of said assay reagents is preferably
  • centimeter per second centimeter per second
  • predefined assay reagent area is larger than the steady-state spreading area of the
  • the predefined assay reagent area is at least twice the steady-state spreading area of the
  • a fluid dispenser utilizing using a fluid micro-dispenser such as a
  • micro-pipette micro-syringe
  • solenoid valve dispenser piezo-driven dispenser ⁇ ink-jet
  • the assay reagents are preferably substantially free
  • the electrode surface preferably comprises a
  • this difference is at least 10 degrees.
  • the predefined region is preferably
  • dielectric material having dielectric advancing and retreating contact
  • the dielectric retreating contact angle is preferably
  • the electrode surface retreating contact angle is greater than the electrode surface retreating contact angle. More preferably, the
  • dielectric advancing and retreating contact angles are about equal to each other but
  • the dielectric advancing and retreating contact angles are greater (preferably, by more than 10 degrees) than the electrode surface retreating contact angle. Most preferably, the dielectric advancing and retreating contact angles
  • the predetermined volume may
  • a further aspect of the invention relates to a method of adsorbing assay
  • the method may include the steps of washing the
  • the washing step preferably employs a washing solution comprising a surfactant; e.g., sodium bicarbonate
  • non-ionic surfactant selected from the surfactants known by the trade names of Brij,
  • Triton Triton, Tween, Thesit, Lubrol, Genapol, Pluronic (e.g., F108), Tetronic, Tergitol, and
  • the electrode may be rinsed with a surfactant free solution.
  • the electrode is soaked in the surfactant free solution for about one hour.
  • an assay domain comprising an assay reagent is disclosed.
  • an assay domain comprising an assay reagent is disclosed.
  • the adsorbed avidin layer is preferably treated with a solution comprising the
  • the assay reagent being linked to biotin. More preferably, the avidin
  • method may also employ the step of washing the adsorbed avidin layer prior to
  • the surface may be a carbon ink electrode.
  • the predefined region is preferably defined by a boundary adapted to confine the
  • the boundary can be defined by a
  • steps may then be repeated for each of the plurality of assay domains. More
  • the avidin solution is dried on the surface prior to treatment with the assay
  • the method may also employ the step of washing the adsorbed
  • the surface may be a
  • the predefined region is preferably defined by a boundary
  • the assay reagent in each domain may be the same or may be different.
  • reagents that may be used include, but are not limited to, antibodies, fragments of
  • haptens haptens, lipoproteins, liposaccharides, cells, sub-cellular components, cell receptors,
  • pharmacological agents membrane vesicles, lipsomes, organelles, bacteria or
  • the assay reagents are binding reagents capable of
  • Especially preferred assay reagents are antibodies and nucleic acids.
  • the avidin solution for forming one, or a plurality, of assay domains may comprise a polymeric form of avidin.
  • the polymeric form of avidin may be formed by forming a solution of avidin and a cross-linking molecule, the cross-linking molecule preferably having a plurality of biotin groups.
  • the ratio of the cross-linking molecule to avidin is preferably between 0.01 and 0.25.
  • the method of forming an assay domain can preferably include the step of washing the assay domain or plurality of assay domains. More preferably, the wash solution comprises blocking agent, wherein the blocking agent can be a protein or biotin.
  • the invention also relates to assay cartridges employing the electrode arrays and/or binding domains employing these electrode described above (and adapted for carrying out the methods described above for using these arrays and domains) and assay cartridge readers for operating and analyzing these cartridges.
  • the invention also relates to assay systems comprising these cartridges and cartridge readers.
  • the cartridges and readers preferably, comprise the necessary fluidics and control systems for moving sample and reagent fluids, collecting waste fluids, removing and/or introducing bubbles from liquid reagents and/or samples, conducing physical measurements on the samples and/or extracting samples.
  • the invention also relates to assays cartridges comprising a sample chamber preferably having a sealable closure, an optional waste chamber and a detection chamber (preferably, a detection chamber having one or more binding domains having immobilized binding reagents, more preferably, one or more binding domains on one or more electrodes, most preferably an electrode array of the invention as described above).
  • the detection chamber is connected to the sample chamber via a sample conduit and, if present, to the waste chamber via a waste conduit.
  • sample chamber vent port connected the sample chamber and/or a sample chamber vent port connected the sample chamber and/or a sample chamber vent port connected the sample chamber and/or a sample chamber vent port connected the sample chamber and/or a sample chamber vent port connected the sample chamber and/or a sample chamber vent port connected the sample chamber and/or a sample chamber vent port connected the sample chamber and/or a sample chamber vent port connected the sample chamber and/or a sample chamber vent port connected the sample chamber and/or a sample chamber vent port connected the sample chamber and/or a sample chamber vent port connected the sample chamber and/or a sample chamber vent port connected the sample chamber and/or a sample chamber vent port connected the sample chamber and/or a sample chamber vent port connected the sample chamber and/or a sample chamber vent port connected the sample chamber and/or a sample chamber vent port connected the sample chamber and/or a sample chamber vent port connected the sample chamber and/or a sample chamber vent port connected the sample chamber and/or a sample chamber vent port connected the sample chamber and/or a sample chamber vent port connected the sample
  • the sample can include a
  • the capillary break preferably a z-transition.
  • the z-transition preferably includes a fluid
  • conduit segment that comiects two planar fluidic networks of the cartridge.
  • capillary break may alternatively comprise a double z-transition.
  • an assay cartridge that includes: a vented sample
  • a detection chamber preferably, a detection chamber having one or more binding
  • domains having immobilized binding reagents more preferably, one or more binding
  • one or more fluidic networks may be defined within
  • the cartridge's body by one or more cover layers mated to a side of the cartridge body.
  • a second cover layer, or set of cover layers, may be mated to a second side of the
  • first and second side fluidic networks being in fluidic
  • networks may be defined, at least in part, by recesses in the cartridge body and/or
  • At least one of the fluidic networks may be defined, at least
  • transition may comprise, in series, first, second, third, fourth and fifth sample conduit
  • each of the segments being connected at an angle to the adjacent segments and the segments being oriented so that the first and fifth segments are in the first
  • the third segment is in the second fluidic network and the second
  • the assay cartridge may comprise a dry reagent in the sample
  • the dry reagent may comprise, e.g., a labeled binding reagent, a blocking
  • the assay cartridge may comprise an air vent port connected to
  • the assay cartridge may comprise
  • the reagent chamber may comprise a liquid
  • reagent which may optionally be contained within a reagent ampoule in the reagent
  • the reagent chamber conduit may also be connected to an air vent port.
  • the reagent conduit may include a dry reagent; the dry reagent may comprise,
  • a labeled binding reagent e.g., a labeled binding reagent, a blocking agent, an ECL coreactant and/or an
  • the liquid reagent may be, e.g., a wash buffer, an extraction buffer, an assay diluent and/or an ECL read buffer.
  • extraction buffer is, preferably, nitrous acid or a nitrate salt.
  • the detection chambers in the cartridges of the invention preferably include an
  • the detection chamber may
  • the assay cartridge may further comprise a second waste
  • the assay cartridge may also comprise a second detection chamber
  • portion of one of the cover layers may be substantially transparent to allow the
  • the cover layers may have a first region comprising a
  • the cartridge may also have two second side cover layers defining
  • the dry reagents may be on
  • an assay cartridge for analyzing a sample for analyzing a sample
  • an applicator stick comprising a shaft and a sample collection head
  • a sample chamber having an elongated cavity that has a first elongated
  • the angle is preferably between 30
  • the cross-sectional area of the cavity is less than 2 times the width of the applicator stick head.
  • the cartridge also may
  • a first detection chamber preferably, a detection
  • sample chamber by a first sample conduit.
  • the sample chamber is connected to the
  • a filter may optionally be included between the sample chamber and the sample conduit.
  • sample and extraction reagent conduits may be connected to and arranged along the
  • the extraction reagent preferably, comprises nitrous acid or a
  • a wash reagent for holding a wash reagent and a detection chamber (preferably, a detection
  • reagent chamber and the waste chamber are connected to the detection chamber via a
  • the waste chamber may be connected to the detection chamber via a waste conduit and the wash reagent
  • the method generally comprises moving the
  • reagent is reconstituted in the sample and a sample slug having a predetermined
  • volume is moved into the detection chamber and then into the waste chamber.
  • Reagent is then moved into the detection chamber and a signal is measured.
  • the step of moving the sample into the sample conduit may involve opening
  • sample slug may be moved into the detection chamber by opening the air vent port
  • Moving the reagent may
  • moving the reagent may also comprise opening
  • the assay may be a binding assay where the detection chamber comprises one
  • immobilized binding reagents and the first dry reagent comprises one or more
  • the signal may be an electrochemiluminescent signal
  • the detection chamber further comprises electrodes, the one or more labeled
  • binding reagents can comprise one or more electrochemiluminescent labels and the first reagent may comprise an electrochemiluminescence coreactant.
  • sample back and forth over the dry reagent.
  • the slug of sample may be
  • Moving fluids back and forth can be accomplished by opening the air or sample chamber vent port and alternating between applying positive and negative pressure at the waste chamber vent port.
  • Selective control of fluid movement may be attained by moving sample and/or reagent for predetermined periods of time.
  • some embodiments may move sample and/or reagent until the sample and/or reagent reach predetermined locations
  • certain embodiments may use fluid sensors to detennine when the sample and/or reagent reach the predetermined locations.
  • the slug of sample may be mixed in the detection chamber by moving the slug back and forth within the detection chamber, h certain embodiments the sample conduit and/or reagent conduit
  • z-transition may comprise a z-transition that act as a capillary break.
  • the method may also comprise adding the sample to the sample chamber through a sample introduction port and sealing the sample introduction port.
  • the invention includes embodiments where the sample is a liquid sample and/or the sample contains a solid matrix.
  • the method may also be utilized where the sample chamber is connected to the sample chamber vent through an extraction chamber containing an extraction reagent.
  • the cartridge based assay method may be carried out on a cartridge having a second vented waste chamber and a second detection chamber connected to the sample chamber by a second sample conduit branch containing a second dry reagent and to the second waste chamber by a second waste conduit.
  • the method would further comprise moving the sample from the sample chamber into the second sample conduit branch, reconstituting the second dry reagent in the sample, moving a second slug of sample having a predetermined volume into the second detection chamber, moving the second slug in the second detection
  • the reagent conduit may also comprise a third dry reagent.
  • Other embodiments may employ a second reagent chamber containing a second reagent, wherein the second reagent chamber is connected to the sample conduit or the first reagent conduit tlirough a second reagent conduit and the second reagent is moved into the detection chamber.
  • Still other embodiments of a method for performing a cartridge based assay may comprise the steps of moving the sample from the sample chamber into the first sample conduit, reconstituting the first dry reagent in the sample, moving a slug of the sample into the first detection chamber, moving the sample in the first detection chamber into the waste chamber, moving the reagent into the detection chamber and measuring a signal from the detection chamber.
  • Such a method may utilize a cartridge having a detection chamber that has an elongated dimension where the sample and reagent conduits connect to the detection chamber at substantially opposite ends of the detection along the elongated dimension. Additionally, the method may be perfonned such that the sample slug moves through the detection chamber along a path in a forward direction and the reagent moves through the detection chamber along the path
  • the method may be performed on a cartridge having second waste and detection chambers where the second detection chamber is connected to the first detection chamber conduit by a second reagent chamber conduit and to the second waste chamber by a second waste conduit.
  • the method may include the step of moving the reagent into the second detection chamber and measuring a signal from the second detection chamber.
  • a method for preparing a sample for analysis may include the steps of inserting an applicator stick, which has a shaft and a sample collection head, used to collect a sample into a cartridge having a
  • the breaking step may be carried out by applying a force perpendicular to the shaft.
  • the sample chamber may include force focusing elements.
  • a sample for analysis may have a sample chamber that has an elongated cavity, the
  • elongated cavity comprising a first elongated region and a second elongated region
  • inserting step of a method using such an assay cartridge may comprise pushing the
  • the applicator stick breaks at a
  • the weak point located on shaft.
  • the weak point is located between
  • the cartridge may comprise a filter. Still further, the cartridge may have a bubble trap chamber
  • the method may further include the step of
  • the step of removing bubbles may comprise maintaining the sample liquid in the bubble trap for a sufficient amount of
  • the bubble trap chamber may be interposed between the sample conduit
  • the detection chamber may have an inlet connected to the sample conduit and
  • removing bubbles may comprise maintaining the sample liquid in the bubble trap for a
  • an assay system may
  • kit may comprise an assay cartridge in
  • the applicator stick of such a kit may have a predefined weak point.
  • the invention also relates to cartridge readers adapted to control and carryout
  • Fig. la depicts a simplified pictorial representation of a cartridge-based assay
  • Fig. lb depicts one embodiment of an assay cartridge having two detection
  • Fig. lc illustrates an exploded assembly of one embodiment of an electrode
  • Fig. 2 is a pictorial representation of an electrode anay having matched
  • Figs. 3a-3e illustrate various configurations of an electrodes anay for use with
  • Figs. 3f-3g illustrate two possible configurations of an electrode anay
  • Fig. 4 depicts the electrode anay of Fig. 3a in one embodiment of an assay
  • Fig. 5 is an image of electrochemiluminescence emitted from an electrode
  • Figs. 6a and 6b are images of electrochemiluminescence from electrode anays
  • Fig. 7a illustrates the use of a localized washing apparatus having concentric
  • Fig. 7b is a cross-sectional view of the localized washing apparatus depicted in
  • Fig. 8 plots the contact angle of drops of fluid on carbon ink and dielectric ink
  • Fig. 9 is a schematic representation of one embodiment of an assay cartridge
  • Fig. 10 depicts the fluidic network in accordance with the schematic
  • Figs, lla- llc are top, bottom and isometric views, respectively, of the assay
  • Fig. 11a illustrates the fluidic networks formed on one side of the
  • Fig. 1 lb illustrates the fluidic network formed on the other side of the
  • Fig. 12 is a bottom view of the assay cartridge of Fig. 9 illustrating one
  • prefened layout for fluidic detectors to detect/monitor fluid movement For fluidic detectors to detect/monitor fluid movement.
  • Fig. 13a is an exploded assembly drawing illustrating the laminar assemblage
  • Fig. 13b is a detail drawing of the gasket and electrode anay cover layer
  • Fig. 14a is a schematic representation of another embodiment of an assay
  • Fig. 14b is an exploded assembly drawing illustrating the laminar assemblage
  • Fig. 14c is a detail drawing of the gasket and electrode anay cover layer
  • Fig. 15a is a top view of the upper cartridge component of the assay cartridge
  • Figs. 16a and 16b are top and bottom views, respectively, of the lower cartridge component of the assay cartridge depicted in Fig. 14b.
  • Fig. 17 is a bottom view of the assay cartridge of Fig. 14b illustrating one
  • prefened layout for fluidic detectors to detect/monitor fluid movement For fluidic detectors to detect/monitor fluid movement.
  • Figs. 18a and 18b are top and bottom isometric views, respectively, depicting
  • Fig. 19 is a bottom view of the upper cartridge component of the assay
  • Fig. 20 is a bottom isometric view of an alternative assay cartridge
  • Fig. 21 is an isometric view of the assay cartridge depicted in Fig. 14b having
  • Fig. 22 illustrates one embodiment for a drop-in assay reagent blister pack
  • Fig. 24 illustrates one prefened valve configuration for the assay cartridge
  • Fig. 25 is the schematic representation shown in Fig. 14a depicting the
  • Figs. 26a through 26c illustrate one prefened manner of operating the assay cartridge depicted in Fig. 25.
  • Fig. 27 is a cross-sectional view of a sample chamber having an integral vent
  • Fig. 28 is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a sample chamber for extracting analyte from a solid or solid-containing matrix.
  • Fig. 29 is a cross-section view of an alternative embodiment of a sample chamber for extracting analyte from a solid or solid-containing matrix incorporating force focusing elements.
  • Fig. 30 is a cross-section view of another embodiment of a sample chamber for extracting analyte from a solid or solid-containing matrix incorporating a two-region, or compound, sample chamber.
  • Fig. 31 is a cross-sectional view depicting one embodiment of a bubble trap chamber.
  • Fig. 32 is a schematic representation of another embodiment of an assay cartridge illustrating various fluidic components.
  • Fig. 33 is an exploded assembly drawing illustrating the laminar assemblage for a two-piece, extraction assay cartridge in accordance with the schematic diagram given in Fig. 32.
  • Fig. 34 depicts a cutaway exploded view of one prefened design for a cartridge reader.
  • the present invention includes apparatuses, electrodes, electrode anays,
  • the invention includes assay modules (e.g., assay cartridges,
  • assay plates etc. having one or more assay cells (e.g., wells, compartments,
  • an assay dependent signal such as an electrochemical or preferably an electrode
  • assay domains are supported on assay
  • electrodes preferably, an anay of assay electrodes, most preferably a one dimensional
  • domains are, optionally, defined by a dielectric layer deposited on the electrodes.
  • assay modules preferably, have one or more attributes that make them suitable for use
  • the assay module may comprise the necessary electronic components and/or
  • active mechanical components for carrying out an assay measurement e.g., one or
  • the reader would also have the appropriate electrical, fluidic and/or optical connections to the assay module for carrying out an assay on the assay module.
  • the assay module can be designed to be low cost and
  • assay reader would comprise inserting the cartridge in the reader, making the
  • the sample is preferably introduced into the cartridge.
  • the assay may also involve
  • reagents are stored in the cartridge in a dry and/or wet form.
  • the invention also includes methods of preparing the assay modules
  • the invention also includes methods for washing assay domains to
  • the assay flow cell comprises a chamber
  • anay of electrodes is patterned on an internal surface of the chamber.
  • electrode anay is, preferably, light-transmissive so as to allow for the detection of
  • Electrodes comprise assay reagents immobilized on the electrode. These assay domains are used to carry out
  • these assay reagents are
  • the fluid inlet comprises a fluid inlet line that
  • the electrodes in the assay cartridge are patterned in a one
  • the anay and or fluid path are, preferably, in a
  • linear anangement although other shapes (e.g., arcs, curves, zig-zags, etc. may also be
  • the length of the flow path along the direction of flow is greater than the
  • the active area of the electrode takes up a
  • width of the flow path preferably greater than 60%, more
  • working electrodes e.g., working electrodes having binding domains used for
  • the electrodes are
  • the interior electrodes in the one-dimensional electrode anay being used as working electrodes for inducing
  • the assay cartridges of the invention may comprise a plurality of flow cells or
  • the flow cell may comprise the
  • flow cells may be used to analyze a plurality of different samples or to compare
  • cells may be a control flow cell used to analyze a control sample and another of the
  • flow cells may be a test flow cell used to analyze a test sample.
  • the control sample may be a test flow cell used to analyze a test sample.
  • control sample may be a completely pre-defined control sample or may be a mixture comprising the
  • test sample but spiked with added analytes of interest so as to allow for calibration of
  • the assays by the method of standard addition.
  • the assays by the method of standard addition.
  • assay cartridge has at least two flow cells that have assay domains for two different
  • such a cartridge may be used to separately perform
  • Fig. la depicts a simplified schematic of a cartridge-based biochemical
  • a system housing e.g., cartridge reader 105, would include an optical detector 110 and
  • detector 110 for processing.
  • the system would preferably contain support subsystems
  • storage subsystem for storing instructions
  • acquisition/preprocessing/storage subsystem for sample handling; fluidic handling subsystem for handling the reagents, sample, waste, etc. and for providing tluids to the
  • Electrodes 135,136,137 and a control subsystem for controlling and coordinating
  • optical detection signal
  • one prefened embodiment would use an electrode anay that
  • FIG. lb depicts in greater detail one possible embodiment for
  • chambers 155,156 each contain a bank of nine individually addressable electrodes
  • sensors 172,173 that maybe used fluid detection (e.g., sample, reagents, wash, buffer,
  • fluid discrimination e.g., discriminating between sample, reagents, wash, buffer, etc. and/or sample type such as whole blood, plasma, mucous, etc.
  • Fig. lc is an assembly schematic for one prefened embodiment illustrating the
  • electrode anay 176 (preferably, comprised of carbon ink) is
  • a dielectric layer 177 is preferably applied over the electrode layer to define the assay domains 190 and the impedance sensors 191.
  • electrical contacts 182 could be printed on the opposing side of the
  • Cartridge component 178 is, preferably, mated with a second cartridge
  • the second cartridge component has channels or apertures ananged on
  • detection chambers over the electrode anays e.g., as illustrated by detection chambers
  • cartridge component has channels on the mating surface that form flow cells over the
  • component 178 and an opposing surface and wells defined by the second
  • the channels may also be used to form other fluidic paths such as fluidic
  • These channels may, e.g., be molded or cut into
  • gasket material preferably, double sided adhesive tape
  • second component has apertures in the mating surface that form wells when mated to
  • an assay cartridge has minimal or
  • assay cartridge may be introduced into a cartridge reader which provides these
  • a reader may have electronic circuitry for applying electrical
  • the reader may have one or more light detectors for measuring luminescence generated at assay electrodes.
  • Light detectors that may be used include, but are not limited to photomultiplier tubes, avalanche photodiodes, photodiodes, photodiode anays, CCD chips, CMOS chips, film.
  • the light detector may be comprised within an optical detection system that also comprise lenses, filters, shutters, apertures, fiber optics, light guides, etc.
  • the reader may also have pumps, valves, heaters, sensors, etc. for providing fluids to the cartridge, verifying the presence of fluids and/or maintaining the fluids at an appropriate controlled temperature.
  • the reader may be used to store and provide assay reagents, either onboard the reader itself or from separate assay reagent bottles or an assay reagent storage device.
  • the reader may also have cartridge handling systems such as motion controllers for moving the cartridge in and out of the reader.
  • the reader may have a microprocessor for controlling the mechanical and/or electronic subsystems, analyzing the acquired data and/or providing a graphical user interface (GUI).
  • GUI graphical user interface
  • the cartridge reader may also comprise electrical, mechanical and/or optical connectors for connecting to the cartridge.
  • Electrodes in the present invention are preferably comprised of a conductive material.
  • the electrode may comprise a metal such as gold, silver, platinum, nickel, steel, iridium, copper, aluminum, a conductive alloy, or the like.
  • They may also comprise oxide coated metals (e.g. aluminum oxide coated aluminum).
  • Electrodes may comprise non-metallic conductors such as conductive forms of
  • Electrodes may also be comprised of semiconducting materials
  • ITO indium tin oxide
  • Electrodes may also be comprised of mixtures
  • Such mixtures may include conductive or
  • electrode materials are substantially free of silicone-based materials.
  • Electrodes used in assay modules of the
  • Preferable materials for working electrodes are materials able to induce
  • alkyl amines such as tripropyl amine.
  • Examples of such prefened materials include
  • electrodes are comprised of carbon-based materials such as carbon,
  • carbon black graphitic carbon, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibrils, graphite, carbon
  • fibers and mixtures thereof may be comprised of conductive
  • carbon-polymer composites carbon-polymer composites, conductive particles dispersed in a matrix (e.g. carbon
  • embodiment of the invention is an assay module, preferably an assay cartridge, having
  • electrodes e.g., working and/or counter electrodes
  • carbon preferably carbon
  • carbon layers more preferably screen-printed layers of carbon inks.
  • carbon inks include materials produced by Acheson Colloids Co. (e.g., Acheson 440B, 423ss, PF407A, PF407C, PM-003A, 30D071, 435A, Electrodag 505SS, and
  • Advanced Conductive Materials e.g.,
  • Compounds hie e.g., C-100
  • Ercon hie e.g., G-451, G-449 and 150401.
  • the electrodes of the invention comprise
  • carbon fibrils The terms “carbon fibrils”, “carbon nanotubes”, single wall nanotubes,
  • SWNT singlewall nanotubes
  • MWNT multiwall nanotubes
  • graphitic nanotubes graphitic fibrils
  • 5,165,909; and 5,171,560 are particularly advantageous. They may have diameters
  • carbon fibril may be approximately between about 7 and 25 nm, and a typical range of
  • Carbon fibrils may also have a single layer of
  • Electrodes of the invention carbon atoms and diameters in the range of 1 nm - 2 nm. Electrodes of the invention
  • a fibril may comprise one or more carbon fibrils, e.g., in the form of a fibril mat, a fibril
  • a fibril ink e.g., a conductive composite comprising
  • Electrodes may be formed into patterns by a molding process (i.e., during
  • Electrodes may be self
  • adhesive films paper, backings, meshes, felts, fibrous materials, gels, solids (e.g.
  • the support, or substrate may be rigid or flexible,
  • the support is flat or deformed, transparent, translucent, opaque or reflective.
  • the support is flat or deformed, transparent, translucent, opaque or reflective.
  • Electrode materials comprises a flat sheet of plastic such as acetate or polystyrene. Electrode materials
  • electrodes maybe patterned using photolithographic techniques (e.g., established
  • electrodes are comprised of extruded films of
  • electrodes In another prefened embodiment, electrodes
  • Electrodes are comprised of a screen printed conducting ink deposited on a substrate. Electrodes
  • printed carbon ink electrodes are printed over a conducting metal ink (e.g., silver ink)
  • electrode leads (preferably less than 1.5 cm, more preferably less than 1.0 cm) that are
  • the electrode surface (preferably a working electrode surface of an assay module or assay plate) is bounded
  • dielectric surface by a dielectric surface, the dielectric surface being raised or lowered (preferably,
  • the dielectric boundary is higher, relative to the
  • electrode surface by 0.5 -100 micrometers, or more preferably by 2-30 micrometers,
  • boundary has a sharply defined edge (i.e., providing a steep boundary wall and/or a
  • the first electrode surface has an advancing contact angle for water
  • the dielectric boundary may be used to confine a reagent
  • the dielectric boundary is formed by printing a patterned dielectric ink
  • Electrodes may be modified by chemical or mechanical treatment to improve
  • the surface maybe treated to introduce functional groups for immobilization of reagents or to enhance its adsorptive properties.
  • the treatment may also be used to influence properties of the electrode surface, e.g., the
  • electromagnetic radiation ionizing radiation
  • plasmas or chemical reagents such as
  • the electrodes may be particularly beneficial by increasing the roughness and therefore
  • conductive particles or fibers e.g., carbon particles or fibrils
  • selective etching of the polymer may be used to expose the conductive
  • One particularly useful embodiment is the modification of the electrode, and
  • Plasma treatment may
  • useful plasmas include oxygen, nitrogen,
  • Oxygen plasmas are especially prefened for exposing carbon particles in carbon-polymer
  • Oxygen plasmas may also be used to introduce carboxylic acids
  • ammonia-contaimng plasmas may be used to introduce amino acids
  • untreated electrodes it may be preferable to use untreated electrodes. For example, we have found that it is
  • TPA tripropyl amine
  • contact angle for water allows reagents to be adsorbed on the electrode by application
  • assays may also be carried out on unetched carbon ink electrodes despite the presence
  • electrode surface may not be easily wettable by aqueous solutions.
  • Triton X-100® allows for the spreading of protein solutions
  • micrometers 100 micrometers, or more preferably 2-30 micrometers, or most preferably 8-12
  • non-ionic detergents such as Triton X-100® are used to
  • reagents e.g., capture reagents
  • especially unetched carbon ink electrodes may exhibit some variability due to
  • dielectric e.g., by migration of components of the dielectric ink on to the electrode
  • Electrodes surfaces may be employed wherein the electrode surfaces are soaked in an aqueous 0.5% Triton X-100 solution for several hours, subsequently rinsed with deionized
  • the Triton solution preferably removes the contaminants from the surface and the
  • deionized water removes the adsorbed surfactant. This method of decontamination is
  • Fig. 6 demonstrates the results of the decontamination procedure. Specifically,
  • Fig. 6 depicts images of ECL from an ECL label over carbon ink electrodes
  • Fig. 6a is the ECL
  • Fig. 6b is the ECL image after decontamination
  • Electrodes can be derivatized with chemical functional groups that can be used
  • Electrodes may be prepared with chemical functional
  • succinimide (NHS)- esters poly-(ethylene glycols), thiols, alkyl ((CH ) n ) groups,
  • Certain chemical functional groups e.g., COOH, OH,
  • NH , SH, activated carboxyls may be used to couple reagents to electrodes.
  • immobilization and bioconjugation techniques see G.
  • NHS-ester groups are used to attach other organic radicals
  • nucleophilic chemical functional group e.g., an amino acid or an organic radical
  • nucleophilic chemical functional group is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N
  • biomolecules examples include, but are not limited to, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids, amino acids
  • ECL may be attached to the electrode via NHS-ester groups.
  • ECL ECL
  • One or more chemical moieties that reduce or prevent non-specific binding are provided.
  • blocking groups may be present in, on, or in proximity to an
  • Such moieties e.g., PEG moieties and/or charged residues (e.g., phosphates, ammonium ions), may be attached to or coated on the electrode.
  • useful blocking reagents include proteins (e.g., serum albumins and
  • immunoglobins include nucleic acids, polyethylene oxides, polypropylene oxides, block copolymers of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide, polyethylene imines and
  • detergents or surfactants e.g., classes of non-ionic detergents/surfactants known by
  • Materials used in electrodes may be treated with surfactants to reduce non ⁇
  • electrodes may be treated with surfactants and/or
  • Plenum Press may be used instead of and/or in conjunction with surfactants and/or
  • bovine serum albumin BSA
  • casein immunoglobulin G
  • IgG immunosorbent assay reagent
  • biomolecules or other assay reagents to carbon-
  • enzymes enzymes, enzyme substrates, inhibitors, cofactors, antigens, haptens, lipoproteins,
  • liposaccharides cytochrometics, cells, sub-cellular components, cell receptors, viruses, nucleic acids,
  • antigens lipids, glycoproteins, carbohydrates, peptides, amino acids, hormones, protein-binding ligands, pharmacological agents, and/or combinations thereot. it may
  • non-biological entities such as, but not limited to polymers
  • elastomers elastomers, gels, coatings, ECL tags, redox active species (e.g., tripropylamine,
  • oxalates inorganic materials, chelating agents, linkers, etc.
  • biological materials e.g., proteins
  • carbon-containing materials e.g., carbon-containing materials
  • biological membranes e.g., cells, cell
  • membranes membranes, membrane fragments, membrane vesicles, lipsomes, organelles, viruses,
  • bacteria, etc. may be directly adsorbed on carbon without destroying the activity of
  • Electrodes used in the assay modules are, preferably, non-porous, however, in
  • porous electrodes e.g., mats of carbon
  • electrode surface e.g., to increase the kinetics of binding of molecules in solution to
  • Prefened assay modules may use dielectric inks, films or other electrically
  • dielectrics insulating materials
  • inventions may be used to prevent electrical connectivity between electrodes, to define patterned regions, to adhere materials together (i.e., as adhesives), to support
  • Dielectrics are non-conducting and advantageously non- porous (i.e., do not permit transmission of materials) and resistant to dissolving or
  • the dielectrics in the present invention may be liquids, gels, solids or
  • materials dispersed in a matrix They may be deposited in uncured form and cured to
  • dielectrics include polymers, photoresists, plastics, adhesives, gels, glasses, non-resists, plastics, adhesives, gels, glasses, non-resists, plastics, adhesives, gels, glasses, non-resists, plastics, adhesives, gels, glasses, non-resists, plastics, adhesives, gels, glasses, non-resists
  • thermoplastics Preferably, dielectric materials of the invention are substantially free
  • non-conducting inks examples include UN curable dielectrics such as
  • Acheson Colloids Co. e.g., Acheson 451SS, 452SS, PF-455,
  • Nazdar e.g., Nazdar GS2081 3400SPL
  • E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. e.g.,
  • Dielectrics in accordance with certain prefened embodiments, may be
  • Patterns are affixed with adhesives, glues, solvents or by use of mechanical fasteners.
  • holes in dielectric layers may be formed by molding processes (i.e., during molding processes).
  • Dielectrics may be deposited and/or etched in patterns through the use of established photolithographic techniques (e.g., techniques used in
  • a dielectric ink is deposited on a substrate by printing (e.g., inkjet
  • the screen printed dielectric is UN curable allowing for improved edge
  • conducting polymeric film is affixed to a support using an adhesive.
  • the dielectric film preferably has a thickness
  • ECL-based assays can also benefit from novel approaches to induce ECL.
  • the working electrode and a counter electrode are, preferably, spaced
  • the detection chambers e.g., detection chamber 341
  • working electrodes e.g., working electrode 315
  • single, common counter electrode 311 the working electrodes and the single, common counter electrode 311.
  • the relative size and spacing ot each wort ⁇ ng electrode-
  • ananged in a one dimensional anay the anay being preferably ananged along the
  • the common counter elecfrode is also, preferably aligned
  • the electrode surface area in contact with the detection is the electrode surface area in contact with the detection
  • chamber is defined by an aperture in a dielectric film deposited on the electrode layer
  • an electrode pair-wise firing scheme can be
  • firing scheme or electrode-pairing scheme, would preferably employ a sacrificial, or
  • a working electrode potential e.g., a potential sufficient to generate
  • Figs. 3a - 3e depict possible alternative configurations for electrode anays
  • FIG. 3a illustrates a single bank of elecfrodes
  • a single detection chamber 340 that can be used in one or more detection chambers (a single detection chamber 340 is
  • the electrodes are preferably ananged in a one
  • chamber is defined by an aperture in a dielectric film deposited on the electrode layer
  • electrode 310 may be
  • electrodes 305-309 maybe configured as the dedicated counter electrode
  • the dual-role electrodes and electrode 315 may be configured as the dedicated electrodes
  • the electrode bank has impedance sensors 325 on leads to the
  • the impedance sensors are defined by apertures in a
  • FIG. 3b depicts an
  • impedance sensors to be placed on each of the electrical leads so as to allow
  • Figs. 3c - 3e illustrate configurations employing multiple detection chambers.
  • FIGs. 3c and 3d depict two detection chambers employing two banks of
  • Fig. 3d illustrates a configuration wherein the electrodes for one set of
  • Impedance sensors may
  • each detection chamber can be placed on each lead since each detection chamber can be alternately processed; i.e.,
  • Fig. 3e depicts an embodiment utilizing four detection chambers. It should be
  • FIG. 3e depicts an electrode anay employing a single, common
  • the electrode anays depicted in Figures 3a-3g are supported on a
  • the detection chambers are, preferably,
  • ECL fired CE denotes the ECL from the working elecfrode when paired with a
  • At least one of the electrodes will operate as a dedicated counter
  • Electrodes 402-407 will have assay reagents immobilized thereon; electrodes
  • Electrodes 402-406 are to be used as dual-role electrodes and electrode 407 is to be used as a
  • the electrodes are preferably
  • the dedicated counter electrode 401 will be used first in
  • dual-role electrode 402 will be operated as a counter
  • electrode 403 will be operated as a working electrode to perform the desired assay at
  • role electrode 406 as a counter electrode and dedicated working electrode 407 as a
  • the electrode pairs used in a specific firing are adjacent each other (i.e.,
  • the problems are often greatest when using electrodes comprising thin layers of only moderately conductive materials such as carbon inks.
  • the problem may be partially
  • moderately conductive material such as a carbon ink is increased by printing it over a more conductive material such as a silver ink) although this approach
  • the problem may be partially mitigated in systems having multiple assay elecfrodes by keeping the leads short (preferably, so that the resistance between the electrode and the electrical contact is less than 500 ohms, more preferably less than 300 ohms, most preferably less than 100 ohms) to minimize the voltage drop and by keeping the leads about the same length to make the voltage drop consistent from electrode to electrode.
  • the variability from electrode to electrode in the voltage drop across the electrode leads is preferably smaller than the potential applied during the course of an assay measurement so that this variability has minimal effect on the variability of the measurements.
  • the variability in voltage drop across the leads is less than 20% of the potential applied during the course of an assay measurement, more preferably less than 10% or most preferably less than 2%.
  • the uniformity in leads can be described in terms of the variation in resistance across the leads which is preferably less than 50 ohms, more preferably less than 10 ohms, most preferably less than 1 ohm.
  • the matching of lead resistances can be accomplished by geometrically matching the length-to-width ratio of each electrode lead (assuming consistent print thickness). This length-to-width ratio is refened to hereinafter as the "number of squares".
  • the electrode leads are on the order of 4 to 5 squares.
  • Commercially available inks typically have ink resistances that are specified in resistance per square per thickness (e.g., ohms/square/mil) and can vary widely depending on the ink selected.
  • a carbon ink is used that possesses an ink resistance that measures approximately 15 ohms/square/mil.
  • the total resistance measured from end-to-end across a lead for one prefened embodiment is typically on the order of 450 ohms for a configuration utilizing a 5 squares lead.
  • Fig. 2 depicts one prefened embodiment of an addressable electrode anay for generating ECL that can be incorporated into a cartridge-based form factor having the requisite provisioning for sample/reagent mixing/delivery.
  • contacts 205 and leads 210 are used to allow electrodes 215 in the addressable electrode anay to be controlled by a control unit (not shown) adapted to contact, or mate, with the cartridge. Since the resistance across leads 210 represents a large fraction of the total cell resistance during an assay measurement, it is preferable to match the resistance across each lead as closely as possible.
  • the length of the leads varies according to the positioning of the electrodes and contacts, however, the width is varied so that the length to width ratio of the leads is kept constant so as to provide a uniform lead resistance (the widths in the figure are not to scale and have been exaggerated for emphasis) .
  • the electrode anay may advantageously also be used for detecting the presence of fluid, for the detection of trapped air and/or for the identification of sample type.
  • an impedance Preferably, an impedance
  • the measurement may be used to monitor the state of the cell during the cartridge routine.
  • the measurement may assess whether there is trapped air on or above an electrode during incubation and after the wash step.
  • the impedance measurement may also allow usage of the electrode anay to distinguish different sample types drawn into the cartridge, e.g., differentiate between samples of urine, saliva, serum, plasma, or whole blood, and make any necessary adjustments that may be needed.
  • the advantages associated with utilizing the electrode anay to monitor cartridge operations by performing impedance measurements can be many fold.
  • use of the electrode anay in this manner affords a non-destructive measurement to be made since application of low voltage DC or, preferably, AC waveforms can be carried out with no effect on the subsequent ECL measurement.
  • the impedance measurement performed by the electrode anay is relatively fast compared to other cartridge operations. Still further, the impedance measurement performed by the electrode anay is very precise and can preferably be used in conjunction with other sensors; e.g., pressure, optical, etc..
  • the electrodes located in the region where detection is to be made behave like a series RC circuit.
  • the location of the air with respect to the electrodes is important.
  • a resistance measurement can be utilized to provide an indicator that is sensitive to air trapped in the bulk solution and at the electrode/solution interface.
  • a capacitance measurement can be employed to provide an indicator that is primarily sensitive to air trapped at the interface.
  • the electrochemical cunent during an ECL measurement may be used to detect trapped air during the ECL measurement, however, this measurement would not provide information related to trapped air during the sample entry and incubation phases and would not allow conective steps to be taken before the ECL measurement.
  • the pertinent capacitance is the double layer capacitance. Since the parallel plate capacitance is insignificant at frequencies below about 1 MHz, it is preferably ignored. Each electrode has a double layer capacitance. It is noted that the double layer capacitance is not a true capacitor, as it does exhibit a small frequency dependence.
  • the capacitance is primarily affected by changes at the interface (e.g., changes in the effective area of an electrode due to the trapping of an air bubble on the electrode surface), and not by the bulk; the capacitance is therefore preferably used to detect air bubbles at the electrode/solution interfaces.
  • the capacitance measurement uses an AC voltage input with a frequency between 10-40,000 Hz, more preferably between 20- 2000 Hz, more preferably between 50-400 Hz, most preferably around 200 Hz.
  • Other factors besides trapped air e.g., enors in the printing of the electrodes, may change the effective area of an electrode and thus the measured capacitance.
  • the measurement of capacitance can be used to check for these factors as well as for bubbles and can be used to trigger enor flags if the capacitance values fall out of an acceptable range or, alternatively, to allow for normalization of the reported ECL signal to compensate for the actual electrode area.
  • the pertinent resistances are the solution and lead resistances. It has been observed that the solution resistance will have a small frequency dependence. The resistance is affected by changes in the bulk solution (e.g., by bubbles interfering with the flow of cunent through bulk solution) and changes at the electrode/solution interface (e.g., trapped air at the interface has the affect of reducing the effective electrode area and therefore increasing the resistance).
  • the solution resistance can also be expected to be very sensitive to the nature of the solution in contact with the electrodes and can also be used to identify the sample.
  • the resistive (in-phase) and capacitive (out-of phase) components of the impedance may be measured simultaneously using conventional impedance analyzing circuitry, preferably using a voltage waveform having a frequency at which both components have a significant effect on the impedance and/or a voltage waveform having a plurality of frequencies comprising at least one frequency where the resistance is a significant component of the impedance and at least one frequency where the capacitance is a significant component of the impedance.
  • the resistive and capacitive components may be measured separately, preferably at frequencies that maximize the effect of the component being measured. For example, at high frequencies the effect of surface capacitance is minimized and the impedance is primarily due to solution resistance.
  • the solution resistance is measured by applying a voltage waveform having a frequency greater than 2000 Hz, more preferably between 2,000 and 100,000 Hz, most preferably around 20,000 Hz.
  • Sample matrix identification can be very important since certain biochemical assays may have varied steps or different post-processing requirements (e.g., the blood samples may be treated different than plasma samples).
  • Tables 3 and 4 list resistance and capacitance values acquired for five different matrices by applying low voltage AC excitation to electrodes within an experimental cartridge.
  • the electrode anay comprised screen printed carbon ink electrodes, the exposed surface of which were defined by a patterned dielectric layer printed over the carbon ink.
  • the impedance measurements were taken at 25 degrees C using an excitation voltage equal to 0.010 N rms at the frequencies indicated in the tables.
  • assay buffer 2516 saline 3722 serum 3996 plasma 4158 blood 7039
  • the electrochemical cunent measured during the induction of ECL may be used to detect the presence of trapped air over an electrode since- , air may cause a significant decrease in the electrochemical cunent (e.g., cunent from TPA oxidation during ECL).
  • Figure 5 depicts an image of ECL emitted from an electrode anay. One of the electrodes has a small dark spot 500 due the presence of a small air bubble on the electrode surface.
  • the bubble detection methods described above can also be employed to detect the presence of fluids, the presence of bubbles in fluids and/or identify classes of samples in compartments in an assay cartridge outside the detection flow cells.
  • certain prefened embodiments of assay cartridges comprise fluid inlet and/or outlet lines for introducing and removing fluids from the cartridge flow cells, wherein these inlet and/or outlet lines comprise fluid detection electrodes for detecting the presence of fluid, the presence of air bubbles in fluids and/or for identifying samples.
  • These fluid detection elecfrodes may have independent electrode leads and contacts. So as to reduce the number of electrical contacts to the cartridge, these fluid detection electrodes, preferably, comprise exposed surfaces of the leads to assay electrodes (e.g., assay electrodes in the assay cartridge flow cells).
  • an assay measurement e.g., used as a working electrode counter
  • impedance sensors 425 for detection of fluid presence and/or discrimination within
  • Impedance sensors 425 are regions of
  • the electrically conductive surfaces are, preferably, exposed
  • the impedance sensors 425 may be activated by a
  • the intenogation potentials being preferably lower
  • fluids in the input line can be determined by sequentially measuring the impedance
  • the sensors are on
  • alternating electrode leads so that when adjacent electrodes are fired during, e.g., an
  • the electrode surfaces are
  • the assay reagents such as antibodies or other specific binding reagents by dispensing solutions comprising the reagents to one or more appropriate locations on the electrode anay, i.e., the capture surfaces.
  • the assay reagents collect on the surface (e.g., via the formation of covalent bonds, non-specific adsorption or specific binding interactions) to form an immobilized layer on the electrode.
  • accurate volume delivery to a specified location results in complete coverage of only the desired electrode surface and/or a desired portion thereof. Accurate volume delivery to a specified location can be readily accomplished with commercially available dispensing equipment; e.g., commercially available equipment from BioDot.
  • Attaining complete coverage of a pre-defined region on a surface (e.g., an assay electrode) via localized deposition of a liquid (e.g., an assay reagent or a liquid comprising an assay reagent) can be difficult to achieve if the advancing contact angle of the liquid on the surface is high, thereby inhibiting spreading of the liquid on the surface (as has been observed for surfactant-free aqueous solutions on untreated carbon ink electrodes).
  • Spreading can be accelerated by chemically modifying the surface to make it more wettable or by adding surfactants to the liquid, however, in many circumstances it is undesirable to change the physical properties of the surface or liquid.
  • Fluid is deposited (preferably, using a fluid micro-dispenser such as a micro-pipette, micro- syringe, solenoid valve controlled micro-dispenser, piezo-driven dispenser, ink-jet printer, bubble jet printer, etc.) on the surface at high velocity (preferably greater than 200 cm/s, more preferably greater than 500 cm s, most preferably greater than 800 cm/s) so as to drive spreading of the liquid over the surface, despite the high advancing contact angle, to a size dictated by the volume and velocity of the dispensed fluid.
  • a fluid micro-dispenser such as a micro-pipette, micro- syringe, solenoid valve controlled micro-dispenser, piezo-driven dispenser, ink-jet printer, bubble jet printer, etc.
  • the low retreating contact angle prevents significant retraction of the fluid once it has spread.
  • the region to be coated is defined by a physical boundary that acts as a barrier to confine the deposited fluid to the pre-defined region (e.g., a sunounding ledge or depression, a boundary formed of patterned materials deposited or printed on the surface, and/or a boundary formed via an interface with a sunounding region that varies in a physical property such as wettability).
  • the liquid has a higher receding contact angle on the surrounding region than on the pre-defined region (preferably, the difference is greater than 10 degree, more preferably greater than 30 degrees, most preferably greater than 50 degrees). Even more preferably, the sunounding region also exhibits a low contact angle hysteresis for the liquid
  • an electrode preferably, a carbon ink electrode
  • Fig. 8 illustrates typical observed contacts angles of 250 nL drops of water
  • Microdispensor, Bio-Dot Inc. on a prefened dielectric ink and a prefened carbon ink.
  • the figure plots the contact angle as a function of the velocity of fluid as it leaves the

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AU2011200010A1 (en) 2011-01-27
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JP4764010B2 (ja) 2011-08-31
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US8852922B2 (en) 2014-10-07
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