EP2970119B1 - Nouveaux dérivés d'indole utiles en tant qu'agents antidiabétiques - Google Patents

Nouveaux dérivés d'indole utiles en tant qu'agents antidiabétiques Download PDF

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EP2970119B1
EP2970119B1 EP14763846.4A EP14763846A EP2970119B1 EP 2970119 B1 EP2970119 B1 EP 2970119B1 EP 14763846 A EP14763846 A EP 14763846A EP 2970119 B1 EP2970119 B1 EP 2970119B1
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alkyl
aryl
heteroaryl
cycloalkyl
halogen
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EP2970119A4 (fr
EP2970119A1 (fr
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John J ACTON, III
Rajan Anand
Ashok Arasappan
Qun Dang
Iyassu Sebhat
Zhifa Pu
Takao Suzuki
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Merck Sharp and Dohme LLC
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Merck Sharp and Dohme LLC
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    • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
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    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
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    • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
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    • A61K31/54—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one sulfur as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. sulthiame
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Definitions

  • Diabetes is characterized by elevated levels of plasma glucose (hyperglycemia) in the fasting state or after administration of glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test.
  • type 1 diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
  • IDDM insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
  • NIDDM noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
  • Insulin resistance is not primarily caused by a diminished number of insulin receptors but rather by a post-insulin receptor binding defect that is not yet completely understood. This lack of responsiveness to insulin results in insufficient insulin-mediated activation of uptake, oxidation and storage of glucose in muscle, and inadequate insulin-mediated repression of lipolysis in adipose tissue and of glucose production and secretion in the liver.
  • a patient may be become diabetic due to the inability to properly compensate for insulin resistance.
  • the beta cells within the pancreatic islets initially compensate for insulin resistance by increasing insulin output.
  • the onset of Type 2 diabetes due to insufficient increases (or actual declines) in beta cell mass is apparently due to increased beta cell apoptosis relative to non-diabetic insulin resistant individuals ( Butler et al., Diabetes 52:102-110, 2003 ).
  • Persistent or uncontrolled hyperglycemia is associated with increased and premature morbidity and mortality. Often abnormal glucose homeostasis is associated both directly and indirectly with obesity, hypertension, and alterations of the lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein metabolism, as well as other metabolic and hemodynamic disease. Patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus have a significantly increased risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications, including atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. Therefore, effective therapeutic control of glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, obesity, and hypertension are critically important in the clinical management and treatment of diabetes mellitus.
  • a patient having Metabolic Syndrome is characterized as having three or more symptoms selected from the following group of five symptoms: (1) abdominal obesity; (2) hypertriglyceridemia; (3) low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL); (4) high blood pressure; and (5) elevated fasting glucose, which may be in the range characteristic of Type 2 diabetes if the patient is also diabetic.
  • Each of these symptoms is defined clinically in the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III, or ATP III), National Institutes of Health, 2001, NIH Publication No. 01-3670.
  • Patients with Metabolic Syndrome whether or not they have or develop overt diabetes mellitus, have an increased risk of developing the macrovascular and microvascular complications that occur with Type 2 diabetes, such as atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.
  • Type 2 diabetes There are several available treatments for Type 2 diabetes, each of which has its own limitations and potential risks. Physical exercise and a reduction in dietary intake of calories often dramatically improve the diabetic condition and are the usual recommended first-line treatment of Type 2 diabetes and of pre-diabetic conditions associated with insulin resistance. Compliance with this treatment is generally very poor because of well-entrenched sedentary lifestyles and excess food consumption, especially of foods containing high amounts of fat and carbohydrates.
  • hepatic glucose production biguanides, such as phenformin and metformin
  • insulin resistance PPAR agonists, such as rosiglitazone, troglitazone, engliazone, balaglitazone, MCC-555, netoglitazone, T-131, LY-300512, LY-818 and pioglitazone
  • insulin secretion sulfonylureas, such as tolbutamide, glipizide and glimipiride
  • incretin hormone mimetics GLP-1 derivatives and analogs, such as exenatide and liraglutide
  • DPP-4 inhibitors inhibitors of incretin hormone degradation
  • Phenformin and metformin can induce lactic acidosis, nausea/vomiting, and diarrhea. Metformin has a lower risk of side effects than phenformin and is widely prescribed for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes.
  • the currently marketed PPAR gamma agonists are modestly effective in reducing plasma glucose and hemoglobinA1C, and do not greatly improve lipid metabolism or the lipid profile. Sulfonylureas and related insulin secretagogues can cause insulin secretion even if the glucose level is low, resulting in hypoglycemia, which can be fatal in severe cases. The administration of insulin secretagogues must therefore be carefully controlled. There remains a need for treatments for diabetes that work by novel mechanisms of action and that exhibit fewer side effects.
  • AMP-activated protein kinase has been identified as a regulator of carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism that helps maintain energy balance in response to environmental and nutritional stress.
  • activation of AMPK results in a number of beneficial effects on lipid and glucose metabolism by reducing glucogenesis and de novo lipogenesis (fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis), and by increasing fatty acid oxidation and skeletal muscle glucose uptake.
  • Inhibition of ACC, by phosphorylation by AMPK leads to a decrease in fatty acid synthesis and to an increase in fatty acid oxidation, while inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, by phosphorylation by AMPK, leads to a decrease in cholesterol synthesis ( Carling, D. et.al., FEBS Letters 223:217 (1987 )).
  • AMPK activation results in a decrease in fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis, inhibiting hepatic glucose production and increasing fatty acid oxidation. It has been shown that AMP-activated protein kinase regulates triacylglycerol synthesis and fatty acid oxidation in liver and muscle via glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase ( Muoio, D. M. et.al.,. Biochem. J. 338:783 (1999 )). Another substrace of AMPK, hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 ⁇ , has been shown to be involved in type-1 maturity onset diabetes ( Leclerc, I. et.al., Diabetes 50:1515 (2001 )).
  • Additional processes believed to be regulated through AMPK activation include the stimulation of glucose transport in skeletal muscle and the regulation of key genes in fatty acid and glucose metabolism in the liver ( Hardie, D. G. and Hawley, S. A., Bioessays 23: 1112 (2001 ), Kemp, B. E. et.al., Biochem. Soc. Transactions 31:162 (2003 ), Musi, N. and Goodyear, L. J.. Current Drug Targets-Immune, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 2:119 (2002 ); Lochhead, P. A. et.al., Diabetes 49:896 (2000 ); and Zhou, G. et.al., J. of Clin. Invest. 108: 1167 (2001 ).
  • the in vivo activation of AMPK in the liver may result in the reduction of hepatic glucose output, an improvement in overall glucose homeostasis, a decrease in fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis, and an increase in fatty acid oxidation.
  • Stimulation of AMPK in skeletal muscle is expected to result in an increase in glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation with resulting improvement of glucose homeostasis, and an improvement in insulin action.
  • the resulting increase in energy expenditure should lead to a decrease in body weight.
  • the lowering of blood pressure has also been reported to be a consequence of AMPK activation.
  • Increased fatty acid synthesis is a characteristic of many tumor cells, therefore decreasing the synthesis of fatty acids via AMPK activation may also be useful as a cancer therapy.
  • Activation of AMPK may also be useful to treat ischemic events in the brain ( Blazquez, C. et.al., J. Neurochem. 73: 1674 (1999 )); may also be useful to prevent damage from reactive oxygen species ( Zhou, M. et.al., Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 279: E622 (2000 )); and may also be useful to improve local circulatory systems ( Chen, Z.-P., et.al. AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation of endothelial NO synthase. FEBS Letters 443: 285 (1999 )).
  • Compounds that activate AMPK may be useful to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cancer, and metabolic syndrome, as well as cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction and stroke, by improving glucose and lipid metabolism and by reducing body weight.
  • cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction and stroke
  • potent AMPK activators that may have pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties suitable for use as human pharmaceuticals.
  • Benzimidazole compounds are disclosed in WO 2010/051206 ; WO 2010/051176 ; WO 2010/047982 ; WO 2010/036613 ; WO 93/07124 ; WO 95/29897 ; WO 98/39342 ; WO 98/39343 ; WO 00/03997 ; WO 00/14095 ; WO 01/53272 ; WO 01/53291 ; WO 02/092575 ; WO 02/40019 ; WO 03/018061 ; WO 05/002520 ; WO 05/018672 ; WO 06/094209 ; US 6,312,662 ; US 6,489,476 ; US 2005/0148643 ; DE 3 316 095 ; JP 6 298 731 ; EP 0 126 030 ; EP 0 128 862 ; EP 0 129 506 ; and EP 0 120 403 .
  • AMPK activators are disclosed in WO 08/006432 ; WO 05/051298 ; WO 05/020892 ; US 2007/015665 ; US 2007/032529 ; US 2006/287356 ; and US 2005/038068 .
  • Azabenzimidazole compounds are disclosed in WO 2013/011932 ; WO 2012/116145 ; and WO 2012/033149 .
  • AMPK inhibitors are also disclosed in Giordanetto et al., Expert Opin. Ther. Patents (2012) 22(12): 1467-1477 .
  • the present invention is concerned with novel benzimidazole derivatives of structural Formula I: and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • the compounds of structural formula I, and embodiments thereof, are activators of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and are_useful in the treatment, prevention and suppression of diseases, disorders and conditions mediated by activation of AMP-activated protein kinase.
  • AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase
  • the compounds of structural formula I may be useful to treat Type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, lipid disorders, obesity, hypertension, Metabolic Syndrome and atherosclerosis.
  • the present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the present invention also relates to compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention for use in methods for the treatment, control or prevention of disorders, diseases, and conditions that may be responsive to activation of AMP-activated protein kinase.
  • the present invention also relates to the use of compounds of the present invention for manufacture of a medicament useful in treating diseases, disorders and conditions are responsive to the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase.
  • the present invention is also concerned with compounds of the present invention in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of another agent useful to treat the disease, disorder and condition for use in treatment of these diseases, disorders and conditions.
  • the invention is further concerned with processes for preparing the compounds of this invention.
  • the present invention is concerned with novel compounds of structural Formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
  • T is -CR 3 -. In another class of this embodiment, T is N.
  • T is CR 3 ; U is CR 1 ; V is CR 2 ; and W is CR 4 .
  • T is N; U is -CR 1 -; V is -CR 2 -; and W is -CR 4 -.
  • T is N; U is -CR 1 -; V is -CR 2 -, wherein R 2 is halogen; and W is -CR 4 -.
  • T is selected from -CR 3 - and N; U is - CR 1 -; V is -CR 2 -; and W is -CR 4 -, provided that if T is N then R 2 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -CF 3 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -C 2-6 alkenyl and-C 2-6 alkynyl.
  • T is selected from -CR 3 - and N; U is -CR 1- ; V is -CR 2 -; and W is -CR 4 -, provided that if T is N then R 2 is halogen.
  • T is selected from -CR 3 - and N; U is - CR 1 -; V is -CR 2 -; and W is -CR 4 -, provided that if T is N then R 2 is selected from hydrogen and halogen.
  • T is N, U is CR 1 , V is CR 2 , and W is CR 4 .
  • T is N, U is CR 1 , V is CR 2 , W is CR 4 , and R 2 is halogen.
  • T is N, U is CR 1 , V is CR 2 , W is CR 4 , and R 2 is chloride.
  • T is N, U is CR 1 , V is CR 2 , W is CR 4 , R 2 is chloride, and R 4 is hydrogen.
  • X is selected from: -CH 2 -, wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from: hydroxy, halogen, NH 2 , C 1-6 alkyl, CO 2 H, CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, and COC 1-6 alkyl.
  • X is -CH 2 -O-, wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from: hydroxy, halogen, NH 2 , C 1-6 alkyl, CO 2 H, CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, and COC 1-6 alkyl.
  • X is selected from: -CH 2 -, and -CH 2 -O-. In another class of this embodiment, X is -CH 2 -. In another class of this embodiment, X is - CH 2 -O-.
  • Y is selected from: -C 1-3 alkyl, - C 2 alkynyl, cyclohexyl, tetrahydropyran, tetrahydrofuran, piperidine, phenyl, thiophene, and wherein a is 1, and b is 1, and wherein Y is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from R b .
  • Y is selected from: -C 1-6 alkyl, -CHF-, - CF 2 -, -C 3-10 cycloalkyl, -C 3-10 cycloalkenyl, -C 2-10 cycloheteroalkyl, C 2-10 cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and wherein Y is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from R b .
  • Y is selected from: -C 1-6 alkyl, -CHF-, - CF 2 -, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkenyl, C 2-10 cycloheteroalkyl, C 2-10 cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein Y is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from R b .
  • Y is selected from: C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, C 2-10 cycloheteroalkyl, and aryl, wherein Y is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from R b .
  • Y is selected from: - (CH 2 ) 2 , -(CH 2 ) 3 , cyclohexyl, tetrahydropyran, piperidine, and phenyl, wherein Y is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from R b .
  • Y is selected from: C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, and aryl, wherein Y is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from R b .
  • Y is selected from: -(CH 2 ) 2 , -(CH 2 ) 3 , cyclohexyl, and phenyl, wherein Y is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from R b .
  • Y is selected from: wherein Y is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from R b .
  • Z is selected from: hydrogen, oxo, - CO 2 H, -CH 2 CO 2 H, -CH 2 CO 2 CH 2 CH 3 , -OC(O)CH(CH 3 ) 2 -OH, -CH 2 OH --P(O)(OH) 2 , - (CH 2 ) n P(O)(OCH 2 CH 3 ) 2 , and -(CH 2 ) n P(O)(OH)(OCH 2 CH 3 ).
  • Z is selected from: hydrogen, - (CH 2 ) n CO 2 H, and -(CH 2 ) n OH, wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from C 1-6 alkyl, -OH and -NH 2 .
  • Z is selected from: hydrogen, -CO 2 H, -OH, and -CH 2 OH, wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from C 1-6 alkyl, -OH and -NH 2 .
  • Z is selected from: hydrogen, -CO 2 H, -OH, and -CH 2 OH.
  • Z is selected from: -(CH 2 ) n CO 2 H, and -(CH 2 ) n OH, wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from C 1-6 alkyl, -OH and -NH 2 .
  • Z is selected from: -CO 2 H, -OH, and -CH 2 OH, wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from C 1-6 alkyl, -OH and -NH 2 .
  • Z is selected from: - CO 2 H, -OH, and -CH 2 OH.
  • Z is hydrogen
  • each R 1 and R 2 is independently selected from: halogen, benzodioxole, phenyl-cyclopropyl, phenyl-cyclohexene, phenyl-azetidine, phenyl-pyrrolidine, phenyl-piperidine, phenyl-piperazine, phenyl-morpholine, phenyl-thiomorpholine, biphenyl, indole, -C 2 alkynyl-phenyl, phenyl, phenyl-oxazole, phenyl-pyridine, phenyl-furan, phenyl-oxadiazole, pyridine, benzofuran, pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine, pyrazole, and benzisoxazole, wherein each alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from: halogen. In a class of this embodiment, R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from: F and Cl. In another class of this embodiment, R 1 is halogen. In another class of this embodiment, R 1 is selected from F and Cl.
  • R 2 is halogen. In another class of this embodiment, R 2 is selected from F and Cl.
  • one of R 1 and R 2 is halogen. In a subclass of this class, one of R 1 and R 2 is Br, F, or Cl. In another subclass of this class, one of R 1 and R 2 is Cl.
  • one of R 1 and R 2 is halogen. In a subclass of this class, one of R 1 and R 2 is Br, F, or Cl. In another subclass of this class, one of R 1 and R 2 is Cl.
  • each one of R 1 and R 2 is halogen. In a subclass of this class, one of R 1 and R 2 is Br, F or Cl. In another subclass of this class, one of R 1 and R 2 is Cl.
  • one of R 1 and R 2 is Br, F, or Cl. In a subclass of this class, one of R 1 and R 2 is Cl.
  • each R 1 and R 2 is independently selected from: halogen, aryl, aryl-C 3-7 cycloalkyl, aryl-C 2-10 cycloheteroalkyl, aryl-aryl, aryl-heteroaryl, and heteroaryl, wherein each cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents independently selected from Ra, provided that at least one of and only one of R 1 and R 2 is halogen.
  • one of R 1 and R 2 is Br, F, or Cl.
  • one of R 1 and R 2 is Cl.
  • each R 1 and R 2 is independently selected from: halogen, phenyl, phenyl-cyclopropyl, phenyl-pyrrolidine, phenyl piperidine, phenyl-piperazine, biphenyl, phenyl-oxazole, phenyl-pyridine, phenyl-furan, phenyl-oxadiazole, pyridine, indole, benzofuran, benzodioxole, pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine, pyrazole, and benzisoxazole, wherein each cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents independently selected from Ra, provided that at least one of and only one of R 1 and R 2 is halogen.
  • R 1 and R 2 are Br, F, or Cl. In another subclass of this class, one of R 1 and R 2 is Cl.
  • R 1 is independently selected from: aryl, aryl-C 3-7 cycloalkyl, aryl-C 2-10 cycloheteroalkyl, aryl-aryl, aryl-heteroaryl, and heteroaryl, wherein each cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents independently selected from Ra, and R 2 is halogen.
  • R 2 is Br, F, or Cl.
  • R 2 is Cl.
  • R 1 is independently selected from: aryl, aryl-C 3-7 cycloalkyl, aryl-C 2-10 cycloheteroalkyl, aryl-aryl, aryl-heteroaryl, and heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents independently selected from Ra.
  • R 2 is halogen.
  • R 2 is Br, F, or Cl.
  • R 2 is Cl.
  • R 1 is independently selected from: phenyl, phenyl-cyclopropyl, phenyl-pyrrolidine, phenyl piperidine, phenyl-piperazine, biphenyl, phenyl-oxazole, phenyl-pyridine, phenyl-furan, phenyl-oxadiazole, pyridine, indole, benzofuran, benzodioxole, pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine, pyrazole, and benzisoxazole, wherein each cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents independently selected from Ra, and R 2 is halogen. In a subclass of this class, R 2 is Br, F, or Cl. In another subclass of this class, R 2 is Cl.
  • R 1 is independently selected from: phenyl, phenyl-cyclopropyl, phenyl-pyrrolidine, phenyl piperidine, phenyl-piperazine, biphenyl, phenyl-oxazole, phenyl-pyridine, phenyl-furan, phenyl-oxadiazole, pyridine, indole, benzofuran, benzodioxole, pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine, pyrazole, and benzisoxazole, wherein each cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents independently selected from Ra.
  • R 2 is halogen. In a subclass of this class, R 2 is Br, F, or Cl. In another subclass of this class, R 2 is Cl.
  • each R 1 and R 2 is independently selected from: halogen, aryl, aryl-C 3-7 cycloalkyl, aryl-C 2-10 cycloheteroalkyl, aryl-aryl, and aryl-heteroaryl, wherein each cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents independently selected from Ra, provided that at least one of and only one of R 1 and R 2 is halogen.
  • one of R 1 and R 2 is Br, F, or Cl.
  • one of R 1 and R 2 is Cl.
  • each R 1 and R 2 is independently selected from: halogen, phenyl, phenyl-cyclopropyl, phenyl-pyrrolidine, biphenyl, and phenyl-pyridine, wherein each cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents independently selected from Ra, provided that at least one of and only one of R 1 and R 2 is halogen.
  • one of R 1 and R 2 is Br, F, or Cl.
  • one of R 1 and R 2 is Cl.
  • R 1 is independently selected from: aryl, aryl-C 3-7 cycloalkyl, aryl-C 2-10 cycloheteroalkyl, aryl-aryl, and aryl-heteroaryl, wherein each cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents independently selected from Ra, and R 2 is halogen.
  • R 2 is Br, F, or Cl.
  • R 2 is Cl.
  • R 1 is independently selected from: aryl, aryl-C 3-7 cycloalkyl, aryl-C 2-10 cycloheteroalkyl, aryl-aryl, and aryl-heteroaryl, wherein each cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents independently selected from Ra.
  • R 1 is independently selected from: phenyl, phenyl-cyclopropyl, phenyl-pyrrolidine, biphenyl, and phenyl-pyridine, wherein each cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents independently selected from Ra; and R 2 is halogen.
  • R 2 is Br, F, or Cl.
  • R 2 is Cl.
  • R 1 is independently selected from: phenyl, phenyl-cyclopropyl, phenyl-pyrrolidine, biphenyl, and phenyl-pyridine, wherein each cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents independently selected from Ra.
  • R 2 is halogen. In a subclass of this class, R 2 is Br, F, or Cl. In another subclass of this class, R 2 is Cl.
  • one of R 1 and R2 is halogen. In a subclass of this class of this embodiment, one of R 1 and R2 is selected from Br, F, and Cl. In another subclass of this class of this embodiment, one of R 1 and R 2 is Cl.
  • each R 2 is independently selected from: -(CH 2 ) p aryl-C 2-10 cycloheteroalkyl, and -(CH 2 ) p aryl-aryl, wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from: halogen, CF 3 , -OH, -NH 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, -NHC 1-6 alkyl, and -N(Ci- 6 alkyl) 2 , and wherein each cycloheteroalkyl, and aryl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents independently selected from Ra, and R 1 is selected from the group consisting of: halogen, -CN, -CF 3 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -C 2-6 alkenyl and-C 2-6 alkynyl.
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of: halogen,
  • R 2 is independently selected from: phenyl-pyrrolidine, and biphenyl, wherein each cycloheteroalkyl, and aryl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents independently selected from Ra, and R 1 is selected from the group consisting of: halogen, -CN, -CF 3 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -C 2-6 alkenyl and-C 2-6 alkynyl. In a subclass of this class, R 1 is halogen. In another subclass of this class, R 1 is selected from Br, F, and Cl. In another subclass of this class, R 1 is Cl.
  • each R 1 and R 2 is independently selected from: halogen, -(CH 2 ) p aryl-C 2-10 cycloheteroalkyl, and -(CH 2 ) p aryl-aryl, wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from: halogen, CF 3 , -OH, - NH 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, -NHC 1-6 alkyl, and -N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , and wherein each cycloheteroalkyl, and aryl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents independently selected from Ra, provided that at least one of and only one of R 1 and R 2 is selected from: halogen.
  • one of R 1 and R 2 is selected from Br, F, and Cl.
  • one of R 1 and R 2 is selected from Br, F, and Cl.
  • R 2 is independently selected from: -(CH 2 ) p aryl-C 2-10 cycloheteroalkyl, and -(CH 2 ) p aryl-aryl, wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from: halogen, CF 3 , -OH, -NH 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, -NHC 1-6 alkyl, and -N(Ci- 6 alkyl) 2 , and wherein each cycloheteroalkyl, and aryl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents independently selected from Ra, and R 1 is selected from the group consisting of: halogen. In a subclass of this class, R 1 is selected from Br, F, and Cl. In another subclass of this class, R 1 is Cl.
  • each R 1 and R 2 is independently selected from: halogen, -(CH 2 ) p aryl-C 2-10 cycloheteroalkyl, and -(CH 2 ) p aryl-aryl, wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from: halogen, CF 3 , -OH, - NH 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, -NHC 1-6 alkyl, and -N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , and wherein each cycloheteroalkyl, and aryl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents independently selected from Ra, provided that at least one of and only one of R 1 and R 2 is halogen.
  • R 1 and R 2 are Br, F, or Cl. In a subclass of this class, one of R 1 and R 2 is Cl.
  • R 2 is independently selected from: -(CH 2 ) p aryl-C 2-10 cycloheteroalkyl, and -(CH 2 ) p aryl-aryl, wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from: halogen, CF 3 , -OH, -NH 2 , - C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, -NHC 1-6 alkyl, and -N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , and wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkenyl, phenyl, aryl and heteroaryl is un
  • each R 1 and R 2 is independently selected from: halogen, aryl-C 2-10 cycloheteroalkyl, and aryl-aryl, wherein each cycloheteroalkyl, and aryl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents independently selected from Ra, provided that at least one of and only one of R 1 and R 2 is halogen.
  • one of R 1 and R 2 is Br, F, or Cl.
  • one of R 1 and R 2 is Cl.
  • each R 1 and R 2 is independently selected from: Cl, phenyl-pyrrolidine, and biphenyl, wherein each cycloheteroalkyl, and aryl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents independently selected from Ra, provided that at least one of and only one of R 1 and R 2 is halogen.
  • one of R 1 and R 2 is Br, F, or Cl.
  • one of R 1 and R 2 is Cl.
  • R 2 is independently selected from: phenyl-pyrrolidine, and biphenyl, wherein each cycloheteroalkyl and aryl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents independently selected from Ra, and R 1 is Cl.
  • R 2 is independently selected from: phenyl-pyrrolidine, and biphenyl, wherein each cycloheteroalkyl, and aryl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents independently selected from R a .
  • R 1 is Br, F, or Cl. In another class of this embodiment, R 1 is Cl.
  • R 3 and R 4 are each absent or independently selected from: hydrogen, halogen, -C 1-6 alkyl, -C 2-6 alkenyl, -C 2-6 alkynyl, - CN,-CF 3 , -OH, -OC 1-6 alkyl, -NH 2 ,-NHC 1-6 alkyl, -N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , -SC 1-6 alkyl, -SOC 1-6 alkyl, -SO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -NHSO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -NHC(O)C 1-6 alkyl, -SO 2 NHC 1-6 alkyl, and - C(O)NHC 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 3 and R 4 are each absent or independently selected from: hydrogen, halogen, -C 1-6 alkyl, -CN, -CF 3 , -OH, -OC 1-6 alkyl,-NH 2 , -NHC 1-6 alkyl, -N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , and -SC 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 3 and R 4 are each absent or independently selected from: hydrogen, halogen, and -C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 3 and R 4 are each absent or hydrogen. In a class of this embodiment, R 3 and R 4 are absent. In another class of this embodiment, R 3 and R 4 are hydrogen.
  • each R 3 is absent or independently selected from: hydrogen, halogen, -C 1-6 alkyl, -C 2-6 alkenyl, -C 2-6 alkynyl, -C 3-10 cycloalkyl, -C 3-10 cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, -CN, -CF 3 , -OH, -OC 1-6 alkyl, -NH 2 , -NHC 1-6 alkyl, - N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , -SC 1-6 alkyl, -SOC 1-6 alkyl, -SO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -NHSO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -NHC(O)C 1-6 alkyl, -SO 2 NHC 1-6 alkyl, and -C(O)NHC 1-6 alkyl.
  • each R 3 is absent or independently selected from: hydrogen, halogen, -C 1-6 alkyl, -C 2-6 alkenyl, -C 2-6 alkynyl, -CN,-CF 3 , -OH, - OC 1-6 alkyl, -NH 2 ,-NHC 1-6 alkyl, -N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , -SC 1-6 alkyl, -SOC 1-6 alkyl, -SO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -NHSO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -NHC(O)C 1-6 alkyl, -SO 2 NHC 1-6 alkyl, and -C(O)NHC 1-6 alkyl.
  • each R 3 is absent or independently selected from: hydrogen, halogen, -C 1-6 alkyl, -CN, -CF 3 , -OH, -OC 1-6 alkyl,-NH 2 , -NHC 1-6 alkyl, -N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , and -SC 1-6 alkyl.
  • each R 3 is absent or independently selected from: hydrogen, halogen, and -C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 3 and R 4 are each absent or hydrogen.
  • R 3 and R 4 are each absent or hydrogen; and R 5 is hydrogen.
  • R 3 is absent or hydrogen. In a class of this embodiment, R 3 is hydrogen. In another class of this embodiment of the present invention, R 3 is absent.
  • each R 4 is absent or independently selected from: hydrogen, halogen, -C 1-6 alkyl, -C 2-6 alkenyl, -C 2-6 alkynyl, -C 3-10 cycloalkyl, -C 3-10 cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, -CN, -CF 3 , -OH, -OC 1-6 alkyl, -NH 2 , -NHC 1-6 alkyl, - N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , -SC 1-6 alkyl, -SOC 1-6 alkyl, -SO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -NHSO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -NHC(O)C 1-6 alkyl, -SO 2 NHC 1-6 alkyl, and -C(O)NHC 1-6 alkyl.
  • each R 4 is absent or independently selected from: hydrogen, halogen, -C 1-6 alkyl, -C 2-6 alkenyl, -C 2-6 alkynyl, -CN,-CF 3 , -OH, - OC 1-6 alkyl, -NH 2 ,-NHC 1-6 alkyl, -N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , -SC 1-6 alkyl, -SOC 1-6 alkyl, -SO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -NHSO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -NHC(O)C 1-6 alkyl, -SO 2 NHC 1-6 alkyl, and -C(O)NHC 1-6 alkyl.
  • each R 4 is absent or independently selected from: hydrogen, halogen, -C 1-6 alkyl, -CN, -CF 3 , -OH, -OC 1-6 alkyl,-NH 2 , -NHC 1-6 alkyl, -N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , and -SC 1-6 alkyl.
  • each R 4 is absent or independently selected from: hydrogen, halogen, and -C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 4 is absent or hydrogen. In a class of this embodiment, R 4 is hydrogen. In another class of this embodiment of the present invention, R 4 is absent.
  • R 5 is selected from: hydrogen, -C 1-6 alkyl, -CH 2 CO 2 H, and -CH 2 CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl. In a class of this embodiment, R 5 is selected from: hydrogen, and -C 1-6 alkyl. In another class of this embodiment, R 5 is hydrogen.
  • R 6 is selected from: hydrogen, -C 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) m OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen, -(CH 2 ) m CN, -(CH 2 ) m CF 3 , -(CH 2 ) m OCF 3 , - (CH 2 ) m CHF 2 , -(CH 2 ) m CH 2 F, and -(CH 2 ) m SO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from: oxo, -(CH 2 ) 0-3 OH, -CN, -NH 2 , -NH(C 1-6 alkyl), -N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CO 2
  • R 6 is selected from: hydrogen, -C 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) m OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen, -(CH 2 ) m CN, -(CH 2 ) m CF 3 , - (CH 2 ) m OCF 3 , -(CH 2 ) m CHF 2 , -(CH 2 ) m CH 2 F, -(CH 2 ) m SO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) m CO 2 H, - (CH 2 ) m CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) m C(O)H, -(CH 2 ) m C(O)NH 2 , -(CH 2 ) m C 3-6 cycloalkyl, - (CH 2 ) m C 2-7 cycloheteroalkyl, -(CH 2 ) m aryl, and -(CH 2 )
  • R 6 is selected from: hydrogen, -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen, CN, CF 3 , OCF 3 , CHF 2 , CH 2 F, SO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, CO 2 H, CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, C(O)H, C(O)NH 2 , C 3-6 cycloalkyl, C 2-7 cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: oxo, -(CH 2 ) 0-5 OH, -CN, -NH 2 , -NH(C 1-6 alkyl), -N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen,
  • R 6 is selected from: hydrogen, -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen, CN, CF 3 , CO 2 H, CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, C(O)H, C(O)NH 2 , C 3-6 cycloalkyl, C 3-6 cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: oxo, -(CH 2 ) 0-5 OH, -CN, -NH 2 , -NH(C 1-6 alkyl), -N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , - C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CO 2
  • R 6 is selected from: hydrogen, -C 1-6 alkyl, halogen, CN, CF 3 , -CO 2 H, -C(O)H, -C(O)NH 2 , -C 3-6 cycloalkyl, and aryl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, and aryl are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: oxo, -(CH 2 ) 0-5 OH, -CN, -NH 2 , -NH(C 1-6 alkyl), -N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CO 2 H, -CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, and -SO 2 C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is selected from: hydrogen, -C 1-6 alkyl, halogen, CN, CF 3 , -CO 2 H, -C(O)H, -C(O)NH 2 , -C 3-6 cycloalkyl, and aryl.
  • R 6 is selected from: hydrogen, -CH 3 , F, CN, CF 3 , -CO 2 H, -C(O)H, -C(O)NH 2 , cyclopropyl, and phenyl.
  • R 6 is selected from: hydrogen, -C 1-6 alkyl, halogen, -(CH 2 ) m CN, -(CH 2 ) m CF 3 , -(CH 2 ) m OCF 3 , and -(CH 2 ) m SO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from: - (CH 2 ) 0-1 OH, halogen, -CO 2 H, -CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -C 3-7 cycloalkyl, wherein each alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: -(CH 2 ) 0-3 OH, - halogen, CO 2 H, and -CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is selected from: hydrogen, -C 1-6 alkyl, halogen, CN, CF 3 , OCF 3 , and SO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, wherein each alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: -(CH 2 ) 0-3 OH, - halogen, CO 2 H, and -CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is selected from: hydrogen, -C 1-6 alkyl, and halogen, wherein each alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: -(CH 2 ) 0-3 OH, - halogen, CO 2 H, and -CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is selected from: hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, F, Cl and Br.
  • R 6 is hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl or F.
  • R 6 is selected from: hydrogen, and halogen, wherein each alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: -(CH 2 ) 0-3 OH, - halogen, CO 2 H, and -CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R 6 is selected from: hydrogen, F, Cl and Br.
  • R 6 is hydrogen or F.
  • R 6 is hydrogen.
  • R 6 is halogen.
  • R 6 is selected from: F, Cl and Br.
  • R 6 is F.
  • each Ra is independently selected from the group consisting of: -(CH 2 ) m -halogen, oxo, -(CH 2 ) m OH, -(CH 2 ) m N(Rj) 2 , -(CH 2 ) m NO 2 , - (CH 2 ) m CN, -C 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) m CF 3 , -(CH 2 ) m OCF 3 , -(CH 2 ) m OC 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) m SO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) m OCORf, -(CH 2 ) m C 3-7 cycloalkyl, -(CH 2 ) m C 2-6 cycloheteroalkyl, -(CH 2 ) m aryl, -(CH 2 ) m heteroaryl, -(CH 2 ) m
  • each Ra is independently selected from the group consisting of: oxo, -(CH 2 ) m OH, -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) m SO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, - OCOR f , heteroaryl, halogen, -O-(CH 2 ) m -aryl, -SO 2 N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , -C(O)R f , -C(O)N(Rj) 2 , - CO 2 R f , C 3-7 cycloalkyl, and C 2-6 cycloheteroalkyl, wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from: oxo, -(CH 2 ) 0-3 OH, -CN, -NH 2 , -NH(C 1-6 alkyl), -N(C 1-6 alkyl)
  • each Ra is independently selected from the group consisting of: oxo, -OH, -CH 2 OH, -CH(CH 3 )OH, -CH 3 , -OCH(CH 3 )CH 2 OH, - SO 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 SO 2 CH 3 , -OC(O)CH(CH 3 ) 2 , triazole, F, -(CH 2 ) 3 OH, -OCH 2 CH 3 , - OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , -O-CH 2 -phenyl, -SO 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , -C(O)-pyrrolidine, -C(O)NHCH 3 , -C(O)NH-cyclopropyl, -CO 2 C(CH 3 ) 3 , cyclopropyl, and pyrrolidine, wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from: oxo,
  • each Ra is independently selected from the group consisting of: oxo, -OH, -CH 2 OH, -CH(CH 3 )OH, -CH 3 , -OC(O)CH(CH 3 ) 2 , - OCH(CH 3 )CH 2 OH, -SO 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 SO 2 CH 3 , triazole, F, -(CH 2 ) 3 OH, -OCH 2 CH 3 , - OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , -O-CH 2 -phenyl, -SO 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , -C(O)-pyrrolidine, -C(O)NHCH 3 , -C(O)NH-cyclopropyl, -CO 2 C(CH 3 ) 3 , cyclopropyl-CH 2 OH, and pyrrolidine, wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from:
  • each Ra is independently selected from the group consisting of: halogen, oxo, -(CH 2 ) m OH, -N(Rj) 2 , -NO 2 , -CN, -C 1-6 alkyl, -CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -O-(CH 2 ) m -OC 1-6 alkyl, -C(O)N(Rj) 2 , -OC 1-6 alkyl, -O-(CH 2 ) m -C 3-7 cycloalkyl, -O-(CH 2 ) m -C 2-7 cycloheteroalkyl, -O-(CH 2 ) m -aryl, -O-(CH 2 ) m -heteroaryl, -SO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -SO 2 NHC 1-6 alkyl, -SO 2 N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , -C(O)
  • each Ra is independently selected from the group consisting of: -(CH 2 ) m -halogen, -(CH 2 ) m OH, -C 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) m OC 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) m O-(CH 2 ) m -aryl, -(CH 2 ) m SO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) m SO 2 N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 ,-(CH 2 ) m C(O)R f , -(CH 2 ) m C(O)N(Rj) 2 , -(CH 2 ) m CO 2 R f -(CH 2 ) m C 3-7 cycloalkyl, and -(CH 2 ) m C 2-6 cycloheteroalkyl, wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from:
  • each Ra is independently selected from the group consisting of: -(CH 2 ) m -halogen, -(CH 2 ) m OH, -C 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) m OC 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) m O-(CH 2 ) m -aryl, -(CH 2 ) m SO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) m SO 2 N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , -(CH 2 ) m C(O)R f -(CH 2 ) m C(O)N(Rj) 2 , -(CH 2 ) m CO 2 R f -(CH 2 ) m C 3-7 cycloalkyl, and -(CH 2 ) m C 2-6 cycloheteroalkyl, wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from:
  • each Ra is independently selected from the group consisting of: halogen, -(CH 2 ) m OH, -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, -O-(CH 2 ) m -aryl, -SO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -SO 2 N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , -C(O)R f , -C(O)N(Rj) 2 , -CO 2 R f , C 3-7 cycloalkyl, and C 2-6 cycloheteroalkyl, wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from: oxo, -(CH 2 ) 0-3 OH, -CN, -NH 2 , -NH(C 1-6 alkyl), -N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen,
  • each Ra is independently selected from the group consisting of: F, -OH, -CH 2 OH, -(CH 2 ) 3 OH, -CH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 3 , -OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , -O-CH 2 -phenyl, -SO 2 CH 3 , -SO 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , -C(O)-pyrrolidine, -C(O)NHCH 3 , -C(O)NH-cyclopropyl, -CO 2 C(CH 3 ) 3 , cyclopropyl, and pyrrolidine, wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from: oxo, -(CH 2 ) 0-3 OH, -CN, -NH 2 , -NH(C 1-6 alkyl), -N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC
  • each Ra is independently selected from the group consisting of: F, -OH, -CH 2 OH, -(CH 2 ) 3 OH, -CH 3 ,-OCH 2 CH 3 , -OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , -O-CH 2 -phenyl, -SO 2 CH 3 ,-SO 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , -C(O)-pyrrolidine, -C(O)NHCH 3 , -C(O)NH-cyclopropyl, -CO 2 C(CH 3 ) 3 , cyclopropyl-CH 2 OH, and pyrrolidine.
  • each Ra is independently selected from the group consisting of: -(CH 2 ) m -halogen, -(CH 2 ) m OH, -(CH 2 ) m OC 1-6 alkyl, and -(CH 2 ) m SO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from: oxo, -(CH 2 ) 0-3 OH, -CN, -NH 2 , -NH(C 1-6 alkyl), -N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CO 2 H, and -CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, and wherein alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: oxo, -(
  • each Ra is independently selected from the group consisting of: halogen, -(CH 2 ) m OH, -OC 1-6 alkyl, and -SO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from: oxo, -(CH 2 ) 0-3 OH, -CN, -NH 2 , -NH(C 1-6 alkyl), -N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CO 2 H, and -CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, and wherein alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: oxo, -(CH 2 ) 0-5 OH, -CN, -NH 2 , -NH(C
  • each Ra is independently selected from the group consisting of: halogen, -(CH 2 ) m OH, -OC 1-6 alkyl, and -SO 2 C 1-6 alkyl.
  • each Ra is independently selected from the group consisting of: F, -CH 2 OH, -OCH 2 CH 3 and -SO 2 CH 3 .
  • each R b is independently selected from: hydrogen, -C 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 )t-halogen, -(CH 2 )s-OH, -(CH 2 )sNO 2 , -(CH 2 )sNH 2 , -(CH 2 )sNH(C 1-6 alkyl), -(CH 2 )sN(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , -(CH 2 )sOC 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 )qCO 2 H, -(CH 2 )qCO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 )sCF 3 , -(CH 2 )sOCF 3 , -(CH 2 )sCHF 2 , -(CH 2 )sCH 2 F, -(CH 2 )sCN, -(CH 2 )sSO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, and -(CH 2 )sCON(R e ) 2 , wherein each R b is independently selected from
  • each R b is independently selected from: -C 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 )s-OH, -(CH 2 )sOC 1-6 alkyl, and -(CH 2 )t-halogen, wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 halogens, and wherein each alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2 or 3 halogens, and wherein two R b substituents together with the atom to which they are attached may form a C 3-6 cycloalkyl ring or a C 2-6 cycloheteroalkyl ring.
  • each R b is independently selected from: -C 1-6 alkyl, OH, -OC 1-6 alkyl, and halogen, wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 halogens, and wherein each alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2 or 3 halogens, and wherein two R b substituents together with the atom to which they are attached may form a C 3-6 cycloalkyl ring or a C 2-6 cycloheteroalkyl ring.
  • each R b is independently selected from: - CH 3 , OH, -OCH 3 , Cl, Br, and F, wherein two R b substituents together with the atom to which they are attached may form a C 3 cycloalkyl ring or a C 2 cycloheteroalkyl ring.
  • each R b is independently selected from: - CH 3 , OH, -OCH 3 , Cl, Br, and F.
  • each R b is independently selected from: hydrogen, -C 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) t -halogen, -(CH 2 ) s -OH, -(CH 2 )sNO 2 , -(CH 2 )sNH 2 ,-(CH 2 )sNH(C 1-6 alkyl), -(CH 2 )sN(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , -(CH 2 )sOC 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 )qCO 2 H,-(CH 2 )qCO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 )sCF 3 , -(CH 2 )sOCF 3 , -(CH 2 )sCHF 2 , -(CH 2 )sCH 2 F, -(CH 2 )sCN, -(CH 2 )sSO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, and -(CH 2 )sCON(R e ) 2 , where
  • each R b is independently selected from: hydrogen, -C 1-6 alkyl, -halogen, -OH, -NO 2 , -NH 2 , -NH(C 1-6 alkyl), -N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 , -OC 1-6 alkyl,-CO 2 H, -CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -CHF 2 , -CH 2 F, -CN, -SO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, and -CON(R e ) 2 , wherein each alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2 or 3 halogens.
  • each R b is independently selected from: hydrogen, -C 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) t -halogen, and -(CH 2 ) s -OH, wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 halogens, and wherein each alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2 or 3 halogens.
  • each R b is independently selected from: hydrogen, -C 1-6 alkyl, and -(CH 2 ) t -halogen, wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 halogens, and wherein each alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2 or 3 halogens.
  • each R b is independently selected from: hydrogen, -C 1-6 alkyl, and halogen, wherein each alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2 or 3 halogens.
  • each R b is independently selected from: -C 1-6 alkyl, and -(CH 2 ) t -halogen, wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 halogens, and wherein each alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2 or 3 halogens.
  • each R b is independently selected from: -C 1-6 alkyl, and halogen, wherein each alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2 or 3 halogens.
  • each R b is independently selected from: -CH 3 , Cl, Br, and F.
  • each R b is independently selected from: -CH 3 , and F.
  • each R b is independently selected from: -C 1-6 alkyl, wherein each alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2 or 3 halogens.
  • each R b is -CH 3 .
  • each R b is independently selected from: -(CH 2 ) t -halogen, wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 halogens, and wherein each alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2 or 3 halogens.
  • each R b is halogen.
  • each R b is independently selected from: Cl, Br, and F.
  • each R b is F.
  • each R c and R d is independently selected from: halogen, oxo, -(CH 2 ) r OH, -(CH 2 ) r N(R e ) 2 , -(CH 2 ) r CN, -C 1-6 alkyl, -CF 3 , -C 1-6 alkyl-OH, -OCH 2 OC 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) r OC 1-6 alkyl, -OCH 2 aryl, -(CH 2 ) r SC 1-6 alkyl,-(CH 2 ) r C(O)R f , -(CH 2 ) r C(O)N(R e ) 2 , -(CH 2 ) r CO 2 H, -(CH 2 ) r CO 2 R f , -(CH 2 ) r C 3-7 cycloalkyl,-(CH 2 ) r C 2-6 cycl
  • each R c and Rd is independently selected from: halogen, oxo, -(CH 2 ) r OH, -(CH 2 ) r N(R e ) 2 , -(CH 2 ) r CN, -C 1-6 alkyl, -CF 3 , -C 1-6 alkyl-OH, -OCH 2 OC 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) r OC 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) r SC 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) r C(O)R f ,-(CH 2 ) r C(O)N(R e ) 2 , -(CH 2 ) r CO 2 H, and -(CH 2 ) r CO 2 R f , wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from: oxo, -OH, -CN, -N
  • each R c and R d is independently selected from: halogen, oxo, -OH, -N(R e ) 2 , -CN, -C 1-6 alkyl, -CF 3 , and -C 1-6 alkyl-OH, wherein each alkyl is are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: oxo, -OH, -CN, -N(R h ) 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CO 2 H, and -CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl.
  • each R c and R d is independently selected from: halogen, and -C 1-6 alkyl, wherein each alkyl is are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: oxo, -OH, -CN, -N(R h ) 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CO 2 H, and -CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl.
  • each R c and Rd is -C 1-6 alkyl.
  • each R c is independently selected from: halogen, oxo, -(CH 2 ) r OH, -(CH 2 ) r N(R e ) 2 , -(CH 2 ) r CN, -C 1-6 alkyl, -CF 3 , -C 1-6 alkyl-OH,-OCH 2 OC 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) r OC 1-6 alkyl, -OCH 2 aryl, -(CH 2 ) r SC 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) r C(O)R f ,-(CH 2 ) r C(O)N(R e ) 2 , -(CH 2 ) r CO 2 H, -(CH 2 ) r CO 2 R f , -(CH 2 ) r C 3-7 cycloalkyl, -(CH 2 ) r C 2-6 cyclohetero
  • each R c is independently selected from: halogen, oxo, -(CH 2 ) r OH, -(CH 2 ) r N(R e ) 2 , -(CH 2 ) r CN, -C 1-6 alkyl, -CF 3 , -C 1-6 alkyl-OH, -OCH 2 OC 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) r OC 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) r SC 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) r C(O)R f , -(CH 2 ) r C(O)N(R e ) 2 , -(CH 2 ) r CO 2 H, and -(CH 2 ) r CO 2 R f , wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from: oxo, -OH, -CN, -N(R
  • each R c is independently selected from: halogen, oxo, -OH, -N(R e ) 2 , -CN, -C 1-6 alkyl, -CF 3 , and -C 1-6 alkyl-OH, wherein each alkyl is are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: oxo, -OH, -CN,-N(R h ) 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CO 2 H, and -CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl.
  • each R c is independently selected from: halogen, and -C 1-6 alkyl, wherein each alkyl is are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: oxo, -OH, -CN, -N(R h ) 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CO 2 H, and -CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl.
  • each R c is -C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R c is -CH 3 .
  • each Rd is independently selected from: halogen, oxo, -(CH 2 ) r OH, -(CH 2 ) r N(R e ) 2 , -(CH 2 ) r CN, -C 1-6 alkyl, -CF 3 , -C 1-6 alkyl-OH,-OCH 2 OC 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) r OC 1-6 alkyl, -OCH 2 aryl, -(CH 2 ) r SC 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) r C(O)R f ,-(CH 2 ) r C(O)N(R e ) 2 , -(CH 2 ) r CO 2 H, -(CH 2 ) r CO 2 R f , -(CH 2 ) r C 3-7 cycloalkyl, (CH 2 ) r C 2-6 cycloheteroalkyl
  • each Rd is independently selected from: halogen, oxo, -(CH 2 ) r OH, -(CH 2 ) r N(R e ) 2 , -(CH 2 ) r CN, -C 1-6 alkyl, -CF 3 , -C 1-6 alkyl-OH, -OCH 2 OC 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) r OC 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) r SC 1-6 alkyl, -(CH 2 ) r C(O)R f , -(CH 2 ) r C(O)N(R e ) 2 , -(CH 2 ) r CO 2 H, and -(CH 2 ) r CO 2 R f , wherein each CH 2 is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from: oxo, -OH, -CN, -N(R ) 2 , and -
  • each Rd is independently selected from: halogen, oxo, -OH, -N(R e ) 2 , -CN, -C 1-6 alkyl, -CF 3 , and -C 1-6 alkyl-OH, wherein each alkyl is are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: oxo, -OH, -CN,-N(R h ) 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CO 2 H, and -CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl.
  • each Rd is independently selected from: halogen, and -C 1-6 alkyl, wherein each alkyl is are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: oxo, -OH, -CN, -N(R h ) 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CO 2 H, and -CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl.
  • each R d is -C 1-6 alkyl.
  • each R e , R g and R h is independently selected from: hydrogen, -C 1-6 alkyl, and -O-C 1-6 alkyl, wherein each alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: -OH, oxo, halogen, C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, -NH 2 , -NH(C 1-6 alkyl), and -N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 .
  • each Re, R g and R h is independently selected from: hydrogen, and -C 1-6 alkyl, wherein each alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: -OH, oxo, halogen, C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, -NH 2 ,-NH(C 1-6 alkyl), and -N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 .
  • each Re, R g and R h is independently selected from: hydrogen, and -C 1-6 alkyl.
  • each Re, R g and R h is hydrogen.
  • each Re, R g and R h is -C 1-6 alkyl.
  • each Re is independently selected from: hydrogen, -C 1-6 alkyl, and -O-C 1-6 alkyl, wherein each alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: -OH, oxo, halogen, C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, -NH 2 ,-NH(C 1-6 alkyl), and -N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 .
  • each Re is independently selected from: hydrogen, and -C 1-6 alkyl, wherein each alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: -OH, oxo, halogen, C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, -NH 2 , -NH(C 1-6 alkyl), and -N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 .
  • each Re is independently selected from: hydrogen, and -C 1-6 alkyl.
  • each Re is hydrogen
  • each Re is -C 1-6 alkyl.
  • each R g is independently selected from: hydrogen, -C 1-6 alkyl, and -O-C 1-6 alkyl, wherein each alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: -OH, oxo, halogen, C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, -NH 2 ,-NH(C 1-6 alkyl), and -N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 .
  • each R g is independently selected from: hydrogen, and -C 1-6 alkyl, wherein each alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: -OH, oxo, halogen, C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, -NH 2 , -NH(C 1-6 alkyl), and -N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 .
  • each R g is independently selected from: hydrogen, and -C 1-6 alkyl.
  • each R g is hydrogen.
  • each R g is -C 1-6 alkyl.
  • each R h is independently selected from: hydrogen, -C 1-6 alkyl, and -O-C 1-6 alkyl, wherein each alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: -OH, oxo, halogen, C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, -NH 2 ,-NH(C 1-6 alkyl), and -N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 .
  • each R h is independently selected from: hydrogen, and -C 1-6 alkyl, wherein each alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: -OH, oxo, halogen, C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, -NH 2 , -NH(C 1-6 alkyl), and -N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 .
  • each R h is independently selected from: hydrogen, and -C 1-6 alkyl.
  • each R h is hydrogen.
  • each R h is -C 1-6 alkyl.
  • each R j is independently selected from: hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, -C(O)R i , and -SO 2 R i .
  • each R j is independently selected from: hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 3-6 cycloalkyl, wherein each alkyl and cycloalkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: -OH, oxo, halogen, C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, -NH 2 , -NH(C 1-6 alkyl), and -N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 .
  • each R j is independently selected from: hydrogen, -CH 3 , and -cyclopropyl, wherein each alkyl and cyclopropyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: -OH, oxo, halogen, C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, -NH 2 , -NH(C 1-6 alkyl), and -N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 .
  • each R j is independently selected from: hydrogen, -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , and-cyclopropyl, wherein each alkyl and cyclopropyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: -OH, oxo, halogen, C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, -NH 2 , -NH(C 1-6 alkyl), and -N(C 1-6 alkyl) 2 .
  • each R j is independently selected from: hydrogen, -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , and -cyclopropyl, wherein each alkyl and cyclopropyl.
  • each R j is independently selected from: hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, and C 3-6 cycloalkyl. In a class of this embodiment, each R j is independently selected from: hydrogen, -CH 3 , and -cyclopropyl.
  • each R f and R i is independently selected from: C 1-6 alkyl, C 4-7 cycloalkyl, C 4-7 cycloalkenyl, C 3-7 cycloheteroalkyl, C 3-7 cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl and heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: oxo, -OH, -CN, -NH 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen, -CH 2 F,-CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CO 2 H, -CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -C 3-7 cycloalkyl, and heteroaryl.
  • each R f and R i is independently selected from: C 1-6 alkyl, C 4-7 cycloalkyl, C 4-7 cycloalkenyl, C 3-7 cycloheteroalkyl, C 3-7 cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl and heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: oxo, -OH, -CN, -NH 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CO 2 H, and-CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl.
  • each R f and R i is independently selected from: C 1-6 alkyl, and C 3-7 cycloheteroalkyl, wherein each alkyl and cycloheteroalkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: oxo, -OH, -CN, -NH 2 ,-C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CO 2 H, -CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -C 3-7 cycloalkyl, and heteroaryl.
  • each R f and R i is independently selected from: C 1-6 alkyl, and C 3-7 cycloheteroalkyl, wherein each alkyl and cycloheteroalkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: oxo, -OH, -CN, -NH 2 ,-C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CO 2 H, and -CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl.
  • each R f and R i is independently selected from: -C(CH 3 ) 3 , and pyrrolidine, wherein each alkyl and pyrrolidine is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: oxo, -OH, -CN, -NH 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen, -CH 2 F,-CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CO 2 H, and -CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl.
  • each R f and R i is independently selected from: -C(CH 3 ) 3 , and pyrrolidine.
  • each R f and R i is independently selected from: -C(CH 3 ) 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , and pyrrolidine.
  • each R f is independently selected from: C 1-6 alkyl, C 4-7 cycloalkyl, C 4-7 cycloalkenyl, C 3-7 cycloheteroalkyl, C 3-7 cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl and heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: oxo, -OH, -CN, -NH 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen, -CH 2 F,-CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CO 2 H, -CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -C 3-7 cycloalkyl, and heteroaryl.
  • each R f is independently selected from: C 1-6 alkyl, C 4-7 cycloalkyl, C 4-7 cycloalkenyl, C 3-7 cycloheteroalkyl, C 3-7 cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl and heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: oxo, -OH, -CN, -NH 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CO 2 H, and-CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl.
  • each R f is independently selected from: C 1-6 alkyl, and C 3-7 cycloheteroalkyl, wherein each alkyl and cycloheteroalkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: oxo, -OH, -CN, -NH 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl,-OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CO 2 H, -CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -C 3-7 cycloalkyl, and heteroaryl.
  • each R f is independently selected from: C 1-6 alkyl, and C 3-7 cycloheteroalkyl, wherein each alkyl and cycloheteroalkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: oxo, -OH, -CN, -NH 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CO 2 H, and -CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl.
  • each R f is independently selected from: -C(CH 3 ) 3 , and pyrrolidine, wherein each alkyl and pyrrolidine is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: oxo, -OH, -CN, -NH 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CO 2 H, and-CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl.
  • each R f is independently selected from:-C(CH 3 ) 3 , and pyrrolidine.
  • each R f is independently selected from: -C(CH 3 ) 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , and pyrrolidine.
  • each R i is independently selected from: C 1-6 alkyl, C 4-7 cycloalkyl, C 4-7 cycloalkenyl, C 3-7 cycloheteroalkyl, C 3-7 cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl and heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: oxo, -OH, -CN, -NH 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen, -CH 2 F,-CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CO 2 H, -CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -C 3-7 cycloalkyl, and heteroaryl.
  • each R i is independently selected from: C 1-6 alkyl, C 4-7 cycloalkyl, C 4-7 cycloalkenyl, C 3-7 cycloheteroalkyl, C 3-7 cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkenyl, aryl and heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: oxo, -OH, -CN, -NH 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CO 2 H, and-CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl.
  • each R i is independently selected from: C 1-6 alkyl, and C 3-7 cycloheteroalkyl, wherein each alkyl and cycloheteroalkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: oxo, -OH, -CN, -NH 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl,-OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CO 2 H, -CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl, -C 3-7 cycloalkyl, and heteroaryl.
  • each R i is independently selected from: C 1-6 alkyl, and C 3-7 cycloheteroalkyl, wherein each alkyl and cycloheteroalkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: oxo, -OH, -CN, -NH 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CO 2 H, and -CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl.
  • each R i is independently selected from: -C(CH 3 ) 3 , and pyrrolidine, wherein each alkyl and pyrrolidine is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from: oxo, -OH, -CN, -NH 2 , -C 1-6 alkyl, -OC 1-6 alkyl, halogen, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , -CO 2 H, and-CO 2 C 1-6 alkyl.
  • each R i is independently selected from:-C(CH 3 ) 3 , and pyrrolidine.
  • each R i is independently selected from: -C(CH 3 ) 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , and pyrrolidine.
  • a is 0, 1 or 2. In a class of this embodiment, a is 0 or 1. In another class of this embodiment, a is 1 or 2. In another class of this embodiment, a is 0. In another class of this embodiment, a is 1. In another class of this embodiment, a is 2.
  • b is 0, 1 or 2. In a class of this embodiment, b is 0 or 1. In another class of this embodiment, b is 1 or 2. In another class of this embodiment, b is 0. In another class of this embodiment, b is 1. In another class of this embodiment, b is 2.
  • n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. In a class of this embodiment, n is 1, 2, 3 or 4. In another class class of this embodiment, n is 1, 2 or 3. In another class of this embodiment, n is 0, 1, 2 or 3. In another class of this embodiment, n is 0, 1 or 2. In another class of this embodiment, n is 1 or 2. In another class of this embodiment, n is 0. In another class of this embodiment, n is 1. In another class of this embodiment, n is 2. In another class of this embodiment, n is 3. In another class of this embodiment, n is 4.
  • m is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. In a class of this embodiment, m is 1, 2, 3 or 4. In another class of this embodiment, m is 1, 2 or 3. In another class of this embodiment, m is 0, 1, 2 or 3. In another class of this embodiment, m is 0, 1 or 2. In another class of this embodiment, m is 1 or 2. In another class of this embodiment, m is 0. In another class of this embodiment, m is 1. In another class of this embodiment, m is 2. In another class of this embodiment, m is 3. In another class of this embodiment, m is 4.
  • p is 0, 1, 2 or 3. In a class of this embodiment, p is 1, 2 or 3. In another class of this embodiment, p is 0, 1 or 2. In another class of this embodiment, p is 1 or 2. In another class of this embodiment, p is 0 or 2. In another class of this embodiment, p is 0. In another class of this embodiment, p is 1. In another class of this embodiment, p is 2. In another class of this embodiment, p is 3.
  • q is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. In a class of this embodiment, q is 1, 2, 3 or 4. In another class of this embodiment, q is 1, 2 or 3. In another class of this embodiment, q is 0, 1, 2 or 3. In another class of this embodiment, q is 0, 1 or 2. In another class of this embodiment, q is 1 or 2. In another class of this embodiment, q is 0. In another class of this embodiment, q is 1. In another class of this embodiment, q is 2. In another class of this embodiment, q is 3. In another class of this embodiment, q is 4.
  • r is 0, 1 or 2. In a class of this embodiment, r is 0 or 1. In another class of this embodiment, r is 1 or 2. In another class of this embodiment, r is 0. In another class of this embodiment, r is 1. In another class of this embodiment, r is 2.
  • s is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. In a class of this embodiment, s is 1, 2, 3 or 4. In another class of this embodiment, s is 1, 2 or 3. In another class of this embodiment, s is 0, 1, 2 or 3. In another class of this embodiment, s is 0, 1 or 2. In another class of this embodiment, s is 1 or 2. In another class of this embodiment, s is 0. In another class of this embodiment, s is 1. In another class of this embodiment, s is 2. In another class of this embodiment, s is 3. In another class of this embodiment, s is 4.
  • t is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. In a class of this embodiment, t is 1, 2, 3 or 4. In another class of this embodiment, t is 1, 2 or 3. In another class of this embodiment, t is 0, 1, 2 or 3. In another class of this embodiment, t is 0, 1 or 2. In another class of this embodiment, t is 1 or 2. In another class of this embodiment, t is 0. In another class of this embodiment, t is 1. In another class of this embodiment, t is 2. In another class of this embodiment, t is 3. In another class of this embodiment, t is 4.
  • the invention relates to compounds of structural formula la: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the invention relates to compounds of structural formula Ib: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the invention relates to compounds of structural formula Ic: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the invention relates to compounds of structural formula Id: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the compound of structural formula I includes the compounds of structural formulas la, Ib, Ic and Id, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates and solvates thereof.
  • Illustrative, but non-limiting, examples of the compounds of the present invention that are useful as activators of AMP-protein kinase are the following compounds: and or a pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Alkyl as well as other groups having the prefix “alk”, such as alkoxy, alkanoyl, means carbon chains of up to 10 carbons which may be linear or branched or combinations thereof.
  • alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec - and tert -butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, and the like.
  • alkenyl means carbon chains up to 10 carbons which contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond, and which may be linear or branched or combinations thereof.
  • alkenyl include vinyl, allyl, isopropenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-butenyl, 2-methyl-2-butenyl, and the like.
  • alkenyl is vinyl.
  • Alkynyl means carbon chains up to 10 carbons which contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, and which may be linear or branched or combinations thereof.
  • C 2-8 alkynyl means a carbon chain with 2 to 8 carbons that contains one carbon-carbon triple bond.
  • alkynyl include ethynyl, propargyl, 3-methyl-1-pentynyl, 2-heptynyl and the like.
  • alkynyl is ethynyl.
  • alkynyl is propargyl.
  • Cycloalkyl means mono- or bicyclic or bridged saturated carbocyclic rings, each having from 3 to 14 carbon atoms.
  • Examples of cycloalkyl include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, and decahydronaphthyl, and the like.
  • cycloalkyl is selected from cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
  • cycloalkyl is selected from cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.
  • cycloalkyl is cyclopropyl.
  • cycloalkyl is cyclohexyl.
  • Cycloalkenyl means nonaromatic, mono- or bicyclic or bridged carbocyclic rings, each having from 3 to 14 carbon atoms and containing at least one double bond.
  • Examples of cycloalkyl include cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooxtenyl, decahydronaphthyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl, and the like.
  • Cycloheteroalkyl means nonaromatic, mono- or bicyclic or bridged saturated carbocyclic rings, each having from 2 to 14 carbon atoms and containing 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 heteroatoms selected from N, NH, O and S.
  • C 2-10 cycloheteroalkyl means non-aromatic, mono- or bicyclic or bridged saturated carbocyclic rings, having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and containing, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 heteroatoms selected from N, NH, O and S.
  • cycloheteroalkyl examples include tetrahydrofuranyl, azetidinyl, perhydroazepinyl, dihydrofuranyl, dioxanyl, oxanyl, morpholinyl, 1,4-dithianyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyranyl, oxathiolanyl, dithiolanyl, 1,3-dithianyl, oxathianyl, thiomorpholinyl, dioxidoisothiazolidinyl, azacycloheptyl, diazobicyclo[3.2.1]-octane, and hexahydroindazolyl.
  • cycloheteroalkyl ring may be substituted on the ring carbons and/or the ring nitrogens.
  • cycloheteroalkyl is selected from piperidine, pyrrolidine, oxazolidine, 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione, thiazolidine, 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione, imidazolidine, and hydantoin, and the like.
  • cycloheteroalkyl is selected from: morpholine, pyrrolidine, piperazine, and piperidine.
  • cycloalkyl is selected from: tetrahydropyran, pyrrolidine, piperazine and piperidine.
  • cycloheteroalkyl is selected from: tetrahydropyran and piperidine.
  • cycloheteroalkyl is selected from: pyrrolidine, piperazine and piperidine.
  • cycloheteroalkyl is pyrrolidine.
  • cycloheteroalkyl is dianhydro-mannitol. In another embodiment of the present invention, cycloheteroalkyl is 1, 4:3, 6-dianhydro-mannitol. In another embodiment of the present invention, cycloheteroalkyl is 1, 4:3, 6-dianhydro-D-mannitol. In another embodiment of the present invention, cycloheteroalkyl is hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan. In a class of this embodiment, cycloheteroalkyl is 2,3,3a,5,6,6a-hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan.
  • Cycloheteroalkenyl means nonaromatic mono- or bicyclic or bridged rings each having from 2 to 14 carbon atoms containing at least one double bond and containing 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 heteroatoms selected from N, NH, O and S.
  • Examples of cycloheteroalkenyl include 1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-one, 1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-one, 1,2,4-triazol-3-one, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazole, and [1,6]-dihydropyridine and the like.
  • cycloheteroalkenyl is dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazole.
  • cycloheteroalkenyl is [1,6]-dihydropyridine.
  • cycloheteroalkenyl is dihydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazole.
  • cycloheteroalkenyl is 4,6-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazole.
  • cycloheteroalkenyl is dihydroimidazole or tetrahydropyrimidine.
  • cycloheteroalkenyl is 2,5 dihydro-1H-imidazole or 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine.
  • cycloheteroalkenyl is dihydroimidazole.
  • cycloheteroalkenyl is 2,5 dihydro-1H-imidazole.
  • cycloheteroalkenyl is tetrahydropyrimidine.
  • cycloheteroalkenyl is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine.
  • Aryl means a monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring system containing 5-14 carbon atoms, wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic.
  • Aryl thus includes ring systems in which an aromatic ring is fused to a non-aromatic ring, such as a cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl ring.
  • aryl include phenyl, naphthalene, biphenyl, indane and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene, and the like.
  • aryl is phenyl, naphthalene, biphenyl, indane, and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene.
  • aryl is phenyl, naphthalene, indane and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene.
  • aryl is phenyl and naphthalene.
  • aryl is phenyl.
  • aryl is naphthalene.
  • Heteroaryl means a monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring system containing 2-14 carbon atoms and containing 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 heteroatoms selected from N, NH, O and S wherein at least one of the heteroatom containing rings is aromatic.
  • Heteroaryl thus includes ring systems in which an aromatic heteroatom containing ring is fused to a non-aromatic ring, such as a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloheteroalkyl or cycloheteroalkenyl ring, and also includes ring systems in which an aryl ring is fused to a non-aromatic heteroatom containing ring, such as acycloheteroalkyl or cycloheteroalkenyl ring.
  • a non-aromatic ring such as a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloheteroalkyl or cycloheteroalkenyl ring
  • heteroaryls include: pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, thiazole, thiophene, benzoimidazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, indole, indazole, carbazole, benzotriazole, benzofuran, benzothiazole, benzothiophene, benzoisooxazole, oxazole, furan, benzoxazole, isoxazole, indoline, isoindoline, tetrazole, imidazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, triazole, benzothiazole, bernzopyrazole, imidazopyridine, benzodioxole, dihydropyridine, dihydropyrrolopyridine, dihydrobenzooxazine, benzodioxole, benzodioxine, pyrrolopyridine, triazolopyridine, dihydropyrid,
  • heteroaryl is selected from: imidazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, thiazole, thiophene, benzoimidazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, indole, indazole, carbazole, benzotriazole, benzofuran, benzothiazole, benzo[b]thiophene, benzo[d]isooxazole, 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]oxazine, benzo[1,3]dioxole, benzo[1,4]dioxine, 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine, 1,6-dihydro-pyridine, [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine, 3,4 dihydropyrido [3,2-b][1,4]oxazine, 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzoxazine,
  • heteroaryl is tetrazole.
  • heteroaryl is selected from: pyrazole, pyridine, pyrimidine, isoxazole, imidazole, oxazole, triazole, tetrazole, oxadiazole, thiazole, thiadiazole, and benzoxazole.
  • heteroaryl is tetrazole.
  • heteroaryl is indole.
  • heteroaryl is triazole.
  • heteroaryl is benzodioxole.
  • heteroaryl is selected from: furan, oxazole, pyridine, oxadiazole, indole, benzofuran, benzodioxole, azaindole, pyrazole, and benzisoxazole.
  • heteroaryl is selected from: furan, oxazole, pyridine, and oxadiazole.
  • heteroaryl is selected from: indole, benzofuran, benzodioxole, azaindole, pyrazole, and benzisoxazole.
  • Halogen includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. In one embodiment of the present invention, halogen is selected from fluorine, chlorine, and bromine. In another embodiment of the present invention, halogen is selected from fluorine, and chlorine. In another embodiment of the present invention, halogen is fluorine. In another embodiment of the present invention, halogen is chlorine.
  • any variable e.g., R 1 , Ra, etc.
  • its definition on each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence.
  • combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds.
  • a squiggly line across a bond in a substituent variable represents the point of attachment.
  • a C 1-5 alkylcarbonylamino C 1-6 alkyl substituent is equivalent to:
  • a -(CH 2 ) m OCOR f substituent is equivalent to -(CH 2 ) m OC(O)R f .
  • substituted shall be deemed to include multiple degrees of substitution by a named substitutent. Where multiple substituent moieties are disclosed or claimed, the substituted compound can be independently substituted by one or more of the disclosed or claimed substituent moieties, singly or plurally. By independently substituted, it is meant that the (two or more) substituents can be the same or different.
  • Compounds of Formula I may contain one or more asymmetric centers and can thus occur as racemates and racemic mixtures, single enantiomers, diastereomeric mixtures and individual diastereomers. The present invention is meant to comprehend all such isomeric forms of the compounds of Formula I.
  • Tautomers are defined as compounds that undergo rapid proton shifts from one atom of the compound to another atom of the compound. Some of the compounds described herein may exist as tautomers with different points of attachment of hydrogen. Such an example may be a ketone and its enol form known as keto-enol tautomers. The individual tautomers as well as mixture thereof are encompassed with compounds of Formula I.
  • the atoms may exhibit their natural isotopic abundances, or one or more of the atoms may be artificially enriched in a particular isotope having the same atomic number, but an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number predominately found in nature.
  • the present invention is meant to include all suitable isotopic variations of the compounds of structural formula I.
  • different isotopic forms of hydrogen (H) include protium ( 1 H) and deuterium ( 2 H).
  • Protium is the predominant hydrogen isotope found in nature. Enriching for deuterium may afford certain therapeutic advantages, such as increasing in vivo half-life or reducing dosage requirements, or may provide a compound useful as a standard for characterization of biological samples.
  • Isotopically-enriched compounds within structural formula I can be prepared without undue experimentation by conventional techniques well known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in the Schemes and Examples herein using appropriate isotopically-enriched reagents and/or intermediates.
  • Compounds of the Formula I may be separated into diastereoisomeric pairs of enantiomers by, for example, fractional crystallization from a suitable solvent, for example MeOH or ethyl acetate or a mixture thereof.
  • a suitable solvent for example MeOH or ethyl acetate or a mixture thereof.
  • the pair of enantiomers thus obtained may be separated into individual stereoisomers by conventional means, for example by the use of an optically active amine as a resolving agent or on a chiral HPLC column.
  • any enantiomer of a compound of the general Formula I may be obtained by stereospecific synthesis using optically pure starting materials or reagents of known configuration.
  • crystalline forms for compounds of the present invention may exist as polymorphs and as such are intended to be included in the present invention.
  • some of the compounds of the instant invention may form solvates with water or common organic solvents. Such solvates are encompassed within the scope of this invention.
  • Racemic mixtures can be separated into their individual enantiomers by any of a number of conventional methods. These include chiral chromatography, derivatization with a chiral auxiliary followed by separation by chromatography or crystallization, and fractional crystallization of diastereomeric salts.
  • salts refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases or acids including inorganic or organic bases and inorganic or organic acids.
  • Salts derived from inorganic bases include aluminum, ammonium, calcium, copper, ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganic salts, manganous, potassium, sodium, zinc, and the like. Particularly preferred are the ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium salts.
  • Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases include salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines, and basic ion exchange resins, such as arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline, N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-ethylmorpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, isopropylamine, lysine, methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropylamine, tromethamine, and the like.
  • basic ion exchange resins such as
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt further includes all acceptable salts such as acetate, trifluoroacetate, lactobionate, benzenesulfonate, laurate, benzoate, malate, bicarbonate, maleate, bisulfate, mandelate, bitartrate, mesylate, borate, methylbromide, bromide, methylnitrate, calcium edetate, methylsulfate, camsylate, mucate, carbonate, napsylate, chloride, nitrate, clavulanate, N-methylglucamine, citrate, ammonium salt, dihydrochloride, oleate, edetate, oxalate, edisylate, pamoate (embonate), estolate, palmitate, esylate, pantothenate, fumarate, phosphate/diphosphate, gluceptate, polygalacturonate, gluconate, salicylate, glutamate,
  • Compounds of the present invention are activators of the AMP-activated protein kinase.
  • the methods of treatment of this invention comprise a method of activating AMPK-activated protein kinase and treating AMPK-activated protein kinase mediated diseases by administering to a patient in need of such treatment a non-toxic therapeutically effective amount of a compound of this invention that activates AMPK-activated protein kinase.
  • AMP-activated protein kinase is a heterotrimeric enzyme composed of a catalytic ⁇ subunit and regulatory ⁇ and ⁇ subunits. There are two genes encoding isoforms of both the ⁇ and ⁇ subunits ( ⁇ 1, ⁇ 2, ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2) and three genes encoding isoforms of the ⁇ subunit ( ⁇ 1, ⁇ 2 and ⁇ 3) leading to 12 possible heterotrimeric combinations.
  • the ⁇ 2 isoform is predominately found in skeletal and cardiac muscle AMPK; both the ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 isoforms are found in hepatic AMPK; while in pancreatic islet ⁇ -cells the ⁇ 1 isoform AMPK predominates.
  • the compounds of structural formula I are activators of at least one heterotrimeric isoform of AMP-activated protein kinase.
  • activator is a compound that either increases the activity (phosphorylation of downstream substrates) of fully phosphorylated AMPK or that increases the phosphorylation of AMPK.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be efficacious in the treatment and prevention of diseases, disorders and conditions that are responsive to the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase, including but not limited to: type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, obesity, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, atherosclerosis, Metabolic Syndrome, hypertension, high hepatic glucose output, high blood glucose concentrations, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, protection against ischemia and reperfusion damage, and lipid disorders, such as dyslipidemia, elevated levels of plasma triglycerides, elevated levels of free fatty acids, elevated levels of cholesterol, high levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL) and low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL).
  • type 2 diabetes insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, obesity, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, atherosclerosis, Metabolic Syndrome, hypertension, high hepatic glucose output, high blood glucose concentrations, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, protection against ischemia and reper
  • the compounds may also be useful for the treatment of cancer, hypoxia and glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis.
  • the compounds may also be useful for the treatment of sarcopenia by treating or preventing the loss of skeletal muscle mass, including but not limited to a loss of skeletal muscle mass due to aging.
  • One or more of the following diseases may be treated by the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a patient in need of treatment or prevention of: (1) non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (Type 2 diabetes); (2) hyperglycemia; (3) Metabolic Syndrome; (4) obesity; (5) hypercholesterolemia; (6) hypertriglyceridemia (elevated levels of triglyceride-rich-lipoproteins); (7) mixed or diabetic dyslipidemia; (8) low HDL cholesterol; (9) high LDL cholesterol; (10) atherosclerosis; (11) atherosclerosis, (12) hypertension, (13) sarcopenia, (14) high circulating free fatty acids (FFAs), (15) non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), (16) non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), (17) Type 1 diabetes, (18) heart attack, (19) cardiomyopathy, and (20) heart failure.
  • NASH non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
  • One embodiment is compounds for use in the treatment of one or more of the following diseases: (1) Type 2 diabetes; (2) hyperglycemia; (3) Metabolic Syndrome; (4) obesity; (5) hypercholesterolemia; and (6) hypertension.
  • In another embodiment is compounds for use in the treatment of one or more of the following diseases: (1) Type 2 diabetes; (2) hyperglycemia; (3) Metabolic Syndrome; (4) obesity; (5) hypercholesterolemia; (6) hypertension; and (7) cancer.
  • In another embodiment is compounds for use in the treatment of one or more of the following diseases: (1) Type 2 diabetes; (2) hyperglycemia; (3) Metabolic Syndrome; (4) obesity; (5) hypercholesterolemia; (6) hypertension; (7) low HDL; (8) high LDL; (9) high triglycerides; (10) atherosclerosis; (11) sarcopenia; and (12) cancer.
  • diseases (1) Type 2 diabetes; (2) hyperglycemia; (3) Metabolic Syndrome; (4) obesity; (5) hypercholesterolemia; (6) hypertension; (7) low HDL; (8) high LDL; (9) high triglycerides; (10) atherosclerosis; (11) sarcopenia; and (12) cancer.
  • the compounds of structural Formula I may also be used for manufacturing a medicament for potential use in the treatment of one or more of the above diseases.
  • the compounds may also be effective in lowering glucose and lipids in diabetic patients and in non-diabetic patients who have impaired glucose tolerance and/or are in a pre-diabetic condition.
  • the compounds may ameliorate hyperinsulinemia, which often occurs in diabetic or pre-diabetic patients, by modulating the swings in the level of serum glucose that often occurs in these patients.
  • the compounds may also be effective in treating or reducing insulin resistance.
  • the compounds may be effective in treating or preventing gestational diabetes.
  • the compounds, compositions, methods and medicaments as described herein may also be effective in: a) reducing the risks of adverse sequelae associated with metabolic syndrome, b) reducing the risk of developing atherosclerosis, c) delaying the onset of atherosclerosis, and/or d) reducing the risk of sequelae of atherosclerosis.
  • Sequelae of atherosclerosis include angina, claudication, heart attack, stroke, and others.
  • the compounds may also be effective in delaying or preventing vascular restenosis and diabetic retinopathy.
  • the compounds of this invention may also have utility in improving or restoring ⁇ -cell function, so that they may be useful in treating type 1 diabetes or may be useful in delaying or preventing a patient with Type 2 diabetes from needing insulin therapy.
  • Other possible outcomes of treatment with the compounds of the present invention may be, but are not limited to: 1) a decrease in fatty acid synthesis; 2) an increase in fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis; 3) a decrease in cholesterol synthesis, lipogenesis, and triglyceride synthesis; 4) a decrease in blood glucose levels and concentration; 5) an improvement in glucose homeostasis; 6) a normalization of glucose metabolism; 7) a decrease in blood pressure; 8) an increase in HDL; 9) a decrease in LDL; 10) a decrease in plasma triglycerides; 11) a decrease in free fatty acids; 12) a decrease in hepatic glucose output; 13) an improvement in insulin action; 14) a decrease in blood pressure; 15) an improvement in insulin sensitivity; 16) a suppression of hepatic glucose output; 17) an inhibition of de novo lipogenesis; 18) stimulation of muscle glucose uptake; 19) modulation of insulin secretion by pancreatic ⁇ cells; 20) a decrease in body weight;
  • the compounds may be efficacious in treating one or more of the following diseases: (1) Type 2 diabetes (also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, or NIDDM), (2) hyperglycemia, (3) impaired glucose tolerance, (4) insulin resistance, (5) obesity, (6) lipid disorders, (7) dyslipidemia, (8) hyperlipidemia, (9) hypertriglyceridemia, (10) hypercholesterolemia, (11) low HDL levels, (12) high LDL levels, (13) atherosclerosis and its sequelae, (14) vascular restenosis, (15) abdominal obesity, (16) retinopathy, (17) metabolic syndrome, (18) high blood pressure (hypertension), and (19) insulin resistance.
  • Type 2 diabetes also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, or NIDDM
  • hyperglycemia also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, or NIDDM
  • impaired glucose tolerance (4) insulin resistance
  • obesity (6) lipid disorders
  • dyslipidemia (7) dyslipidemia
  • hyperlipidemia (9) hypertriglyceridemia
  • One aspect of the invention provides a compound having formula I for use in a method for the treatment and control of mixed or diabetic dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, low HDL levels, high LDL levels, hyperlipidemia, and/or hypertriglyceridemia.
  • the compound may be used alone or advantageously may be administered with a cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor, particularly an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor such as lovastatin, simvastatin, rosuvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, rivastatin, itavastatin, or ZD-4522.
  • the compound may also be used advantageously in combination with other lipid lowering drugs such as cholesterol absorption inhibitors (for example stanol esters, sterol glycosides such as tiqueside, and azetidinones such as ezetimibe), ACAT inhibitors (such as avasimibe), CETP inhibitors (for example anacetrapib, torcetrapib, and those described in published applications WO2005/100298 , WO2006/014413 , and WO2006/014357 ), niacin and niacin receptor agonists, bile acid sequestrants, microsomal triglyceride transport inhibitors, and bile acid reuptake inhibitors.
  • cholesterol absorption inhibitors for example stanol esters, sterol glycosides such as tiqueside, and azetidinones such as ezetimibe
  • ACAT inhibitors such as avasimibe
  • CETP inhibitors for example anacetrapib, torcetrap
  • the present invention also relates to compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention for use in methods and medicaments for the treatment, control, or prevention of Type 2 diabetes.
  • the present invention also relates to compounds of the present invention in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of another agent known to be useful to treat the condition for use in the treatment, control, or prevention of Type 2 diabetes.
  • the present invention also relates to the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention alone, or in combination for use in the treatment, control, or prevention of diabetes related disorders.
  • the present invention also relates to the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention alone, or in combination for use in the treatment and prevention of diabetes in pre-diabetic subject.
  • the present invention also relates to the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, alone or in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of another agent known to be useful to treat the condition for use in the treatment, control, or prevention of obesity.
  • the present invention also relates to the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention alone, or in combination for use in the treatment, control, or prevention of obesity related disorders.
  • the present invention also relates to compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention alone, or in combination for use in the treatment and prevention of obesity in overweight subject.
  • the compounds may also be useful for the treatment of obesity related disorders, and eating disorders associated with excessive food intake, and complications associated therewith, including left ventricular hypertrophy, as well as treating or preventing obesity in other mammalian species, including canines and felines.
  • the present invention also relates to the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, alone or in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of another agent known to be useful to treat the condition for use in the treatment, control, or prevention of hyperglycemia.
  • the present invention also relates to compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, alone or in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of another agent known to be useful to treat the condition for use in treatment, control, or prevention of insulin resistance.
  • the present invention also relates the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, alone or in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of another agent known to be useful to treat the condition for use in treatment, control, or prevention of lipid disorders.
  • the present invention also relates to compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention alone, or in combination for use in treatment, control, or prevention of dyslipidemia related disorders and lipid disorder-related disorders.
  • the present invention also relates to the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, alone or in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of another agent known to be useful to treat the condition for use in treatment, control, or prevention of atherosclerosis.
  • the present invention also relates to the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, alone or in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of another agent known to be useful to treat the condition for use in treatment, control, or prevention of hypertension.
  • the present invention also relates to compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention alone, or in combination for use in treatment and prevention of hypertension in pre-hypertensive subject.
  • the present invention also relates to the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, alone or in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of another agent known to be useful to treat the condition for use in treatment, control, or prevention of Metabolic Syndrome.
  • diabetes includes both insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (i.e., IDDM, also known as type 1 diabetes) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (i.e., NIDDM, also known as Type 2 diabetes).
  • IDDM insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
  • NIDDM non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
  • Type 1 diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes
  • Type 2 diabetes or insulin-independent diabetes (i.e., non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus)
  • Most of the Type 2 diabetics are also obese.
  • the compositions of the present invention may be useful for treating both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
  • the term "diabetes associated with obesity” refers to diabetes caused by obesity or resulting from obesity.
  • the compositions are especially effective for treating Type 2 diabetes.
  • the compositions of the present invention are also useful for treating and/or preventing gestational diabetes mellitus.
  • Diabetes is characterized by a fasting plasma glucose level of greater than or equal to 126 mg/dl.
  • a diabetic subject has a fasting plasma glucose level of greater than or equal to 126 mg/dl.
  • a pre diabetic subject is someone suffering from prediabetes.
  • Prediabetes is characterized by an impaired fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level of greater than or equal to 110 mg/dl and less than 126 mg/dl; or impaired glucose tolerance; or insulin resistance.
  • FPG impaired fasting plasma glucose
  • a prediabetic subject is a subject with impaired fasting glucose (a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level of greater than or equal to 110 mg/dl and less than 126 mg/dl); or impaired glucose tolerance (a 2 hour plasma glucose level of ⁇ 140 mg/dl and ⁇ 200 mg/dl); or insulin resistance, resulting in an increased risk of developing diabetes.
  • FPG fasting plasma glucose
  • Treatment of diabetes mellitus refers to the administration of a compound or combination of the present invention to treat a diabetic subject.
  • One outcome of treatment may be decreasing the glucose level in a subject with elevated glucose levels.
  • Another outcome of treatment may be decreasing insulin levels in a subject with elevated insulin levels.
  • Another outcome of treatment may be decreasing plasma triglycerides in a subject with elevated plasma triglycerides.
  • Another outcome of treatment is decreasing LDL cholesterol in a subject with high LDL cholesterol levels.
  • Another outcome of treatment may be increasing HDL cholesterol in a subject with low HDL cholesterol levels.
  • Another outcome of treatment is increasing insulin sensivity.
  • Another outcome of treatment may be enhancing glucose tolerance in a subject with glucose intolerance.
  • Yet another outcome of treatment may be decreasing insulin resistance in a subject with increased insulin resistance or elevated levels of insulin.
  • Prevention of diabetes mellitus refers to the administration of a compound or combination of the present invention to prevent the onset of diabetes in a subject in need thereof.
  • a subject in need of preventing diabetes is a prediabetic subject that is overweight or obese.
  • diabetes related disorders should be understood to mean disorders that are associated with, caused by, or result from diabetes. Examples of diabetes related disorders include retinal damage, kidney disease, and nerve damage.
  • Atherosclerosis encompasses vascular diseases and conditions that are recognized and understood by physicians practicing in the relevant fields of medicine.
  • Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease (also known as coronary artery disease or ischemic heart disease), cerebrovascular disease and peripheral vessel disease are all clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis and are therefore encompassed by the terms "atherosclerosis” and "atherosclerotic disease.”
  • the combination comprised of a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-obesity agent in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-hypertensive agent may be administered to prevent or reduce the risk of occurrence, or recurrence where the potential exists, of a coronary heart disease event, a cerebrovascular event, or intermittent claudication.
  • Coronary heart disease events are intended to include CHD death, myocardial infarction (i.e., a heart attack), and coronary revascularization procedures. Cerebrovascular events are intended to include ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke (also known as cerebrovascular accidents) and transient ischemic attacks. Intermittent claudication is a clinical manifestation of peripheral vessel disease.
  • the term "atherosclerotic disease event” as used herein is intended to encompass coronary heart disease events, cerebrovascular events, and intermittent claudication. It is intended that persons who have previously experienced one or more non-fatal atherosclerotic disease events are those for whom the potential for recurrence of such an event exists.
  • the term "atherosclerosis related disorders” should be understood to mean disorders associated with, caused by, or resulting from atherosclerosis.
  • hypertension includes essential, or primary, hypertension wherein the cause is not known or where hypertension is due to greater than one cause, such as changes in both the heart and blood vessels; and secondary hypertension wherein the cause is known.
  • causes of secondary hypertension include, but are not limited to obesity; kidney disease; hormonal disorders; use of certain drugs, such as oral contraceptives, corticosteroids, cyclosporin, and the like.
  • hypertension encompasses high blood pressure, in which both the systolic and diastolic pressure levels are elevated ( ⁇ 140 mmHg/ ⁇ 90 mmHg), and isolated systolic hypertension, in which only the systolic pressure is elevated to greater than or equal to 140 mm Hg, while the diastolic pressure is less than 90 mm Hg.
  • Normal blood pressure may be defined as less than 120 mmHg systolic and less than 80 mmHg diastolic.
  • a hypertensive subject is a subject with hypertension.
  • a pre-hypertensive subject is a subject with a blood pressure that is between 120 mmHg over 80 mmHg and 139 mmHg over 89 mmHg.
  • Treatment of hypertension refers to the administration of the compounds and combinations of the present invention to treat hypertension in a hypertensive subject.
  • Treatment of hypertension-related disorder refers to the administration of a compound or combination of the present invention to treat the hypertension-related disorder.
  • Prevention of hypertension, or a hypertension related disorder refers to the administration of the combinations of the present invention to a pre-hypertensive subject to prevent the onset of hypertension or a hypertension related disorder.
  • the hypertension-related disorders herein are associated with, caused by, or result from hypertension. Examples of hypertension-related disorders include, but are not limited to: heart disease, heart failure, heart attack, kidney failure, and stroke.
  • Dyslipidemias and lipid disorders are disorders of lipid metabolism including various conditions characterized by abnormal concentrations of one or more lipids (i.e. cholesterol and triglycerides), and/or apolipoproteins (i.e., apolipoproteins A, B, C and E), and/or lipoproteins (i.e., the macromolecular complexes formed by the lipid and the apolipoprotein that allow lipids to circulate in blood, such as LDL, VLDL and IDL).
  • Hyperlipidemia is associated with abnormally high levels of lipids, LDL and VLDL cholesterol, and/or triglycerides.
  • Treatment of dyslipidemia refers to the administration of the combinations of the present invention to a dyslipidemic subject.
  • Prevention of dyslipidemia refers to the administration of the combinations of the present invention to a pre-dyslipidemic subject.
  • a pre-dyslipidemic subject is a subject with higher than normal lipid levels, that is
  • dyslipidemia related disorders and “lipid disorder related disorders” should be understood to mean disorders associated with, caused by, or resulting from dyslipidemia or lipid disorders.
  • dylipidemia related disorder and lipid disorder related disorders include, but are not limited to: hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, high plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, atherosclerosis and its sequelae, coronary artery or carotid artery disease, heart attack, and stroke.
  • the term "obesity” as used herein is a condition in which there is an excess of body fat.
  • the operational definition of obesity is based on the Body Mass Index (BMI), which is calculated as body weight per height in meters squared (kg/m2).
  • BMI Body Mass Index
  • "Obesity” refers to a condition whereby an otherwise healthy subject has a Body Mass Index (BMI) greater than or equal to 30 kg/m 2 , or a condition whereby a subject with at least one co-morbidity has a BMI greater than or equal to 27 kg/m 2 .
  • An “obese subject” is an otherwise healthy subject with a Body Mass Index (BMI) greater than or equal to 30 kg/m 2 or a subject with at least one co-morbidity with a BMI greater than or equal to 27 kg/m 2 .
  • BMI Body Mass Index
  • An overweight subject is a subject at risk of obesity.
  • a "subject at risk of obesity” is an otherwise healthy subject with a BMI of 25 kg/m 2 to less than 30 kg/m 2 or a subject with at least one co-morbidity with a BMI of 25 kg/m 2 to less than 27 kg/m2.
  • BMI Body Mass Index
  • “obesity” refers to a condition whereby a subject with at least one obesity-induced or obesity-related co-morbidity, that requires weight reduction or that would be improved by weight reduction, has a BMI greater than or equal to 25 kg/m 2 .
  • an “obese subject” refers to a subject with at least one obesity-induced or obesity-related co-morbidity that requires weight reduction or that would be improved by weight reduction, with a BMI greater than or equal to 25 kg/m 2 .
  • a "subject at risk of obesity” is a subject with a BMI of greater than 23 kg/m 2 to less than 25 kg/m2.
  • obesity is meant to encompass all of the above definitions of obesity.
  • Obesity-induced or obesity-related co-morbidities include, but are not limited to, diabetes mellitus, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus - type 2, diabetes associated with obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose, insulin resistance syndrome, dyslipidemia, hypertension, hypertension associated with obesity, hyperuricacidemia, gout, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, sleep apnea syndrome, Pickwickian syndrome, fatty liver; cerebral infarction, cerebral thrombosis, transient ischemic attack, orthopedic disorders, arthritis deformans, lumbodynia, emmeniopathy, and infertility.
  • co-morbidities include: hypertension, hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea, and other obesity-related conditions.
  • Treatment of obesity and obesity-related disorders refers to the administration of the compounds of the present invention to reduce or maintain the body weight of an obese subject.
  • One outcome of treatment may be reducing the body weight of an obese subject relative to that subject's body weight immediately before the administration of the compounds of the present invention.
  • Another outcome of treatment may be preventing body weight regain of body weight previously lost as a result of diet, exercise, or pharmacotherapy.
  • Another outcome of treatment may be decreasing the occurrence of and/or the severity of obesity-related diseases.
  • the treatment may suitably result in a reduction in food or calorie intake by the subject, including a reduction in total food intake, or a reduction of intake of specific components of the diet such as carbohydrates or fats; and/or the inhibition of nutrient absorption; and/or the inhibition of the reduction of metabolic rate; and in weight reduction in patients in need thereof.
  • the treatment may also result in an alteration of metabolic rate, such as an increase in metabolic rate, rather than or in addition to an inhibition of the reduction of metabolic rate; and/or in minimization of the metabolic resistance that normally results from weight loss.
  • Prevention of obesity and obesity-related disorders refers to the administration of the compounds of the present invention to reduce or maintain the body weight of a subject at risk of obesity.
  • One outcome of prevention may be reducing the body weight of a subject at risk of obesity relative to that subject's body weight immediately before the administration of the compounds of the present invention.
  • Another outcome of prevention may be preventing body weight regain of body weight previously lost as a result of diet, exercise, or pharmacotherapy.
  • Another outcome of prevention may be preventing obesity from occurring if the treatment is administered prior to the onset of obesity in a subject at risk of obesity.
  • Another outcome of prevention may be decreasing the occurrence and/or severity of obesity-related disorders if the treatment is administered prior to the onset of obesity in a subject at risk of obesity.
  • Such treatment may prevent the occurrence, progression or severity of obesity-related disorders, such as, but not limited to, arteriosclerosis, Type II diabetes, polycystic ovarian disease, cardiovascular diseases, osteoarthritis, dermatological disorders, hypertension, insulin resistance, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and cholelithiasis.
  • the obesity-related disorders herein are associated with, caused by, or result from obesity.
  • obesity-related disorders include overeating and bulimia, hypertension, diabetes, elevated plasma insulin concentrations and insulin resistance, dyslipidemias, hyperlipidemia, endometrial, breast, prostate and colon cancer, osteoarthritis, obstructive sleep apnea, cholelithiasis, gallstones, heart disease, abnormal heart rhythms and arrythmias, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, sudden death, stroke, polycystic ovarian disease, craniopharyngioma, the Prader-Willi Syndrome, Frohlich's syndrome, GH-deficient subjects, normal variant short stature, Turner's syndrome, and other pathological conditions showing reduced metabolic activity or a decrease in resting energy expenditure as a percentage of total fat-free mass, e.g, children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
  • obesity-related disorders are metabolic syndrome, also known as syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome, sexual and reproductive dysfunction, such as infertility, hypogonadism in males and hirsutism in females, gastrointestinal motility disorders, such as obesity-related gastro-esophageal reflux, respiratory disorders, such as obesity-hypoventilation syndrome (Pickwickian syndrome), cardiovascular disorders, inflammation, such as systemic inflammation of the vasculature, arteriosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, hyperuricaemia, lower back pain, gallbladder disease, gout, and kidney cancer.
  • the compounds of the present invention are also useful for reducing the risk of secondary outcomes of obesity, such as reducing the risk of left ventricular hypertrophy.
  • the compounds of formula I are also useful for treating or preventing obesity and obesity-related disorders in cats and dogs.
  • the term “mammal” includes companion animals such as cats and dogs.
  • metabolic syndrome also known as syndrome X
  • syndrome X is defined in the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III, or ATP III), National Institutes of Health, 2001, NIH Publication No. 01-3670. E.S. Ford et al., JAMA, vol. 287 (3), Jan. 16, 2002, pp 356-359 .
  • a person is defined as having metabolic syndrome if the person has three or more of the following disorders: abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, and high fasting plasma glucose. The criteria for these are defined in ATP-III.
  • Treatment of metabolic syndrome refers to the administration of the combinations of the present invention to a subject with metabolic syndrome.
  • Prevention of metabolic syndrome refers to the administration of the combinations of the present invention to a subject with two of the disorders that define metabolic syndrome.
  • a subject with two of the disorders that define metabolic syndrome is a subject that has developed two of the disorders that define metabolic syndrome, but has not yet developed three or more of the disorders that define metabolic syndrome.
  • Left ventricular hypertrohpy is identified based on left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and relative wall thickness (RWT).
  • Left ventricular mass index is defined as left ventricular mass in grams divided by body surface area in meters 2 .
  • Relative wall thickness is defined as 2 x posterior wall thickness/left ventricular end diastolic diameter.
  • Normal LVMI values are typically 85 and normal RWT approximately 0.36.
  • a male subject with LVH has a LVMI greater than 131 g/m 2 ; a female subject with LVH has a LVMI greater than 100 g/m 2 .
  • a subject with an elevated LVMI value is a male subject with a LVMI between 85 g/m 2 and 131 g/m 2 , or a female subject with a LVMI between 85 g/m 2 and 100 g/m 2 .
  • administering should be understood to mean providing a compound of the invention or a prodrug of a compound of the invention to the individual or mammal in need of treatment.
  • the administration of the compound of structural formula I in order to practice the present methods of therapy is carried out by administering an effective amount of the compound of structural formula I to the mammal in need of such treatment or prophylaxis.
  • the need for a prophylactic administration according to the methods of the present invention is determined via the use of well known risk factors.
  • the effective amount of an individual compound is determined, in the final analysis, by the physician or veterinarian in charge of the case, but depends on factors such as the exact disease to be treated, the severity of the disease and other diseases or conditions from which the patient suffers, the chosen route of administration other drugs and treatments which the patient may concomitantly require, and other factors in the physician's judgment.
  • prophylactic or therapeutic dose of a compound of Formula I will, of course, vary with the nature of the severity of the condition to be treated and with the particular compound of Formula I and its route of administration. It will also vary according to the age, weight and response of the individual patient. In general, the daily dose range lie within the range of from about 0.001 mg to about 100 mg per kg body weight of a mammal, preferably 0.01 mg to about 50 mg per kg, and most preferably 0.1 to 10 mg per kg, in single or divided doses. On the other hand, it may be necessary to use dosages outside these limits in some cases.
  • a suitable dosage range is from about 0.001 mg to about 100 mg in one embodiment from about 0.01 mg to about 50 mg, and in another embodiment from 0.1 mg to 10 mg of a compound of Formula I per kg of body weight per day.
  • a suitable dosage range is, e.g. from about 0.01 mg to about 1000 mg of a compound of Formula I per day. In one embodiment, the range is from about 0.1 mg to about 10 mg per day.
  • the compositions are preferably provided in the form of tablets containing from 0.01 to 1,000 mg, preferably 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 12.5, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750 or 1000 milligrams of the active ingredient for the symptomatic adjustment of the dosage to the patient to be treated.
  • compositions which comprises a compound of Formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • composition is intended to encompass a product comprising the active ingredient(s), and the inert ingredient(s) (pharmaceutically acceptable excipients) that make up the carrier, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination, complexation or aggregation of any two or more of the ingredients, or from dissociation of one or more of the ingredients, or from other types of reactions or interactions of one or more of the ingredients.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention encompass any composition made by admixing a compound of Formula I, additional active ingredient(s), and pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
  • Any suitable route of administration may be employed for providing a mammal, particularly a human or a companion animal such as a dog or cat, with an effective dosage of a compound of the present invention.
  • a mammal particularly a human or a companion animal such as a dog or cat
  • oral, rectal, topical, parenteral, ocular, pulmonary, and nasal routes of administration, and the like may be employed.
  • Dosage forms include tablets, troches, dispersions, suspensions, solutions, capsules, creams, ointments, aerosols, and the like.
  • compositions of the present invention comprise a compound of Formula I as an active ingredient or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and may also contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and optionally other therapeutic ingredients.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable it is meant the carrier, diluent or excipient must be compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
  • the compositions include compositions suitable for oral, rectal, topical, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous), ocular (ophthalmic), pulmonary (aerosol inhalation), or nasal administration, although the most suitable route in any given case will depend on the nature and severity of the conditions being treated and on the nature of the active ingredient. They may be conveniently presented in unit dosage form and prepared by any of the methods well-known in the art of pharmacy.
  • the compounds of the present invention are conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or nebulizers, or as powders which may be formulated and the powder composition may be inhaled with the aid of an insufflation powder inhaler device.
  • the preferred delivery systems for inhalation are metered dose inhalation (MDI) aerosol, which may be formulated as a suspension or solution of a compound of Formula I in suitable propellants, such as fluorocarbons or hydrocarbons and dry powder inhalation (DPI) aerosol, which may be formulated as a dry powder of a compound of Formula I with or without additional excipients.
  • MDI metered dose inhalation
  • suitable propellants such as fluorocarbons or hydrocarbons
  • DPI dry powder inhalation
  • Suitable topical formulations of a compound of formula I include transdermal devices, aerosols, creams, solutions, ointments, gels, lotions, dusting powders, and the like.
  • the topical pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds of the present invention ordinarily include about 0.005% to 5% by weight of the active compound in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
  • Transdermal skin patches useful for administering the compounds of the present invention include those known to those of ordinary skill in that art.
  • the compounds of Formula I can be combined as the active ingredient in intimate admixture with a pharmaceutical carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques.
  • the carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration, e.g., oral or parenteral (including intravenous).
  • any of the usual pharmaceutical media may be employed, such as, for example, water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents and the like in the case of oral liquid preparations, such as, for example, suspensions, elixirs and solutions; or carriers such as starches, sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents and the like in the case of oral solid preparations such as, for example, powders, capsules and tablets, with the solid oral preparations being preferred over the liquid preparations. Because of their ease of administration, tablets and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage unit form in which case solid pharmaceutical carriers are obviously employed. If desired, tablets may be coated by standard aqueous or nonaqueous techniques.
  • the compounds of Formula I may also be administered by controlled release means and/or delivery devices such as those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,845,770 ; 3,916,899 ; 3,536,809 ; 3,598,123 ; 3,630,200 and 4,008,719 .
  • compositions of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules (including timed release and sustained release formulations), pills, cachets, powders, granules or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient, as a powder or granules or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid, a non-aqueous liquid, an oil-in-water emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion, including elixirs, tinctures, solutions, suspensions, syrups and emulsions.
  • Such compositions may be prepared by any of the methods of pharmacy but all methods include the step of bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier which constitutes one or more necessary ingredients.
  • compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately admixing the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired presentation.
  • a tablet may be prepared by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
  • Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine, the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, surface active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine, a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
  • each tablet cachet or capsule contains from about 0.01 to 1,000 mg, particularly 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 25, 30, 40, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 180, 200, 225, 250, 500, 750 and 1,000 milligrams of the active ingredient for the symptomatic adjustment of the dosage to the patient to be treated.
  • Additional suitable means of administration of the compounds of the present invention include injection, intravenous bolus or infusion, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intranasal, and topical, with or without occlusion.
  • Exemplifying the invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the compounds described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Also exemplifying the invention is a pharmaceutical composition made by combining any of the compounds described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. An illustration of the invention is a process for making a pharmaceutical composition comprising combining any of the compounds described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the dose may be administered in a single daily dose or the total daily dosage may be administered in divided doses of two, three or four times daily. Furthermore, based on the properties of the individual compound selected for administration, the dose may be administered less frequently, e.g., weekly, twice weekly, monthly, etc. The unit dosage will, of course, be correspondingly larger for the less frequent administration.
  • the dosage administration When administered via intranasal routes, transdermal routes, by rectal or vaginal suppositories, or through a continual intravenous solution, the dosage administration will, of course, be continuous rather than intermittent throughout the dosage regimen.
  • Compounds of Formula I may be used in combination with other drugs that are used in the treatment/prevention/suppression or amelioration of the diseases, disorders or conditions for which compounds of Formula I may be useful. Such other drugs may be administered, by a route and in an amount commonly used therefor, contemporaneously or sequentially with a compound of Formula I.
  • a pharmaceutical composition containing such other drugs in addition to the compound of Formula I is preferred.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include those that also contain one or more other active ingredients, in addition to a compound of Formula I.
  • Examples of other active ingredients that may be combined with a compound of Formula I include, but are not limited to: other anti-diabetic agents, anti-dylipidemic agents, and anti-hypertensive agents, anti-obesity agents, and anorectic agents, which may be administered separately or in the same pharmaceutical compositions.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising an AMPK activator and one or more active ingredients, together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
  • an AMPK activator and one or more active ingredients for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of an AMPK mediated disease.
  • a product comprising an AMPK activator and one or more active ingredients as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in the treatment or prevention of an AMPK mediated disease.
  • Such a combined preparation may be, for example, in the form of a twin pack.
  • a compound of the present invention may be used in conjunction with another pharmaceutical agent effective to treat that disorder.
  • the present invention also provides a compound for use in a potential method for the treatment or prevention of diabetes, obesity, hypertension, Metabolic Syndrome, dyslipidemia, cancer, atherosclerosis, and related disorders thereof, which method comprises administration to a patient in need of such treatment an amount of a compound of the present invention and an amount of another pharmaceutical agent effective to threat that disorder, such that together they give effective relief.
  • the present invention also provides a compound for use in a potential method for the treatment or prevention of diabetes, obesity, hypertension, Metabolic Syndrome, dyslipidemia, cancer, atherosclerosis, and related disorders thereof, which method comprises administration to a patient in need of such treatment an amount of a compound of the present invention and an amount of another pharmaceutical agent useful in treating that particular condition, such that together they give effective relief.
  • Examples of other active ingredients/pharmaceutical agents that may be administered in combination with a compound of the present invention, and either administered separately or in the same pharmaceutical composition, include, but are not limited to:
  • Specific compounds of use in combination with a compound of the present invention include: simvastatin, mevastatin, ezetimibe, atorvastatin, sitagliptin, metformin, sibutramine, orlistat, topiramate, naltrexone, bupriopion, phentermine, and losartan, losartan with hydrochlorothiazide.
  • the above combinations include combinations of a compound of the present invention not only with one other active compound, but also with two or more other active compounds.
  • Non-limiting examples include combinations of compounds with two or more active compounds selected from biguanides, sulfonylureas, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, PPARy agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, anti-diabetic compounds, anti-obesity compounds and anti-hypertensive agents.
  • terapéuticaally effective amount means the amount the compound of structural formula I that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, system, animal or human that is being sought by the researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the disorder being treated.
  • the novel methods of treatment of this invention are for disorders known to those skilled in the art.
  • the term “mammal” includes humans, and companion animals such as dogs and cats.
  • the weight ratio of the compound of the Formula I to the second active ingredient may be varied and will depend upon the effective dose of each ingredient. Generally, an effective dose of each will be used. Thus, for example, when a compound of the Formula I is combined with a DPIV inhibitor the weight ratio of the compound of the Formula I to the DPIV inhibitor will generally range from about 1000:1 to about 1:1000, preferably about 200:1 to about 1:200. Combinations of a compound of the Formula I and other active ingredients will generally also be within the aforementioned range, but in each case, an effective dose of each active ingredient should be used.
  • the compounds of structural formula I of the present invention can be prepared according to the procedures of the following Schemes, Intermediates and Examples, using appropriate materials and are further exemplified by the following specific examples. Moreover, by utilizing the procedures described in the disclosure contained herein, one of ordinary skill in the art can readily prepare additional compounds of the present invention claimed herein. The compounds illustrated in the examples are not, however, to be construed as forming the only genus that is considered as the invention. The Examples further illustrate details for the preparation of the compounds of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will readily understand that known variations of the conditions and processes of the following preparative procedures can be used to prepare these compounds. The instant compounds are generally isolated in the form of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, such as those previously described herein.
  • ACN is acetonitrile
  • AcO is acetoxy
  • AcOH is acetic acid
  • Ac 2 O is acetic anhydride
  • Ar is aryl
  • aq is aqueous
  • Boc is tert-butoxycarbonyl
  • Boc 2 is di-tert-butoxycarbonyl
  • n-BuLi is n-butyl lithium
  • t-Bu is tert-butyl
  • C is carbon; cat is catalytic; con and conc.
  • rt room temperature; Rt is retention time; Rochelles' Salt is potassium sodium tartrate; SEM is 2-(trimethylsilyl)-ethoxymethyl; SEMCl is 2-(trimethylsilyl)-ethoxymethyl chloride; Select-Fluor is 1-Chloromethyl-4-fluoro-1,4-diazoniabicyclo ⁇ 2.2.2]octane bis(tetrafluoroborate); TEA is triethylamine; TBAD is di- tert -butyl azodicarboxylate; TBAF is tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride; TBDMS-Cl is tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride; TBSCl is tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride; TMS is trimethylsilyl; TMSBr is trimethylsilyl bromide; tol is toluene; TFA is trifluoro acetic acid; TFAA is trifluor
  • Microwave (MW) reactions were performed with a single mode operating Biotage Emrys Optimizer in sealed reaction vials at the indicated fixed temperature held constant for the designated reaction time.
  • the medium pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) purifications were performed with Biotage normal-phase columns pre-packed with 35-60 micron silica gel unless otherwise noted.
  • the LC-MS system contained an Applied Biosystems API150EX MS operating in a positive ion mode receiving 0.1 mL/min flowrate with a Shimadzu UV detector receiving 0.1 mL/min flowrate.
  • the 1 H NMRs were obtained in CDCl 3 at 500 MHz and spectra were recorded in units ⁇ with CHCl 3 ( ⁇ 7.260) as the reference line internal standard.
  • General Scheme 1 shows a general protocol for the preparation of the compounds of the present invention.
  • a Suzuki reaction may be done later in the sequence after ring closure.
  • 3-Bromobenzoic acid derivative is subjected to esterification, vinylation under palladium catalyzed conditions, followed by oxidative conditions to provide the aldehyde derivative.
  • Conversion to the alkyne derivative is accomplished via treatment of the aldehyde derivative with ethynyl magnesium halide.
  • the resulting alkyne derivative and intermediate A are coupled together under Sonogashira conditions.
  • Activation of the resultant alcohol via carbonate formation, followed by ring closure provides the corresponding indole and azaindole compounds.
  • ester hydrolysis and protecting group cleavage provides the compounds of the present invention.
  • Step A 4-bromo-5-chloro-2-iodoaniline
  • 3-chloro-4-bromoaniline (6.19 g, 30 mmol) in methanol (375 ml) was treated with portionwise additions of iodine (7.99 g, 31.5 mmol) over about 5 minutes, followed by the dropwise addition of 30% hydrogen peroxide (22.98 ml, 225 mmol) over about 5 minutes.
  • the reaction was heated to 50°C overnight. Then approximately 500 mL of saturated aqueous Na 2 S 2 O 3 was added to the reaction dropwise, followed by 500 mL of ethyl acetate.
  • Step B N-(4-bromo-5-chloro-2-iodophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide.
  • 4-Bromo-5-chloro-2-iodoaniline (5.65 g, 17.00 mmol) was dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 (85 ml) and cooled to 0°C. Then N,N- diisopropylethylamine (5.2 ml, 29.7 mmol) was added, followed by trifluoroacetic anhydride (3.2 ml, 22.95 mmol).
  • Step A methyl 5-bromo-2-methylbenzoate 2-Methyl-5-bromobenzoic acid (2.89 g, 13.44 mmol) was dissolved in toluene (44 ml) and methanol (22 ml). After cooling to 0°C, trimethylsilyl diazomethane (10.8 ml, 21.6 mmol) was slowly added and the reaction was stirred overnight. Upon completion, the volatiles were evaporated and the crude product was dried under high vacuum overnight. The resulting crude product was used without further purification.
  • Step B methyl 2-methyl-5-vinylbenzoate Methyl 5-bromo-2-methylbenzoate (2.99 g, 13.05 mmol) was dissolved in 2-propanol (64 mL). Then potassium vinyltrifluoroborate (2.448 g, 18.27 mmol) and water (16 ml) were added.
  • the reaction mixture was stirred until the reagents were completely dissolved, then triethylamine (5.5 ml, 39.2 mmol) and PdCl 2 (dppf) (0.239 g, 0.326 mmol) were added.
  • the reaction was stirred at 100°C for 75 minutes, followed by the addition of water.
  • the reaction mixture was then extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated, washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated.
  • the crude product was purified on a Biotage 40M silica gel column, eluting with a gradient of 10-50% dichloromethane in hexanes to give the title compound.
  • Step C methyl 5-formyl-2-methylbenzoate Methyl 2-methyl-5-vinylbenzoate (2.13 g, 12.09 mmol) was dissolved in THF (60 ml). Then 2.5% osmium tetroxide in t-butanol (9.5 ml, 0.755 mmol) was added, followed by water (20 ml).
  • StepD methyl 5-(1-hydroxyprop-2-yn-1-yl)-2-methylbenzoate Methyl 5-formyl-2-methylbenzoate (1.76 g, 9.88 mmol) was dissolved in THF (20 ml) under nitrogen. The solution was cooled to 0°C, then 0.5 M ethynylmagnesium bromide (21.7 ml, 10.85 mmol) was added dropwise.
  • Step A methyl 5-(3-(5-bromo-4-chloro-2-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)phenyl)-1-hydroxyprop-2-yn-1-yl)-2-methylbenzoate
  • Intermediate 1 (3.02 g, 7.05 mmol)
  • copper(I) iodide (0.067 g, 0.353 mmol)
  • bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) chloride 0.099 g, 0.141 mmol
  • Step B methyl 5-(3-(5-bromo-4-chloro-2-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)phenyl)-1-((ethoxycarbonyl)oxy)prop-2-yn-1-yl)-2-methylbenzoate .
  • Methyl 5-(3-(5-bromo-4-chloro-2-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)phenyl)-1-hydroxyprop-2-yn-1-yl)-2-methylbenzoate (2.09 g, 4.14 mmol) and DMAP (0.809 g, 6.63 mmol) were dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 (21 ml) and stirred at -20°C for 10 minutes.
  • Step C methyl 5-((5-bromo-6-chloro-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl)-2-methylbenzoate
  • Palladium(II) acetate 11.23 mg, 0.050 mmol
  • tri-O-tolylphosphine 30.4 mg, 0.100 mmol
  • Acetonitrile (1 mL) was then added to the catalyst/ligand mixture.
  • the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 40°C for 1 hour 45 minutes, then removed from heat and quenched with aqueous NH 4 Cl.
  • the reaction mixture was then extracted with ethyl acetate.
  • the organic layer was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated.
  • the crude product was purified on a Biotage 25S silica gel column, eluting with a gradient of 10-40% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give the title compound.
  • Step A methyl 5-((6-chloro-5-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl)-2-methylbenzoate Methyl 5-((5-bromo-6-chloro-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl)-2-methylbenzoate (95 mg, 0.242 mmol), 1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]pyrrolidine (72.7 mg, 0.266 mmol) and Pd(Ph 3 P) 4 (7.0 mg, 6.05 ⁇ mol) were mixed in a microwave vial, which was evacuated and charged with nitrogen.
  • Step B 5-((6-chloro-5-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl)-2-methylbenzoic acid
  • Methyl 5-((6-chloro-5-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl)-2-methylbenzoate 35 mg, 0.076 mmol
  • THF 750 ⁇ l
  • methanol 150 ⁇ l
  • water 75 ⁇ l
  • 5N NaOH 76 ⁇ l, 0.381 mmol
  • the crude product was dissolved in THF (1.5 mL) and MeOH (0.5 mL). Then NaOH (0.105 mL, 2.5N) was added, and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction was then heated to 40 °C for another 24 hours, and quenched by the addition of IN HCl (0.263 mL). The reaction mixture was partitioned between water and ethyl acetate. The organic was separated, washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated. The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC (C18 column), eluting with 35-100% CH 3 CN/H 2 O (0.1% formic acid) over 4 injections. Two compounds were isolated after lyophilization of the requisite fractions.
  • Step A 5-((5-bromo-6-chloro-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl)-2-methylbenzoic acid.
  • Methyl 5-((5-bromo-6-chloro-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl)-2-methylbenzoate 39.3 mg, 0.1 mmol, Intermediate 3) was dissolved in methanol (450 ⁇ l) and THF (450 ⁇ l). Then 5N NaOH (100 ⁇ l, 0.500 mmol) was added, followed by water (100 ⁇ l). The reaction was heated to 40°C and stirred for 2 hours. Once the reaction was complete it was cooled to room temperature and the reaction was neutralized with the addition of IN HCl (0.5 mL).
  • Step B 5-((5-(4-(1-(acetoxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-6-chloro-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl)-2-methylbenzoic acid 5-((5-Bromo-6-chloro-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl)-2-methylbenzoic acid (37.9 mg, 0.1 mmol) and (1-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)cyclopropyl) methyl acetate (39.5 mg, 0.125 mmol) were mixed in a vial, which was evacuated and charged with nitrogen.
  • Step C 5-((6-chloro-5-(4-(1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl)-2-methylbenzoic acid 5-((5-(4-(1-(Acetoxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-6-chloro-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl)-2-methylbenzoic acid (10 mg, 0.020 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (205 ⁇ l). Then IN potassium carbonate (102 ⁇ l, 0.102 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 90 minutes.
  • Step A 4'-(benzyloxy)-2-chloro-2'-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-amine 4-Bromo-3-chloroaniline (0.651 g, 3.15 mmol), 4-benzyloxy-2-fluorophenylboronic acid (0.966 g, 3.93 mmol) and PdCl 2 (dppf) (0.115 g, 0.158 mmol) were placed under a nitrogen atmosphere and dissolved in DME (16 ml). Then 2M Na 2 CO 3 (3.55 ml, 7.09 mmol) was added and the reaction was heated to 60 °C and stirred overnight.
  • Step B 4'-(benzyloxy)-2-chloro-2'-fluoro-5-iodo-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-amine .
  • N-(4'-(Benzyloxy)-2-chloro-2'-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide 328 mg, 1.0 mmol was dissolved in methanol (12.5 mL). Iodine (254 mg, 1.000 mmol) was added, followed by the dropwise addition of 30% hydrogen peroxide (751 ⁇ l, 7.35 mmol).
  • the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight, then quenched with aqueous sodium thiosulfate and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated, washed with aqueous sodium thiosulfate, follwed by brine, and then dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated.
  • the crude product was purified on a Biotage 40S silica gel column, eluting with a gradient of 5-30% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give the title compound.
  • Step C N-(4'-(benzyloxy)-2-chloro-2'-fluoro-5-iodo-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoro acetamide 4'-(Benzyloxy)-2-chloro-2'-fluoro-5-iodo-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-amine (293 mg, 0.646 mmol) was dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 (3.2 mL) and cooled to 0°C. DIEA (169 ⁇ l, 0.969 mmol) was added, followed by trifluoroacetic anhydride (96 ⁇ l, 0.678 mmol).
  • Step A methyl 5-(3-(4'-(benzyloxy)-6-chloro-2'-fluoro-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)-[1,1' biphenyl]-3-yl)-1-hydroxyprop-2-yn-1-yl)-2-methylbenzoate
  • Intermediate 5 350 mg, 0.637 mmol
  • copper(I) iodide 6.1 mg, 0.032 mmol
  • bis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium(II) chloride (8.9 mg, 0.013 mmol) were flushed with nitrogen.
  • Et 3 N (0.9 mL) was added to prepare the catalyst mixture.
  • Step B methyl 5-(3-(4'-(benzyloxy)-6-chloro-2'-fluoro-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)-[1,1' biphenyl]-3-yl)-1-((ethoxycarbonyl)oxy)prop-2-yn-1-yl)-2-methylbenzoate Methyl 5-(3-(4'-(benzyloxy)-6-chloro-2'-fluoro-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)-1-hydroxyprop-2-yn-1-yl)-2-methylbenzoate (275 mg, 0.439 mmol) and DMAP (86 mg, 0.703 mmol) were dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 (2.2 mL) and stirred at -20 °C for 10 minutes.
  • Step C methyl 5-((5-(4-(benzyloxy)-2-fluorophenyl)-6-chloro-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl)-2-methylbenzoate Methyl 5-(3-(4'-(benzyloxy)-6-chloro-2'-fluoro-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)-1-((ethoxycarbonyl)oxy)prop-2-yn-1-yl)-2-methylbenzoate (250 mg, 0.358 mmol) was dissolved in acetonitrile (3.6 mL) and added to a 2-5 mL microwave vial.
  • Step A methyl 5-((6-chloro-5-(2-fluoro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl)-2-methylbenzoate .
  • Intermediate 6 60 mg, 0.117 mmol was transferred to a vial and dissolved in ethyl acetate (900 ⁇ L), MeOH (300 ⁇ L), and THF (300 ⁇ L).
  • 1,4-cyclohexadiene 110 ⁇ L, 1.167 mmol was added, followed by the addition of 10% Pd-C (5 mg, 4.67 ⁇ mol). Additional portions of Pd-C (12 mg) and 1,4-cyclohexadiene were added and the reaction heated to 60°C for 4 hours.
  • Step B methyl 5-((6-chloro-5-(4-ethoxy-2-fluorophenyl)-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl)-2-methylbenzoate
  • Methyl 5-((6-chloro-5-(2-fluoro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl)-2-methylbenzoate (21.4 mg, 0.050 mmol) was dissolved in N,N -dimethylformamide (252 ⁇ l). Then powdered potassium carbonate (14 mg, 0.101 mmol) and iodoethane (4.9 ⁇ l, 0.061 mmol) were added.
  • Step C 5-((6-chloro-5-(4-ethoxy-2-fluorophenyl)-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl)-2-methylbenzoic acid
  • Methyl 5-((6-chloro-5-(4-ethoxy-2-fluorophenyl)-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl)-2-methylbenzoate (19.3 mg, 0.043 mmol) was dissolved in THF (500 ⁇ l) and MeOH (192 ⁇ l). Then 5N NaOH (42.7 ⁇ l, 0.214 mmol) and water (42.7 ⁇ l) were added. The reaction stirred at room temperature for 16 hours and at 40°C for an additional 4 hours.
  • the reaction mixture was then neutralized with IN HCl (214 ⁇ l), and partitioned between water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to give the crude product.
  • the crude product was purified by preparative C18 HPLC, eluting with a gradient of CH 3 CN in water (0.05% TFA) to give the title compound after lyophilization of the product containing fractions.
  • Step A methyl 5-((6-chloro-3-fluoro-5-(4'-(methylsulfonyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl)-2-methylbenzoate
  • Step B 5-((6-chloro-3-fluoro-5-(4'-(methylsulfonyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl)-2-methylbenzoic acid Methyl 5-((6-chloro-3-fluoro-5-(4'-(methylsulfonyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl)-2-methylbenzoate (10.5mg, 0.019 mmol) was suspended in THF (112 ⁇ l), MeOH (56.0 ⁇ l), 5N NaOH (18.7 ⁇ l, 0.093 mmol) and water (18.7 ⁇ l).
  • the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 6 hours, and then heated to 45°C for 75 minutes.
  • the reaction was then diluted with water and neutralized with IN HCl (93 ⁇ L).
  • the quenched reaction was extracted twice with ethyl acetate.
  • the combined organics were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated.
  • the crude product was purified by preparative reverse phase chormatography (C18), eluting with 40-100% CH 3 CN/water (0.05% TFA) to give the title compound.
  • Step A methyl 2-methyl-5-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)benzoate
  • Methyl 5-hydroxy-2-methylbenzoate (665 mg, 4.0 mmol) and propargyl alcohol (358 ⁇ l, 6.00 mmol)were dissovled in CH 2 Cl 2 (20 mL).
  • the reaction was cooled to 0°C, then triphenylphosphine (1.31 g, 5.00 mmol) and di-tert-butyl azodicarboxylate (1.15 g, 5.00 mmol) were added.
  • the reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 36 hours.
  • Step B methyl 5-((5-bromo-6-chloro-1H-indol-2-yl)methoxy)-2-methylbenzoate
  • Intermediate 1 (514 mg, 1.2 mmol) and methyl 2-methyl-5-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)benzoate (343 mg, 1.680 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (6 mL).
  • copper(I) iodide (22.9 mg, 0.120 mmol)
  • bis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium(II) chloride (42.1 mg, 0.060 mmol)
  • Et 3 N 836 ⁇ l, 6.00 mmol
  • the reaction was stirred at 60°C for 3 hours, then quenched with saturated NH 4 Cl followed by dilution with water and extraction with ethyl acetate.
  • the organic layer was separated, washed with aqueous NH 4 Cl and brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated.
  • the crude product was purified on a Biotage 25S silica gel column, eluting with a gradient of 10-40% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give the title compound mixed with small impurities. Recrystallization from hexanes/ethyl acetate and filtration of the suspension and collection of the solid provided the title compound as an off white solid.
  • Step A methyl 5-((6-chloro-5-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-1H-indol-2-yl)methoxy)-2-methylbenzoate
  • Intermediate 7 (98 mg, 0.240 mmol) and 1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]pyrrolidine (79 mg, 0.288 mmol) were dissolved in DME (1.2 mL), and the reaction vessel was evacuated and charged with nitrogen. Then Pd(Ph 3 P) 4 (13.9 mg, 0.012 mmol) and 2N aqueous Na 2 CO 3 (264 ⁇ l, 0.528 mmol) were added.
  • Step B 5-((6-chloro-5-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-1H-indol-2-yl)methoxy)-2-methylbenzoic acid
  • Methyl 5-((6-chloro-5-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-1H-indol-2-yl)methoxy)-2-methylbenzoate (46 mg, 0.097 mmol) was suspended in THF (900 ⁇ l) and MeOH (450 ⁇ l). Then 5N NaOH (97 ⁇ l, 0.484 mmol) was added, followed by water (100 ⁇ l). Then the reaction was heated to 40°C and stirred until the reaction was complete.
  • the reaction was stirred at 80°C for 72 hours, then cooled to room temperature, and partitioned between water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated, washed with water, then brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated.
  • the crude product was purified on a Biotage 40S silica gel column, eluting with a gradient of 30-100% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give the title compound.
  • Step B 2-chloro-5-iodo-4"-(methylsulfonyl)-[1,1':4',1"-terphenyl]-4-amine
  • 2-Chloro-4"-(methylsulfonyl)-[1,1':4',1"-terphenyl]-4-amine (615 mg, 1.719 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (3.4 mL). Then iodine (436 mg, 1.719 mmol) and sodium periodate (368 mg, 1.719 mmol) were added. The reaction was stirred at 60°C for 2 hours, and removed from heat. Then aqueous sodium metabisulfite was added to the reaction, followed by ethyl acetate.
  • the mixture was stirred for 20 minutes, then the organic layer was separated.
  • the organic layer was washed with aqueous sodium metabisulfite, and then with water, followed by brine.
  • the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated.
  • the crude product was purified on a Biotage 40S silica gel column, eluting with a gradient of 20-60% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give the title compound as the major product isolated.
  • Step C N-(2-chloro-5-iodo-4"-(methylsulfonyl)-[1,1':4',1"-terphenyl]-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoro acetamide
  • 2-Chloro-5-iodo-4"-(methylsulfonyl)-[1,1':4',1"-terphenyl]-4-amine (392 mg, 0.810 mmol) was dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 (4 mL) and cooled to 0 °C. Then DIEA (248 ⁇ l, 1.418 mmol) was added, followed by trifluoroacetic anhydride (155 ⁇ l, 1.094 mmol).
  • the reaction was stirred at room remperature for 45 minutes, and then heated to 60 °C for 1 hour and 80 °C for an additional hour. Then the reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous NH 4 Cl, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated and washed with water (2x) and with brine (1x), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated. The crude product was purified on a Biotage 25S silica gel column, eluting with a gradient of 30-100% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give the title compound.
  • Step A trans -4-(((tert-bulyldimethylsilyl)oxy)methyl)cyclohexyl)methanol
  • tert butyldimethylsilyl chloride 3.01 g, 20 mmol
  • imidazole 3.27 g, 48.0 mmol
  • Step B trans -4-(((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)methyl)cyclohexyl)methyl 4-methylbenzene-sulfonate trans -4-(((tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)methyl)cyclohexyl)methanol (2.99 g, 11.57 mmol) was dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 (29 mL). Then p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (2.87 g, 15.04 mmol) and pyridine (2.81 ml, 34.7 mmol) were added. The reaction was stirred overnight, and then the solvent was evaporated.
  • the resulting crude residue was reconstitutued by adding diethyl ether (50 mL) and filtered through a sintered glass funnel. The resulting solid was washed with ether (2x) and the filtrate was evaporated. The resulting residue was purified on a Biotage 40M silica gel column, eluting with a gradient of 35-100% dichloromethane in hexanes to give the title compound.
  • Step C tert-butyldimethyl((( trans )-4-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)cyclohexyl)methoxy)silane
  • trans-4- (((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)methyl)cyclohexyl)methyl 4-methylbenzene-sulfonate (1.238 g, 3.00 mmol) in an oven dried flask was added fresh, anhydrous DMSO (15 ml) and freshly pulverized lithium acetylide ethylenediamine complex (0.829 g, 9.00 mmol) as a single portion.
  • the reaction stirred at room temperature for 2 hours.
  • the reaction was then quenched cautiously with the dropwise addition of 31 ml of water, by keeping the temperature ⁇ 35°C by placing the reaction vessel in a water bath containing some ice. Once addition of water was complete, ethyl acetate was added and the reaction was stirred vigorously for 10 minutes. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2x). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated. The crude product was purified on a 100 gram silica gel column, eluting with a gradient of 0-50% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give the title compound as a mixture.
  • Step A 2-((( trans )-4-(((tert-buiyldimethylsilyl)oxy)methyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-6-chloro-5-(4'-(methylsulfonyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-indole
  • Intermediate 8 (145 mg, 0.25 mmol), copper (I) iodide (4.8 mg, 0.025 mmol) and bis(triphenylphoshine)palladium (II) chloride (10.5 mg, 0.015 mmol) were added to a 1 dram vial, which was then evacuated and charged with nitrogen.
  • Step B (( trans )-4-((6-chloro-5-(4'-(methylsulfonyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl) cyclohexyl)methanol
  • 2-((( trans )-4-(((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy) methyl) cyclohexyl)methyl)-6-chloro-5-(4'-(methylsulfonyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-indole (63.5 mg, 0.102 mmol) in THF (510 ⁇ l) was treated with 1 M tetrabutylammonium fluoride (102 ⁇ l, 0.102 mmol).
  • the reaction was stirred under nitrogen atmosphere overnight, and then diluted with water and extracted twice with dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were washed with water, then with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated.
  • the crude product was purified on a Biotage SNAP 10 gram silica gel column, eluting with a gradient of 20-100% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give the title compound.
  • Step A 3-chloro-2-iodo-5-nitropyridine .
  • 2,3-Dichloro-5-nitropyridine (2.892 g, 14.99 mmol) and sodium iodide (11.23 g, 74.9 mmol) were dissolved in acetic acid (15 mL).
  • the reaction was heated to 90°C for 4 hours, then diluted with water and filtered.
  • the resulting solid was dried on the filter for a few minutes, and then transferred to a flask and dried in vacuo over the weekend to give the title compound, which was used in the next step without further purification.
  • Step B 3-chloro-2-iodo-5-aminopyridine .
  • 3-Chloro-2-iodo-5-nitropyridine (1.42 g, 5.0 mmol) and tin (II) chloride dihydrate (5.64 g, 25.00 mmol) were heated to 85°C in ethanol (25 mL) for 3 hours. Then the reaction was partitioned between IN NaOH and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated, washed with IN NaOH, then with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to give the title compound.
  • Step A (1-(4-(5-amino-3-chloropyridin-2-yl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)methyl acetate (1-(4-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)methyl acetate, Intermediate 10 (254 mg, 1.0 mmol), potassium phosphate tribasic (637 mg, 3.00 mmol) and PdCl 2 (dppf) (36.6 mg, 0.050 mmol) were added to a reaction vessel, which was then evacuated and charged with nitrogen three times. Then 1,4-dioxane (5 mL) was added and the reaction was heated to 80°C overnight.
  • Step B (1-(4-(5-amino-3-chloro-6-iodopyridin-2-yl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)methyl acetate
  • (1-(4-(5-Amino-3-chloropyridin-2-yl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)methyl acetate (96 mg, 0.303 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (600 ⁇ l) and transfered to a screw cap vial. Then iodine (77 mg, 0.303 mmol) and sodium periodate (64.8 mg, 0.303 mmol) were added, and the reaction was stirred at 60°C for 7 hours.
  • Step C (1-(4-(3-chloro-6-iodo-5-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)pyridin-2-yl)phenyl)cyclopropyl) methyl acetate
  • (1-(4-(5-Amino-3-chloro-6-iodopyridin-2-yl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)methyl acetate (92 mg, 0.208 mmol) was dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 (1 mL) and cooled to 0°C. Then DIEA (63.5 ⁇ l, 0.364 mmol) was added, followed by trifluoroacetic anhydride (39.6 ⁇ l, 0.281 mmol). The reaction was stirred for 2 hours.
  • Step A methyl 5-(3-(6-(4-(1-(acetoxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-5-chloro-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)pyridin-2-yl)-1-hydroxyprop-2-yn-1-yl)-2-methylbenzoate
  • Intermediate 11 85 mg, 0.158 mmol
  • copper (I) iodide 1.5 mg, 7.89 ⁇ mol
  • bis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (II) chloride 2.2 mg, 3.16 ⁇ mol
  • Step B methyl 5-(3-(6-(4-(1-(acetoxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-5-chloro-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)pyridin-2-yl)-1-((ethoxycarbonyl)oxy)prop-2-yn-1-yl)-2-methylbenzoate Methyl 5-(3-(6-(4-(1-(acetoxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-5-chloro-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido) pyridin-2-yl)-1-hydroxyprop-2-yn-1-yl)-2-methylbenzoate (35 mg, 0.057 mmol) was dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 (285 ⁇ l) and cooled to -20 °C.
  • Step C methyl 5-((5-(4-(1-(acetoxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-6-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-2-methylbenzoate Methyl 5-(3-(6-(4-(1-(acetoxymethyl)cyclopropyl) phenyl)-5-chloro-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)pyridin-2-yl)-1-((ethoxycarbonyl)oxy)prop-2-yn-1-yl)-2-methylbenzoate (28 mg, 0.041 mmol) was dissolved in acetonitrile (400 ⁇ l).
  • Step D 5-((6-chloro-5-(4-(1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[32-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-2-methylbenzoic acid
  • Methyl 5-((5-(4-(1-(acetoxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-6-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-2-methylbenzoate (5.2 mg, 10.34 ⁇ mol) was dissolved in MeOH (100 ⁇ l). Then NaOH (2.5M, 20.7 ⁇ l, 0.052 mmol) was added, followed by THF (100 ⁇ l).
  • the reaciton was heated to 40 °C overnight, then quenched with IN HCl (0.052 mL), and partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The organic layer was separated, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated. The resulting crude product was purified by C18 preparative HPLC, eluting with a gradient of 25-100% CH 3 CN/water (0.05% TFA) to give the title compound.
  • Step A 5-chloro-6-(4'-(methylsulfonyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)pyridin-3-amine
  • Intermediate 4 (645 mg, 1.800 mmol), intermediate 10 (382 mg, 1.5 mmol) and PdCl 2 (dppf) (110 mg, 0.150 mmol) were added to the reaction vessel, which was then evacuated and charged three times with nitrogen. Then 1,4-dioxane (7.5 ml) was added, followed by 3M LiOH (1.5 ml, 4.50 mmol) and the reaction was heated to 80°C.
  • Step B 5-chloro-2-iodo-6-(4'-(methylsulfonyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)pyridin-3-amine
  • 5-Chloro-6-(4'-(methylsulfonyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)pyridin-3-amine (392 mg, 1.092 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (2.2 mL). Iodine (277 mg, 1.092 mmol) and sodium periodate (234 mg, 1.092 mmol) were added and the reaction was stirred at 60°C for 3 hours. The reaction was poured into aqueous sodium metabisulfite and extracted with ethyl acetate.
  • Step C N-(5-chloro-2-iodo-6-(4'-(methylsulfonyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide 5-Chloro-2-iodo-6-(4'-(methylsulfonyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)pyridin-3-amine (179.3 mg, 0.370 mmol) was dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 (1.9 mL) and cooled to 0°C.
  • Step A 4-(3,3-dibromoallyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran Triphenylphosphine (7.92 g, 30.2 mmol) was dissolved in 60 mL of CH 2 Cl 2 and cooled to 0 °C under nitrogen. Then carbon tetrabromide (5.00 g, 15.09 mmol) was added, and the reaction was stirred for about 5 minutes. Then a solution of tetrahydropyran-4-yl acetaldehyde (0.967 g, 7.54 mmol) in 20 mL of CH 2 Cl 2 was added dropwise. The reaction was stirred for 2 hours, and then evaporated to about 1/5 volume.
  • Step B 4-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran 4-(3,3-Dibromoallyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran (0.500 g, 1.761 mmol) was added to an oven dried flask, then dissolved in anhydrous THF (13 mL). The reaction mixture was cooled to -78 °C in a dry ice/acetone bath, then evacuated and charged three times with nitrogen gas. Then BuLi (1.75 ml, 4.40 mmol, 2.5M) in hexanes was added dropwise over about 3 minutes, and the reaction stirred for 2 hours. Aqueous sodium bicarbonate was added and the reaction was removed from the cooling bath.
  • the reaction was heated to 60°C for 2 hours, and then cooled to room temperature and quenched with aqueous NH 4 Cl.
  • the reaction mixture was diluted with water and ethyl acetate, and saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 was added to the aqueous layer.
  • the aqueous layer was extracted twice with ethyl acetate.
  • the combined organic layers were washed with water, then dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated.
  • the crude product was purified on a Biotage 12M silica gel column, eluting with a gradient of 50-100% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give the title compound.
  • Step A ethyl 1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)piperidine-4-carboxylate : Ethyl isonipectoate (1.541 ml, 10 mmol) was dissolved in acetone (20 ml). Solid potassium carbonate (3.46 g, 25.00 mmol) was added, followed by the dropwise addition of 80% propargyl bromide (1.225 ml, 11.00 mmol) in toluene. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 48 hours, then the potassium carbonate was filtered off, and the filtrate was evaporated to give the crude product, which was used without further purification.
  • Step B ethyl 1-((6-chloro-5-(4'-(methylsulfonyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl)piperidine-4-carboxylate :
  • Intermediate 8 (87 mg, 0.15 mmol), copper(I) iodide (2.86 mg, 0.015 mmol), and bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) chloride (5.26 mg, 7.50 ⁇ mol) were dissolved in 0.75 mL of DMF, followed by the addition of triethylamine (0.105 ml, 0.750 mmol).
  • Step C 1-((6-chloro-5-(4'-(methylsulfonyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl)piperidine-4-carboxylic acid: Ethyl 1-((6-chloro-5-(4'-(methylsulfonyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl)piperidine-4-carboxylate (39 mg, 0.071 mmol) was dissolved in THF (425 ⁇ l) and MeOH (212 ⁇ l).
  • Step A 6-bromo-2-(3-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aS)-6-(( tert -butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)hexa-hydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)prop-1-yn-1-yl)-5-chloropyridin-3-amine
  • 2,6-dibromo-5-chloropyridin-3-amine 1.0 g, 3.5 mmol
  • N,N -dimethylformamide 10 mL
  • tert- butyldimethyl(((3R,3aS,6R,6aR)-6-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)hexa-hydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)silane 1.3 mg, 4.2 mmol
  • Pd(PPh 3 ) 2 Cl 2 (245 mg, 0.35 mmol
  • CuI 67 mg, 0.35 mmol
  • Step B tert -butyl (6-bromo-2-(3-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aS)-6-(( tert -butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)prop-1-yn-1-yl)-5-chloropyridin-3-yl)carbamate
  • 6-bromo-2-(3-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aS)-6-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)hexa-hydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)prop-1-yn-1-yl)-5-chloropyridin-3-amine 800 mg, 1.6 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 mL) were added Et 3 N (241 mg, 2.4 mmol) and N,N- dimethylpyridin-4-amine (19 mg, 0.16
  • Step C 5-bromo-2-((((3R,3aR,6R,6aS)-6-(( tert -butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)hexahydrofuro-[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)methyl)-6-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine
  • Step A tert -butyl (2-(3-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aS)-6-(( tert -butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)prop-1-yn-1-yl)-6-chloro-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)carbamate
  • tert-butyl (2,6-dichloro-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)carbamate 1.0 g, 3.6 mmol
  • N,N -dimethylacetamide 10 mL
  • Step B 2-((((3R,3aR,6R,6aS)-6-(( tert -butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)methyl)-5-chloro-6-fluoro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine
  • Step B 2-((3aR,6R,6aS)-6-(( tert -butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)ethanol
  • Aluminum(III) lithium hydride (5.1 g, 133 mmol) was carefully added to a solution of ethyl 2-((3aR,6R,6aS)-6-(( tert -butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)acetate (22.0 g, 67 mmol) in anhydrous THF (200 mL) at 0 °C.
  • Step C 2-((3aR,6R,6aS)-6-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)acetaldehyde DMSO (19.5 g, 250 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of (COCl) 2 (15.8 g, 125 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (200 mL) at -78 °C.
  • Step D 2-((3aR,6R,6aS)-6-(( tert -butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)ethanol
  • Step E tert -butyldimethyl(((3R,3aS,6aR)-6-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)hexahydrofuro[32-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)silane
  • 2-((3aR,6R,6aS)-6-(( tert -butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)ethanol 8.5 g, 19 mmol
  • EtOAc 5 mL
  • n -BuLi (16.9 mL, 42 mmol, 2.5 M in hexane
  • Step A 6-bromo-2-(3-((3aR,6R,6aS)-6-(( tert -butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)prop-1-yn-1-yl)-5-chloropyridin-3-amine
  • 2,6-dibromo-5-chloropyridin-3-amine 500 mg, 1.7 mmol
  • THF 10 mL
  • tert -butyldimethyl(((3R,3aS,6aR)-6-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)silane 591 mg, 2.1 mmol
  • Pd(PPh 3 ) 2 Cl 2 123 mg, 0.17 mmol
  • CuI 33 mg, 0.17 mmol
  • triethylamine 265 mg, 2.6 mmol
  • Step B tert -butyl (6-bromo-2-(3-((3aR,6R,6aS)-6-((tertbutyldimethylsilyl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)prop-1-yn-1-yl)-5-chloropyridin-3-yl)carbamate
  • 6-bromo-2-(3-((3aR,6R,6aS)-6-(( tert -butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)prop-1-yn-1-yl)-5-chloropyridin-3-amine 500 mg, 1.0 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 mL) were added Et 3 N (156 mg, 1.5 mmol) and N,N- dimethylpyridin-4-amine (13 mg, 0.10 mmol), followed by di- tert -butyl
  • Step C 5-bromo-2-(((3aR,6R,6aS)-6-(( tert -butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)methyl)-6-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[32-b]pyridine
  • tert-butyl 6-bromo-2-(3-((3aR,6R,6aS)-6-(( tert -butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)prop-1-yn-1-yl)-5-chloropyridin-3-yl)carbamate (500 mg, 0.85 mmol) and DBU (259 mg, 1.7 mmol) in methanol (10 mL) was heated to 65 °C under MW and stirred for 30 min. The mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography
  • Step A tert -butyl (2-(3-((3aR,6R,6aS)-6-((tert-bulyldimethylsilyl)oxy)hexa-hydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)prop-1-yn-1-yl)-6-chloro-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)carbamate
  • tert-butyl (2,6-dichloro-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)carbamate 500 mg, 1.8 mmol
  • N,N -dimethylacetamide 10 mL
  • tert -butyldimethyl(((3R,3aS,6aR)-6-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)hexa-hydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)silane 603 mg, 2.1 mmol
  • DTBPF ⁇ PdCl 2 121 mg, 0.18 mmol
  • Step B 2-(((3aR,6R,6aS)-6-(( tert -butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)methyl)-5-chloro-6-fluoro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine
  • Step A ethyl 2-(6-(4-(1-(acetoxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-3-amino-5-chloropyridin-2-yl)acetate
  • Step B (1-( 4-(6-chloro-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[32-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)-cyclopropyl)methyl acetate
  • acetic acid 238 mg, 4.0 mmol
  • Step C (1-(4-(2,6-dichloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)methyl acetate
  • phosphoryl trichloride 10 mL
  • N,N- dimethylaniline 272 mg, 2.2 mmol
  • Step D (1-(4-(2,6-dichloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)methanol
  • Sodium hydride 13 mg, 0.32 mmol
  • (1-(4-(2,6-dichloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)cyclo-propyl)methyl acetate 100 mg, 0.27 mmol
  • N,N -dimethylformamide(5 mL) at 0 °C and the mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 30 min.
  • Step A (1-(4-(2-((((3R,3aR,6R,6aS)-6-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)methanol
  • Step B (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((5-(4-(1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)methoxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol 4 M HCl/EtOAc (1 mL) was added to a mixture of (1-(4-(2-((((3R,3aR,6R,6aS)-6-(( tert -butyldimethyl-silyl)oxy) hexa-hydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)cyclo-propyl)methanol (70 mg, 0.13 mmol) in EtOAc (5 mL) at 0°C.
  • Step A (1-(4-(2-(((3aR,6R,6aS)-6-(( tert -butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)methanol
  • a mixture of 2-(((3aR,6R,6aS)-6-(( tert -butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)methyl)-5-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine 200 mg, 0.49 mmol
  • (1-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)methanol (161 mg, 0.59 mmol)
  • Pd(PPh 3 ) 2 Cl 2 34 mg
  • Step B (3R,3aR,6aR)-6-((5-(4-(1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2 b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol 4 M HCl/EtOAc (1 mL) was added to a mixture of (1-(4-(2-(((3aR,6R,6aS)-6-(( tert -butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)hexa-hydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)-methanol (110 mg, 0.21 mmol) in EtOAc (5 mL) at 0°C and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for 30 min.
  • Step C (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((5-(4-(1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol, and (3R,3aR,6S,6aR)-6-((5-(4-(1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)methyl)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]lfuran-3-ol
  • Step A (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((6-chloro-5-(4-(1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydro-furo[32-b]furan-3-ol
  • To a mixture of (1-(4-(2,6-dichloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)-ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)-methanol (50 mg, 0.11 mmol) in DMSO (3 mL) /dioxane (3 mL) were added (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3,6-diol (160 mg, 1.1
  • Step B (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((6-chloro-5-(4-(1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol
  • Step A 3-(5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid
  • 5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-2,6-dichloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine (20 mg, 0.043 mmol) and 3-boronobenzoic acid (9 mg, 0.055 mmol) in acetonitrile (1.5 mL) / H 2 O (0.5 mL) were added Pd(PPh 3 ) 2 Cl 2 (3 mg, 0.0043 mmol) and Na 2 CO 3 (14 mg, 0.13 mmol).
  • Step B 3-(5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[32-b]pyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid
  • 3-(5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid 13 mg, 0.023 mmol
  • TBAF 13 mg, 0.047 mmol
  • ethane-1,2-diamine 3 mg, 0.047 mmol
  • Step A (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)-ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol
  • Step B (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-3-fluoro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol
  • Step C (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)-ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol
  • To a mixture of (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-3-fluoro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexa-hydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol (20 mg, 0.033 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) were added tetrabutylammonium fluoride (18
  • Step A (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-3-bromo-6-chloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)-ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol
  • Step B 5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro-[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile
  • Step C 5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro-[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile
  • To a mixture of 5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile (20 mg, 0.033 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) were added tetrabutylammonium fluoride (26 mg, 0.099 mmol) and ethane-1,2-
  • Step A (1-(4-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-(isobutyryloxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)methyl isobutyrate
  • Isobutyric anhydride (81 mg,0.51 mmol), triethylamine (34 mg,0.34 mmol) and 4-( N,N- dimethylamino)pyridine (4 mg,0.026 mmol) were added to a stirred solution of (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((6-chloro-5-(4-(1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrol
  • Step B (1-(4-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)methyl isobutyrate; (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((6-chloro-5-(4-(1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2 b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl isobutyrate; and (1-(4-(6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-(isobutyryloxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1H-pyrrolo[32-
  • Example 88 NMR ⁇ (ppm)(CDCl 3 ): 8.04 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, 2H), 7.54 (d, 2H), 6.07 (s, 1H), 5.17 (m, 1H), 4.96 (m, 1H), 4.74 (m, 1H), 4.47 (m, 1H), 4.27 (s, 2H), 4.14 (m, 2H), 3.89 (m, 1H), 3.59 (m, 1H), 2.51 (m, 1H), 1.09 (d, 6H), 1.02 (d, 4H).
  • LC-MS calculated for C 27 H 29 ClN 2 O 6 512.17, observed m/e: 513.3 (M+H) + (Rt 2.32/4.5 min).
  • Example 89 NMR ⁇ (ppm)(CDCl 3 ): 7.23 (m, 1H), 7.55 (d, 2H), 7.33 (d, 2H), 6.04 (s, 1H), 5.35 (m, 1H), 5.13 (m, 1H), 4.17 (m, 1H), 4.04 (m, 1H), 3.88 (m, 1H), 3.71 (m, 1H), 3.70 (m, 2H), 3.56 (m, 1H), 3.50 (m, 1H), 2.20 (m, 1H), 1.04 (d, 6H), 0.91 (d, 4H).
  • LC-MS calculated for C 27 H 29 ClN 2 O 6 512.17, observed m/e: 513.3 (M+H) + (Rt 2.21/4.5 min).
  • Example 90 NMR ⁇ (ppm)(CDCl 3 ): 8.14 (s, 1H), 7.58 (m, 4H), 6.15 (s, 1H), 5.18 (m, 1H), 5.09 (m, 1H), 4.99 (m, 1H), 4.78 (m, 1H), 4.27 (s, 2H), 4.17 (m, 1H), 4.01 (m, 2H), 3.83 (m, 1H), 2.54 (m, 1H), 2.52 (m, 1H), 1.19 (m, 6H), 1.10 (d, 6H), 1.04 (d, 4H).
  • LC-MS calculated for C 31 H 35 ClN 2 O 7 , observed m/e: 583.1 (M+H) + (Rt 2.37/4.5 min).
  • Step A tert -butyl (6-chloro-5-fluoro-2-(6-hydroxyhex-1-yn-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)carbamate
  • tert-butyl (2,6-dichloro-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)carbamate 500 mg, 1.8 mmol
  • N,N- dimethylacetamide 10 mL
  • hex-5-yn-1-ol (175 mg, 1.8 mmol)
  • DTBPF ⁇ PdCl 2 121 mg, 0.18 mmol
  • N -cyclohexyl- N -methylcyclo-hexanamine 521 mg, 2.7 mmol.
  • Step B 4-(5-chloro-6-fluoro-1H-pyrrolo[32-b]pyridin-2-yl)butan-1-ol
  • Step C 4-(6-fluoro-5-(4-(1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)butan-1-ol
  • Step A ethyl 2-(3-amino-6-(4-bromophenyl)-5-chloropyridin-2-yl)acetate
  • ethyl 2-(3-amino-6-bromo-5-chloropyridin-2-yl)acetate 5.0 g, 17.0 mmol, Intermediate 25
  • toluene 150 mL
  • ethanol 45 mL
  • water 12.5 mL
  • 4-bromophenyl)boronic acid 3.4 g, 17.0 mmol
  • sodium carbonate 1.8 g, 17.0 mmol
  • Step B 5-(4-bromophenyl)-6-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2(3H)-one
  • acetic acid 5.9 g, 97.8 mmol
  • the mixture was stirred at reflux overnight.
  • LC-MS calculated for C 13 H 8 BrClN 2 O 321.95, observed m/e: 325.0 (M+H) + (Rt 1.14/2 min).
  • Step C 5-(4-bromophenyl)-2,6-dichloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine
  • phosphoryl trichloride 140 mL
  • N,N-dimethylaniline 3.1 g, 24.8 mmol
  • Step D 5-(4-bromophenyl)-2,6-dichloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2 b]pyridine
  • 5-(4-bromophenyl)-2,6-dichloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine 2.0 g, 5.8 mmol
  • N -dimethylformamide(20 mL) was added sodium hydride (580 mg, 14.5 mmol) under 0 °C.
  • Step E (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((5-(4-bromophenyl)-6-chloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl) ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol
  • 5-(4-bromophenyl)-2,6-dichloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine 2.5 g, 5.3 mmol
  • (methylsulfinyl)methane 25 mL
  • diozane 25 mL
  • Step B (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((6-chloro-1-(hydroxymethyl)-5-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol
  • Step C (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((6-chloro-5-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol
  • 3R,3aR,6R,6aR -6-((6-chloro-1-(hydroxymethyl)-5-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol (100 mg, 0.12 mmol, crude) in dimethyl formamide (1 mL) was added ethane-1,2-diamine (28 mg, 0.42 mmol) at 0 °C.
  • Step B (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((6-chloro-5-(2'-hydroxy-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol
  • Step C (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((6-chloro-5-(2'-hydroxy-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol
  • Step A (1-(4-(6-chloro-2-(3-iodo-4-methylphenoxy)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy) methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)methanol
  • (1-(4-(2,6-dichloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)methanol 200 mg, 0.43 mmol
  • 3-iodo-4-methylphenol 50 mg, 2.16 mmol
  • DMSO 5 mL
  • dioxane 5 mL
  • Step B diethyl (5-((6-chloro-5-(4-(1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1-((2-(tnmethylsi-lyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2-methylphenyl)phosphonate
  • Step A ethyl hydrogen (5-((6-chloro-5-(4-(1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyndin-2-yl)oxy)-2-methylphenyl)-phosphonate
  • diethyl 5-((6-chloro-5-(4-(1-(hydroxy-methyl)cyclopropyl)-phenyl)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2-methylphenyl)phosphonate (80 mg, 0.12 mmol, Intermediate 37) in EtOH (3 mL) was added NaOH (48 mg, 1.2 mmol).
  • Step B ethyl hydrogen(5-((6-chloro-1-(hydroxymethyl)-5-( 4-(1-(hydroxymethyl)-cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2-methylphenyl)phosphonate
  • ethyl hydrogen 5-((6-chloro-5-(4-(1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)-phenyl)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2-methylphenyl)-phosphonate (46 mg, 0.071 mmol) in THF (2 mL) at 0 °C was added dropwise conc.
  • Step C ethyl hydrogen(5-((6-chloro-5-(4-(1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2-methylphenyl)phosphonate
  • ethyl hydrogen (5-((6-chloro-1-(hydroxymethyl)-5-(4-(1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2-methylphenyl)phosphonate (crude 40 mg) in DMF (2 mL) was added ethane-1,2-diamine (6 mg, 0.103 mmol) at 0 °C.
  • Step A (5-((6-chloro-5-(4-(1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyndin-2-yl)oxy)-2-methylphenyl)-phosphonic acid
  • diethyl (5-((6-chloro-5-(4-(1-(hydroxymethyl)-cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2-methylphenyl)phosphonate (25 mg, 0.0373 mmol, Intermediate 37) in dichloromethane (4 mL) were added hexamethyldisilazane (30 mg, 0.187 mmol) and bromotrimethylsilane (46 mg, 0.298 mmol) at 0 °C.
  • Step B (5-((6-chloro-1-(hydroxymethyl)-5-(4-(1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2-methylphenyl)phosphonic acid
  • 5-((6-chloro-5-(4-(1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)-ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2-methylphenyl)phosphonic acid (10 mg, 0.0163 mmol) in THF (1.5 mL) at 0 °C was added concentrated HCl (1.5 mL).
  • Step C (5-((6-chloro-5-(4-(1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2-methylphenyl)phosphonic acid
  • To a solution of (5-((6-chloro-1-(hydroxy-methyl)-5-(4-(1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2-methylphenyl)phosphonic acid (crude 10 mg) in DMF (2 mL) was added ethane-1,2-diamine (2.62 mg, 0.0437 mmol) at 0 °C.
  • Step A 1-(4-(2,6-dichloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)cyclopropanecarbaldehyde
  • DCM dimethyl sulfoxide
  • Step B 1-(1-(4-(2,6-dichloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[32-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)ethanol
  • 1-(4-(2,6-dichloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-lH-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)cyclopropane-carbaldehyde 40 mg, 0.08 mmol
  • THF 5 mL
  • CH 3 MgBr (1 ml, 3.0 mmol, 3M) dropwise (under N 2 ) at 0 °C.
  • Step C (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((6-chloro-5-(4-(1-(1-hydroxyethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[32-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydro-furo[32-b]furan- 3-ol
  • 1-(1-(4-(2,6-dichloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)-ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-5-yl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)ethanol 24 mg, 0.05 mmol
  • DMSO 2 mL
  • dioxane 2 mL
  • Step D (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((6-chloro-5-(4-(1-(1-hydroxyethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol
  • Step A 2-(1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yloxy)-5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine
  • sodium hydride 170 mg, 4.3 mmol, 60% in oil
  • Step B 4-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)cyclohexanone
  • 2-(1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yloxy)-5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine 100 mg, 0.22 mmol
  • Step C tert-butyl5-([U'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-2-((4-oxocyclohexyl)oxy)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-1-carboxylate
  • 4-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)cyclohexanone (80 mg, 0.19 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) were added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (46 mg, 0.21 mmol), triethylamine (23 mg, 0.23 mmol) and N,N-dimethylpyridin-4-amine (2 mg, 0.019 mmol).
  • Step D tert-butyl 5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-2-(((1S,4S)-4-(1-(tert-butoxy)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)oxy)-6-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-1-carboxylate ; tert-bulyl5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-2-(((1R,4R)-4-(1-(tert-butoxy)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)oxy)-6-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-1-carboxylate To a mixture of tert-butyl isobutyrate (27 mg, 0.19 mmol) in dry tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) at -78 °C was added
  • Step E 2-((1S,4S)-4-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)-1-hydroxycyclohexyl)-2-methylpropanoic acid
  • tert-butyl 5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-2-(((1S,4S)-4-(1-(tert-butoxy)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)oxy)-6-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-1-carboxylate (20 mg, 0.030 mmol) in ethyl acetate (2 mL) was added hydrogen chloride in ethyl acetate (2 mL, 4 M) at 0 °C.
  • Step A 5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-2-(((4aR,7R,8aS)-2-phenylhexahydropyrano [3,2-d][1,3]dioxin-7-yl)oxy)-1-((2-trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine
  • 5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-2,6-dichloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)-ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine 100 mg, 0.21 mmol, Intermediate 28) in (methylsulfinyl)methane (5 mL) and dioxane (5 mL) were added (4aR,7R,8aS)-2-phenylhexahydropyrano[3,2-d][1,3]dioxin-7-ol (101
  • Step B (2R,3S,5R)-5-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-ol
  • Step C (2R,3S,5R)-5-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-ol
  • (2R,3S,5R)-5-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)-2-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-ol (20 mg, 0.042 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added ethane-1,2-diamine (7.1 mg, 0.12 mmol) at 0 °C.
  • Step A methyl 4-(5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)-4-oxobutanoate
  • 5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-2,6-dichloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b] pyridine 300 mg, 0.64 mmol, Intermediate 28
  • dry tetrahydrofuran 50 mL
  • tert- BuLi 1.4 mL, 1.4 mmol, 1M
  • Step B 4-(5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)-4-oxobutanoic acid
  • methanol 3 mL
  • water 3 mL
  • LiOH ⁇ H 2 O 16 mg, 0.38 mmol
  • Step C 4-(5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)-4-oxobutanoic acid
  • 4-(5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)-4-oxobutanoic acid (30 mg, 0.69 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was added ethane-1,2-diamine (12 mg, 0.21 mmol) at 0 °C.
  • Step A methyl 5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylate
  • TEA 22 mg, 0.21 mmol
  • Pd(dppf)Cl 2 8. mg, 0.011 mmol
  • Step B 5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylic acid
  • MeOH MeOH
  • H 2 O 0.5 mL
  • LiOH 6 mg, 0.24 mmol
  • Step C 5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylic acid
  • To a mixture of 5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (35 mg, 0.073 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added dropwisely concentrated HCl (2 mL) at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours.
  • Step D 5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylic acid
  • ethane-1,2-diamine 6.1 mg, 0.11 mmol
  • Step E 2-(5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxamido)acetate
  • a mixture of tert-butyl 2-aminoacetate (4.1 mg, 0.028 mmol) and 5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylic acid 5.1 mg, 0.014 mmol
  • HATU 8.1 mg, 0.022 mmol
  • N-ethyl-N-isopropylpropan-2-amine 4.1 mg, 0.028 mmol
  • Step F 2-(5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxamido)acetic acid
  • a mixture of tert-butyl 2-(5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxamido)acetate 5.1 mg, 0.011 mmol
  • 4M HCl in 1,4-dioxane (1 mL) at 0 °C was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours.
  • Step A methyl ethyl 2-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)-ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)thio)acetate
  • 5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-2,6-dichloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine 500 mg, 1.1 mmol, Intermediate 28) in N,N-dimethylformamide (20 mL) were added ethyl 2-mercaptoacetate (512 mg, 4.3 mmol) and potassium carbonate (589 mg, 4.3 mmol).
  • Step B 2-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)thio)acetic acid
  • methyl ethyl 2-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)thio)acetate 100 mg, 0.18 mmol
  • ethanol 5 mL
  • water 5 mL
  • LiOH ⁇ H 2 O 23 mg, 0.54 mmol
  • Step C 2-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)thio)acetic acid
  • 2-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)thio)acetic acid 50 mg, 0.095 mmol
  • THF 2-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)thio)acetic acid (50 mg, 0.095 mmol) in THF (2 mL) at 0 °C was added conc. HCl (2 mL). The
  • Step D 2-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)thio)acetic acid
  • 2-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)thio)acetic acid (20 mg, 0.047 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added ethane-1,2-diamine (8 mg, 0.14 mmol) at 0 °C.
  • the reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 10 minutes and then directly purified by prep.
  • Step A 3-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)propan-1-ol
  • 5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-2,6-dichloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine 200 mg, 0.43 mmol, Intermediate 28) in (methylsulfinyl)methane (20 mL) were added propane-1,3-diol (130 mg, 1.7 mmol) and cesium carbonate (555 mg, 1.7 mmol).
  • Step B 3-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)propanal
  • 3-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy) propan-1-ol (24 mg, 0.05 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added Dess-Martin Periodinane (63 mg, 0.15 mmol) at 0 °C.
  • Step C 3-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)propanoic acid
  • 3-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy) propanal 5.1 mg, 0.01 mmol) in t -BuOH (1 mL) were added dropwise a mixture of 2-methylbut-2-ene (0.7 mL) in MeCN (2 mL), and a mixture of NaClO 2 (10 mg, 0.1 mmol) and NaH 2 PO 4 (10 mg, 0.1 mmol) in H 2 O (1 mL).
  • Step D 3-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)propanoic acid
  • 3-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl) ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)propanoic acid (20 mg, 0.03 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added concentrated aqueous HCl (2 mL). The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 18 hours, then concentrated to give the crude product.
  • Step A 2,6-dichloro-5-(4-(1-(iodomethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1-((2-(tiimethylsilyl) ethoxy) methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine
  • Step B 2,6-dichloro-5-(4-(1-((methylsulfonyl)methyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine
  • methanesulfinic acid sodium salt 17.8 mg, 0.17 mmol
  • Step C (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((6-chloro-5-(4-(1-((methylsulfonyl)methyl)cyclopropyl) phenyl)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy) hexahydrofuro[3,2-blfuran-3-ol
  • 2,6-dichloro-5-(4-(1-((methylsulfonyl)-methyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine (22.4 mg, 0.039 mmol) in (methylsulfinyl)methane (2 mL) were added (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3,6-di
  • Step D (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((6-chloro-1-(hydroxymethyl)-5-(4-(1-((methylsulfonyl) methyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyndin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol
  • Step E (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((6-chloro-5-(4-(1-((methylsulfonyl)methyl)cyclopropyl) phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol
  • 3R,3aR,6R,6aR -6-((6-chloro-1-(hydroxymethyl)-5-(4-(1-((methylsulfonyl) methyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b] furan-3-ol (14 mg, 0.026 mmol) in N , N -dimethylformamide (1.5 mL) was slowly added ethane-1,2-diamine (3.15 mg, 0.052 mmol
  • Step A 6-chloro-5-(phenylethynyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2(3H)-one
  • ethyl 2-(3-amino-6-bromo-5-chloropyridin-2-yl)acetate 1 g, 3.42 mmol, Intermediate 25
  • Pd(PPh 3 ) 2 Cl 2 6 mg, 0.1 mmol
  • CuI 40 g, 0.2 mmol
  • the mixture was heated to 100 °C in a silicone bath for 2 hours.
  • Step B 6-chloro-5-(phenylethynyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2(3H)-one
  • acetic acid 3 mL
  • the mixture was heated to reflux for 18 hours.
  • the mixture was then cooled to room temperature, and the solvents were removed under reduced pressure.
  • the resulting residue was suspended in toluene (15 mL), filtered, washed with diethyl ether and dried to give the title compound.
  • LC-MS calculated for C 15 H 9 ClN 2 O 268.04, observed m/e: 269.0 (M+H) + (Rt 1.07/2 min).
  • Step C 2,6-dichloro-5-(phenylethynyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine
  • phosphoryl trichloride 15 mL
  • N,N-dimethylaniline 397 mg, 3.28 mmol
  • the mixture was heated to reflux and stirred for 1 hour, then evaporated under vacuum.
  • Step D 2,6-dichloro-5-(phenylethynyl)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine
  • sodium hydride 57 mg, 2.36 mmol
  • the mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 30 min, then (2-(chloromethoxy)ethyl)trimethylsilane (394 mg, 2.36 mmol) was added.
  • Step E (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((6-chloro-5-(phenylethynyl)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy) methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol
  • 2,6-dichloro-5-(phenylethynyl)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo [3,2-b]pyridine 200 mg, 0.48 mmol
  • 1,4-dioxane (4 mL) and DMSO (4 mL) were added (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3,6-diol (701 mg, 4.8 mmol) and cesium carbonate (784 mg, 2.4 mmol).
  • Step F (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((6-chloro-1-(hydroxymethyl)-5-(phenylethynyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol
  • 3R,3aR,6R,6aR -6-((6-chloro-5-(phenylethynyl)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy) methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol (100 mg, 0.19 mmol) in THF (4 mL) was added conc.
  • Step G (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((6-chloro-5-(phenylethynyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol
  • 3R,3aR,6R,6aR -6-((6-chloro-1-(hydroxymethyl)-5-(phenylethynyl)-IH-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro [3,2-b]furan-3-ol (60 mg, 0.14 mmol, crude) in DMF (4 mL) was added ethane-1,2-diamine(17 mg,0.28 mmol).
  • Step A (1-(4-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-6-yl)phenyl)cyclopropyl) methyl acetate
  • 6-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-2(3H)-one 0.3 g, 1.78 mmol
  • (1-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)methyl acetate 0.676 g, 2.14 mmol, Intermediate 24
  • Pd(PPh 3 ) 2 Cl 2 (0.131 g, 0.178 mmol)
  • Na 2 CO 3 0.377 g, 3.56 mmol
  • Step B (1-(4-(2-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-6-yl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)methyl acetate
  • phosphoryl trichloride 10 mL
  • N , N -dimethylaniline 57 mg, 0.47 mmol
  • Step C (1-(4-(2-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-6-yl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)methanol
  • (1-(4-(2-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-6-yl)phenyl)cyclopropyl) methyl acetate 100 mg, 0.29 mmol
  • sodium hydride 18 mg, 0.35 mmol, 60% in mineral oil.
  • Step D (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((6-(4-(1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3- ol
  • (1-(4-(2-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-6-yl)phenyl)-cyclopropyl)methanol (100 mg, 0.23 mmol) in (methylsulfinyl)methane (20 mL) were added (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3,6-diol (336 mg, 2.3 mmol) and cesium carbonate (373 mg, 1.15 mmol).
  • Step E (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((6-(4-(1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol
  • To a mixture of (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((6-(4-(1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl) ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol (20 mg, 0.037 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) was added tetrabutylammonium fluoride (97 mg, 0.37 mmol).
  • Step A (1-(4-(6-chloro-2-oxoindolin-5-yl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)methyl acetate
  • 5-bromo-6-chloroindolin-2-one (4.0 g, 15.8 mmol)
  • intermediate 24 (9.0 g, 31.6 mmol)
  • Pd(PPh 3 ) 2 Cl 2 (950 mg, 2.37 mmol)
  • sodium carbonate 5.0 g, 47.4 mmol
  • acetonitrile 150 mL
  • water 50 mL
  • Step B (1-(4-(2,6-dichloro-1H-indol-5-yl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)methyl acetate
  • phosphoryl trichloride 1.8 g, 11.8 mmol
  • Step C (1-(4-(2,6-dichloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-indol-5-yl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)methyl acetate
  • N N -dimethylformamide(10 mL) was added sodium hydride (77 mg, 3.2 mmol, 60 % in mineral oil) at 0 °C.
  • Step D (1-(4-(2,6-dichloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-indol-5-yl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)methanol
  • tetrahydrofuran 10 mL
  • Step E (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((6-chloro-5-(4-(1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-indol-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol
  • (1-(4-(2,6-dichloro-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-indol-5-yl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)methanol 200 mg, 0.38 mmol
  • dimethylsulfoxide 5 mL
  • dioxane 5 ml
  • cesium carbonate 1.2 g, 3.8 mmol
  • Step F 5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydro-furo[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile
  • Step G 6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-yl)oxy)-5-(4-(1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)phenyl)-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde
  • 6-chloro-2-(((3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b] furan-3-yl)oxy)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile (20 mg, 0.033 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added concentrated aqueous HCl (2 mL, 12 M).
  • Step B (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-3-cyclopropyl-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3- ol
  • Step C (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-3-cyclopropyl-1-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol
  • To a solution of (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-3-cyclopropyl-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol (20 mg, 0.032 mmol) in THF (1.5 mL) was added concentrated aqueous HCl (1.5 mL, 12 M) at 0 °C.
  • Step D (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-3-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol
  • Step B (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol
  • Step C (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol
  • To a stirred mixture of (3R,3aR,6R,6aR)-6-((5-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-6-chloro-1-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-2-yl)oxy)hexahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-3-ol 5 mg, 0.0092 mmol, crude) in DMF (2 mL) was added ethane-1,2-diamine (2 mg,0.0184 mmol) at 0 °C.
  • the recombinant human AMPK complex 1 (containing ⁇ 1 ⁇ 1 ⁇ 1) and complex 7 (containing ⁇ 2 ⁇ 1 ⁇ 1) were obtained from baculovirus expression system.
  • Recombinant viruses were generated by cotransfection of AMPK/pBacPak9 clones with Baculogold baculovirus DNA (Pharmingen) in spodoptera frugiperda 21 cells according to the manufacturer's instructions. Each round of virus amplification was performed for 5 days in Grace's medium containing 10% serum. Virus that had been subjected to three rounds of amplification was used for all protein production procedures.
  • sf21 cells were adapted to serum free medium (SF900 II, Invitrogen) by sequential dilution from serum containing stocks into SF900II medium and maintained in shaker flasks at 90 rpm at 27°C.
  • the recombinant AMPK enzyme complex was produced by triple infection, one recombinant virus for each of the subunits, in sf21 cells under serum free conditions.
  • Cells were infected in log phase, 1 x 10 6 cells/ml, at a multiplicity of infection of ⁇ 5. Cells were harvested by centrifugation at 10,000 x g for 15 minutes after 72 hours of infection with viruses.
  • the insect cell pellet from 2 liters of culture was resuspended in 50 ml lysis buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, 50 mM NaCl, 50 mM NaF, 30 mM Na PPi, 0.25 M sucrose, 10 mM ZnCl 2 , 2 mM DTT, 0.4 mg/ml digitonin) and subjected to two cycles of freeze-thaw lysis in a dry-ice ethanol bath. Insoluble material was removed by centrifugation at 10,000 x g and the supernatant was fractionated with use of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The protein fraction precipitating between 2.5 and 6% PEG was used for further purification using a Blue-Sepharose step ( Zhou et al, J. Clin. Invest. 108, 1167-1174, 2001 ).
  • the in vitro AMPK activation assay is performed in a volume of 30 ⁇ l in a 384-well plate. Enzyme reactions were assembled in the microtiter plate by adding 15 ⁇ l of 2X enzyme in assay buffer (20 mM HEPES, pH7.3, 5 mM MgCl 2 , 3mM DTT, 0.01% Brij 35 and CamK Kinase, to activate AMPK) to wells which contained either DMSO or compound. The reaction was initiated with the addition of 15 ⁇ l 2X substrate mixture containing 200 ⁇ M ATP, and 3.0 ⁇ M fluorescently labeled SAMS (5-FAM-HMRSAMSGLHLVKRR-COOH) in assay buffer.
  • the compounds of present invention including the compounds of Examples 1-142, were tested in the in vitro AMPK activation assay using recombinant human AMPK complex 1 (containing ⁇ 1 ⁇ 1 ⁇ 1) or AMPK complex 7 (containing ⁇ 2 ⁇ 1 ⁇ 1) and found to have increased activation of human AMPK complex 1 or complex 7 at concentrations of less than 50 ⁇ M.
  • Preferred compounds of the present invention were found to have EC 50 values of less than 1 ⁇ M in the in vitro AMPK activation assay using recombinant human AMPK complex 1 or complex 7. Table 1. Maximum AMP Activation for Selected Compounds Example No.
  • mice were dosed with AMPK activators at either 2 or 7 h prior to evaluation where phosphorylated ACC (p-ACC)/ total ACC levels were compared in the tissues of vehicle and compound treated mice. Briefly, mice were anesthetized using gas anesthesia with 1-4% isoflurane administered to effect via nose cone. Once anesthetized, samples of liver and skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius) are removed, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and homogenized.
  • ACC Acetyl COA Carboxylase
  • MSD assay plates contain an electrode surface that is coated with streptavidin. Protein sample binds to streptavidin. The primary ACC or p-ACC specific antibody binds to protein and a secondary antibody labeled with MSD SULFO-TAG then binds to the primary antibody. The electrode surface of the MSD plate responds to an electrical stimulus and causes the SULFO-TAG labels bound to ACC and p-ACC to emit a light signal in proportion to the amount of p-ACC or total ACC present.
  • the ratio of p-ACC/ total ACC levels are determined for each sample and the ratio of p-ACC/ total ACC levels for mice treated with AMPK activators is significantly elevated compared to the ratio of those treated with the vehicle control (significant elevations are described as differences where p ⁇ 0.05).
  • mice are sacrificed via cervical dislocation and livers are harvested for FAS analysis.
  • samples of liver are heated at 90°C for 5 hours in a 4 M KOH / 50% ethanol solution. Then the alkaline hydrolysate of liver is extracted with hexane and acidified to a pH ⁇ 2 with 10 M H 2 SO 4 .
  • the fatty acids of liver are then extracted from acidified hydrolysate with additional hexane, dried down with a stream of warm air, then re-suspended in scintillation fluid, and counted on a beta counter.
  • the amount of fatty acids synthesized per gram of liver is calculated based on the amount of 3 H incorporated into hepatic triglyceride.
  • the amount of 3 H radiolabelled fatty acids synthesized in mice with treated with an AMPK activator is significantly less than the amount of 3 H radiolabelled fatty acids synthesized in the control mice.
  • DIO mice are treated simultaneously with an effective dose of an AMPK-activated protein kinase activator.
  • mice Male C57BL/6NT mice (Taconic, 16-18 weeks old at the beginning of the drug administration) are used. Mice are given water and high fat diet D12492 (Research Diet Inc.) ad libitum. They are kept in an animal room which is maintained at 23 ⁇ 2 C temperature, 55 ⁇ 15 % relative humidity and on a 12-hr light-dark cycle (7:00-19:00) during a quarantine and acclimatization period of 1 week. Animals are then administered vehicle (5ml/kg of 0.5% methylcellulose in distilled water) by oral gavage twice-daily at 9 AM and 5 PM. After 9 days, stable body weight is observed.
  • D12492 Research Diet Inc.
  • mice are fasted for 4 hours and tail bled to determine the glucose and insulin levels.
  • the body weight and food in the hopper are recorded on day 0 before compound dosing is initiated.
  • One of the groups is orally administered vehicle while the second group is administered an AMPK-activated protein kinase activator of the present invention at a dose of 30 mg/kg (5 ml/kg) twice-daily for 12 days by gavage.
  • Body weight and food intake are measured every other day.
  • the animals are fasted 4 hours for measuring plasma glucose and insulin levels after morning dosing.
  • body weight and food intake are measured and animals receive their last morning dose.
  • Food intake is calculated as grams of food eaten per gram of body weight within each time interval and the appetite-suppressant effect of the AMPK activator is compared to the effect of the vehicle.
  • the food intake of mice treated with an AMPK activator is significantly less than the food intake of control mice.
  • mice are used in these studies. Upon or soon after weaning, rats or mice are made obese due to exclusive access to diets containing fat and sucrose in higher proportions than in the control diet. The diet used to induce obesity is Research Diets D12451 chow (45% fat). The rodents ingest chow until they are significantly heavier and have a higher proportion of body fat than control diet rats, often 9 weeks. The rodents receive injections (1 to 4 per day) or continuous infusions of an AMPK activator of the present invention or the vehicle either orally, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously or intravenously. Food intake and body weights are measured daily or more frequently.
  • Food intake is calculated as grams of food eaten per gram of body weight within each time interval and the appetite-suppressant and weight loss effect of the AMPK activator of the present invention is compared to the effect of the vehicle.
  • the weight loss of mice treated with an AMPK activator is significantly greater than the weight loss of control mice.
  • mice are used in these studies. Upon or soon after weaning, rats or mice are made obese due to exclusive access to diets containing fat and sucrose in higher proportions than in the control diet. The diet used to induce obesity is Research Diets D12451 chow (45% fat). The rodents ingest chow until they are significantly heavier and have a higher proportion of body fat than control diet rats, often 9 weeks. The rodents receive injections (1 to 4 per day) or continuous infusions of an AMPK activator of the present invention or the vehicle either orally, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously or intravenously. Food intake and body weights are measured daily or more frequently.
  • Food intake is calculated as grams of food eaten per gram of body weight within each time interval and the appetite-suppressant and weight loss effect of the AMPK activator of the present invention is compared to the effect of the vehicle.
  • the weight loss of mice treated with an AMPK activator is significantly greater than the weight loss of control mice.
  • mice are used in these studies. Upon or soon after weaning, rats or mice are made obese due to exclusive access to diets containing fat and sucrose in higher proportions than in the control diet. The diet used to induce obesity is Research Diets D12451 chow (45% fat). The rodents ingest chow until they are significantly heavier and have a higher proportion of body fat than control diet rats, often 9 weeks. The rodents receive injections (1 to 4 per day) or continuous infusions of an AMPK activator of the present invention or the vehicle either orally, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously or intravenously. Food intake and body weights are measured daily or more frequently.
  • Food intake is calculated as grams of food eaten per gram of body weight within each time interval and the appetite-suppressant and weight loss effect of the AMPK activator of the present invention is compared to the effect of the vehicle.
  • the weight loss of mice treated with an AMPK activator is significantly greater than the weight loss of control mice.
  • mice are used in these studies. Upon or soon after weaning, rats or mice are made obese due to exclusive access to diets containing fat and sucrose in higher proportions than in the control diet. The diet used to induce obesity is Research Diets D12451 chow (45% fat). The rodents ingest chow until they are significantly heavier and have a higher proportion of body fat than control diet rats, often 9 weeks. The rodents receive injections (1 to 4 per day) or continuous infusions of an AMPK activator of the present invention or the vehicle either orally, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously or intravenously. Food intake and body weights are measured daily or more frequently.
  • Food intake is calculated as grams of food eaten per gram of body weight within each time interval and the appetite-suppressant and weight loss effect of the AMPK activator of the present invention is compared to the effect of the vehicle.
  • the weight loss of mice treated with an AMPK activator is significantly greater than the weight loss of control mice.

Claims (18)

  1. Composé de la formule développée I :
    Figure imgb0247
     ou un sel pharmaceutiquement acceptable de celui-ci, dans lequel :
    T est -CR3- ou N ; U est -CR1-; V est -CR2- et W est -CR4-;
    X est sélectionné parmi : -CH2- et -CH2-O-, dans lequel chaque CH2 est non substitué ou substitué par 1 ou 2 substituants sélectionnés parmi : hydroxy, halogène, NH2, alkyle C1-6, CO2H, CO2alkyle C1-6 et COalkyle C1-6 ;
    Y est sélectionné parmi :
    (1) -alkyle C1-6,
    (2) -alcynyle C2-6,
    (3) cycloalkyle C3-10,
    (4) cyclohétéroalkyle C2-10,
    (5) aryle,
    (6) hétéroaryle, et
    (7)
    Figure imgb0248
    dans lequel Y est non substitué ou substitué par 1, 2, 3 ou 4 substituants sélectionnés parmi Rb;
    Z est sélectionné parmi :
    (1) hydrogène,
    (2) oxo,
    (3) -(CH2)nCO2H,
    (4) -(CH2)nCO2Ri,
    (5) -(CH2)nOCORi,
    (6) -(CH2)nOH, et
    (7) -(CH2)nP(O)(ORj)2,
    dans lequel chaque CH2 est non substitué ou substitué par 1 ou 2 substituants sélectionnés parmi alkyle C1-6, -OH et -NH2;
    chaque R1 et R2 est sélectionné indépendamment parmi :
    (1) halogène,
    (2) aryle,
    (3) -arylcycloalkyle C3-7,
    (4) -arylcycloalcényle C3-7,
    (5) -arylcyclohétéroalkyle C2-10,
    (6) arylaryle,
    (7) -arylhétéroaryle,
    (8) hétéroaryle, et
    (9) -alcynyle C2-6-aryle,
    dans lequel chaque alcynyle, cycloalkyle, cycloalcényle, cyclohétéroalkyle, aryle et hétéroaryle est non substitué ou substitué par 1, 2, 3 ou 4 substituants sélectionnés indépendamment parmi Ra, à condition qu'au moins l'un et seulement un de R1 et R2 soit un halogène ;
    R3 et R4 sont chacun absents ou sélectionnés indépendamment parmi :
    (1) hydrogène,
    (2) halogène,
    (3) -alkyle C1-6,
    (4) -alcényle C2-6,
    (5) -alcynyle C2-6,
    (6) -cycloalkyle C3-10,
    (7) -cycloalcényle C3-10,
    (8) aryle,
    (9) hétéroaryle,
    (10) -CN,
    (11) -CF3,
    (12) -OH,
    (13) -Oalkyle C1-6,
    (14) -NH2,
    (15) -NHalkyle C1-6,
    (16) -N(alkyle C1-6)2,
    (17) -Salkyle C1-6,
    (18) -SOalkyle C1-6,
    (19) -SO2alkyle C1-6,
    (20) -NHSO2alkyle C1-6,
    (21) -NHC(O)alkyle C1-6,
    (22) -SO2NHalkyle C1-6, et
    (23) -C(O)NHalkyle C1-6;
    R5 est sélectionné parmi :
    (1) hydrogène,
    (2) -alkyle C1-6,
    (3) -CH2CO2H, et
    (4) -CH2CO2alkyle C2-6;
    R6 est sélectionné parmi :
    (1) hydrogène
    (2) -alkyle C1-6,
    (3) -(CH2)mOalkyle C1-6,
    (4) halogène,
    (5) -(CH2)mCN,
    (6) -(CH2)mCF3,
    (7) -(CH2)mOCF3,
    (8) -(CH2)mCHF2,
    (9) -(CH2)mCH2F,
    (10) -(CH2)mSO2alkyle C1-6,
    (11) -(CH2)mCO2H,
    (12) -(CH2)mCO2alkyle C1-6,
    (13) -(CH2)mC(O)H,
    (14) -(CH2)mC(O)NH2,
    (15) -(CH2)mcycloalkyle C3-6,
    (16) -(CH2)mcyclohétéroalkyle C2-7,
    (17) -(CH2)maryle, et
    (18) -(CH2)mhétéroaryle,
    dans lequel chaque CH2 est non substitué ou substitué par 1 ou 2 substituants sélectionnés parmi : oxo, -(CH2)0-3OH, -CN, -NH2, -NH(alkyle C1-6), -N(alkyle C1-6)2, -alkyle C1-6, -Oalkyle C1-6, halogène, -CH2F, -CHF2, -CF3, -CO2H, -CO2alkyle C1-6, -cycloalkyle C3-7, phényle, CH2phényle, hétéroaryle et CH2hétéroaryle, et dans lequel l'alkyle, le cycloalkyle, le cyclohétéroalkyle, l'aryle et l'hétéroaryle sont non substitués ou substitués par 1, 2, 3 ou 4 substituants sélectionnés parmi : oxo, -(CH2)0-5OH, -CN, -NH2, -NH(alkyle C1-6), -N(alkyle C1-6)2, -alkyle C1-6, -Oalkyle C1-6, halogène, -CH2F, -CHF2, -CF3, -CO2H, -CO2alkyle C1-6, -SO2alkyle C1-6, -cycloalkyle C3-7, phényle, CH2phényle, hétéroaryle et CH2hétéroaryle;
    chaque Ra est sélectionné indépendamment parmi le groupe constitué de :
    (1) -(CH2)m-halogène,
    (2) oxo,
    (3) -(CH2)mOH,
    (4) -(CH2)mN(Rj)2,
    (5) -(CH2)mNO2,
    (6) -(CH2)mCN,
    (7) -alkyle C1-6,
    (8) -(CH2)mCF3,
    (9) -(CH2)mOCF3,
    (10) -O-(CH2)m-Oalkyle C1-6,
    (11) -(CH2)mC(O)N(Rj)2,
    (12) -(CH2)mC(=N-OH)N(Rj)2,
    (13) -(CH2)mOalkyle C1-6,
    (14) -(CH2)mO-(CH2)m-cycloalkyle C3-7,
    (15) -(CH2)mO-(CH2)m-cyclohétéroalkyle C2-7,
    (16) -(CH2)mO-(CH2)m-aryle,
    (17) -(CH2)mO-(CH2)m-hétéroaryle,
    (18) -(CH2)mSalkyle C1-6,
    (19) -(CH2)mS(O)alkyle C1-6,
    (20) -(CH2)mSO2alkyle C1-6,
    (21) -(CH2)mSO2cycloalkyle C3-7,
    (22) -(CH2)mSO2cyclohétéroalkyle C2-7,
    (23) -(CH2)mSO2-aryle,
    (24) -(CH2)mSO2-hétéroaryle,
    (25) -(CH2)mSO2NHalkyle C1-6,
    (26) -(CH2)mSO2N(alkyle C1-6)2,
    (27) -(CH2)mSO2NHcycloalkyle C3-7,
    (28) -(CH2)mSO2NHcyclohétéroalkyle C2-7,
    (29) -(CH2)mSO2NH-aryle,
    (30) -(CH2)mSO2NH-hétéroaryle,
    (31) -(CH2)mNHSO2-alkyle C1-6,
    (32) -(CH2)mNHSO2-cycloalkyle C3-7,
    (33) -(CH2)mNHSO2-cyclohétéroalkyle C2-7,
    (34) -(CH2)mNHSO2-aryle,
    (35) -(CH2)mNHSO2NH-hétéroaryle,
    (36) -(CH2)mN(Rj)-alkyle C1-6,
    (37) -(CH2)mN(Rj)-Cycloalkyle C3-7,
    (38) -(CH2)mN(Rj)-cyclohétéroalkyle C2-7,
    (39) -(CH2)mN(Rj)-cyclohétéroalcényle C2-7
    (40) -(CH2)mN(Rj)-aryle,
    (41) -(CH2)mN(Rj)-hétéroaryle,
    (42) -(CH2)mC(O)Rf,
    (43) -(CH2)mC(O)N(Rj)2,
    (44) -(CH2)mN(Rj)C(O)N(Rj)2,
    (45) -(CH2)mCO2H,
    (46) -(CH2)mOCOH,
    (47) -(CH2)mCO2Rf,
    (48) -(CH2)mOCORf,
    (49) -(CH2)mcycloalkyle C3-7,
    (50) -(CH2)mcycloalcényle C3-7,
    (51) -(CH2)mcyclohétéroalkyle C2-6,
    (52) -(CH2)mcyclohétéroalcényle C2-6,
    (53) -(CH2)maryle, et
    (54) -(CH2)mhétéroaryle,
    dans lequel chaque CH2 est non substitué ou substitué par 1 ou 2 substituants sélectionnés parmi : oxo, -(CH2)0-3OH, -CN, -NH2, -NH(alkyle C1-6), -N(alkyle C1-6)2, -alkyle C1-6, -Oalkyle C1-6, halogène, -CH2F, -CHF2, -CF3, -CO2H, -CO2alkyle C1-6, -cycloalkyle C3-7, phényle, CH2phényle, hétéroaryle et CH2hétéroaryle, et dans lequel l'alkyle, le cycloalkyle, cycloalcényle, cyclohétéroalkyle, cyclohétéroalcényle, aryle et hétéroaryle sont non substitués ou substitués par 1, 2, 3 ou 4 substituants sélectionnés parmi : oxo, -(CH2)0-5OH, -CN, -NH2, -NH(alkyle C1-6),-N(alkyle C1-6)2, -alkyle C1-6, -Oalkyle C1-6, halogène, -CH2F, -CHF2, -CF3, -CO2H, -CO2alkyle C1-6, -SO2alkyle C1-6, -cycloalkyle C3-7, phényle, CH2phényle, hétéroaryle et CH2hétéroaryle;
    chaque Rb est sélectionné indépendamment parmi :
    (1) hydrogène,
    (2) -alkyle C1-6,
    (3) -cycloalkyle C3-6,
    (4) -cycloalcényle C3-6,
    (5) -cyclohétéroalkyle C2-6,
    (6) -cyclohétéroalcényle C2-6,
    (7) aryle,
    (8) hétéroaryle,
    (9) -(CH2)t-halogène,
    (10) -(CH2)s-OH,
    (11) -(CH2)sNO2,
    (12) -(CH2)sNH2,
    (13) -(CH2)sNH(alkyle C1-6),
    (14) -(CH2)sN(alkyle C1-6)2,
    (15) -(CH2)sOalkyle C1-6,
    (16) -(CH2)qCO2H,
    (17) -(CH2)qCO2alkyle C1-6,
    (18) -(CH2)sCF3,
    (19) -(CH2)sOCF3,
    (20) -(CH2)sCHF2,
    (21) -(CH2)sCH2F,
    (22) -(CH2)sCN,
    (23) -(CH2)sSO2alkyle C1-6, et
    (24) -(CH2)sCON(Re)2,
    dans lequel chaque CH2 est non substitué ou substitué par 1 ou 2 halogènes, et dans lequel chaque alkyle, cycloalkyle, cycloalcényle, cyclohétéroalkyle, cyclohétéroalcényle, aryle et hétéroaryle est non substitué ou substitué par 1, 2 ou 3 halogènes, et dans lequel deux substituants Rb avec l'atome auquel ils sont attachés peuvent former un cycle cycloalkyle C3-6 ou un cycle cyclohétéroalkyle C2-6;
    chaque Rc est sélectionné indépendamment parmi :
    (1) halogène,
    (2) oxo,
    (3) -(CH2)rOH,
    (4) -(CH2)rN(Re)2,
    (5) -(CH2)rCN,
    (6) -alkyle C1-6,
    (7) -CF3,
    (8) -alkyle C1-6-OH,
    (9) -OCH2Oalkyle C1-6,
    (10) -(CH2)rOalkyle C1-6,
    (11) -OCH2aryle,
    (12) -(CH2)rSalkyle C1-6,
    (13) -(CH2)rC(O)Rf,
    (14) -(CH2)rC(O)N(Re)2,
    (15) -(CH2)rCO2H,
    (16) -(CH2)rCO2Rf,
    (17) -(CH2)rcycloalkyle C3-7,
    (18) -(CH2)rcyclohétéroalkyle C2-6,
    (19) -(CH2)raryle, et
    (20) -(CH2)rhétéroaryle,
    dans lequel chaque CH2 est non substitué ou substitué par 1 ou 2 substituants sélectionnés parmi : oxo, -OH, -CN, -N(Rh)2, -alkyle C1-6, -Oalkyle C1-6, halogène, -CH2F, -CHF2, -CF3,-CO2H, -CO2alkyle C1-6, -cycloalkyle C3-7 et hétéroaryle, et dans lequel l'alkyle, le cycloalkyle, le cyclohétéroalkyle, l'aryle et l'hétéroaryle sont non substitués ou substitués par 1, 2, 3 ou 4 substituants sélectionnés parmi : oxo, -OH, -CN, -N(Rh)2, -alkyle C1-6, -Oalkyle C1-6, halogène,-CH2F, -CHF2, -CF3, -CO2H, -CO2alkyle C1-6, -cycloalkyle C3-7 et hétéroaryle ;
    chaque Re, Rg et Rh est sélectionné indépendamment parmi :
    (1) hydrogène,
    (2) -alkyle C1-6, et
    (3) -O-alkyle C1-6,
    dans lequel chaque alkyle est non substitué ou substitué par 1, 2, 3 ou 4 substituants sélectionnés parmi : -OH, oxo, halogène, alkyle C1-6, -Oalkyle C1-6. -NH2, -NH(alkyle C1-6) et-N(alkyle C1-6)2;
    chaque Rj est sélectionné indépendamment parmi :
    (1) hydrogène,
    (2) alkyle C1-6,
    (3) cycloalkyle C3-6,
    (4) -C(O)Ri, et
    (5) -SO2Ri,
    dans lequel chaque alkyle et cycloalkyle est non substitué ou substitué par 1, 2, 3 ou 4 substituants sélectionnés parmi : -OH, oxo, halogène, alkyle C1-6, -Oalkyle C1-6, -NH2, -NH(alkyle C1-6) et -N(alkyle C1-6)2;
    chaque Rf et Ri est sélectionné indépendamment parmi :
    (1) alkyle C1-6,
    (2) cycloalkyle C4-7,
    (3) cycloalcényle C4-7,
    (4) cyclohétéroalkyle C3-7,
    (5) cyclohétéroalcényle C3-7,
    (6) aryle, et
    (7) hétéroaryle,
    dans lequel chaque alkyle, cycloalkyle, cycloalcényle, cyclohétéroalkyle, cyclohétéroalcényle, aryle et hétéroaryle est non substitué ou substitué par 1, 2, 3 ou 4 substituants sélectionnés parmi : oxo, -OH, -CN, -NH2, -alkyle C1-6, -Oalkyle C1-6, halogène, -CH2F, -CHF2,-CF3, -CO2H, -CO2alkyle C1-6, -cycloalkyle C3-7 et hétéroaryle ;
    chaque a est sélectionné indépendamment parmi 0, 1 ou 2 ;
    chaque b est sélectionné indépendamment parmi 0, 1 ou 2 ;
    chaque n est sélectionné indépendamment parmi 0, 1, 2, 3 ou 4 ;
    chaque m est sélectionné indépendamment parmi 0, 1, 2, 3 ou 4 ;
    chaque p est sélectionné indépendamment parmi 0, 1, 2 ou 3 ;
    chaque q est sélectionné indépendamment parmi 0, 1, 2, 3 ou 4 ;
    chaque r est sélectionné indépendamment parmi 0, 1 ou 2 ;
    chaque s est sélectionné indépendamment parmi 0, 1, 2, 3 ou 4 ; et
    chaque t est sélectionné indépendamment parmi 0, 1, 2, 3 ou 4.
  2. Composé de la formule développée I selon la revendication 1
    Figure imgb0249
     ou un sel pharmaceutiquement acceptable de celui-ci, dans lequel :
    T est -CR3- ou N ; U est -CR1-; V est -CR2-; et W est -CR4-;
    X est sélectionné parmi : -CH2- et -CH2-O-, dans lequel chaque CH2 est non substitué ou substitué par 1 ou 2 substituants sélectionnés parmi : hydroxy, halogène, NH2, alkyle C1-6, CO2H, CO2alkyle C1-6 et COalkyle C1-6 ;
    Y est sélectionné parmi :
    (1) -alkyle C1-6,
    (2) -alcynyle C2-6,
    (3) cycloalkyle C3-10,
    (4) cyclohétéroalkyle C2-10,
    (5) aryle,
    (6) hétéroaryle, et
    (7)
    Figure imgb0250
    dans lequel Y est non substitué ou substitué par 1, 2, 3 ou 4 substituants sélectionnés parmi Rb;
    Z est sélectionné parmi :
    (1) hydrogène,
    (2) oxo,
    (3) -(CH2)nCO2H,
    (4) -(CH2)nCO2Ri,
    (5) -(CH2)nOCORi,
    (6) -(CH2)nOH, et
    (7) -(CH2)nP(O)(ORj)2,
    dans lequel chaque CH2 est non substitué ou substitué par 1 ou 2 substituants sélectionnés parmi alkyle C1-6, -OH et -NH2;
    chaque R1 et R2 est sélectionné indépendamment parmi :
    (1) halogène,
    (2) aryle,
    (3) -arylcycloalkyle C3-7,
    (4) -aryle-cycloalcényle C 3-7,
    (5) -aryle-cyclohétéroalkyle C2-10,
    (6) aryle-aryle,
    (7) -aryle-hétéroaryle,
    (8) hétéroraryle, et
    (9) -alcynyle C2-6-aryle,
    dans lequel chaque alcynyle, cycloalkyle, cycloalcényle, cyclohétéroalkyle, aryle et hétéroaryle est non substitué ou substitué par 1, 2, 3 ou 4 substituants sélectionnés indépendamment parmi Ra, à condition qu'au moins l'un et seulement un de R1 et R2 soit un halogène ;
    R3 et R4 sont chacun absents ou sélectionnés indépendamment parmi :
    (1) hydrogène,
    (2) halogène,
    (3) -alkyle C1-6,
    (4) -alcényle C2-6,
    (5) -alcynyle C2-6,
    (6) -cycloalkyle C3-10,
    (7) -cycloalcényle C3-10,
    (8) aryle,
    (9) hétéroaryle,
    (10) -CN,
    (11) -CF3,
    (12) -OH,
    (13) -Oalkyle C1-6,
    (14) -NH2,
    (15) -NHalkyle C1-6,
    (16) -N(alkyle C1-6)2,
    (17) -Salkyle C1-6,
    (18) -SOalkyle C1-6,
    (19) -SO2alkyle C1-6,
    (20) -NHSO2alkyle C1-6,
    (21) -NHC(O)alkyle C1-6,
    (22) -SO2NHalkyle C1-6, et
    (23) -C(O)NHalkyle C1-6;
    R5 est sélectionné parmi :
    (1) hydrogène,
    (2) -alkyle C1-6,
    (3) -CH2CO2H, et
    (4) -CH2CO2alkyle C1-6;
    R6 est sélectionné parmi :
    (1) hydrogène
    (2) -alkyle C1-6,
    (3) -(CH2)mOalkyle C1-6,
    (4) halogène,
    (5) -(CH2)mCN,
    (6) -(CH2)mCF3,
    (7) -(CH2)mOCF3,
    (8) -(CH2)mCHF2,
    (9) -(CH2)mCH2F,
    (10) -(CH2)mSO2alkyle C1-6,
    (11) -(CH2)mcycloalkyle C3-6,
    (12) -(CH2)mcyclohétéroalkyle C2-7,
    (13) -(CH2)maryle, et
    (14) -(CH2)mhétéroaryle,
    dans lequel chaque CH2 est non substitué ou substitué par 1 ou 2 substituants sélectionnés parmi : oxo, -(CH2)0-3OH, -CN, -NH2, -NH(alkyle C1-6), -N(alkyle C1-6)2, -alkyle C1-6, -Oalkyle C1-6, halogène, -CH2F, -CHF2, -CF3, -CO2H, -CO2alkyle C1-6, -cycloalkyle C3-7, phényle, CH2phényle, hétéroaryle et CH2hétéroaryle, et dans lequel l'alkyle, le cycloalkyle, cyclohétéroalkyle, aryle et hétéroaryle sont non substitués ou substitués par 1, 2, 3 ou 4 substituants sélectionnés parmi : oxo, -(CH2)0-5OH, -CN, -NH2, -NH(alkyle C1-6), -N(alkyle C1-6)2, -alkyle C1-6, -Oalkyle C1-6, halogène, -CH2F, -CHF2, -CF3, -CO2H, -CO2alkyle C1-6, -SO2alkyle C1-6,-cycloalkyle C3-7, phényle, CH2phényle, hétéroaryle et CH2hétéroaryle;
    chaque Ra est sélectionné indépendamment parmi le groupe constitué de :
    (1) -(CH2)m-halogène,
    (2) oxo,
    (3) -(CH2)mOH,
    (4) -(CH2)mN(Rj)2,
    (5) -(CH2)mNO2,
    (6) -(CH2)mCN,
    (7) -alkyle C1-6,
    (8) -(CH2)mCF3,
    (9) -(CH2)mOCF3,
    (10) -O-(CH2)m-Oalkyle C1-6,
    (11) -(CH2)mC(O)N(Rj)2,
    (12) -(CH2)mC(=N-OH)N(Rj)2,
    (13) -(CH2)mOalkyle C1-6,
    (14) -(CH2)mO-(CH2)m-cycloalkyle C3-7,
    (15) -(CH2)mO-(CH2)m-cyclohétéroalkyle C2-7,
    (16) -(CH2)mO-(CH2)m-aryle,
    (17) -(CH2)mO-(CH2)m-hétéroaryle,
    (18) -(CH2)mSalkyle C1-6,
    (19) -(CH2)mS(O)alkyle C1-6,
    (20) -(CH2)mSO2alkyle C1-6,
    (21) -(CH2)mSOcycloalkyle C3-7,
    (22) -(CH2)mSO2cyclohétéroalkyle C2-7,
    (23) -(CH2)mSO2-aryle,
    (24) -(CH2)mSO2-hétéroaryle,
    (25) -(CH2)mSO2NHalkyle C1-6,
    (26) -(CH2)mSO2N(alkyle C1-6)2,
    (27) -(CH2)mSO2NHcycloalkyle C3-7,
    (28) -(CH2)mSO2NHcyclohétéroalkyle C2-7,
    (29) -(CH2)mSO2NH-aryle,
    (30) -(CH2)mSO2NH-hétéroaryle,
    (31) -(CH2)mNHSO2-alkyle C1-6,
    (32) -(CH2)mNHSO2-cycloalkyle C3-7,
    (33) -(CH2)mNHSO2-cyclohétéroalkyle C2-7,
    (34) -(CH2)mNHSO2-aryle,
    (35) -(CH2)mNHSO2NH-hétéroaryle,
    (36) -(CH2)mN(Rj)-alkyle C1-6,
    (37) -(CH2)mN(Rj)-cycloalkyle C3-7,
    (38) -(CH2)mN(Rj)-cyclohétéroalkyle C2-7,
    (39) -(CH2)mN(Rj)-cyclohétéroalcényle C2-7
    (40) -(CH2)mN(Rj)-aryle,
    (41) -(CH2)mN(Rj)-hétéroaryle,
    (42) -(CH2)mC(O)Rf,
    (43) -(CH2)mC(O)N(Rj)2,
    (44) -(CH2)mN(Rj)C(O)N(Rj)2,
    (45) -(CH2)mCO2H,
    (46) -(CH2)mOCOH,
    (47) -(CH2)mCO2Rf,
    (48) -(CH2)mOCORf,
    (49) -(CH2)mcycloalkyle C3-7,
    (50) -(CH2)mcycloalcényle C3-7,
    (51) -(CH2)mcyclohétéroalkyle C2-6,
    (52) -(CH2)mcyclohétéroalcényle C2-6,
    (53) -(CH2)maryle, et
    (54) -(CH2)mhétéroaryle,
    dans lequel chaque CH2 est non substitué ou substitué par 1 ou 2 substituants sélectionnés parmi : oxo, -(CH2)0-3OH, -CN, -NH2, -NH(alkyle C1-6), -N(alkyle C1-6)2, -alkyle C1-6, -Oalkyle C1-6, halogène, -CH2F, -CHF2, -CF3, -CO2H, -CO2alkyle C1-6, -cycloalkyle C3-7, phényle, CH2phényle, hétéroaryle et CH2hétéroaryle, et dans lequel l'alkyle, le cycloalkyle, cycloalcényle, cyclohétéroalkyle, cyclohétéroalcényle, aryle et hétéroaryle sont non substitués ou substitués par 1, 2, 3 ou 4 substituants sélectionnés parmi : oxo, -(CH2)0-5OH, -CN, -NH2, -NH(alkyle C1-6),-N(alkyle C1-6)2, -alkyle C1-6, -Oalkyle C1-6, halogène, -CH2F, -CHF2, -CF3, -CO2H, -CO2alkyle C1-6, -SO2alkyle C1-6, -cycloalkyle C3-7, phényle, CH2phényle, hétéroaryle et CH2hétéroaryle ;
    chaque Rb est sélectionné indépendamment parmi :
    (1) hydrogène,
    (2) -alkyle C1-6,
    (3) -cycloalkyle C3-6,
    (4) -cycloalcényle C3-6,
    (5) -cyclohétéroalkyle C2-6,
    (6) -cyclohétéroalcényle C2-6,
    (7) aryle,
    (8) hétéroaryle,
    (9) -(CH2)t-halogène,
    (10) -(CH2)s-OH,
    (11) -(CH2)sNO2,
    (12) -(CH2)sNH2,
    (13) -(CH2)sNH(alkyle C1-6),
    (14) -(CH2)sN(alkyle C1-6)2,
    (15) -(CH2)sOalkyle C1-6,
    (16) -(CH2)qCO2H,
    (17) -(CH2)qCO2alkyle C1-6,
    (18) -(CH2)sCF3,
    (19) -(CH2)sOCF3,
    (20) -(CH2)sCHF2,
    (21) -(CH2)sCH2F,
    (22) -(CH2)sCN,
    (23) -(CH2)sSO2alkyle C1-6, et
    (24) -(CH2)sCON(Re)2,
    dans lequel chaque CH2 est non substitué ou substitué par 1 ou 2 halogènes, et dans lequel chaque alkyle, cycloalkyle, cycloalcényle, cyclohétéroalkyle, cyclohétéroalcényle, aryle et hétéroaryle est non substitué ou substitué par 1, 2 ou 3 halogènes ;
    chaque Rc est sélectionné indépendamment parmi :
    (1) halogène,
    (2) oxo,
    (3) -(CH2)rOH,
    (4) -(CH2)rN(Re)2,
    (5) -(CH2)rCN,
    (6) -alkyle C1-6,
    (7) -CF3,
    (8) -alkyle C1-6-OH,
    (9) -OCH2Oalkyle C1-6,
    (10) -(CH2)rOalkyle C1-6,
    (11) -OCH2aryle,
    (12) -(CH2)rSalkyle C1-6,
    (13) -(CH2)rC(O)Rf,
    (14) -(CH2)rC(O)N(Re)2,
    (15) -(CH2)rCO2H,
    (16) -(CH2)rCO2Rf,
    (17) -(CH2)rcycloalkyle C3-7,
    (18) -(CH2)rcyclohétéroalkyle C2-6,
    (19) -(CH2)raryle, et
    (20) -(CH2)rhétéroaryle,
    dans lequel chaque CH2 est non substitué ou substitué par 1 ou 2 substituants sélectionnés parmi : oxo, -OH, -CN, -N(Rh)2, -alkyle C1-6, -Oalkyle C1-6, halogène, -CH2F, -CHF2, -CF3,-CO2H, -CO2alkyle C1-6, -cycloalkyle C3-7 et hétéroaryle, et dans lequel l'alkyle, le cycloalkyle, cyclohétéroalkyle, aryle et hétéroaryle sont non substitués ou substitués par 1, 2, 3 ou 4 substituants sélectionnés parmi : oxo, -OH, -CN, -N(Rh)2, -alkyle C1-6, -Oalkyle C1-6, halogène, -CH2F, -CHF2, -CF3, -CO2H, -CO2alkyle C1-6, -cycloalkyle C3-7 et hétéroaryle ;
    chaque Re, Rg et Rh est sélectionné indépendamment parmi :
    (1) hydrogène,
    (2) -alkyle C1-6, et
    (3) -O-alkyle C1-6,
    dans lequel chaque alkyle est non substitué ou substitué par 1, 2, 3 ou 4 substituants sélectionnés parmi : -OH, oxo, halogène, alkyle C1-6, -Oalkyle C1-6. -NH2, -NH(alkyle C1-6) et-N(alkyle C1-6)2 ;
    chaque Rj est sélectionné indépendamment parmi :
    (1) hydrogène,
    (2) alkyle C1-6,
    (3) cycloalkyle C3-6,
    (4) -C(O)Ri, et
    (5) -SO2Ri,
    dans lequel chaque alkyle et cycloalkyle est non substitué ou substitué par 1, 2, 3 ou 4 substituants sélectionnés parmi : -OH, oxo, halogène, alkyle C1-6, -Oalkyle C1-6, -NH2, -NH(alkyle C1-6) et -N(alkyle C1-6)2 ;
    chaque Rf et Ri est sélectionné indépendamment parmi :
    (1) alkyle C1-6,
    (2) cycloalkyle C4-7,
    (3) cycloalcényle C4-7,
    (4) cyclohétéroalkyle C3-7,
    (5) cyclohétéroalcényle C3-7,
    (6) aryle, et
    (7) hétéroaryle,
    dans lequel chaque alkyle, cycloalkyle, cycloalcényle, cyclohétéroalkyle, cyclohétéroalcényle, aryle et hétéroaryle est non substitué ou substitué par 1, 2, 3 ou 4 substituants sélectionnés parmi : oxo, -OH, -CN, -NH2, -alkyle C1-6, -Oalkyle C1-6, halogène, -CH2F, -CHF2,-CF3, -CO2H, -CO2alkyle C1-6, -cycloalkyle C3-7 et hétéroaryle ;
    a est 0, 1 ou 2 ;
    b est 0, 1 ou 2 ;
    n est 0, 1, 2, 3 ou 4 ;
    m est 0, 1, 2, 3 ou 4 ;
    p est 0, 1, 2 ou 3 ;
    q est 0, 1, 2, 3 ou 4 ;
    r est 0, 1 ou 2 ;
    s est 0, 1, 2, 3 ou 4 ; et
    t est 0, 1, 2, 3 ou 4.
  3. Composé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel X est -CH2- ; ou un sel pharmaceutiquement acceptable de celui-ci.
  4. Composé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel Y est sélectionné parmi :
    (1) alkyle C1-6,
    (2) cycloalkyle C3-10, et
    (3) aryle,
    dans lequel Y est non substitué ou substitué par 1, 2, 3 ou 4 substituants sélectionnés parmi Rb ; ou un sel pharmaceutiquement acceptable de celui-ci.
  5. Composé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel Z est sélectionné parmi :
    (1) -(CH2)nCO2H, et
    (2) -(CH2)nOH,
    dans lequel chaque CH2 est non substitué ou substitué par 1 ou 2 substituants sélectionnés parmi alkyle C1-6, -OH et -NH2 ; ou un sel pharmaceutiquement acceptable de celui-ci.
  6. Composé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel R1 est sélectionné indépendamment parmi :
    (1) aryle,
    (2) -aryle-cycloalkyle C3-7,
    (3) -aryle-cyclohétéroalkyle C2-10,
    (4) aryle-aryle, et
    (5) -aryle-hétéroaryle,
    dans lequel chaque cycloalkyle, cyclohétéroalkyle, aryle et hétéroaryle est non substitué ou substitué par 1, 2, 3 ou 4 substituants sélectionnés indépendamment parmi Ra, et
    R2 est un halogène, ou un sel pharmaceutiquement acceptable de celui-ci.
  7. Composé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel R1 est sélectionné indépendamment parmi :
    (1) phényle,
    (2) -phényle-cyclopropyle,
    (3) -phényle-pyrrolidone,
    (4) biphényle, et
    (5) -phényle-pyridine,
    dans lequel chaque cycloalkyle, cyclohétéroalkyle, aryle et hétéroaryle est non substitué ou substitué par 1, 2, 3 ou 4 substituants sélectionnés parmi Ra ; et
    R2 est un halogène ; ou un sel pharmaceutiquement acceptable de celui-ci.
  8. Composé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel
    R3 est un hydrogène ou absent ;
    R4 est un hydrogène ou absent ;
    R5 est un hydrogène ;
    ou un sel pharmaceutiquement acceptable de celui-ci.
  9. Composé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel R6 est sélectionné parmi :
    (1) hydrogène,
    (2) -alkyle C1-6,
    (3) halogène,
    (4) CN,
    (5) CF3,
    (6) -CO2H,
    (7) -C(O)H,
    (8) -C(O)NH2,
    (9) -cycloalkyle C3-6, et
    (10) aryle,
    dans lequel l'alkyle, le cycloalkyle et l'aryle sont non substitués ou substitués par 1, 2, 3 ou 4 substituants sélectionnés parmi : oxo, -(CH2)0-5OH, -CN, -NH2, -NH(alkyle C1-6), -N(alkyle C1-6)2, -alkyle C1-6, -Oalkyle C1-6, halogène, -CH2F, -CHF2, -CF3, -CO2H, -CO2alkyle C1-6 et-SO2alkyle C1-6 ; ou un sel pharmaceutiquement acceptable de celui-ci.
  10. Composé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel R3 est un hydrogène ou absent ; R4 est un hydrogène ; R5 est un hydrogène et R6 est un hydrogène ; ou un sel pharmaceutiquement acceptable de celui-ci.
  11. Composé selon la revendication 1, dans lequel :
    T est -CR3- ou N ;
    U est -CR1-;
    V est -CR2-;
    W est -CR4-;
    X est -CH2-;
    Y est sélectionné parmi :
    (1) alkyle C1-6,
    (2) cycloalkyle C3-10, et
    (3) aryle,
    dans lequel Y est non substitué ou substitué par 1, 2, 3 ou 4 substituants sélectionnés parmi Rb;
    Z est sélectionné parmi :
    (1) -(CH2)nCO2H, et
    (2) -(CH2)nOH,
    dans lequel chaque CH2 est non substitué ou substitué par 1 ou 2 substituants sélectionnés parmi alkyle C1-6, -OH et -NH2;
    R1 est sélectionné indépendamment parmi :
    (1) phényle,
    (2) -phényle-cyclopropyle,
    (3) -phényle-pyrrolidine,
    (4) biphényle, et
    (5) -phényle-pyridine,
    dans lequel chaque cycloalkyle, cyclohétéroalkyle, aryle et hétéroaryle est non substitué ou substitué par 1, 2, 3 ou 4 substituants sélectionnés indépendamment parmi Ra;
    R2 est un halogène ;
    R3 est un hydrogène ou absent ;
    R4 est un hydrogène ;
    R5 est un hydrogène, et
    R6 est un hydrogène ;
    ou un sel pharmaceutiquement acceptable de celui-ci.
  12. Composé selon la revendication 1, sélectionné parmi :
    Figure imgb0251
    Figure imgb0252
    Figure imgb0253
    Figure imgb0254
    Figure imgb0255
     et
    Figure imgb0256
     ou un sel pharmaceutiquement acceptable de celui-ci.
  13. Composition pharmaceutique comprenant un composé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, ou un sel pharmaceutiquement acceptable de celui-ci, et un véhicule pharmaceutiquement acceptable.
  14. Composition pharmaceutique comprenant un composé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1-12, ou un sel pharmaceutiquement acceptable de celui-ci, et un composé sélectionné parmi la simvastatine, l'ézétimibe et la sitagliptine ; et un véhicule pharmaceutiquement acceptable.
  15. Composé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1-12, ou un sel pharmaceutiquement acceptable de celui-ci pour utilisation en thérapie.
  16. Composé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1-12, ou un sel pharmaceutiquement acceptable de celui-ci, pour utilisation dans le traitement d'un trouble, d'une condition ou d'une maladie qui peut répondre à l'activation de la protéine kinase activée par l'AMP, où le trouble, la condition ou la maladie est sélectionné parmi le groupe constitué de : diabète de type 2, taux bas de HDL, taux élevé de LDL, taux élevé de triglycérides, athérosclérose, hyperglycémie, syndrome métabolique, obésité, hypercholestérolémie, hypertension, sarcopénie et cancer.
  17. Composé pour utilisation selon la revendication 16, où le trouble, la condition ou la maladie est le diabète de type 2.
  18. Combinaison comprenant un composé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1-12, ou un sel pharmaceutiquement acceptable de celui-ci, et un autre agent pour utilisation dans le traitement d'un trouble, d'une condition ou d'une maladie qui peut répondre à l'activation de la protéine kinase activée par l'AMP ; où le trouble, la condition ou la maladie est sélectionné parmi le groupe constitué de : diabète de type 2, taux bas de HDL, taux élevé de LDL, taux élevé de triglycérides, athérosclérose, hyperglycémie, syndrome métabolique, obésité, hypercholestérolémie, hypertension, sarcopénie et cancer.
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US9650375B2 (en) 2017-05-16

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