CN1376067A - 条件细胞培养基组合物及其应用方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明描述了含有条件细胞培养基组合物的新产品及应用方法。本发明的条件细胞培养基可以含有任何已知明确或不明确的培养基,并可应用任何类型真核细胞进行条件化。培养基可通过基质细胞、实质细胞、间充质干细胞、肝储备细胞、神经干细胞、胰干细胞和/或胚胎干细胞进行条件化。另外,所述细胞还可进行遗传修饰。优选三维组织构建物。本发明细胞培养基一经条件化,就可以任何状态应用。条件培养基的物理形式包括但不限于液体或固体、冷冻、冻干或干粉。此外,所述培养基还可应用药用载体作为赋形剂制备用于内服,直接应用于食物或产品;配制成药膏或油膏外用,或,例如,制备成手术用粘胶或加入手术用粘胶,加速创伤过程后的缝合伤口愈合。所述培养基还可进一步处理,浓缩或减少一种或多种培养基所含因子或组分。
Description
1.概况
本发明涉及含有细胞培养基的组合物,所述培养基通过二维培养(即,单层)或三维培养生长的细胞进行条件化。用于条件化培养基的细胞可以进行遗传修饰,以改变培养基中蛋白质的浓度。条件化细胞培养基经过处理可用于下述情况,包括创伤应用、化妆品添加剂、食品添加剂、动物饲料添加剂、细胞培养、药物应用以及刺激毛发生长的组合物和方法。本发明还涉及含有从条件培养基获得的细胞外基质蛋白和/或其他纯化蛋白的组合物。
2.发明背景
2.1.条件细胞培养基
典型的培养基组合物包括必需氨基酸,盐类,维生素,矿物质,痕量金属,糖,脂质和核苷。细胞培养基试图提供足以满足细胞在人工控制的体外环境中生长的营养需求的组分。营养制剂,pH和渗透性根据各种参数不同而变化,所述参数如细胞类型,细胞密度以及所用培养系统。许多细胞培养基制剂在文献中均有记载,而且大多数媒体可以花钱购买。一旦培养基与细胞共同孵育,就成为本领域技术人员熟知的“消耗”或“条件培养基”。条件培养基含有多种培养基中的原有组分,以及多种细胞代谢产物和分泌蛋白,包括,例如,具有生物活性的生长因子,炎症介质和其他细胞外蛋白。单层或在培养珠上生长的细胞系与三维生长的细胞不同,缺乏体内整体组织所具有的细胞与细胞、细胞与基质之间的相互作用特征。因此,这些细胞分泌多种细胞代谢产物,尽管它们并不需要分泌达到生理水平的代谢产物和分泌蛋白。传统的条件细胞培养基,也就是细胞系单层或在培养珠上生长的培养基,通常都被弃置,或偶尔用于培养处理如降低细胞密度。
2.2.组织培养系统
绝大多数脊椎动物细胞体外培养是在浸浴于培养基的人工底物上单层生长。单层生长的底物性质可以是固体,如塑料,或半固体凝胶,如胶原或琼脂。可以任意使用的塑料成为当今用于组织或细胞培养的优选底物。
一些研究人员在探索天然底物的应用,所述天然底物涉及基底膜成分。基底膜包括在体内包围绝大多数细胞的糖蛋白和蛋白多糖的混合物。例如,Rei and Rojkund,1979,酶学方法,Vol.57,细胞培养,Jakoby&Pasten,eds.,New York,Acad.Press,pp.263-278;Vlodavsky etal.,1980,Cell 19:607-617;Yang et al.,1979,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA76:3401业已应用胶原培养肝细胞、上皮细胞和内皮细胞。在漂浮的胶原(Michalopoulos and Pitot,1975,Fed.Proc.34:826)和硝酸纤维素膜(Savage and Bonney,1978,Exp.Cell Res.114:307-315)上生长细胞业已用来试图促进终末分化。但是迄今为止,延长的细胞再生和在这些系统中培养的这些组织都没有成功。
鼠胚胎成纤维细胞培养物曾被用于促进细胞的生长,特别是在细胞密度低时。这一效应被认为部分是由于添加了培养基,但也认为是由于细胞产物而使底物条件化。在这些系统中,添加的成纤维细胞层生长汇合成单层,使表面更适于其他细胞的粘附。例如,有报导称在汇合的正常胎儿小肠细胞层上可以生长神经胶质细胞瘤(Lindsay,1979,Nature228:80)。
虽然二维生长细胞是制备、观察、研究培养细胞以及允许细胞高速率增殖的简便方法,但它缺乏体内整体组织的特征。为了研究这些功能和形态的相互作用,一些研究人员探索了三维底物如胶原凝胶(Douglaset al.,1980,In Vitro 16:306-312;Yang et al.,1979,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.76:3401;Yang et al.,1980,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.77:2088-2092;Yang etal.,1981,Cancer Res.41:1021-1027)、单纯纤维素海绵(Leighton et al.,1951,J.Natl.Cancer Inst.12:545-561)或包被胶原(Leighton et al.,1968,Cancer Res.28:286-296)、以及白明胶海绵Gelfoam(Sorour et al.,1975,J.Neurosurg.43:742-749)的应用。
一般来说,将被培养的细胞接种于这些三维底物。业已报导多种类型的细胞可以穿透基质并建立组织学上的“类组织”。例如,三维胶原凝胶业已用于培养乳腺上皮细胞(Yang et al.,1981,Cancer Res.41:1021-1027)和交感神经神经元(Ebendal,1976,Exp.Cell Res.98:159-169)。此外,已有多种努力试图从分散的单层培养物中再生类组织结构。(Kruse and Miedema,1965,J.Cell Biol.27:273)报导,如果持续加入适宜培养基,灌注的单层细胞可以生长直至深度在10个细胞以上,而且多层培养物可以发育成类器官结构(还见Schneider et al.,1963,Exp.Cell.Res.30:449-459;Bell et al.,1979,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 76:1274-1279;Green,1978,Science 200:1385-1388)。业已有报导,人类表皮角化细胞可以形成皮纹(摩擦嵴如果不移动保持几周;Folkman和Haudenschild(1980,Nature 288:551-556)报导,在有内皮细胞生长因子存在的培养基或经肿瘤细胞条件化的培养基中培养的血管内皮细胞可以形成毛细血管;以及Sirica等(1979,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 76:283-287;1980,Cancer Res.40:3259-3267)将原代培养的肝细胞在覆有一薄层胶原的尼龙筛网上可以维持约10-13天。但是,在这些体系中长期培养和增殖细胞还未成功。
有学者试图建立组织的长期培养,如骨髓。总体结果令人失望,因为尽管迅速形成了含有不同细胞类型的基质细胞层,重要的造血作用不能实时维持。(综述见Dexter et al.,“骨髓长期培养”1984,Alan R.Liss,Inc.,pp.57-96)。
很多研究组试图在体外培养皮肤和结缔组织用于体内移植。在一个这样的系统中,水合牛胶原格子形成底物,细胞如成纤维细胞与所述底物形成一体,结果格子紧缩形成组织(Bell et al.,U.S.Patent No.4,485,096)。在另一系统中,交叉相连的多孔胶原海绵被用来培养成纤维细胞(Eisenberg,WO91/16010)。应用含有合成聚合物的脚手架体外控制细胞生长和增殖也有描述,这样一旦成纤维细胞开始生长并接触基质,就可移植到患者体内(Vacanti et al.,美国专利号5,759,830;5,770,193;5,736,372)。
业已成功设计了用于细胞生长的含有聚酯和氨基酸联合聚合物的合成基质脚手架,所述合成基质可生物降解并生物兼容(美国专利号5,654,381;5,709,854)。不能生物降解的脚手架同样也能支持细胞生长。三维细胞培养系统也已成功设计,所述系统含有支持从任何所需组织中取得的细胞生长成成熟组织的间质基质(Naughton et al.,美国专利号4,721,096和5,032,508)。另一方法包括含有多种所需细胞类型的缓慢聚合水凝胶,一旦注入患者体内就会硬化形成基质(美国专利号5,709,854)。业已成功设计的包括基质细胞的细胞外基质制剂可以为所需细胞类型提供三维细胞培养系统,可以注入患者体内准确定位生物物质(Naughton et al.,WO 96/39101)。
2.3.细胞性细胞因子和生长因子
细胞外蛋白,如生长因子、细胞因子和应激蛋白,分泌进入条件细胞培养基为能够在广泛领域内应用的产品制备开辟了新的可能性,所述广泛领域包括组织修复,如创伤和其他组织缺陷如美容缺陷的治疗,以及人类食品和动物饲料的添加剂。例如,已知生长因子在创伤愈合过程中起重要作用。通常认为,在创伤治疗中需要通过直接添加这些因子来增加生长因子的供给。
细胞性细胞因子和生长因子涉及很多重要的细胞过程,包括细胞增殖、粘附、形态外观、分化、迁徙、炎症反应、血管生成和细胞死亡。研究显示,细胞的缺氧应激和损伤可以诱导包括与生长因子相对应的mRNA和蛋白质水平增高反应,所述生长因子如PDGF(血小板衍生生长因子),VEGF(血管内皮生长因子),FGF(成纤维细胞生长因子)和IGF(胰岛素样生长因子)(Gonzalez-Rubio,M.et al,1996,Kidney Int.50(1):164-73;Abramovitch,R.et al.,1997,Int J.Exp.Pathol.78(2):57-70;Stein,I.et al.,1995,Mol Cell Biol.15(10):5363-8;Yang,W.et al.,1997,FEBS Lett.403(2):139-42;West,N.R.et al.,1995,J.Neurosci.Res.40(5):647-59)。
在创伤愈合过程中,特定的应激蛋白可以诱导生长因子,如转化生长因子-β,在本领域也公认为TGF-β。两种已知的应激蛋白是GRP78和HSP90。这些蛋白可以稳定细胞结构,使细胞可以耐受不良条件。二聚体蛋白TGF-β家族包括TGF-β1,TGF-β2和TGF-β3,可以调节很多种类细胞的生长和分化。而且,该蛋白家族有较广范围的生物效应,刺激一些种类的细胞生长(Noda et al.,1989,Endocrinology 124:2991-2995),抑制其他种类的细胞生长(Goey et al.,1989,J.Immunol.143:877-880;Pietenpol et al.,1990,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 87:3758-3762)。TGF-β还显示了可以增加细胞外基质蛋白包括胶原和纤维结合素的表达(Ignotz et al.,1986,J.Biol.Chem.261:4337-4345),以及加速创伤愈合(Mustoe et al.,1987,Science 237:1333-1335)。
另一种这样的生长因子是PDGF。PDGF首先是作为间充质细胞衍生细胞的有丝分裂原被发现并申请专利的(Ross R.et al.,1974,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 71(4):1207-1210;Kohler N.et al.,1974,Exp.CellRes.87:297-301)。进一步的研究发现PDGF在组织形成过程中,增加细胞构成和肉芽形成的速度。应用PDGF处理的伤口呈现早期炎症反应的外观,包括在创伤部位中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞的增加。这些伤口也呈现成纤维细胞功能的增强(Pierce,G.F.et al.,1988,J.Exp.Med.167:974-987)。在动物实验中,PDGF和TGF-β均显示可以增加胶原形成,DNA含量和蛋白质水平(Grotendorst,G.R.et al.,1985,J.Clin.Invest.76:2323-2329;Sporn,M.B.et al.,1983,Science(Wash DC)219:1329)。业已显示PDGF可以有效治疗人类创伤。在人类创伤中,PDGF-AA的表达在压力性溃疡的愈合过程中增高。PDGF-AA的增高对应于创伤部位激活成纤维细胞、细胞外基质沉积物和活化的血管形成的增加。而且,在慢性不愈合创伤中就见不到PDGF-AA的增高(组织工程学原理,R.Lanza et al(eds.),pp.133-141(R.G.Landes Co.TX1997)。具有诱导血管形成和创伤愈合能力的其他生长因子包括VEGF,KGF和碱性FGF。
目前尚无可以应用的简单有效的方法或组合物,所述组合物含有申请人条件培养基中发现的细胞因子,生长因子或其他调节蛋白。
3.发明简述
专利申请人发现了新的条件细胞培养基组合物。另外,本发明还包括这些新的组合物的用途。本发明还包括含有从本发明条件细胞培养基中获得的特定蛋白产品的组合物。
本发明的条件细胞培养基可能含有任何已知明确或不明确的培养基,并可应用任何类型真核细胞进行条件化。培养基可通过基质细胞、实质细胞、间充质干细胞、肝储备细胞、神经干细胞、胰干细胞和/或胚胎干细胞进行条件化。优选三维组织构建物。无论单层培养还是三维培养,细胞类型都会影响条件培养基的性质。例如,应用星型细胞和神经元细胞条件化的培养基将具有特定的代谢产物和蛋白质,因此,这种条件培养基优选用于特定的神经修复。在一个优选实施方案中,申请人的培养基应用三维细胞和组织培养物条件化。在另一个优选实施方案中,培养基应用基质细胞条件化,所述基质细胞用于产生TransCyteTM(Smith&Nephew PLC.,United Kingdom)。在一个高度优选的实施方案中,三维组织培养物的细胞是基质细胞,并且组织培养构建物是添加或不添加特定实质细胞的Dermagraft(Advanced Tissue Science,Inc.,La Jolla CA)。这样的条件细胞培养基可以提供较单层培养物不同的因子和特定比例组合,与体内呈现的条件更加接近。三维间质培养物还可与实质细胞进一步共同培养,所述实质细胞如皮肤、骨、肝脏、神经、胰腺等的细胞,共同培养后得到的条件培养基含有该组织类型的特征性细胞外蛋白质和其他代谢产物。此外,每种细胞类型还可进行遗传修饰。遗传修饰可以用来改变培养基中一种或多种成分的浓度,如上调一种蛋白质,引进一种新的蛋白质,或调节离子浓度。
本发明的细胞培养基一经条件化,就可以任何状态应用。条件培养基的物理形式包括但不限于液体或固体、冷冻、冻干或干粉。此外,所述培养基还可应用药用载体作为赋形剂制备用于内服,直接应用于食物或产品;应用药膏或油膏制备外用,或,例如,制备成手术用粘胶或加入手术用粘胶,加速创伤过程后的缝合伤口愈合。所述培养基还可进一步处理,浓缩或减少一种或多种培养基所含因子或组分。例如,条件培养基可通过免疫亲和层析法浓缩一种生长因子。
在一个实施方案中,本发明条件培养基被用于创伤愈合。实例包括但不限于,将条件细胞培养基用于绷带的纱布上(粘附或不粘附),并外用促进和/或加速创伤愈合。另外,还可浓缩或降低条件培养基中一种或多种成分,以加强创伤愈合。组合物可以冻干/冷冻干燥,并作为伤口填料或加入已有伤口填料组合物中,加速创伤愈合。此外,培养基还可加入水凝胶组合物中,作为创伤治疗外用敷料和抗粘附敷料。本发明培养基组合物还可应用细胞进行条件化,所述细胞表达的基因产物在创伤愈合特性上得到优化,例如,表达抗疤痕特性基因产物的工程学细胞。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明条件细胞培养基制剂用于矫正先天畸形和后天获得性身体缺陷。此外,可用于注射的或水凝胶形式的制剂还可用于消除细小皱纹、皱纹、疤痕以及修复其他皮肤病变。在另一个实施方案中,条件细胞培养基还可加入眼影膏、化装粉饼、小粉盒或其他化妆品中。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明条件细胞培养基制剂被用作食品添加剂或饮食补充物。条件培养基含有大量营养物质,包括必需氨基酸,维生素和矿物质。本发明的条件细胞培养基可以浓缩和/或冻干,例如,并优选以胶囊或片剂的形式摄入。此外,组合物还可直接加入食物以提高其营养含量。
在另一实施方案中,组合物还可作为动物饲料的添加剂,因为它含有大量有利于牛和其他反刍动物饲养的蛋白质,维生素,抗生素,多糖和其他因子。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,本发明的组合物被用来培养细胞。本发明的条件细胞培养基含有有利于促进细胞粘附和生长的因子。而且,细胞培养基还可应用经遗传工程修饰的细胞条件化,可能,例如,含有高浓度的有利于促进细胞粘附到脚手架或培养表面的纤维结合素或胶原。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,本发明条件细胞培养基组合物用于药物。本发明包括应用三维组织构建物培养的细胞培养基,因此,分泌到培养基中的生长因子和其他蛋白质的比例非常接近体内的发现。因此,本发明条件培养基有利于广泛的药用。
最后,本发明组合物还可制备外用于刺激毛发生长。
3.1.定义
这里应用的下述术语具有给出的含意:
粘附层:细胞直接粘附到三维支持物上,或通过与直接粘附在支持物上的细胞粘附而间接连接。
条件培养基:含有细胞外蛋白质和细胞代谢产物的制剂,该制剂先前曾支持任何所需真核细胞类型的生长,所述细胞二维或三维培养。也称为“条件细胞培养基”或“条件细胞和组织培养基”。
基质细胞:含或不含其他细胞和/或成分的在疏松结缔组织中存在的成纤维细胞,包括但不限于内皮细胞,外皮细胞,巨噬细胞,单核细胞,浆细胞,肥大细胞,脂肪细胞,间充质干细胞,肝储备细胞,神经干细胞,胰干细胞,软骨细胞,前软骨细胞等。
组织特异性或实质细胞:能够构成一个器官的特异性实质组织而非支持框架的细胞。
三维框架:三维脚手架包括任何物质和/或形态,(a)允许细胞粘附其上的(或经修饰允许细胞粘附其上);以及(b)允许细胞生长多于一层。该支持物接种基质细胞后形成仿真三维基质组织。框架的结构可以包括筛网、海绵,或能够从水凝胶中形成。
三维基质组织或仿真间质基质:接种了基质细胞的三维框架,所述基质细胞在支持物上生长。基质细胞分泌的细胞外基质蛋白在框架里积聚,形成仿真基质组织。该仿真基质组织可以支持后来接种的组织特异性细胞的生长,形成三维细胞培养物。
组织特异性三维细胞培养或组织特异性三维构建物:接种了组织特异性细胞并继续培养的三维仿真基质组织。通常用于接种三维间质基质的组织特异性细胞应该包括该组织的“干”细胞(或“储备”细胞),即,可以产生新细胞的细胞,所述新细胞可以生长成熟成为能够形成该组织实体的特异细胞。
下面的缩写具有给出含意:
BCS=小牛血清
BFU-E=爆发集落形成单位-红系
TGF-β=转化生长因子-β
CFU-C=集落形成单位-培养
CFU-GEMM=集落形成单位-粒系,红系,单核细胞,巨核细胞
CSF=集落刺激因子
DMEM=Dulbecco’s改良Eagle’s培养基
EDTA=乙烯二胺四乙酸
FBS=胎牛血清
FGF=成纤维生长因子
GAG=粘多糖
GM-CSF=粒细胞/巨噬细胞集落刺激因子
HBSS=Hank’s平衡盐溶液
HS=马血清
IGF=胰岛素样生长因子
LTBMC=长期骨髓培养
MEM=最少必需培养基
PBL=外周血白细胞
PBS=磷酸盐缓冲液
PDGF=血小板衍生生长因子
RPMI 1640=Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium number 1640(GIBCO,Inc.,Grand Island,N.Y.)
SEM=扫描电镜
VEGF=血管内皮生长因子
4.附图简述
图1代表在三维组织产品TranscyteTM和Dermagraft中粘多糖和胶原随时间沉积的动力学图形。粘多糖的沉积量有赖于生长时间,而胶原的沉积则不依赖生长时间。
图2代表细胞外基质(从TranscyteTM中获得)对单层培养的人成纤维细胞和角化细胞的作用,加入的细胞外间质以1∶2,1∶5,1∶10和1∶100稀释。1∶10稀释的基质作用最显著。
图3代表暴露于条件培养基(在TranscyteTM中先前曾支持细胞生长的细胞培养基)的人成纤维细胞和角化细胞的相对增殖。细胞反应的增加在3天时显现。
图4代表1X条件培养基(在TranscyteTM中先前曾支持细胞生长的细胞培养基)相对于基础培养基DMEM(含有10%BLS,2mM L-谷氨酰胺和1X抗生素/抗真菌剂的添加培养基)对三维培养的细胞胶原沉积量的作用,所述基础培养基还添加了终浓度为1X的无血清培养基和培养基。应用条件培养基处理的培养物10天时观察到胶原沉积量显著增加,几乎达50%,与其他对照组相比有统计学意义(p=0.05)。
图5代表条件细胞培养基(在TranscyteTM中先前曾支持细胞生长的细胞培养基)对培养的人表皮角化细胞的抗氧化活性。观察到,暴露于条件培养基的人角化细胞细胞内氧化显著降低大约50%,有统计学意义(p=0.0003),所述条件培养基先前曾支持TranscyteTM3天。
5.发明详述
本发明涉及含有任何已明确或不明确的条件培养基组合物,应用任何真核细胞类型或三维组织构建物培养,以及应用所述组合物的方法。细胞以单层、培养珠(即二维)培养,或优选三维培养。细胞优选人类细胞以降低免疫反应的风险,包括基质细胞、实质细胞、间充质干细胞、肝储备细胞、神经干细胞、胰干细胞和/或胚胎干细胞。应用细胞或组织培养物条件化的培养基含有多种天然分泌的蛋白质,如具有生物活性的生长因子,而且三维培养的培养基中含有的蛋白质比例接近生理状态水平。本发明还涉及含有从条件细胞培养基中获得的产品的新组合物,以及这些新组合物的应用。
“预条件”培养基可以是任何充分满足培养细胞营养需求的细胞培养基。细胞培养基的实例包括但不限于Dulbecco’s改良Eagle’s培养基(DMEM),Ham’s F12,RPMI 1640,Iscove’s,McCoy’s以及其他本领域技术人员已经熟悉的培养基制剂,包括在下述文献中涉及的培养基,所述文献包括“培养基制备方法,无血清动物细胞培养的添加剂和底物”Alan R.Liss,New York(1984),以及“Cell&Tissue Culture:Laboratory Procedures”,John Wiley&Sons Ltd.,Chichester,England1996,在此全文引入,作为参考。培养基可以添加任何对于支持所需培养细胞或组织必需的成分。另外血清,如牛血清,如果需要,也可添加,所述血清是白蛋白、球蛋白、生长促进剂和生长抑制剂的混和溶液。血清不应该含有病原体,应该仔细筛查是否有支原体、真菌和病毒污染。此外,血清通常从美国获得,而不宜从本土家畜可能携带传染原的国家获得。培养基中可以加入激素,也可以不加。
本领域技术人员可以根据其需要,选择其他成分,如维生素、生长和粘附因子、蛋白质等。本发明可以应用任何适于获得所需条件培养基的细胞类型。遗传工程细胞也可用来培养培养基。这些细胞可以进行修饰,例如,表达所需一种或多种蛋白质,这样,培养基中表达的一种或多种蛋白质的浓度对于某种特定所需应用,达到最优化。根据本发明,用于条件化培养基的细胞和组织培养物可以经工程学表达一种靶向基因产物,该产物具有广泛的功能,包括但不限于表达蛋白的性质得到改善而更接近生理反应,有利于某种特殊应用的特定蛋白表达增加,如创伤愈合,或抑制某种蛋白如蛋白酶,乳酸等。
细胞可以经工程学表达一种靶向基因产物,该产物具有生物活性,能够提供某种选定的生物功能,担当某种选定生理条件的通讯信号,提高某种基因产物的缺乏或缺陷表达,或者提供抗病毒、抗细菌、抗微生物或抗肿瘤活性。根据本发明,所述靶向基因产物可以是一种多肽或蛋白,如酶、激素、细胞因子、抗原或抗体,一种调节蛋白,如转录因子或DNA结合蛋白,一种结构蛋白,如细胞表面蛋白;或者靶向基因产物也可以是一种核酸,如核糖体或反义分子。靶向基因产物包括但不限于可以促进细胞生长的基因产物。例如,遗传修饰可以上调一种内源性蛋白质,诱导一种新蛋白,或通过表达不同的离子通道或改变内源性离子通道功能来调节离子浓度。实例包括但不限于表达基因产物的工程学组织,所述基因产物可以系统获得(如分泌基因产物如蛋白质,包括生长因子,激素,VIII因子,IX因子,神经递质和脑啡肽)。
本发明优选生长于三维间质支持物上的细胞和多层生长细胞,可以形成细胞基质。该基质系统较以前描述的单层组织培养系统更大程度地接近体内生理条件。三维培养物,例如Dermagraft(Advanced TissueScience,Inc.,La Jolla,CA)“Dermagraft”和TranscyteTM(Smith&Nephew,PLC,United Kingdom)“TranscyteTM”,可以产生大量生长因子和其他蛋白质,所述生长因子和蛋白质以生理比例和浓度分泌到培养基中。Dermagraft包括培养于可生物降解的polyglactin上的同种异体新生儿成纤维细胞。TranscyteTM是一种临时皮肤置换物,包括一个三维基质组织,所述组织如美国专利5,460,939所述,连接于作为过渡的覆盖物上。此外,条件化细胞培养基的三维组织培养物可以含有在很多组织类型中存在的间充质干细胞,肝储备细胞,神经干细胞,胰干细胞和/或胚胎干细胞,和/或实质细胞,和/或实质干细胞,所述组织类型包括但不限于骨髓、皮肤、肝脏、胰腺、肾脏、肾上腺、神经组织、胃肠道和泌尿生殖道组织以及循环系统。见美国专利号4,721,096;4,963,489;5,032,508;5,266,480;5,160,490以及5,559,022,所述每项专利在此全文引入,作为参考。
5.1.细胞培养基
细胞培养基制剂在文献中广为记载,很多可以通过商业渠道购买。
预条件培养基成分包括但不限于下述的这些成分。此外,这些成分的浓度是本领域普通技术人员熟知的。见,例如,上文的“培养基制备方法,无血清动物细胞培养的添加剂和底物”。成分包括氨基酸(D和/或L-氨基酸)如谷氨酰胺、丙氨酸、精氨酸、天门冬氨酸、半胱氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸、脯氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、酪氨酸和缬氨酸及其衍生物,酸可溶性亚组如硫胺、抗坏血酸、含铁化合物、亚铁化合物、嘌呤、谷胱甘肽和磷酸氢钠。
其他成分包括糖,脱氧核糖、核糖、核苷、水溶性维生素、核黄素、盐类、痕量金属、脂质、醋酸盐、磷酸盐、HEPES、酚红、丙酮酸盐和缓冲液。
其他常用于培养基制剂的成分包括脂溶性维生素(包括A,D,E和K)类固醇及其衍生物,胆固醇,脂肪酸和脂质,Tween 80,2-巯基乙醇嘧啶(pyramidines)以及多种添加剂,包括血清(胎,马,牛等),蛋白质(胰岛素,转铁蛋白,生长因子,激素等),抗生素(庆大霉素,青霉素,链霉素,两性霉素B等),全蛋超滤滤过液,以及粘附因子(纤维结合素,玻连蛋白,胶原,层粘连蛋白,腱生蛋白等)。
当然,培养基可能需要也可能不需要添加生长因子和其他蛋白质如粘附因子,因为很多细胞构建物,特别是在本应用描述的三维细胞和组织培养构建物,它们本身就可以将这些生长因子和粘附因子以及其他产物分泌到培养基中,在后5.8.部分将有深入探讨。
5.2.细胞培养
5.2.1.细胞
培养基可通过基质细胞、实质细胞、间充质干细胞(肯定的或不肯定的祖细胞系)、肝储备细胞、神经干细胞、胰干细胞和/或胚胎干细胞条件化。细胞包括单不限于骨髓、皮肤、肝脏、胰腺、肾脏、神经组织、肾上腺、粘膜上皮以及平滑肌,给出名字但只是很少的一部分。间质包括的成纤维细胞和成纤维样细胞以及其他细胞和/或细胞组分可以是胚胎的,也可以是成熟的,可以从如皮肤、肝脏、胰腺、粘膜、动脉、静脉、脐带和胎盘组织等的素材中方便地获得。这些组织和/或器官可以通过适宜的活检或尸检获得。实际上,尸体器官可以用来提供大量的基质细胞和细胞组分。
组成间质的胚胎干细胞和/或其他细胞组分可以应用本领域熟知的方法分离。例如,最近,在Keller et al.,Nature Med.,5:151-152(1999),Smith Curr.Biol.8:R802-804(1998)中业已报导分离和应用人胚胎干细胞群落的方法;从原始胚芽中分离胚胎干细胞的方法,Shamblatt et al.,PNAS 95:13726-1373(1998),从胚囊中分离胚胎干细胞的方法,Thomason et al.,Science 282:1145-1147(1988)。间充质干细胞的分离和培养在本领域是众所周知的。见Mackay et al.,Tissue Eng.4:415-428(1988);William et al.,Am Surg.65:22-26(1999)。这些细胞的接种见后5.3.部分。同样,神经干细胞可通过如Flax et al.,Nature Biotechnol.,16:1033-1039(1998),和Frisen et al.,Cell.Mol.Life Sci.,54:935-945(1998)所描述的方式分离。
细胞可以本领域熟知的任何方式培养,包括以任何方法(即培养平皿、摇动的培养瓶、连续流动系统等)单层培养、培养珠培养或三维培养。细胞和组织培养方法在本领域是众所周知的,例如,如上“Cell&Tissue Culture:Laboratory Procedures”以及Freshney(1987),“Culture ofAnimal Cells:A Manual of Basic Techniques”所述。
通常,应用的细胞系需要仔细筛查人类和动物病原体。根据应用,当只有不含病原体的细胞才是可以接受的细胞时(如用于创伤愈合、食品添加剂等),这种筛查尤为重要。筛查病原体的方法在本领域是众所周知的。无论二维培养还是三维培养,细胞类型都将影响条件培养基的性质。优选三维构建物。
5.2.2.三维细胞培养
用于三维培养的基质细胞包括这里将全面描述的成纤维细胞、间充质干细胞、肝储备细胞、神经干细胞、胰干细胞和/或胚胎干细胞,加入或不加入其他细胞和/或细胞组分。
在三维培养系统中,成纤维细胞将支持多种不同细胞和组织的生长,因此,可以接种到基质中形成多种细胞和组织培养的“非特异性”间质支持基质。但是,在某种特定情况下,可能优选应用“特异性”而非“非特异性”间质支持基质,在这种情况下,基质细胞和细胞组分是从特定组织、器官或个体中获得的。而且,成纤维细胞和其他基质细胞和/或细胞组分可以取自在三维培养基中培养的同类型组织。当特定基质细胞在培养组织的结构/功能方面起重要作用时,这样可能特别有利,如动脉平滑肌细胞,神经组织胶质细胞,肝脏Kupffer细胞等。
基质细胞一经接种到三维支持物上,就会在框架上增殖,并积聚基质细胞自然分泌的结缔组织蛋白,如生长因子、调节因子和细胞外基质蛋白。当基质细胞和它们自然分泌的结缔组织蛋白基本覆盖框架,就形成了仿真基质组织,可以支持接种到本发明三维培养系统中的组织特异性细胞的生长。实际上,接种组织特异性细胞后,三维基质组织可以长期维持培养物活跃增殖。重要的是,由于筛网上的网眼可以使培养中的基质细胞外逸,培养的基质细胞汇合就不会显示接触抑制,这样,基质细胞可以持续生长、分裂并保持功能活性。
生长因子和调节因子可以由基质组织分泌到培养基中。生长因子(例如,但不限于αFGF,βFGF,胰岛素生长因子或TGF-βs)、天然或修饰的血液制品、或其他生物活性分子(例如,但不限于透明质酸或激素),可以增加三维框架或脚手架上的集落形成并条件化培养基。
在培养物体内应用前,基质细胞生长到何种程度有赖于在三维组织培养系统中生长的组织类型。条件化培养基的仿真基质组织可以作为矫正结构植入体内。此外,仿真基质组织还可接种其他细胞类型,然后植入体内。基质细胞可经遗传工程修饰,以调整分泌到培养基中的蛋白产物的水平,改良从条件培养基中获得的产物的浓度。例如,抗炎症因子,如抗GM-CSF,抗TNF,抗IL-1,抗IL-2等。另外,基质细胞还可经遗传工程修饰,“敲除”原来促进炎症的基因产物的表达,如GM-CSF,TNF,IL-2,IL-2,或“敲除”MHC的表达以降低排异反应的风险。
三维生长的基质细胞可以维持培养中基质细胞和组织特异性细胞的活性增殖,活性增殖时间较单层培养系统长得多。而且,三维系统支持体外培养的细胞成熟、分化和隔离,以形成与体内相当部分近似的成熟组织部分,并保证分泌到条件化培养基中的蛋白质与生理比例更加接近。
尽管本发明的申请人没有责任或义务阐释三维培养细胞和组织的工作原理,很多存在于三维培养系统中的内在因素导致了它的成功:
(a)三维框架为蛋白粘附提供了更多表面积,因此,为基质细胞的粘附也提供了更多表面积;并且
(b)因为三维框架,基质细胞可以持续活性增殖,而单层培养的细胞,当生长汇合时,由于接触抑制而停止生长和分裂。基质细胞复制产生的生长和调节因子可能部分地负责刺激培养细胞的增殖和调节培养细胞的分化;
(c)三维框架允许细胞组分的空间分布,这与体内存在的组织对应部分更加相似;
(d)在三维系统中细胞增殖导致的体积增加可能建立了诱导细胞成熟的局部微环境;
(e)三维框架通过允许迁徙细胞可能的移动使细胞与细胞的相互作用最大化,所述迁徙细胞如粘附层中的巨噬细胞,单核细胞和可能的淋巴细胞;
(f)业已认识到,维持细胞分化表型不仅需要生长/分化因子,而且需要适宜的细胞间相互作用。本发明有效创建了组织微环境,导致了一种出众的条件培养基。
5.3.三维基质组织的建立
三维支持物或框架可以是任何物质和/或形态:(a)允许细胞粘附其上(或经修饰允许细胞粘附其上);并且(b)允许细胞生长超过一层。很多不同的物质可以用来形成框架,包括但不限于:不能生物降解的物质,如尼龙(聚酰胺)、涤纶(聚酯)、聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯、聚丙烯酸酯、聚乙烯化合物(如聚氯乙稀)、聚碳酸酯(PVC)、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE;特氟纶)、thermanox(TPX)、硝酸纤维素、棉花;以及可生物降解的物质,如聚羟基乙酸(PGA)、胶原、胶原海绵、羊肠线、纤维素、白明胶、右旋糖苷、聚链烷酸酯等。任何这些物质均可编织成筛网,例如,构成三维框架。这些框架反过来可以塑造成矫正结构所需的任意形态,如管状、绳状或细线状等。有些物质,如尼龙、聚苯乙烯等,不是好的细胞粘附底物。当应用这些物质作为三维框架时,为了增强基质细胞在支持物上的粘附,建议在接种基质细胞前先预处理框架。例如,在接种基质细胞前,先用0.1M醋酸处理尼龙框架,然后在聚赖氨酸、FBS和/或胶原中孵育,使之在尼龙上形成覆盖薄膜。聚苯乙烯可应用硫磺酸进行相似处理。
当条件化培养基的培养物需要植入体内时,优选应用可生物降解的物质,例如聚巯基乙酸、胶原、胶原海绵、编织胶原、羊肠线、白明胶、聚乳酸、或聚巯基乙酸及其异分子聚合物。当培养物需要长期维持或低温储藏时,优选不能生物降解的物质,如尼龙、涤纶、聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯酸酯、聚乙烯、特氟纶、棉花等。根据本发明可以方便应用的尼龙筛网是Nitex,该筛网是平均筛眼大小为210um、平均尼龙纤维直径为90um的尼龙过滤筛(#3-210/36,Tetko,Inc.,N.Y.)。
下述基质细胞接种到框架上,所述基质细胞包括成纤维细胞,间充质干细胞,肝储备细胞,神经干细胞,胰干细胞和/或胚胎干细胞,加入或不加入其他细胞和细胞组分。在疏松结缔组织中存在的其他细胞也可与成纤维细胞一起接种到三维支持物上。这些细胞包括但不限于平滑肌细胞、内皮细胞、周细胞、巨噬细胞、单核细胞、浆细胞、肥大细胞、脂肪细胞等。如前所述,胚胎成纤维细胞可以用来构建“非特异性”三维间质基质,支持多种不同细胞和/或组织的生长。但是,根据本发明的三维系统,还可制备“特异性”基质组织,方法是在三维框架中接种特定的成纤维细胞,所述细胞取自与所需培养的组织类型相同的组织和/或取自以后将接受培养生长的细胞和/或组织的特定个体。
这样,在本发明的一个实施方案中,可能培养特定组织的特异性基质细胞。例如,可以应用造血组织的基质细胞构建三维亚汇合间质,体外长期培养骨髓,所述基质细胞包括但不限于成纤维细胞、内皮细胞、巨噬细胞/单核细胞、脂肪细胞和网状细胞。通过低速离心骨髓悬液,如3000Xg,可以从“淡黄色层”中获得造血基质细胞。在构成血管内壁的间质层中,可以加入高比例未分化平滑肌细胞以提供弹性蛋白。肝脏的基质细胞可能包括成纤维细胞,Kupffer细胞以及血管、胆道内皮细胞。同样,神经胶质细胞可用作间质,支持神经细胞和组织的增殖;用于此目的的神经胶质细胞可通过胰蛋白酶或胶原酶消化胚胎或成熟大脑获得(Ponten and Westermark,1980,in Federof,S.Hertz,L.,eds,“Advances in Cellular Neurobiology”,Vol.1,New York,Academic Press,pp.209-227)。细胞在三维基质细胞培养物中的生长还可进一步增强,方法是在框架中加入、或在支持物上覆盖蛋白质(如胶原、弹性纤维、网状纤维)、糖蛋白、粘多糖(如硫酸类肝素、4-硫酸软骨素、6-硫酸软骨素、硫酸皮肤素、硫酸角蛋白等)、细胞基质和/或其他物质。
而且,在接种到框架的过程中,间充质干细胞(肯定的或不肯定的祖细胞系)是有优势的“间质”细胞。该细胞可以分化为骨细胞、肌腱和韧带的成纤维细胞、髓基质细胞、脂肪细胞和结缔组织其他细胞和软骨细胞,当然,该分化过程有赖于内源性或添加的生长和调节因子以及其他因子,包括可以调节增殖和/或分化的前列腺素、白细胞介素和天然抑素。
成纤维细胞可通过裂解作为成纤维细胞供源的适宜器官或组织分离。这一过程可应用本领域技术人员熟知的技术完成。例如,组织或器官可通过机械裂解和/或应用消化酶和/或螯合剂处理,减弱相邻细胞间的连接,并可能将组织制备成没有显著细胞破裂的单个细胞均匀分散的悬液。酶解可通过以下步骤完成,先将组织切碎,然后用酶处理切碎的组织块,所述酶可以是大量消化酶中的任意一种,可以单独使用,也可以联合使用。这些酶包括但不限于胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶、胶原酶、弹性蛋白酶,和/或透明质酸酶、DNA酶、链霉蛋白酶、分散酶等。机械分裂可通过多种方法完成,所述方法包括但不限于应用研磨器、搅拌机、筛网、均质器、压力传感器或超声装置,给出名字但只是很少的一部分。组织裂解技术的综述见,Freshney,Culture of Animal Cells:A Manual ofBasic Technique,2d Ed.,A.R.Liss,Inc.,New York,1987,Ch.9,pp.107-126。
组织一经降解为单个细胞悬液,该悬液就可进一步分成若干亚单位,从中可以获得成纤维细胞和/或其他基质细胞和/或细胞组分。这一过程也可通过应用标准细胞分离技术完成,包括但不限于克隆筛选特定细胞类型,选择性破坏不需要的细胞(负性选择),基于不同细胞的凝集力在混和细胞群中分离细胞,冻-溶程序,基于细胞不同的粘附特性在混和细胞群中分离细胞,过滤,传统和区带离心,离心淘洗(逆流动离心),单位重力分离,逆流分布,电泳和荧光激活细胞分类。克隆筛选和细胞分离技术的综述见,Freshney,Culture of Animal Cells:AManual of Basic Technique,2d Ed.,A.R.Liss,Inc.,New York,1987,Ch.11 and 12,pp.137-168。
成纤维细胞的分离可以按下述方法进行,例如:为了去除血清,彻底清洗新鲜组织样本,切碎后浸于Hanks平衡盐溶液(HBSS)。切碎的组织在新鲜制备的裂解酶溶液,如胰蛋白酶溶液,中孵育1-12小时。孵育后,将裂解细胞悬浮,然后离心沉淀,再接种到培养平皿上。所有的成纤维细胞在其他细胞之前粘附,因此,其他适宜的基质细胞可以选择性分离、生长。分离的成纤维细胞生长到汇合,然后从汇合培养中去除,接种到三维基质中(见,Naughton et al.,1987,J.Med.18(3 and4)219-250)。在三维框架中接种高浓度基质细胞,如,大约106-5×107个细胞/ml,可以在短期内建立三维基质组织。
基质细胞接种后,三维框架应孵育在适宜营养培养基中。如前所述,多种能够通过商业渠道购买的培养基,如RPMI 1640,Fisher’s,Iscove’s,McCoy’s等,均适于应用。为了使增殖活性最大化,在孵育阶段,将三维基质细胞培养物悬浮或漂浮在培养基中是很重要的。如下部分5.6和5.7所述,定期给培养物“换液”,重复回收本发明条件培养基。而且,根据需要培养的组织和所欲胶原类型,可以选择适宜的基质细胞接种到三维基质中。
三维基质细胞培养物孵育过程中,增殖细胞就会从基质中释放出来。这些释放出来的细胞可能粘附到培养容器壁上,并在那里继续增殖,形成汇合的单层。可以通过,例如,在换液时除去这些释放出来的细胞,或将三维间质培养物转移到新的培养容器中,来预防这一现象或使其影响最小化。容器中汇合单层细胞的存在会“关闭”三维基质和/或培养物中细胞的生长。除去汇合的单层细胞或将培养物转移到新容器的新鲜培养基中,可以恢复三维培养系统的增殖活性。应该指出,如果需要,本发明的条件培养基经过处理,因此不含任何完整细胞(当然,除非在特定应用中需要完整细胞)。这一去除或转移过程应该在间质单层细胞汇合度超过25%的任一培养容器中进行。此外,培养系统应该能够摇动以防止释放出来的细胞粘附在一起,或者,培养系统应该建立成新鲜培养基能够持续灌注的系统,而不是需要给培养物定期换液。灌注率应该调整到维持三维培养物中增殖最大化,同时洗脱去除从培养物中释放出来的细胞,从而使它们不能粘附到培养容器壁上生长汇合。
其他细胞,如实质细胞,也可接种到三维仿真基质组织上生长。
5.4.在三维间质基质上接种组织特异性细胞并维持培养
一旦三维基质细胞培养物达到适宜的生长度,就可以将其他细胞如组织特异性细胞(实质细胞)或需要培养的表层细胞接种到仿真基质组织中。细胞在体外仿真基质组织中生长,形成源组织的培养对应部分,并通过将细胞外产物分泌到培养基中条件化培养基,所述细胞外产物的比例接近生理水平。接种体中,高浓度细胞较低浓度细胞具有优势,可以在更短的时间内在培养物中加速增殖。选择的接种细胞基于需要培养的组织,所述组织包括但不限于骨髓、皮肤、肝脏、胰腺、肾脏、神经组织、肾上腺、粘膜上皮和平滑肌,给出名字但只是很少的一部分。这些细胞将特征性细胞外蛋白如某种生长因子分泌到培养基中,获得的培养基最适于某种组织的特定应用。
例如,并非显著,多种上皮细胞可以在三维仿真基质组织中培养。这些上皮细胞的实例包括但不限于角化细胞、口腔粘膜细胞和胃肠道(GI)细胞。这些上皮细胞可以根据本领域熟知的方法,从酶处理组织中分离,然后在培养物中扩增这些细胞,并把这些细胞用于三维间质支持细胞基质。间质支持物的存在,提供了促进上皮细胞正常分裂与分化的生长因子和其他蛋白质。
通常,该接种体应该包括所述组织的“干”细胞(又称为“储备”细胞),即这些细胞可以产生新细胞,所述新细胞可以生长成熟成为构成组织多种成分的特定细胞。
用于接种体的实质细胞或其他表层细胞可以从细胞悬液中获得,所述细胞悬液通过裂解所需组织,应用上面部分5.3所述的获得基质细胞的标准技术制备。全部细胞悬液均可用于三维仿真基质组织接种。结果匀浆中所含的再生细胞可以在基质中适度增殖、成熟并分化,而非再生细胞则不能。另外,应用上面部分5.1所述的分类基质细胞的标准技术,可以从细胞悬液的适宜部分分离特定类型的细胞。当“干”细胞或“储备”细胞可以分离,优选应用这些细胞接种到三维间质支持物上。例如,在培养骨髓时,三维间质应接种骨髓细胞,所述骨髓细胞可以是新鲜的,也可以是冻存的样本。在培养皮肤时,三维间质应接种黑色素细胞和角化细胞。在培养肝脏时,三维间质应接种肝细胞。在培养胰腺时,三维间质应接种胰腺内分泌细胞。用于从多种组织中获得实质细胞的方法综述,见Freshney,Culture of Animal Cells:A Manual of BasicTechnique,2d Ed.,A.R.Liss,Inc.,New York,1987,Ch.20,pp.257-288。
实际上,在接种前,间质基质中积聚的多种胶原类型的不同比例可以影响后来接种的组织特异性细胞的生长。例如,为了最适宜造血细胞的生长,基质应该优选在开始的基质中含有胶原类型III,IV和I,比例大约为6∶3∶1。对应三维皮肤培养系统来说,在开始的基质中优选积聚胶原类型I和III。积聚的胶原类型的比例可以通过选择分泌适宜胶原类型成纤维细胞来操作或增加。这一过程可以通过应用适宜的同型或亚型单克隆抗体完成,所述单克隆抗体可以激活补体,并能定义特定胶原类型。这些抗体或补体可以用来负性选择表达所需胶原类型的成纤维细胞。此外,用于接种基质的基质细胞可以是能够产生所需适宜胶原类型的混合细胞。多种类型胶原的分布和起源见表1。
表1
多种类型胶原的分布和起源胶原类型 主要分布组织 起源细胞
I 疏松和普通致密结缔组 成纤维细胞和网状细胞;平
织;胶原纤维 滑肌细胞
纤维软骨
骨 骨细胞
牙本质 成牙质细胞
II 透明软骨和弹性软骨 软骨细胞
眼玻璃体 视网膜细胞
III 疏松结缔组织;网状纤维 成纤维细胞和网状细胞
真皮乳头层
血管 平滑肌细胞;内皮细胞
IV 基底膜 上皮细胞和内皮细胞
眼晶状体 晶状体纤维
V 胎膜;胎盘 成纤维细胞
基底膜
骨
平滑肌 平滑肌细胞
成纤维细胞
VI 结缔组织
VII 上皮基底膜,锚定原纤维 成纤维细胞,角化细胞
角膜 角膜成纤维细胞
VIII 软骨
IX 增殖性软骨
X 软骨
成纤维细胞
XI 真皮乳头 成纤维细胞
XII 网状真皮 成纤维细胞
XIV 大疱性类天疱疮抗原P170 角化细胞
undulin
XVII
孵育过程中,三维细胞培养系统应该悬浮或漂浮在营养培养基中。还应该给培养物定期换液。同时,还应该小心防止从培养物中释放出来的细胞粘附到培养容器壁上,因为它们可以在容器壁上增殖并形成汇合的单层。当培养弥漫组织时,从三维培养物中释放细胞比培养结构性组织时更容易发生。例如,本发明三维皮肤培养物在组织学和形态学上都是正常的,明确的真皮层和表皮层都不会向周围培养基中释放细胞。相反,本发明三维骨髓培养物就向培养基中释放成熟的非粘附细胞,与体内骨髓释放细胞的方式及其相似。如前所示,如果释放的细胞粘附到培养容器壁上并形成汇合的单层,三维培养物的增殖就会“关闭”。该现象可通过下述手段避免,包括换液时去除释放细胞,将三维培养物转移到新容器中,搅动培养物防止释放细胞粘附到容器壁上,或持续灌注新鲜培养基,灌注速率足以补充培养物中的营养并去除释放细胞。如前所述,如果需要,还要对条件培养基进行处理,使之不含完整的细胞和细胞残留物。
培养物中细胞的生长和活性受多种生长因子的影响,如胰岛素,生长激素,生长素介质,集落刺激因子,促红细胞生成素,表皮生长因子,肝促红细胞生成素(肝生成素)以及肝细胞生长因子。其他调节增殖和/或分化的因子包括前列腺素,白细胞介素和天然抑素。
5.5.遗传工程构建物
在另一个实施方案中,条件化培养基的三维构建物作为载体将基因产物引入培养基,例如,所述基因产物可以促进组织缺陷的修复和/或再生。细胞可以经遗传工程修饰表达,例如,炎症介质,如IL-6,IL-8和G-CSF。细胞还可经遗传工程修饰表达,或选择性表达抗炎症因子,如抗GM-CSF,抗TNF,抗IL-1,和抗IL-2等。
在另一个实施方案中,细胞可经遗传工程修饰表达一种基因,并分泌到培养基中,发挥治疗效果,如产生TGF-β刺激软骨生成,或其他因子如BMP-13刺激软骨生成,或可以促进基质细胞迁徙和/或基质积聚的刺激因子。因为构建物包括真核细胞,所有基因产物可以正确表达、处理以形成活性产物。优选的应用表达调控组分应考虑到基因的调节表达,因此培养基中的产物可以过量合成。选择的转录启动子通常部分依赖于培养的组织和细胞类型,而启动子元件则特定部分依赖于培养的组织和细胞类型。优选能够分泌蛋白的细胞和组织(例如,具有丰富粗面内质网和高尔基体细胞器的细胞)。这样,过量产生的基因产物就可以由工程学修饰的细胞分泌到条件培养基中。
用于条件化培养基的细胞可以经遗传工程修饰以调节一个或多个基因;基因表达的调节可以是暂时的,也可以是长期的;基因活性可以是不能诱导的,也可以是能够诱导的。
条件化培养基的细胞也可经遗传工程修饰,“敲除”促进炎症反应的因子的表达。下面探讨了降低靶基因表达水平或靶基因产物活性水平的负性调节技术。这里应用的“负性调节”是指相对于没有经过调节处理的靶基因产物水平和/或活性,经处理的靶基因产物水平和/或活性降低。细胞本身具有的基因的表达可以通过多种技术降低或敲除,例如,可以应用标准同源重组技术使基因完全失活(通常所说的“敲除”),来抑制表达。通常,应用阳性可选择标记(如neo)插入编码蛋白质重要区域的外显子(或该区域的外显子5’端),干预靶基因正常mRNA的产生,最终导致基因失活。还可通过创建基因缺失,或在基因部分中插入失活,或使整个基因缺失来使基因失活。通过应用携带靶基因两个同源部分的构建物,所述靶基因的两个同源部分彼此远离,可以去除两个部分之间的序列。Mombaerts et al.,1991,Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.88:3084-3087。此外,还可通过去除上游或下游表达元件来使基因失活。
根据本发明,还可应用抑制靶基因表达的反义分子和核糖酶分子来降低靶基因活性水平。例如,业已显示,抑制主要组织相容性基因复合物(HLA)的反义RNA分子对于免疫反应是最万能的。而且,可以按照,如Haseloff et al.,1988,Nature 334:585-591;Zaug et al.,1984,Science224:575-578;and Zaug and Cech,1986,Science 231:470-475所述,设计适宜的核糖酶分子。而且,可以应用三螺旋分子降低靶基因活性水平。这些技术在文献“L.G.Davis et al.,eds,Basic Methods in MolecularBiology,2nd ed.,Appleton&Lange,Norwalk,Conn.1994”中有详细描述。
对于本发明细胞的有用的遗传工程方法是本领域技术人员熟知的,在共同拥有的美国专利4,963,489和5,785,964中进一步的细节描述,所述专利的公开内容在此引入,作为参考。例如,可以构建含有外源性核酸的重组DNA构建物或载体,并将其用于转化或转染本发明基质细胞,所述外源性核酸,如编码感兴趣基因产物的核酸。筛选这种携带外源性核酸并能表达所述核酸的转化或转染细胞,并在本发明三维构建物中克隆扩增这种细胞。
本领域技术人员熟知各种方法,包括制备含有感兴趣基因的DNA构建物的方法,转化或转染细胞的方法,以及筛选携带并表达感兴趣基因的细胞的方法。见,例如,Maniatis et al.,1989,Molecular Cloning,ALaboratory Manual,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,Cold SpringHarbor,N.Y.;Ausubel et al.,1989,Current Protocols in Molecular Biology,Greene Publishing Associates&Wiley Interscience,N.Y.;and Sambrooket al.,1989,Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual,2nd Ed.,Cold SpringHarbor Laboratory Press,Cold Spring Harbor,N.Y.所述技术。
可用于多种载体修饰细胞,所述载体包括但不限于整合表达载体,如逆病毒载体或腺病毒相关性病毒载体;或非整合复制载体,如乳头瘤病毒载体,SV40载体,腺病毒载体;或复制缺陷表达载体。在需要暂时表达时,优选非整合载体和复制缺陷载体,因为在这些系统中,可以应用可诱导的启动子或构建启动子来控制感兴趣基因的表达。另外,整合载体也可用于获得暂时表达,通过可诱导的启动子控制感兴趣基因的表达。其他将DNA导入细胞的方法包括应用脂质体、脂染、电穿孔、粒子枪或直接注射DNA。
优选应用核酸转化或转染细胞,所述核酸如DNA,通过一个或多个适宜的表达调控元件控制,即与一个或多个适宜的表达调控元素操作相关,所述表达调控元素如启动子或增强子序列,转录终止子,poly A位点,以及其他元素间的可选择标记。引入外源性DNA后,允许工程学细胞在营养丰富的培养基中生长,然后转移到选择培养基中。外源性DNA中的可选择标记使细胞可以耐受选择,并使细胞可以将如存在于质粒上的外源性DNA整合到染色体上,并生长形成位点,反过来可以在细胞系中克隆并扩增。该方法可优选用于工程学修饰将表达基因产物分泌到培养基中的细胞系。
任何启动子均可用于驱动插入基因的表达。例如,表达启动子包括但不限于CMV启动子/增强子,SV40,乳头瘤病毒,EB病毒,弹性蛋白基因启动子和β球蛋白。优选地,用于控制感兴趣基因表达的调控元件应该考虑到基因的调控表达,这样,产物仅在体内需要的时候才合成。如果需要暂时表达,优选用于非整合和/或复制缺陷载体的构建启动子。另外,可应用可诱导的启动子在必要时驱动插入基因的表达。可诱导的启动子可创建于整合和/或复制载体中。例如,可诱导的启动子包括但不限于金属硫因和热休克蛋白。
根据一个实施方案,用于感兴趣外源性基因表达的可诱导启动子是那些调节蛋白的原有启动子,所述调节蛋白在此处公开,并在冻存及其随后的融化过程中被诱导。例如,TGF-β、VEGF或多种已知热休克蛋白的启动子可用作表达调控元件,即为了在条件化细胞培养基的组织构建物中表达所需基因产物,而把所述启动子与感兴趣的外源性基因操作连接。
可应用多种方法在工程学修饰的细胞中获得基因产物的构建性表达或暂时表达。例如,可应用Seldon et al.,1987,Science 236:714-718描述的转核植入技术。这里应用的“转核”是指通过稳定转染或暂时转染将DNA序列导入,从而改变植入细胞的细胞核。优选地,工程学修饰的细胞在操作后恢复期,暂时和/或在诱导控制下表达基因产物,或以锚定于基质细胞的嵌合融合蛋白的形式表达,例如,以嵌合分子的形式表达,所述嵌合分子含有受体或受体样分子的细胞内和/或跨膜功能区,并融合到作为细胞外功能区的基因产物上。
而且,可能需要制备一种具有细胞外基质的构建物,所述基质含有外源性基因产物,生长因子,调节因子等,这样,这些物质也存在于调节培养基中。该实施方案基于以下发现,即人类基质细胞在三维支持框架上生长期间,细胞可以在框架上合成并积聚与正常人类组织产生的一样的人类细胞外基质。细胞局部分泌的细胞外基质不仅将细胞和组织连接在一起,而且影响与它接触的细胞的发育和行为。细胞外基质含有多种结缔组织蛋白,如含有粘多糖链网状结构并与水凝胶交织的纤维形成蛋白。粘多糖是不同种类的携带负电荷的长多糖链,并(除了透明质酸)与蛋白共价连接形成蛋白多糖分子。根据本发明的实施方案,基质细胞可以进行遗传工程修饰,表达所需基因产物,或基因产物的变型,所述产物可以存在于细胞外基质中,并最终存在于细胞培养基中。
5.6.收获条件化培养基
可应用本领域熟知的任何方法培养细胞。细胞优选在可以进行无菌操作的环境下培养。传统细胞和组织培养方法受到需要人工监控培养基的限制。这就限制了在单位时间内可以培养的细胞和组织的量,继而限制了单位时间内可以获得的条件细胞培养基的量。基于该原因,优选以考虑到大规模生长(可以大规模生产条件培养基)的方式条件化培养基,例如,该方式应用一种可以大规模无菌培养的装置,如共同拥有的美国专利5,763,267(下称专利‘267)所述,该专利在此全文引入,作为所有目的的参考。应用专利‘267所述的无菌封闭系统,预条件化培养基在持续灌注系统中从储液池转运到多向入口,然后均匀分布到培养物周围,该系统对于培养三维细胞和组织培养物,如Dermagraft非常有用。专利‘267所述的装置还特别包括多数含有一个或多个独立培养袋的可变形或半可变形处理室,多数不可变形的间隔装置,液体多向入口,液体多向出口,储液池和在系统内转运液体的方法。
处理过程中,液体培养基先从储液池中转运到多向入口,然后又将培养基均匀分布在相互连接的处理室及内部的培养袋中。还提供了液体多向出口以保证每个处理室都均匀灌注,并保证从处理室中除去任何在处理过程中形成的空气气泡。处理室是可变形或半可变形的,这样,在冲洗和应用培养移植物时,可以为最终用户提供便利的操作。由于处理室是可以变形的,所有还提供了不可变形的间隔装置,可以保证在处理过程中,液体均匀分布在处理室中。在适宜的时候(即培养基一经条件化,这样培养基中的细胞外蛋白质如生长因子达到所需水平),将“条件”培养基泵出系统,并处理应用。优选在组织生长的晚期阶段从装置中收获条件细胞培养基,这时,分泌的某种生长因子和结缔组织蛋白的水平最高(见图1)。在一个优选实施方案中,在培养的10-14天培养基暴露于细胞后,收集三维细胞培养物条件化的培养基。
在另一个实施方案中,在三维组织培养物无菌培养装置中培养三维组织,所述装置如美国专利号5,843,766(专利‘766)所述,该专利在此全文引入,作为所有目的的参考。专利‘766公开了一种组织培养装置,装置中处理室是一个能够为可培养的三维组织提供生长的封盒,所述三维组织以冷冻形式保存,并在同一无菌容器中转运到最终用户。组织培养室包括一个含有底物的封盒,所述封盒内的底物被设计成为有利于三维组织在底物表面生长。封盒包括入口端和出口端,可以帮助培养基的注入和排出。封盒还包括至少一个灌注分布器。在一个实施方案中,灌注分布器是一个折流板,用于在处理室中分布培养基的灌注,以创建一个连续、均衡的三维组织。在第二个实施方案中,灌注分布器是变流装置、分布渠道和灌注渠道的组合。在每个实施方案中,封盒还进一步包括一个封条,这样可以保证在组织的培养和储存过程中,处理室内的无菌环境。同样,优选在组织生长的晚期阶段从装置中收获条件细胞培养基,这时,分泌的某种生长因子和结缔组织蛋白的水平最高(见图1)。在一个优选实施方案中,在培养的10-14天培养基暴露于细胞后,收集三维细胞培养物条件化的培养基。
5.7.条件培养基的浓度
收获细胞条件培养基后,还需要对所获上清液进行进一步处理。这些处理包括但不限于通过水流量滤过装置或脱过滤(defiltration)浓缩,所用方法如“Cell&Tissue Culture:Laboratory Procedures,supra,pp 29D:0.1-29D:0.4”所述。
另外,培养基还可应用正压浓缩装置浓缩10-20倍,所述装置具有一个分离点为10,000ml的过滤器(Amicon,Beverly,MA)。
此外,条件培养基还可进一步处理,例如,去除不需要的蛋白酶,分离、纯化产品。分离纯化产品以维持最佳生物活性的方法是本领域普通技术人员已经熟悉的。例如,可能需要纯化一种生长因子、调节因子、肽激素、抗体等。这些方法包括但不限于离子交换凝胶层析(应用如交联葡聚糖的基质),应用不溶性基质如交联琼脂糖的螯合金属亲和层析,HPLC纯化和疏水相互作用层析,来处理条件培养基。这些技术在“Cell&Tissue Culture:Laboratory Procedures,supra”中有更加详细的描述。当然,根据条件培养基和/或其产品的所需用途,还必须采取适宜措施,维持其无菌性。此外,灭菌是必须的,可以通过本领域一般技术人员熟知的方法完成,例如,加热和/或过滤灭菌,要小心保持所需生物活性。
5.7.1.分离胶原
如前所述,本发明条件培养基含有大量可以从中分离纯化的产品。例如,人类真皮成纤维细胞合成分泌胶原前体,在三维细胞外基质中,这些前体以一定比例混和在一起。这一混和过程需要去除可以显著降低胶原分子溶解性(由于缺乏蛋白水解,余下的分泌胶原分子仍存在于溶液中)的终肽(N-和C-肽)。通常,可溶性胶原可在中性pH、高盐浓度的条件下收获。见Kielty,C.M.,I.Hopkinson,et al.,(1993),Collagen:The Collagen Family:Structure,Assembly,and Organization in theExtracellular Matrix,Connective Tissue and Its Heritable Disorders:molecular,genetic and medical aspects.P.M.Royce and B.Steinmann.New York,Wiley-Liss,Inc.:103-149)。专利申请人通过测定在无血清培养基、一般培养基或三维条件培养基中培养的组织细胞外基质中胶原的分泌量,提供数据显示了条件培养基(先前曾支持三维培养的细胞生长的培养基)对三维组织制备和组合物的影响(见部分6.3)。本发明的条件培养基显著增加了体外组织胶原的沉积量,如图4所示。
而且,专利申请人还惊奇地发现,胶原并非以线性方式沉积,而是在培养过程中以不断增加的水平分泌(见图1)。因此,申请人在收获胶原时利用了这一发现。
应该理解,下面提供的草案只是示例,可以应用相关领域技术人员熟知的方法进行改良。为了纯化胶原,将240mL成纤维细胞条件化培养基加入240mL 5M NaCl(培养基与盐溶液的比例为1∶1)溶液中,并在4℃沉淀16小时。以4000xg离心悬液大约20分钟。弃置上清。用10mL 50mM Tris-HCl(pH 7.5)和2.4M NaCl洗沉淀。4000xg离心20分钟,弃置上清。将沉淀再次悬浮于10mL.5M醋酸中。为了去除前肽,加入.1mL胃蛋白酶(100mg/mL)(Sigma Chemical,St.Louis,MO)4℃消化16小时(这一过程去除了前肽,但保留了完整的三螺旋结构物质)。4000xg离心悬液20分钟。收获上清,弃置沉淀。加入2.1mL 5MNaCl和.5M醋酸至终体积15mL(NaCl终浓度为.7M)。4℃沉淀大约16小时。4000xg离心悬液20分钟,弃置上清。将沉淀溶解于.5mL.5M醋酸溶液中。胶原的纯度至少应该达到90%,并应用本领域熟知的标准方法分析,例如SDS-PAGE。
5.8.条件培养基的应用
5.8.1.应用于创伤愈合
可应用本发明条件培养基促进创伤和烧伤愈合。组织损伤时,呈现多种生物活性的多肽生长因子释放到伤口周围以促进愈合。创伤愈合是一个包括几个阶段的复杂过程,能够以可控的方式,以覆盖物封闭创口,形成功能胜任的组织。该过程始于止血,随后是涉及中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞的炎症相。该过程的继续是肉芽组织形成以及再次上皮化,以关闭创口。然后,疤痕组织形成,并在随后的几个月中,再造以接近原始解剖结构。理想状况是,疤痕组织很小,因此可以形成组织学和生理学接近原始正常组织的功能胜任的健康组织。
愈合过程的每个阶段都是通过细胞间相互作用控制的,细胞间的相互作用又通过调节蛋白,如细胞因子、生长因子、炎症介质以及细胞接触机制控制。例如,炎症介质如IL-6,IL-8和G-CSF诱导淋巴细胞分化和急性期蛋白,以及中性粒细胞浸润、成熟和活化,这些过程在创伤愈合的炎症阶段是非常重要的。其他涉及创伤愈合过程的调节蛋白示例是VEGF,在炎症过程中,诱导新生血管形成和肉芽组织形成;BMP诱导骨的形成;KGF活化角化细胞;而TGF-β1诱导细胞外基质的沉积。表2(下)列出了应用ELISA(酶联免疫试验)方法测定的多种生长因子浓度,所述生长因子存在于申请人条件培养基中,所述条件培养基先前曾支持生长于Dermagraft组织基质中的细胞的生长。应该理解,下面列表并非包括所有因子的列表,在此只是通过提供本发明培养基中存在的一些具有生物活性的因子浓度,提供条件培养基的进一步特性。
表2
应用ELISA测定条件培养基中生长因子浓度
VEGF 3.2ng/ml
G-CSF 2.3ng/ml
IL-8 0.9ng/ml
IL-8 3.2ng/ml
KGF 1.67ng/ml
TGF-β 0.8ng/ml
在慢性创伤中,愈合过程在止血之后、再次上皮化之前的某一点中断,并显然不能再度开始。在创伤床中见到的绝大多数炎症涉及感染,但是炎症创造了一个降解调节蛋白的富蛋白酶环境,因此干扰了创伤愈合过程。
业已应用多种方法量化、描述多种分子成分的特征,所述分子由成纤维细胞分泌进入TranscyteTM和Dermagraft三维组织培养物。在TranscyteTM和Dermagraft中存在的人类基质蛋白和粘多糖(GAGs)包括但不限于胶原I,III,纤维结合素,腱生蛋白,核心蛋白聚糖,多能蛋白聚糖,β蛋白聚糖,多配体蛋白聚糖,以及其他成分(未给出资料)。这些分泌的蛋白和GAGs主要发挥结构功能,以及刺激细胞区分,迁移,粘附和信号传导。图1显示了在三维生长系统中沉积的粘多糖(沉积量有赖于生长时间)和胶原(沉积量不依赖生长时间)。业已应用ELISA,Western印迹分析法,免疫组化和PCR测定各种成分。例如,TranscyteTM中存在的一些成分包括胶原I,III和VII(RNA),纤维结合素,腱生蛋白,血小板反应蛋白2,弹性蛋白,蛋白多糖,核心蛋白聚糖,多能蛋白聚糖以及其他成分(未给出资料)。这些成分的组织发育、愈合和正常功能活性业已详细描述。此外,申请人还描述了人类生物工程基质对体外细胞功能的影响。例如,申请人注意到,加入生物工程基质可以增加细胞增殖。为了研究它对细胞增殖的影响,从TranscyteTM和Dermagraft中收获的基质以多种比例稀释,稀释后的液体加入人类成纤维细胞和角化细胞的单层培养物中。结果如图2所示,细胞增殖增加。
而且,如部分6.3的详细描述,申请人注意到三维条件培养基对三维组织制备和组合物的影响,通过测定培养于无血清培养基、一般培养基或三维条件培养基的组织细胞外基质中胶原的分泌量,检测了这种影响。通过测定培养于无血清培养基、一般培养基或三维条件培养基的组织细胞外基质中胶原的分泌量,检测了三维条件培养基对三维组织制备和组合物的影响。如图4所示,本发明条件培养基显著增加了体外组织胶原的沉积。本发明含有多种在创伤愈合过程中被认为是非常重要的调节蛋白,创伤愈合的模型显示,这些调节蛋白在体内几乎消耗殆尽。而且,在某些疾病状态,如糖尿病,一些创伤愈合所需的调节蛋白供应短缺。例如,在非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病小鼠模型(如db/db小鼠)中业已发现,创口周围VEGF和PDGF的分泌以及PDGF受体的表达水平全部较正常小鼠降低。
另外,本发明通过的条件培养基在其他类型的组织损伤治疗中也非常有用,例如先天性创伤,其中组织缺陷或损伤的修复和/或再生所需的多种生长因子都存在于申请人的条件培养基中,包括,例如,成纤维细胞生长因子(FGFs),血小板衍生生长因子(PDGFs),表皮生长因子(EGFs),骨形态发生蛋白(BMPs)和转化生长因子(TGFs);以及调节血管形成的因子,如血管内皮生长因子(VEGF),角化细胞生长因子(KGF),和碱性FGF;血管生成因子,和抗血管生成因子。应激蛋白,如GR 78和MSP90,可以诱导生长因子如TGF-β。TGF-β,包括TGFβ-1,TGFβ-2,TGFβ-3,TGFβ4和TGFβ-5,调节生长和分化,并加速创伤愈合(Noda et al.,1989,Endocrin.124:2991-2995;Goeyet al.,1989,J.Immunol.143:877-880;Mutoe at al.,1987,Science237:1333-1335)。有丝分裂原,如PDGF,增加组织中细胞结构和肉眼组织的形成(Kohler et al.,1974,Exp.Cell.Res.87:297-301)。如前所述,细胞优选人类细胞,可以将免疫原性问题降低到最小。
由于本发明条件培养基含有多种创伤愈合因子,该条件培养基有利于创伤和烧伤愈合治疗的应用,所述创伤和烧伤包括皮肤伤口,骨折,消化性溃疡,胰腺、肝脏、肾脏、脾脏和血管损伤,以及其他内部创伤。而且,条件培养基可以与其他治疗药物成分如抗生素和止痛剂联合应用。实施方案包括将条件培养基制成药膏或油膏制剂外用。实际上,本发明条件培养基业已显示可以诱导人类成纤维细胞和角化细胞的增殖。体外细胞暴露于条件培养基至少3天,就可观察到细胞反应(图3)。
此外,条件培养基还可与绷带(粘附性或非粘附性)联合使用,促进和/和加速创伤愈合。条件培养基可以任何状态应用,如液体或固体,冻干或干粉,作为创伤治疗的外用敷料和抗粘附敷料,可以注射,见PCT WO96/39101,在此全文引入,作为参考。
此外,还可如美国专利号5,709,854,5,516,532,5,654,381和WO98/52543所述,将本发明条件细胞培养基与可聚合或交联水凝胶制成制剂,上述专利在此全文引入,作为参考。能够用于形成水凝胶的物质示例包括修饰的藻酸盐。藻酸盐是从海藻中分离的碳水化合物聚合物,通过暴露于二价阳离子,如钙离子,交联形成水凝胶,例如,如WO94/25080所述,该文在此引入,作为参考。在二价阳离子存在的条件下,在水中,室温,藻酸盐可以离子交联形成水凝胶。这里应用的术语“修饰的藻酸盐”是指具有改良水凝胶特性的经化学修饰的藻酸盐。
此外,应用与上述交联藻酸盐相似的方法,可以将暴露于一价阳离子可以形成凝胶的多糖交联形成水凝胶,所述多糖包括细菌多糖,如gellan胶,和植物多糖,如角叉菜胶。
修饰的透明质酸衍生物特别有用。这里应用的术语“透明质酸”是指天然和化学修饰的透明质酸。修饰的透明质酸可以设计并合成成为具有预选化学修饰的物质,调节交联和生物降解的速度和程度。
共价交联水凝胶前体也很有用。例如,水溶性聚胺,如聚氨基葡萄糖,可以与水溶性二异硫氰酸酯,如聚乙烯二醇二异硫氰酸酯,交联。
此外,应用的聚合物还可包括通过与自由基发生器接触,发生自由基反应交联产生的取代物。例如,包括不饱和乙烯基团的聚合物,可以应用WO 93/17669公开的方法光化学交联,该专利在此引入,作为参考。在该实施方案中,提供了水溶性大聚合体(macromers),包括至少一个水溶性区,一个生物降解区,至少两个自由基可聚合区。这些大聚合体的示例是聚乙烯二醇-寡乳酰基-丙烯酸酯,其中丙烯酸酯基团通过自由基发生系统聚合,该系统例如曙红染料,或通过短时间暴露于紫外线或可见光聚合。另外,还可应用含有cinnamoyl基团的水溶性聚合物,所述基团可以光化学交联,如Matsuda et al.,ASAID Trans.,28:154-157(1992)所披露。
优选的可聚合基团是丙烯酸酯,二丙烯酸酯,寡丙烯酸酯,二甲基丙烯酸酯,寡甲基丙烯酸酯和其他可以生物接受的光聚合性基团。丙烯酸酯是最优选的活性可聚合基团种类。
天然和合成聚合物均可应用本领域化学反应进行修饰,以及例如“in March,“Advanced Organic Chemistry”4th Edition,1992,Wiley-Interscience Publication,New York”描述的方法进行修饰。
聚合反应优选应用光发生器启动。有用的光发生器是那些可以用来启动大聚合体聚合,同时没有细胞毒性的,而且帧时间短,最多数分钟,最优选数秒。
多种染料可用于光聚合。适宜的染料对本领域技术人员是众所周知的。优选的染料包括新品酸性红,焰红染料,孟加拉玫瑰红,thonine,樟脑醌,乙醛曙红,曙红,亚甲基兰,核黄素,2,2-二甲基-2-苯基苯乙酮,2-甲氧基-2-苯基苯乙酮,2,2-二甲氧基-2-苯基苯乙酮,及其他苯乙酮衍生物,以及樟脑醌。适宜的助催化剂包括胺,如N-甲基二乙烷胺,N,N-二甲基苯甲胺,三乙烷胺,trithylamine,二苯甲胺,N-苯甲基乙烷胺,-异丙基苯甲胺。三乙烷胺是优选助催化剂。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明条件培养基,或特定的分泌到培养基中的细胞外基质蛋白,提供了一种优异的包裹缝合线的物质。自然分泌的细胞外基质为条件培养基提供了I型和III型胶原,纤维结合素,terascin,粘多糖,酸性和碱性FGF,TGF-α和TGF-β,KGF,多能蛋白聚糖,核心蛋白聚糖以及其他多种分泌型人类真皮基质蛋白。相似的,本发明条件细胞培养基或从条件培养基中获得的细胞外基质蛋白可以用来包裹传统的植入装置,包括血管修补假体,该植入装置在外科处置中用于矫正机体缺陷——可以产生优质植入装置。所述植入装置可以由生物兼容性惰性物质构成,置换或取代缺陷的功能,可以由不能生物降解的物质构成,也可由可生物降解的物质构成。通过应用含有这些细胞外蛋白的培养基包裹这些植入装置,植入物可以吸引适宜的细胞粘附,在植入位置形成优良的组织。因此,包裹了条件细胞培养基,或从培养基中获得的蛋白质的缝合线、绷带和植入物,可以增强细胞向损伤部位的迁移,如白细胞和成纤维细胞,并诱导细胞增殖和分化,导致创伤愈合的加快。
在另一个实施方案中,条件培养基还可应用药用载体作为赋形剂制备用于内服。而且,所述培养基还可进一步处理,浓缩或减少一种或多种培养基所含因子或组分,例如,应用免疫亲和色谱法增加一种生长因子的含量,或者,相反,除去这里描述的任何给定应用中不想要的组分。
当然,特定组织的创伤需要该特定组织条件化的培养基。例如,神经元组织的损伤可能需要神经元细胞培养物条件化培养基中含有的蛋白。特定产物可以通过免疫亲和层析或通过在特定培养基中增加所需蛋白,例如NGF,的表达而收获,换句话说,就是使特定产物在条件培养基中的浓度增加。NGF控制的特征包括但不限于类胆碱能神经递质功能(乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)和乙酰胆碱合成酶(ChAT)),神经元细胞大小,和II型NGF受体表达。NGF可以分泌到应用星型细胞和其他神经元细胞条件化的培养基中,所述细胞在三维基质组织中培养,所述NGF可以用于神经愈合治疗组合物。
内源性NGF缺乏可以使某些人类神经退行性疾病加重,并且使损伤的成熟CNS神经元不能再生。特别是,神经损伤常伴随损伤性神经纤维末梢的退化,导致轴突从神经元的分离。在中枢神经系统中,典型的损伤部位没有明显的细胞生长,导致损伤神经元的死亡。NGF对于成熟CNS胆碱能神经元细胞体水平(如隔膜)、介入组织空间(如神经桥)和reinervation区域(如海马形成)的再生能力起关键作用。此外,NGF对于改善认知障碍还有助益。例如,应用神经胶质细胞条件化的培养基可以提供外源性NGF和其他神经生长因子,因此,新的轴突可以从损伤神经的断端长出(例如,形成生长锥)并延长到原连接部位。
而且,脑和脊髓的损伤常常伴有神经胶质细胞反应,导致伴随的轴突退化,最终形成瘢痕组织。这种瘢痕组织开始被认为是神经生长的物质障碍,但是,在神经元外环境中是否存在亲神经元因子才是更有意义的。星型细胞在损伤应答反应时,显示可以合成昆布氨酸(昆布氨酸可以存在于条件培养基中,在涉及细胞外基质蛋白的部分5.8.2将有更详细的描述)。业已发现,胶原和纤维结合素,特别是昆布氨酸,可以促进神经轴突从体外培养的神经元或神经元外植体中生长。这些细胞外基质蛋白显然提供了一种粘附底物,使生长锥的前向运动和轴突的延长更加容易。因此,神经再生的成功需要亲神经元因子和支持底物的存在,因为再生显然需要:神经元细胞体能够显示适宜的生物合成反应;损伤部位周围环境能够支持轴突的延长,并最终实现功能再接。神经细胞如星型细胞和神经胶质细胞条件化的培养基含有在脑和脊髓损伤中神经再生所需的亲神经元生长因子和细胞外基质蛋白。因此,在一个实施方案中,制备的条件化培养基用于这些损伤的治疗。
在另一个实施方案中,皮肤、骨、肝脏、胰腺、软骨和其他特定组织的治疗可以应用它们分别对应的特定细胞类型条件化的培养基,优选三维培养,因为获得的条件化培养基中含有该组织类型特征性细胞外蛋白和其他代谢产物,对应治疗相应组织类型的创伤非常有用。
条件培养基还可加入牙周手术装置以促进组织均衡修复,提供可生物降解的隐形眼镜、角膜护罩或骨移植物,提供手术填料,促进软组织增生,特别是为了减轻皮肤皱纹用于皮肤,以及为了控制尿失禁用于促进尿道括约肌增生。
在另一个实施方案中,组合物可以冻干/冷冻干燥作为伤口填料加入(如填充移植毛发后遗留的缝隙)或加入已有的伤口填充组合物中,以促进创伤愈合。在另一个实施方案中,培养基应用经遗传工程修饰的细胞条件化,以增加培养基中创伤愈合蛋白的浓度。例如,细胞可以经遗传工程修饰表达如上所列的任意一种生长因子的基因产物。
5.8.2.先天畸形、后天缺陷和美容缺陷的修复和矫正
培养基组合物还可用于修复和矫正多种畸形,无论先天性、后天性还是美容缺陷,以及表浅和深入创伤性缺陷。例如,组合物可以任何形式添加,可用于水凝胶、注射液、面霜、药膏中,甚至可以加入眼影、化装粉饼、小粉盒或其他化妆品中,外用增强皮肤抵抗力。
在另一个实施方案中,条件培养基外用,或以任何已知的方法如注射、口服等,以逆转和/或预防例如由于紫外线、多种污染物和正常老化导致的皱纹和多种有害效应。
此外,在另一个实施方案中,本发明培养基被用来降低细胞老化和抑制导致皮肤癌的因子活性。部分7.1显示了条件培养基的抗氧化活性。条件培养基仍然可以外用,或以任何已知的方法应用,如注射、口服等。申请人发现,人类角化细胞暴露于申请人的条件培养基后,细胞内氧化物下降大约50%,具有统计学意义(p<0.003)。
因此,本发明条件培养基不仅能够体外诱导表皮、真皮细胞增殖和胶原分泌,而且具有很强的抗氧化活性(图5)。而且,因子相对稳定,储存于37℃,pH7.4和5.5 21天后,TGFβ1,VEGF和胶原含量依然稳定。溶液在零下20℃储存2年以上,TGFβ1和VEGF仍然稳定。
这一无菌富营养溶液代表了生物工程学美容治疗制剂,该制剂可以大量生产,并可作为添加剂用于多种皮肤、美容和皮肤病治疗产品,补充人类皮肤、毛发和指甲的生长因子和其他基质分子水平。产品可以与Alpha Hydroxy Acids共同应用,逐层剥落,更适于生长因子和其他生物分子向皮肤的渗透;也可以与化学剥脱剂共同应用,加速愈合,降低感染。
条件培养基可以制备用来消除细小皮纹、皱纹、疤痕和其他皮肤病变,取代硅树脂或其他产品的应用。条件培养基含有生长因子和炎症介质,例如,VEGF,HGF,IL-6,IL-8,G-CSF和TGFβ1(见部分5.8.1的表3),以及细胞外基质蛋白,如I型和III型胶原,纤维结合素,腱生蛋白,粘多糖,酸性和碱性FGF,TGFα和TGFβ,KGF,多能蛋白聚糖,核心蛋白聚糖,β蛋白聚糖,多配体蛋白聚糖和多种其他分泌的人类真皮基质蛋白,所述物质在修复物理畸形和美容缺陷方面非常有用。如部分6.3的细节描述,专利申请人通过测定在无血清培养基、一般培养基或三维条件培养基中培养的组织细胞外基质中胶原的分泌量,检测了三维条件培养基对三维组织制备和组合物的影响。如图4所示,本发明条件培养基显著增加了体外组织的胶原沉积量。通过测定在无血清培养基、一般培养基或三维条件培养基中培养的组织细胞外基质中胶原的分泌量,检测了三维条件培养基对三维组织制备和组合物的影响。当然,用于条件化培养基的细胞可以经过遗传工程修饰,使培养基中某种蛋白的表达浓度增加。
本发明条件培养基可被制备成可以注射的制剂。此外,还可制备从条件培养基获得的产物。例如,生物活性物质,如蛋白质和药物可以与本发明组合物组合在一起,在注射组合物后,可以释放或控制释放这些活性物质。生物活性物质的示例包括组织生长因子,如TGFβ等,在注射部位促进愈合和组织修复。纯化产品的方法包括但不限于,应用基质如SEPHADEX的凝胶层析,离子交换层析,应用不溶性基质如交联琼脂糖的螯合金属亲和层析,HPLC纯化,疏水相互作用层析,处理条件培养基。这些技术在Cell&Tissue Culture;Laboratory Procedures,supra;Sanbrook et al.,1989,Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual 2ndEd.,Cold Spring Harbor Lab Press,Cold Spring Harbor,NY中有详细描述。
在可注射实施方案中,应用一种水悬液,典型的该水悬液制剂具有生理pH(即pH值大约6.8-7.5)。另外,一般还在水悬液中加入一种局麻药,如利多卡因(常用浓度按重量大约为0.3%),以降低注射疼痛。最终制剂通常还含有液体润滑剂,如麦芽糖,所述润滑剂必须被机体耐受。润滑剂成分的示例包括甘油、糖原和麦芽糖等。以有机聚合物为基础的物质,如聚乙烯二醇、透明质酸和非原纤维胶原,优选琥珀酰胶原,也可作为润滑剂。这些润滑剂通常用来增强制剂的可注射性、可侵入性和注射的生物物质在注射部位的均匀分布,通过修饰组合物的粘性降低高峰量值。定义的最终制剂是应用药用载体处理的条件细胞培养基。
然后将处理的条件培养基置于注射器中,或其他可以将条件培养基准确置入组织缺陷部位的注射装置。当制剂用于真皮增生时,术语“可注射”意味着该制剂在正常条件、正常压力下可以从注射器中分配到皮肤中,并基本不形成峰值,所述注射器具有一个低如标准25的针头。峰值可以导致组合物从注射器中渗出,而不是注射到组织中。为了准确置入,需要注射针头粗细为标准27(200u I.D.)或标准30(150u I.D.)。可以从这样的针头挤压出的最大颗粒至少受到如下复杂因素的影响:颗粒最大径,颗粒形态比例(长∶宽),颗粒的刚性,颗粒的表面粗糙性和其他影响颗粒的相关因素:颗粒粘附性,悬液的粘弹性特点和从针头流出的速率。悬于牛顿型液体的刚性球形珠代表了最简单的情况,而悬于粘弹性液体中的纤维或分支颗粒可能更加复杂。
上述制备可注射分泌人条件培养基的过程优选应用无菌材料在无菌条件下进行。处理的加在药用载体上的条件培养基可以皮内注射,也可以皮下注射,来加强软组织,修复或矫正先天畸形、后天缺陷或美容缺陷。这些疾病的示例有先天畸形,如半侧面颊小,面颊或颊骨发育不全,单侧乳腺发育不良,胸部凹陷,胸部发育不全(Poland畸形)和继发于腭裂修补或粘膜下腭裂(作为后咽植入体)的腭咽发育不全;后天缺陷(创伤后,手术后,感染后)如萎缩性瘢痕,皮下萎缩(如继发于盘状红斑狼疮),角化病变,unucleated眼的眼球内陷(即上沟综合征),痤疮导致的面部麻点,线性硬皮病伴随的皮下萎缩,鞍鼻畸形,Romberg病和单侧声带麻痹;以及美容缺陷,如眉间皱纹,鼻唇深裂,口周地图状皱纹,双颊凹陷和乳腺发育不良。本发明组合物还可注射到内部组织中,如定义为机体括约肌的组织,来加强这些组织。
其他用来条件化培养基的组织类型包括但不限于骨髓,皮肤,上皮细胞和软骨,但是,应该理解,三维培养先天还可用来培养其他类型的细胞和组织。
此外,如前部分创伤治疗所述,本发明条件细胞培养基还可与可聚合或交联的水凝胶共同制备。
5.8.3.食品添加剂和日常饮食补充物
条件培养基可以用作食品添加剂,或制备成日常饮食补充物。本发明条件培养基含有很多有用的营养物质,如大量必需氨基酸、矿物质和维生素,以及多种在日常饮食中没有的营养物质。申请人不知道是否还有含有如此丰富的营养物质的更加平衡的食品(除了天然乳汁),尽管曾经试图在经特殊制备的昂贵的成人和儿童液体配方中寻找。条件细胞培养基和/或从中获得的产品可以作为下述应用的比较便宜的来源,所述应用如体重减轻的平衡营养补充物或增加饮食营养含量,特别是对第三世界国家。培养基经消毒灭菌的,并无人类病原体污染(即无菌)。条件培养基可以浓缩和/或冻干,优选制成胶囊或片剂摄入。此外,组合物还可直接加入成人或儿童食品,增加营养物质的含量。制备这一富含营养的物质相对比较便宜,对于营养不良的老人、特别是发展中国家的儿童,更是价值无法衡量,在所述发展中国家中,由于营养不良导致对感染的应答反应较差,死亡率增加。
此外,条件培养基中还含有多种痕量元素,如铁和镁,这些痕量元素对哺乳动物的存活和生殖至关重要,而且,现已认识到,边缘痕量元素的缺乏是一个公共卫生问题。业已显示,多种必需微量营养元素的摄入可能降低感染,并通过修饰肿瘤发生的特定相而降低肿瘤风险。微量营养元素还可以增强免疫系统、T细胞与B细胞相互作用机制、Ms和NK细胞的功能活性,所述功能是通过增加多种细胞因子的产生、使其针对入侵病原体的吞噬和细胞毒作用更加容易发挥和/或杀伤各重要器官出现的前恶变细胞实现的。见,Chandra,R.K.ed.(1988),Nutrition andImmunology:Contemporary Issues in Clinical Nutrition,Alan R.Liss,NewYork.因此,对于相对便宜的平衡营养原的需求是存在的。应用条件培养基是其更加富于营养的理想食品是面包、谷物和其他谷类产品,如意大利面食、饼干等。此外,培养基还可进一步处理,以浓缩或降低培养基所含的一种或多种因素或组分,例如,在本部分所述任何一种给定应用中,都可以应用免疫亲和层析法富集一种生长因子,或相反,除去一种不想要的成分。
5.8.4.动物饲料添加剂
组合物还可用作动物饲料添加剂。在一个实施方案中,条件培养基含有牛血清,作为营养原提供了对哺乳动物有益的蛋白和其他因子,所述哺乳动物如牛和其他反刍动物,如母牛、鹿等。筛查培养基的病原体,培养基不含牛病原体和支原体。本发明条件培养基优选取自美国饲养的母牛,因此,含有病原体的可能大大降低。
5.8.5.细胞培养基
培养基组合物可以再次用来培养细胞,特别是那些体外培养比较困难的细胞。传统生长培养基可以添加业已存在于申请人条件培养基中的多种因子。而且,条件培养基还含有促进细胞粘附和生长的因子,如上述细胞外基质蛋白。增加纤维结合素或胶原的浓度有利于促进细胞粘附到脚手架或培养表面上。与其将这些因子加入培养基,不如将条件培养基直接用于细胞培养和制备三维组织构建物,如Dermagraft。申请人业已显示,条件培养基可以增加成纤维细胞和角化细胞的增殖,见图3。在再次用作细胞条件培养基之前,应从培养基中去除细胞残留或其他颗粒物质,以及蛋白酶、乳酸和其他可能对细胞生长有害的成分。在这种应用中,还可在条件培养基中应用血清。血清还含有促进细胞粘附到底物上的粘附因子,如纤维结合素和血清播散因子。这种粘附作用对于部分细胞的体外生长是必需的,但不是全部细胞都必需的。除了提供细胞生长的必需物质,血清对于培养环境的稳定和解毒也有一定作用。例如,血清具有显著的缓冲能力,并含有特定蛋白酶抑制剂如α1-抗胰蛋白酶和α2-巨球蛋白。培养基中含有的高水平血清白蛋白,例如,10%,可以作为蛋白水解的非特异性抑制剂,并能与脂溶性维生素和类固醇激素结合,所述脂溶性维生素和类固醇激素在游离状态时对细胞有毒性作用。血清成分还可以与存在于培养基组合物中的重金属和反应性有机物结合,并解毒。
5.8.6.药用
本发明条件培养基含有多种有益的药用因子和组分,如本发明通篇所述的生长因子、调节因子、肽激素、抗体等,因此有广泛的药用价值。此外,可以添加的产品包括但不限于抗生素、抗病毒剂、抗真菌剂、类固醇、止痛剂、抗肿瘤药物、研究药物及任何与条件培养基中所含因子有互补或协同作用的化合物。如前所述,在无菌条件下培养细胞,并收获培养基。此外,培养基还可进行病原体检查。如果需要消毒灭菌,那么灭菌过程必须以如上所述的最小程度影响所需生物活性的方式进行。此外,培养基还可进一步处理,以浓缩或降低培养基所含的一种或多种因素或组分,例如,在这里所述任何一种给定应用中,都可以应用免疫亲和层析法富集一种生长因子,或相反,除去一种不想要的成分。在一个优选实施方案中,从应用三维细胞构建物条件化的培养基中制备制剂。三维培养基可以产生多种生长因子和蛋白质,所述生长因子和蛋白质以最适生理比例和浓度分泌到培养基中。例如,见部分5.8.1中的表2。因此,培养基提供了多种因子的特定组合,并以接近体内的特定比例存在。在这一应用中,通常不优选牛血清。优选去除细胞残留或其他颗粒物质,以及蛋白酶、乳酸和其他对细胞生长有害的成分。
条件培养基可以制备成药用制剂,剂型可以是片剂、胶囊、贴皮膏药、吸入剂、滴眼液、滴鼻液、滴耳液、栓剂、霜剂、药膏、注射针剂、水凝胶以及其他本领域技术人员熟知的适宜制剂。口服药用组合物可以采用,例如应用药用赋形剂的传统方法制备的片剂或胶囊,所述赋形剂如结合剂(如预糊化玉米淀粉,聚乙烯吡咯烷或羟丙基甲基纤维素),填充剂(如乳糖,微晶纤维素或磷酸氢钙),润滑剂(如硬脂酸镁,云母或硅土),分解质(如马铃薯淀粉或glycolae淀粉钠),或湿润剂(如月桂醇硫酸钠)。可应用本领域熟知的方法给片剂包衣。口服液体制剂可以采用溶液、糖浆或悬液的剂型,也可表现为干燥产品的形式,用前用水或其他适宜载体溶解。这样的液体制剂可以应用药用添加剂通过传统方法制备,所述药用添加剂如悬浮剂(如山梨醇糖浆纤维素衍生物或氢化可食用脂肪),乳化剂(如卵磷脂或阿拉伯树胶),非水载体(如杏仁油,油酯,乙烷基乙醇或分馏植物油),以及防腐剂(如甲基或丙基-p-羟安息香酸酯或山梨酸)。制剂还可含有适当的缓冲盐,调味料,色素和甜味剂。
可以应用本领域技术人员熟知的标准程序通过多种途经,将本发明的药用制剂用于患者。例如,给药方法可以是特异性局部用药、口服、经鼻、静脉内、皮下、皮内、经皮、肌内和腹膜内给药。而且,它们可以制备发挥可控制的缓释载体功能。
条件培养基含有的治疗性产品包括但不限于酶,激素,细胞因子,抗原,抗体,凝血因子和调节蛋白。治疗性蛋白包括但不限于炎症介质,血管生成因子,VIII因子,IX因子,促红细胞生成素(EPO),抗α1胰蛋白酶,降钙素,葡萄糖脑苷脂酶,人生长激素及衍生物,低密度脂蛋白(LDL),载脂蛋白E,IL-2受体及其拮抗剂,胰岛素,球蛋白,免疫球蛋白,催化抗体,白细胞介素(ILs),胰岛素样生长因子,过氧化物歧化酶,免疫应答修饰剂,BMPs(骨形态形成蛋白),甲旁素和干扰素,神经生长因子,组织血浆酶原激活剂,和集落刺激因子(CSFs)。当然,培养基还可进一步处理,以浓缩或降低培养基所含的一种或多种因素或组分,例如,在这里所述任何一种给定应用中,都可以应用免疫亲和层析法富集一种生长因子,或相反,除去一种不想要的成分。
可以应用本领域技术人员常用的方法检测一种或多种特定因子的活性,以确保粘附的分子或已装入胶囊的分子保持了可以接受的生物活性水平(如治疗有效活性)。
因此,条件细胞培养基以及从本发明培养基中衍生的产品,可以用来,例如,提供胰岛素治疗糖尿病,通过神经生长因子治疗Alzheimer’s病,提供VIII因子和其他凝血因子治疗血友病,提供多巴胺治疗帕金森氏病,提供肾上腺嗜铬细胞提供脑啡肽治疗慢性疼痛,提供肌营养不良蛋白治疗肌营养不良,以及提供人生长激素治疗生长异常。
这些治疗性蛋白制剂的剂量是本领域技术人员熟知的,并可在治疗compedia中找到相关剂量,所述治疗compedia如PHYSICIANS DESKREFERENCE,Medical Economics Data Publishers;REMINGTON’SPHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES,Mack publishing Co.;GOODMAN&GILMAN,THE PHARMACOLOGICAL BASIS OF THERAPEUTICS,McGraw Hill Publ.,THE CHEMOTHERAPY SOURCE BOOK,Williams andWilkens Publishers.
本领域技术人员可以应用他们熟知的技术测定上述任何药物或制剂的治疗有效剂量。“治疗有效剂量”是指足以导致治疗过程和/或疾病的至少一个症状改善所需的化合物的量。
药物的毒性和治疗有效性可以通过标准药物程序对细胞培养或实验动物进行测定,如测定LD50(50%致死量)和ED50(50%有效治疗量)。毒性和治疗效果的剂量比例就是治疗指数,可以表达为LD50/ED50。优选治疗指数大的化合物。因为可能应用具有毒副作用的化合物,因此为了使未感染细胞的潜在损伤最小化以降低副作用,应小心设计给药系统,可以将化合物送到靶定组织部位。
从细胞培养试验和动物研究中获得的资料可以用来制备用于人类的系列剂量。这些化合物的剂量优选位于循环浓度范围之内,包括毒性很小或没有毒性的ED50。在此范围内,剂量可以根据应用的剂型和给药方式而变化。用于本发明方法的任何化合物,其治疗有效剂量都可首先通过细胞培养试验来估测。循环血浆浓度范围包括应用细胞培养测定的IC50(即获得症状最大半数抑制的测试化合物浓度)。这些数据可以用来更精确地测定人类的有效剂量。可以应用例如高效液相层析来测定血浆水平。
此外,细胞和组织还可以应用遗传工程来增加一种所需产物的表达,所述产物例如胰岛素,和/或表达针对上列基因产物的核苷序列和/或等分,上列基因产物如核糖酶、反义分子和三螺旋结构,对靶基因的表达和/或活性具有抑制效应。当组织培养在含有特异性基质细胞的培养基中时,这一点尤为有利,所述特异性基质细胞在培养基中发挥特定的结构/功能作用,如神经胶质细胞之于神经组织,Kupffer细胞之于肝脏等。
5.8.7.刺激毛发生长
可以应用,例如人毛乳头细胞来条件化培养基。应用这种细胞条件化的培养基优选生长于三维培养物中。毛乳头细胞是一种间充质干细胞,在毛发的形成、生长和修复过程中起关键作用(Matsuzaki,et al.,Wound RepairRegen,6:524-530(1998))。优选浓缩条件培养基,并作为外用制剂。条件培养基组合物可以制备成外用制剂,应用易于使组合物穿透皮肤的试剂,如DMSO,并外用刺激毛发生长。
本发明组合物外用,可以通过提供增加上皮细胞迁徙到毛囊的生长因子和其他因子促进或修复毛发生长。除了存在于条件培养基中的生长因子,还可应用其他化合物,如长压定和抗生素。在毛发生长过程中,在毛发生长中期(毛囊在生长和静止期之间的过渡期)和终末期(静止期),血供减少。可以应用本领域熟知的方法测定条件细胞培养基中衍生的生物活性分子,并优选在毛发生长的中期和终末期应用,所述方法包括男性秃顶的截尾短尾猿模型,见例如,Brigham,P.a.,A.Cappas,and H.Uno,雄性秃顶的截尾短尾猿模型:应用毛囊图分析外用长压定的效果,Clin Dermatol.,1988,6(4):p.177-87;Diani,A.R.and C.J.Mills,应用免疫细胞化学法定位截尾短尾猿头皮雄激素受体:雄性秃顶模型,J Invest Dermatol.,1994,102(4):p.511-4;Holland,J.M.,秃顶的动物模型,Clin Dermatol,1988,6(4):p.159-162;Pan,H.J.,et al.,RU58841作为抗雄激素对前列腺PC3细胞以及作为外用抗秃顶制剂对截尾短尾猿秃顶头皮的作用评价,Endocrine,1998,9(1):p.39-43;Rittmaster,R.S.,et al.,N,N-二乙基-4-甲基-3-氧-4-氮-5α-雄甾烷-17β-酰胺,一种5α-还原酶抑制剂和抗雄激素制剂,对截尾短尾猿秃顶发展的影响,J.Clin Endocrinol Metab,1987,65(1):p.188-93(上述每篇文章都在此全文引入,作为参考)。其他模型还包括斑秃的新生大鼠模型及大鼠模型,测定在秃顶和毛发生长区培养的毛囊在增殖方面的差异,见Neste,D.V.,裸鼠的人毛发生长,Dermatol Clin.,1996,14(4):p.609-17;McElwee,K.J.,E.M.Spiers,and R.F.Oliver,在斑秃DEBR模型中,体内耗竭CD8+T细胞修复毛发生长,Br J Dermatol,1996,135(2):p.211-7;Hussein,A.M.,在大鼠模型中,长压定对胞嘧啶arabinowide诱导的秃顶的保护作用,Int J Dermatol,1995,34(7):p.470-3;Oliver,R.F.,et al.,斑秃的DEBR大鼠模型,J InvestDermatol,1991,96(5):p.978;Michie,H.J.et al.,秃顶大鼠(DEBER)的免疫生物学研究,Br J Dermatol,1990,123(5):p.557-67(上述每篇文章都在此全文引入,作为参考)。
6.实施例
6.1.条件化培养基
人类皮肤成纤维细胞接种于专利‘766所述装置的底物上,该装置在本发明部分5.3,5.4和5.6有详细描述。设计的封盒中的底物有利于三维组织在其表面生长,细胞在一个封闭的系统中培养,培养在37℃的高葡萄糖DMEM(加入10%BCS,2mM L-谷氨酰胺和50mg/ml抗坏血酸)中,通入5%湿润CO2。10天后,去除细胞培养物,加入新鲜培养基。细胞如上述再培养4天。从各个培养室中移去已暴露于细胞和组织培养物4天(10-14天)所获得的条件培养基,并合并这些条件培养基。然后将条件培养基(大约5-10升)分装成200ml一份,并应用正压浓缩装置将其进一步浓缩10-20倍,所述正压浓缩装置具有一个分离点为10,000MW的过滤器(Amicon,Beverly,MA)。获得的10-20ml浓缩条件培养基分装成1ml一份,零下20℃冻存,分析备用。将一份从10X条件培养基中获得的1X浓度的条件培养基加入基础培养基中,形成10%(体积/体积)的溶液。同样,将一份从10X一般培养基(即基础培养基)或10X无血清培养基(无血清的基础培养基)中获得的1X浓度的“一般培养基”或“无血清培养基”加入基础培养基中,形成10%(体积/体积)的溶液作为对照。
6.2.三维条件培养基的增殖活性
6.2.1.将成纤维细胞和角化细胞暴露于条件培养基
检测部分6.1所述条件培养基促进人成纤维细胞和角化细胞的增殖活性。人成纤维细胞和人基底角化细胞接种于96孔板(~每孔5,000细胞),培养于高葡萄糖DMEM(加入10%BCS,2mM L-谷氨酰胺和1X抗生素/抗真菌剂)中,所述高葡萄糖DMEM如上部分6.1所述,加入1X终浓度的无血清培养基、一般培养基或三维条件培养基。培养物在37℃5%湿润CO2中维持3天。
6.2.2.细胞增殖
应用可以通过商业渠道购买的基于荧光的染色试验来检测细胞增殖,所述方法通过测定总核酸含量来估测细胞增殖(CyQuant CellProliferation Assay Kit,Molecular Probes,Eugene,Or)。所有的试验都按照生产厂家的说明书进行。通过印迹去除培养基,并应用含有绿色荧光染料CyQuant GR染料的溶解缓冲液溶解细胞。当染料与细胞核酸结合时,荧光强度显著增强,荧光的量与样本核酸量成正比。将样本在暗室孵育5分钟,然后应用微量滴定板阅读器测定样本荧光,所述阅读器的滤光板最大激发波长为~480nm,最大发射波长为~520nm。通过将观察到的每孔荧光量与标准曲线对比,可以计算出每个样本的核酸量,所述标准曲线通过应用已知浓度的小牛胸腺DNA作为标准获得。
如图3所示,培养于含有条件培养基的培养基中的细胞,成纤维细胞和角化细胞的增殖均较两个对照组增加。
6.3.三维条件培养基对组织中胶原沉积的调节
6.3.1.创伤愈合应用
通过检测培养于无血清培养基、一般培养基或三维条件培养基中组织分泌到细胞外基质中的胶原量,可以测定三维条件培养基对三维组织制备和组合物的影响。
应用激光将尼龙脚手架切割成11mm×11mm的方块,在0.5M醋酸中洗涤,在FBS中彻底漂洗,然后以8段接种12F临床成纤维细胞(~38,000/cm2)。培养物在1ml DMEM(加入10%BCS,2mM L-谷氨酰胺和1x抗生素/抗真菌剂)中生长,所述DMEM还如上部分6.1所述,加入终浓度为1X的无血清培养基、一般培养基或三维条件培养基,并在每次换液时添加50mg/ml的抗坏血酸。加入硫酸铜,使其终浓度为2.5ng/ml,并通过标准孵育器的气体调节装置维持高压氧(40%,是大气的大约2倍)。培养物(n≥3)在37℃5%湿润CO2中维持10天。还包括不含抗坏血酸的对照组。
6.3.2.胶原分离
从三维组织培养物中分离胶原,并纯化至近乎同质。所述三维组织培养物生长于如上所述添加了终浓度为1X的无血清培养基、一般培养基或三维条件培养基的基础培养基中。通过将纯化胶原样本在梯度SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶上电泳来测定最终样本制剂的纯度,电泳后应用考马斯兰染色显示分离的蛋白带,并估计相对于总蛋白(下),特异性胶原α、β和γ带的量。在所有样本中,多种纯化方法产生了相似的电泳带图形。
样本先在PBS中漂洗,随后在无菌水中漂洗,然后在0.5M醋酸中漂洗2-6小时。然后将样本在溶解于0.012N HCl的1mg/ml胃蛋白酶(Worthington,Inc.)中4℃消化过夜。13000rpm 4℃离心澄清样本。加入5MNaCl至终浓度0.7M后,4℃沉淀胶原30-60分钟。13000rpm4℃离心30-60分钟分离沉淀的胶原,然后再悬浮于0.012N HCl中。
6.3.3.分析
应用可以通过商业渠道购买的色度方法试剂盒(Pierce,Inc.BCA assaykit)测定总蛋白,并按照生产厂家说明书进行试验。牛皮肤胶原作为标准(InVitrogen,Carlsbad,CA;Cohesion Technologies,Inc.,Palo Alto,CA)用于定量总蛋白。
将样本(10mg)进行SDS-PAGE分析,所述电泳在3-8%梯度凝胶上进行。然后将分离的胶原样本加热到95℃,以降低样本中的缓冲液。用考马斯兰给凝胶染色,然后脱色,再应用计算机扫描分析显示的染色带。
如图4所示,应用三维条件培养基处理的三维培养物胶原沉积量较对照组增加大约50%,结果有统计学意义(p<0.05)。活性不是由于单独的培养基或血清导致的。
体内胶原的沉积增加有多种应用,包括创伤愈合、随年龄增加而出现的皱纹的治疗、以及可以促进瘫痪或卧床的瘦骨嶙峋的患者基质沉积,所述患者易感压力性溃疡。
7.抗氧化活性
7.1.将表皮细胞暴露于条件培养基
业已显示,抗氧化剂具有逆转/预防细胞老化和恶变的潜力。三维条件培养基的抗氧化活性通过人表皮细胞予以测定。在Petri平板上应用MCDB153培养基(KGM,Clonetics,Inc.)培养人基底角化细胞(~100,000/孔),所述培养基加入1X三维条件培养基、一般培养基或无血清培养基,在37℃5%湿润CO2中培养3天。从每个样本中除去培养基,然后加胰蛋白酶孵育,从平板上分离细胞(Sanbrook et al.,1989,Molecular Cloning:ALaboratory Manual,2nd Ed.,Cold Spring Harbor Lab Press,Cold Spring Harbor,NY),然后离心。
7.2.FACS分析
分离的细胞在1mM二氢若丹明-1,2,3(Molecular Probes,Eugene,Or)中37℃孵育30分钟,然后应用Becton-Dickinson(Franklin Lakes,NewJersey)的FACSCAN装置,按照生产厂家的说明书进行FACS(荧光激活细胞分类)分析。二氢若丹明染色的降低显示的细胞内氧化的量,与可检测的显示染料氧化状态的细胞内荧光的量直接成正比。
7.3.结果
暴露于申请人条件培养基的人角化细胞细胞内氧化较孵育于无血清或含血清一般培养基中的同种细胞降低50%,结果有统计学意义(p<0.0003)(见图5)。观察到的差异不是由于对照样本中存在的血清因子或抗坏血酸导致的。因此,外用三维培养物条件化的培养基有利于美容治疗,治疗或逆转老化细胞的效应。
8.闭合膏药试验评价人皮肤生物工程美容治疗营养液的体内效应
8.1.实验设计
6名知情同意的健康成年女性(30-60岁)参加了研究。排除标准包括对蛋白过敏,皮肤病,在检测部位或接近检测部位有皮肤损伤,糖尿病,肾脏、心脏或免疫系统功能紊乱,应用抗炎药物、免疫抑制剂、抗组胺药或外用药、或化妆品,以及怀孕。根据轮流方案以减轻部位或顺序误差,将测试物涂到每个受试对象右或左前臂的测试部位(2个部位,3.8cm2)。部位1接受对照载体,部位2接受治疗(即条件培养基)。闭合膏药是未编织的Webril棉垫,涂上0.2ml的载体或治疗药物。然后用3M低致敏性塑料闭合胶带覆盖并固定膏药。3个受试对象每天在前臂贴上闭合膏药,连续5次,24小时。另3个受试对象每天贴膏药,连续12次,24小时(治疗继续)。在最后一剂膏药应用后当天,从每个部位取2-mm活检。这一方案得到IRB研究组织、加利福尼亚皮肤研究所(San Diego,Ca)的批准,并与CFR权利21部分50和56一致。
8.2.评价
大体观察分级包括皮肤光亮、脱皮、疤痕、裂痕、色素沉着和色素减退。通过5点量表给可视刺激评分,并量化分级为红斑、水肿、丘疹和大泡(>25%贴膏药部位)以及可辨别反应(<25%贴膏药部位),也就是说,伴随或不伴随渗出、播散和硬结的大泡反应。由认证病理学家委员会评价的H&E染色组织切片参数包括有活性的表皮厚度,表皮增生(棘皮症),颗粒细胞层厚度,炎症浸润,有丝分裂相,胶原和弹性纤维外观和脉管系统。
8.3.结果
在3个接受5天治疗的受试对象中,无论条件培养基还是对照载体都没有诱导副作用事件。营养液组和对照组每天平均刺激评分分别为0.3和0.2,提示两个部位均未频繁显示可视反应或红斑,或仅显示轻微的汇合膏药红斑。组织学(三色胶原染色)显示,所有检测参数都表明组织健康。
9.人类内皮细胞行为的调控
还检测了条件培养基和基质结合性成纤维细胞产生的人类基质对血管生成和内皮细胞移动的作用。条件培养基通过这里描述的三维成纤维细胞培养物的管道生产(在部分5.3,5.4和5.6有描述),或者浓缩(10X),或者冻干。人细胞外基质在产生后从组织应用物理方式移去。
9.1.内皮细胞小管形成试验
应用人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)进行的内皮细胞小管形成试验用于评价血管形成。HUVEC与冻干条件培养基共同培养较阴性对照组(预条件化培养基)小管形成增加,分别为4.9±9.31mm和0.00±0.00mm;浓缩培养基使小管形成增加到44.10±1.75mm;人细胞外基质使小管形成增加到39.3±5.6mm。
9.2.创伤试验
将汇合的内皮细胞层刮下,通过测定“创伤”闭合速度来评价细胞移动性。“创伤”试验以闭合速度mm/h(毫米/小时)来检测。应用冻干培养基处理的内皮细胞显示的速度为25.59±12.907mm/h;浓缩培养基的速度为39.56±15.87mm/h。人细胞外基质与阴性对照(预条件化培养基)相比,没有显示速度的增加。人细胞外基质和阴性对照的速度分别为0.00mm/h和27.96±10.01mm/h。
因此,在血管形成(小管形成试验)和细胞移动性(应用“创伤”试验来评价)方面的改变显示,本发明条件培养基可以调节人内皮细胞的行为。
这里描述的特定实施方案并非为了显著本发明的适用范围。实际上,除了这里所描述的,本领域技术人员可以从前面的描述和伴随的数据对本发明作多种修饰。这些修饰也属于随后权利要求的范围。
这里引用了多篇文献,这些公开文献在此引入,作为参考。
Claims (60)
1.含有条件细胞培养基的药用组合物,所述培养基含有先前曾支持真核细胞生长的培养基和药用载体,所述真核细胞培养于三维培养物中。
2.权利要求1的药用组合物,其中条件细胞培养基的形式可以是液体,固体,冻干,粉末,凝胶或薄膜。
3.权利要求1的药用组合物,其中组合物包括一种或多种通过蛋白分离技术由条件培养基衍生的细胞外产物的减少或富集,所述蛋白分离技术包括免疫亲和层析,凝胶层析,离子交换,金属螯合物亲和层析,HPLC纯化和疏水相互作用层析。
4.权利要求3的药用组合物,其中细胞外产物是细胞外基质蛋白。
5.权利要求3的药用组合物,其中细胞外产物是生长因子,抗炎症介质,酶,细胞因子,激素,凝血因子,调节因子,血管生成因子或抗血管生成因子。
6.权利要求1的药用组合物,其中细胞培养于含有基质细胞并形成三维基质组织的三维培养物中。
7.权利要求6的三维基质组织,含有粘附于框架的基质细胞,并基本包裹框架,所述框架含有生物相容的非生活物质,并形成三维结构。
8.权利要求7的药用组合物,其中框架结构包括筛网,海绵或聚合水凝胶。
9.权利要求8的药用组合物,其中基质细胞包括间充质干细胞,肝储备细胞,神经干细胞,胰干细胞,成纤维样细胞,成纤维细胞,软骨祖细胞,软骨细胞,胚胎干细胞,内皮细胞,周细胞,巨噬细胞,单核细胞,浆细胞,肥大细胞或所述细胞的任何组合形式。
10.权利要求9的药用组合物,其中基质细胞是人类细胞。
11.权利要求9或10的药用组合物,其中基质细胞包括经遗传工程修饰的细胞。
12.权利要求6的药用组合物,其中实质细胞培养于三维基质组织上,形成组织特异性三维组织构建物。
13.权利要求12的药用组合物,其中实质细胞包括皮肤、肝脏、肾脏、神经元、胰腺、小肠、泌尿生殖道、脉管、脾脏、骨、骨髓或粘膜细胞。
14.权利要求13的药用组合物,其中实质细胞包括经遗传工程修饰的细胞。
15.一种强化营养食品,含有条件细胞培养基和供哺乳动物消费的另一种食物,所述培养基含有先前曾支持真核细胞生长的培养基。
16.权利要求15的食品,其中另一种食物适宜人类消费。
17.一种营养补剂,含有条件细胞培养基和适宜人类消费的载体,所述培养基含有先前曾支持真核细胞生长的培养基,所述载体形式可以是液体,片剂或胶囊。
18.制备药用组合物的方法包括:
(a)将真核细胞三维培养于细胞培养基中,所述细胞培养基足以满足这些细胞体外生长所需的营养要求;
(b)体外培养细胞直至细胞培养基含有所需水平的细胞外产物,形成条件培养基;
(c)将条件培养基从用于条件化培养基的细胞中移去;并
(d)将条件培养基与药用载体合并。
19.权利要求18的方法,其中条件培养基从连续流动系统中收获。
20.权利要求18或19的方法,其中条件培养基培养于无菌环境。
21.权利要求18的方法,其中条件细胞培养基加工成液体、固体、冻干、粉末、凝胶或薄膜的形式。
22.权利要求18的方法,其中条件培养基进一步处理以浓缩或降低培养基中含有的一种或多种产物。
23.权利要求22的方法,其中组合物包括一种或多种通过蛋白分离技术由条件培养基衍生的细胞外产物的减少或富集,所述蛋白分离技术包括免疫亲和层析,凝胶层析,离子交换,金属螯合物亲和层析,HPLC纯化和疏水相互作用层析。
24.权利要求22的方法,其中细胞外产物是细胞外基质蛋白。
25.权利要求22的方法,其中细胞外产物是生长因子,抗炎症介质,酶,细胞因子,激素,抗原,抗体,凝血因子,调节因子,血管生成因子或抗血管生成因子。
26.权利要求18的方法,其中细胞培养于含有基质细胞并形成三维基质组织的三维培养物中。
27.权利要求26的方法,含有粘附于框架的基质细胞,并基本包裹框架,所述框架含有生物相容的非生活物质,并形成三维结构。
28.权利要求27的方法,其中框架结构包括筛网,海绵或聚合水凝胶。
29.权利要求26或27的方法,其中基质细胞包括间充质干细胞,肝储备细胞,神经干细胞,胰干细胞,成纤维样细胞,成纤维细胞,软骨祖细胞,软骨细胞,胚胎干细胞,内皮细胞,周细胞,巨噬细胞,单核细胞,浆细胞,肥大细胞或所述细胞的任何组合形式。
30.权利要求26的方法,其中基质细胞包括经遗传工程修饰的细胞。
31.权利要求30的方法,其中经遗传工程修饰的细胞转染了由表达元件控制的外源性基因,因此,外源性基因产物可以表达并分泌到条件培养基中。
32.权利要求26的方法,其中实质细胞培养于三维基质组织上,形成组织特异性三维组织培养物。
33.权利要求32的方法,其中实质细胞包括皮肤、肝脏、肾脏、神经元、胰腺、小肠、泌尿生殖道、肾脏、脾脏、骨、骨髓或粘膜细胞。
34.权利要求33的方法,其中实质细胞包括经遗传工程修饰的细胞。
35.权利要求34的方法,其中经遗传工程修饰的细胞转染了由表达元件控制的外源性基因,因此,外源性基因产物可以表达并分泌到条件培养基中。
36.改善创伤或烧伤愈合的方法,包括给需要创伤或烧伤愈合治疗的患者应用含有细胞培养基及单独的治疗成分的组合物,所述培养基含有先前曾支持三维培养的真核细胞生长的培养基,因此可以使患者的创伤组织或疤痕组织的量减少,并进一步改善创伤部位新生健康组织的生长。
37.权利要求36的方法,其中创伤是一种脉管损伤。
38.权利要求36的方法,其中创伤是脑或脊髓的损伤。
39.权利要求36的方法,其中创伤是皮肤、肝脏、肾脏、胰腺、小肠、脾脏、泌尿生殖道、骨、骨髓或粘膜组织的损伤。
40.权利要求36的方法,其中治疗成分是绷带。
41.权利要求36的方法,其中治疗成分是药膏或面霜,并且组合物外用。
42.权利要求36的方法,其中治疗成分是手术用粘胶或创伤填料。
43.权利要求36的方法,其中治疗成分是缝合线或植入物,并在用前应用条件培养基包被。
44.权利要求36的方法,其中治疗成分是药用载体,因此条件培养基可以制备成注射针剂、片剂或胶囊的形式。
45.权利要求36的方法,其中组合物进一步包括抗生素,抗炎剂,抗病毒剂,抗真菌剂,激素,抗肿瘤剂,镇痛剂,麻醉剂或上述药物的任何组合形式。
46.权利要求36的方法,其中细胞培养于含有基质细胞并形成三维基质组织的三维培养物中。
47.权利要求46的方法,其中三维基质组织含有的基质细胞粘附于框架,并基本包裹框架,所述框架由生物相容的非生活物质组成,并形成三维结构。
48.权利要求47的方法,其中框架结构包括筛网、海绵或水凝胶。
49.权利要求46的方法,其中基质细胞包括间充质干细胞,成纤维样细胞,成纤维细胞,软骨祖细胞,软骨细胞,胚胎干细胞,内皮细胞,周细胞,巨噬细胞,单核细胞,浆细胞,肥大细胞或所述细胞的任何组合形式。
50.权利要求49的方法,其中基质细胞是经遗传工程修饰的细胞。
51.权利要求46的方法,其中实质细胞培养于三维基质组织上,形成组织特异性三维组织构建物。
52.权利要求51的方法,其中实质细胞包括皮肤、肝脏、肾脏、神经元、胰腺、小肠、泌尿生殖道、脉管、脾脏、骨、骨髓或粘膜细胞。
53.权利要求52的方法,其中实质细胞是经遗传工程修饰的细胞。
54.权利要求53的方法,其中经遗传工程修饰的细胞转染了由表达元件控制的外源性基因,因此,外源性基因产物可以表达并分泌到条件培养基中。
55.矫正美容缺陷的方法,包括给人应用含有条件细胞培养基及有利于美容用途的治疗成分的组合物,所述培养基含有先前曾支持三维培养的真核细胞生长的培养基,因此,应用者可以显示美容改善。
56.抑制或逆转对人细胞具有毒害作用的方法,所述毒害作用由细胞内氧化诱导,所述方法包括给需要这种治疗的人应用条件细胞培养基,所述培养基含有先前曾支持三维培养的真核细胞生长的培养基,因此,可以降低细胞内氧化。
57.权利要求56的方法,其中毒害作用是老化的皮肤外观。
58.刺激毛发生长的方法,包括给人外用含有条件细胞培养基及外用载体的组合物,所述培养基含有先前曾支持三维培养的真核细胞生长的培养基,因此,应用者可以显示刺激毛发生长的改善。
59.权利要求36、55、56和57的方法,其中条件细胞培养基被加工成液体、固体、冻干、粉末、凝胶或薄膜形式。
60.分离胶原的方法,包括
(a)在高盐浓度中性pH条件下,从应用三维培养物条件化的培养基中沉淀原胶原;
(b)在酸性条件下除去前肽,这样胶原的三螺旋可以保持完整;并
(c)在高盐浓度下沉淀胶原。
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2013
- 2013-03-15 US US13/842,324 patent/US20130217129A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2013-03-15 US US13/842,129 patent/US9458486B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2013-03-15 US US13/841,139 patent/US20130217069A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2013-03-15 US US13/841,466 patent/US20130210725A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2016
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