CN107251247A - 加热和冷却技术 - Google Patents
加热和冷却技术 Download PDFInfo
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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Abstract
公开了一种加热和冷却设备,该设备包括:至少一个整体式的低压加热和冷却源;以及有效的柔性热量分布装置,该柔性热量分布装置具有从375W/mK至4000W/mK的热导率,用于将热量和冷量分布在表面上。其它方面包括提供完全热接触的热界面化合物以及使用相变材料以在不使用外部电输入的情况下提供持久的加热和/或冷却效果。优选的应用包括对汽车和家具座椅加热和冷却以及具有分布式加热和冷却效果的户外服装。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求享有2014年11月14日提交的美国临时申请No.62/080,072在35U.S.C119(e)下的优先权。
联合研究协议缔约方的名称
不适用
对在光盘上提交的或通过办公电子提交系统(EFS网)作为文本文件提交的材料的援引合并
不适用
有关发明人或联合发明人以前披露的声明
不适用
技术领域
本发明涉及用于OEM和售后加热器/冷却器的加热和冷却组件、制造该加热和冷却组件的方法及使用该加热和冷却组件的方法。更具体地,本发明涉及用于加热和冷却汽车座椅、医疗容器、各种类型的办公家具、食品加热器以及服装制品的传导性热传递系统。
背景技术
用于车辆座椅、家具座椅、医疗容器、食物加热器和服装制品的常规加热和冷却系统是本领域众所周知的,包括最常见类型的强迫通风式加热和冷却系统之一,该强迫通风式加热和冷却系统之一包括汽车座椅、座椅组件或服装制品中的强迫通风式加热器和/或冷却器。传统的加热制品已经包括了低效电阻加热机构等。其它利用的升温方法包括可能有效的化学反应型系统,但在每次激活之后它们都需要新的支出。
那些强迫通风式加热和冷却系统发明的从业者已经意识到那些现有技术发明所呈现的某些问题。一直困扰汽车制造商和消费者的一个特殊问题是,那些系统由于与使用空气作为热传递介质进行热传递相关联的低效率而使用大量的能量。还有伴随这些能源消耗问题导致内部空间问题的其它复杂性。
加热的服装制品,主要用于摩托车爱好者和户外活动的人,已经使用放置在整个服装上的电阻丝,很像老式电热毯。通常,需要将使用电线的摩托车夹克插入摩托车以连续地向设备供电。
一旦有人知道谁最近购买了一辆车,那么加热座椅就非常受欢迎。虽然加热座椅可用于众多应用,但我将专注于汽车,因为它代表公众购买的加热/冷却座椅的最大销量。很显然,用于加热和冷却座椅的机构对于下面将更充分描述的许多其它应用而言可能是有用的。
汽车座椅的加热和冷却是汽车买家广泛采用的理想特征,尽管在现有系统上存在改进。更新这些技术以便利用更少的电力,新材料和技术有助于热传递和冷却,从而有希望最小化水分积聚,这对于座椅行业的任何应用都是有利的。
座椅行业一直在寻找具有高加热和/或冷却速率的单向和双向热传递材料。此外,在消耗低功率量的同时在整个加热表面上的持续加热和冷却将受到业界欢迎。
现有技术通常包括具有取决于气流的空气分布模型的强制对流加热系统。随着座椅上的乘员体重增加,空气流的质量下降。在这些情况下,存在不期望的热沉电阻。在常规可用的加热座椅技术中,包括微热模块,将珀尔帖(Peltier)电路与热交换器结合使用,以提供退回到座椅垫的加热或冷却的空气。由于空气分布方法可能会出现问题,该方法可以包括第一顶层穿孔皮革,然后是在传统纱罩布材料顶上的分布层,接着是通过以泡沫材料模制的通道起到缓冲作用的底层。加热和冷却已显示低效率,并且需要用于气流通过的大量的“不动地”或空间。虽然这种可接受的常规标准具有相对低的成本,但是在考虑所用能量的量时却是无效的。而且水分积聚是现有技术方法的担忧。
当然,在操作中,可以预见,驾驶这些车辆的人可能会经历不可避免地发生来自快餐店的诸如苏打和咖啡的液体的溅漏物被吸入车内。这些溢出的液体可以穿透座椅织物并且进入座椅的内部,从而导致霉菌生长、臭味和细菌生长。
该行业的另一个愿望是在没有增加复杂性和费用的额外的传感器的情况下监控座椅乘员的热状态。
此外,座椅制造商的另一个普遍愿望是具有会储存或释放热能以供在车辆不运行期间使用热能的座椅,从而改善座椅乘员在进入车辆时的舒适度,并且该座椅能够维持热存储器能力达更长的时间。
因此,如果提供了一种具有改进的传导性热传递的新的替代技术,其可以加热和/或冷却座椅或座椅组件,以及一种制造这种座椅的方法,或者一种使用这种技术进行加热和冷却座椅的方法,则这将是车辆座椅行业期望的。让行业评估这种新技术将是有利的。通过利用使用热电设备的传导性热传递系统可以实现某些技术上的益处。
发明内容
根据上述行业需求,本发明提供了各种方面,包括传导性热传递模型,制造该传导性热传递模型的方法,控制该传导性热传递模型方法以及使用它们加热和冷却座椅的各种方法。这包括加热和冷却设备,优选地,新的、改进的热电模块粘附到至少一层热传导材料上并且与至少一层热传导材料结合,以将热或冷却物分布遍及更多的表面区域。这克服了现有技术中的许多上述问题,因为在最大化加热和冷却分布的同时能够最小化能量消耗。
通过使用选择性合并相变材料方案,减轻了在座椅组件本身中不能直接热充电的问题,以及由于缺乏在更长时间内延长其热能力的方法而引起的问题。
现有系统的改进还可以包括可提供信息反馈回路的感测技术,以及新材料和新的热电技术,以改善座椅冷却和加热,而不产生水分。
附图说明
为了进一步理解本发明的预期范围和各个方面的性质和优点,应参考以下详细描述,并结合附图进行说明,其中相同的部件被给予相同的附图标记,其中:
图1示出了本发明的最简单的方面,其中将热电模块结合到热传导热传递垫中以将其结合到座椅、座椅组件或作为售后配置;
图2示出了本发明的透视环境视图;
图3是根据本发明制造的第二方面的侧立视图;
图4是本发明的另一方面的侧立视图。
图5是本发明的又一方面的侧立视图。
图6是侧立视图的又一方面;
图7是本发明的风扇方面的立体图。
图8是多层方面的俯视图。
图9是利用本发明的座椅组件的另一方面的剖视图。
图10是本发明的车辆方面的环境视图,包括在具有充电器的座椅中的用途;
图11A和图11B是具有石墨烯条的座椅组件的俯视图;
图12是热传递块和热沉组件的透视图;
图13是图12的组件的侧剖视图;
图14是加热的服装的后视图;
图15是加热箱的立体图。
图16是用于加热的物联网应用流程图;以及
图17A-17E示出了片状热传导材料的变型。
尽管将通过下文用于具有某些特征的具体方面的示例来描述本发明,但是还必须认识到,在本发明的范围和宽度内涵盖了就实践者而言不需要撤销实验的微小修改。本发明的另外的优点和其它新颖特征将在下面的描述中被阐述,并且特别是对于本领域技术人员而言在实验之后将是明显的,或在本发明的实践中可以被学习。因此,本发明能够具有许多其它不同的方面,并且在不脱离本发明的精神的情况下,能够对其细节做出对本领域普通技术人员显而易见的各方面的修改。因此,说明书的其余部分将被认为是说明性的而不是限制性的。
具体实施方式
为了对该行业提供上面提及的优点,本发明提出了一种使用独特的元件组合的新颖设计。在本发明的最简单的方面,应该将加热和/或冷却的座椅,服装或加热箱,整体式的加热和冷却设备,特别是热电设备,结合到柔性热传导材料上,以便驱散该区域上的温差。基本上,热电模块将用作热/冷源,而热传导材料将在更大的表面积上分布热/冷。
因此,可以将热电模块用作整体式的加热和/或冷却源,并且当这些热电模块与热传导材料开始热接触时,加热或冷却的温度效应由于热传导而在更大的表面积上扩散。为了实现用以加热或冷却座椅的温度梯度差,可优选使用诸如石墨的碳基底料,以在遍及座椅表面的较宽分布区域上扩散温度差。新型石墨材料的热导率比铜的热导率高出一至五倍,从而使得传导性热传递工业化成为可能。这可以用于小面积传导加热和冷却,同时仍然是坚韧且柔性的以及具有高热传导性。当然,这种材料必须足够耐用以承受多年的人们滑入座椅和离开座椅。
这种优良的热传递设计系统可以使用最近改进的热电材料,特别是由碲化铋制成的热电材料。这些新材料具有约2℃的增量改进。这些2℃的温度变化可以意味着“完全冷却”与“冷”之间的差异。这将为行业提供一种在座椅上提供冷却的新途径。热电设备中的材料改进也可用于改进的强迫通风式系统或本发明中的全新概念。热电设备是固态设备,可以通过新的热电合金和晶体生长工艺来实现这些固态冷却设备。
下面将更详细地讨论本发明的各个方面的示例,详细描述基本形式和可选组件的各种组合以增强加热和冷却方面。通过以下段落将这些各个方面分解为基于组件的选项:
I.热电模块和热传导材料的组合
a.首先,热电模块
在其最基本的形式中,本发明包括使用整体式加热和冷却设备,特别是热电加热和冷却设备,其与柔性热传导材料热连通并且附着到柔性热传导材料上,以便扩散热量或冷量。这在任何座椅组件的座椅下方特别有用。所使用的热电设备可以是任何常规的热电设备,但优选是基于碲化铋的设备。这些设备将从10VDC至16VDC高效地运行,因为这个范围与汽车电气要求和其它低压应用兼容。优选地,所使用的热电设备是127对碲化铋基设备(127couple bismuth telluride based device),其中一些可从密歇根州特拉弗斯城的Tellurex Corporation商购获得。
尽管可能使用具有更高的对计数的设备来提高效率,但是使用成本效益分析标准来决定用于每个应用和各种座椅组件的热电模块的设计。应该开发不同化学或机械组合的热电或其它固态设备,这将提高性能或降低成本,显然这些将能够用于本发明。
在某些方面中,热电模块可以包括间隔更远的P和N对,这将增加热电模块的尺寸,因此增加与下述热传导材料直接接触的面积。在这方面,它可以减轻对热传递块的需要,热传递块也将热流扩散到更宽的区域上,以便为热传导材料提供更大的接触面积。热电模块的另一控制可以是使用脉冲宽度调制。
b.接下来,热传导材料
本发明的第一方面的另一部分将包括热传导材料,该热传导材料适于将热电模块产生的热量和冷量散布在比热电设备本身的表面更宽的区域上。尽管存在其耐用性足以承受乘坐以及数百万次的进入和离开车辆座椅的许多不同的热传导热传递材料,但最常见的材料将包括诸如铜片或编织材料的热传导材料,热传导聚合物,诸如碳纤维织物或石墨织物的碳基传导材料,并且包括最近可用的石墨烯纳米片。由于除了具有高热传导性之外,碳基底料是坚韧且柔性的,所以它们特别适用于本发明。
单层原子厚度的石墨烯是热传导性极好的,即,在X&Y轴上具有从2,000瓦/米开尔文至4,000瓦/米开尔文的热传导性。实际上,由于在Z方向上缺少截面积,所以能够传递的实际热量低。换句话说,每个横截面积的热导率非常高,但是如果横截面积接近零,则实际的热传递是最小的。
因此,用于实际应用的可用的石墨烯优选采用多层石墨烯,通常为片晶、纳米片、纳米管和/或纳米颗粒的形式。虽然以这种形式使用石墨烯薄片减少了每个横截面积的热导率,但由于横截面积因为Z方向上的厚度而相对较大,所以整个热传递可能极高。另外,可以容易地处理这些较厚的石墨烯材料,特别是如果粘合到薄聚合物膜上的话。随着这种材料的发展进步,热传导性也将增加到2,000-4,000W/mK的上限,但是不知道它将多接近于“理论”极限。
下面公开的实施例使用热传导材料,一些具有400-600W/mK的热传导性,一些具有2000-4000W/mK。使用多层更薄的400-600W/mK材料可将热导率提高到1,500W/mK。当然,尽管这当然是一种可能性,但更薄的多层方法增加了成本,可用性更小并且更难以使用。低成本形式的较高的热传导性石墨烯正变得可用于400-2,000W/mK或类似范围的材料。
此外,以700-800W/mK的较高热导率测试的热解石墨片材料,包括1500W/mK的材料。热解石墨片材是合适的热传导材料。可从日本三菱塑料商购获得基于沥青的碳纤维织物的热解石墨纤维布,其热导率为800W/mK。因为它是一种织物,它具有非常好的柔性。然而,初步测试表明织物编织在交叉编织材料中在携带热量方面不起作用。例如,在该试验中,将热解石墨纤维布粘结到3”×3”传导板上。与热传导路径呈线性的线束携带热量,并且交叉编织材料纤维一旦离开传导板的区域就垂直于热流,并且在线束相遇的圆点处仅与优选的热传递线束连通,满足。因此,可以使用热粘合剂来热连接所有的纤维。
尽管可以以不同程度的有效性利用任何热传导材料,但是用于本发明的优选热传导材料包括取决于厚度和构造的热导率为375W/mK至2000-4000W/mK的石墨烯纳米片材料,而热导率为6500W/mK至1550W/mK的可商购热解石墨片和热导率为800W/mK的热解编织石墨纤维也是合适的。
优选地,最好的碳基热传导材料是粘附到薄塑料片以增加强度的石墨烯纳米片的片材。由于石墨烯的热导率是铜的两倍以上,因此它是适用于该申请的材料。这样的石墨烯纳米片片材优选为5微米至500微米厚,并且可以任选地粘结到由聚乙烯或任何其它合适的基底制成的薄塑料片上,以便表现出更大的强度以及抵抗由于人们进出座椅而引起的持续的压力和应变。
通过使用碳基底料,可以传递热量并且将热量直接分布遍及传导材料的整个表面区域,从而减轻对空气管道和分布的需要,进一步简化了座椅结构并且使设计标准化,同时还提供个性化的气候控制,从而增加了设计灵活性。简而言之,本发明使用热传递垫来分布热量和冷量,而不是使用强迫通风。标准化成为可能,因为不管是低重量的乘客还是更大重量的某人坐在座椅上差别都将很小,诸如当大重量的人员可能会在具有加热和冷却能力的常规座椅中挤压空气管道时出现的差异。
在这方面,可以从许多来源商购合适的石墨烯纳米片材料,包括美国密歇根州兰辛市的XG Sciences以及其它国际分销商。石墨烯纳米片适用于本申请,因为这种相对较新类型的碳纳米颗粒显示出多功能性质。石墨烯纳米片具有“小板”形态,因为它们具有非常细但宽的纵横比。这种独特的尺寸、形状和形态倾向于使颗粒在提供阻隔性能方面特别有效,而它们的纯石墨组合物赋予它们良好的导电性和热传导性能。它们也可以表现出刚度、高强度和表面硬度。这样的材料可以用于单层或任何数量的多层,以实现期望的效果。对于汽车座椅,优选使用单张片材,因为其热导率为400-500+W/mK。许多级别的石墨烯材料由可商购的纳米片、纳米颗粒、纳米管或其组合制成,能够散热的典型表面积可以包括从5m2/g至超过750m2/g,其中平均颗粒直径范围可以从5微米到超过100微米。当将这些片状石墨烯纳米片或石墨烯纳米管材料放置成与上述热电设备直接机械和热接触时,对于散热尤其有用。
本发明的其它方面可以包括使用热传导塑料片状材料,其中包含高度热传导组分的间歇位,例如碳或石墨烯纳米颗粒、石墨烯纳米管或石墨烯纳米片,以便提高热传导塑料片材的热传导性。
II.热电模块、热传导材料和穿孔顶部的组合
a.穿孔材料
除了上述基本热电模块和热传导组合之外,本发明的其它可选方面可以包括要添加到该组合中的其它元件。在本发明的该第二方面中,基本的热电和热传导组合还包括使用与座椅中的人接触的穿孔材料。穿孔材料可以包括穿孔皮革或任何其它合适的穿孔座椅材料,以允许空气流动到座椅乘员并且防止由于冷凝而导致的水分积聚。合适的穿孔材料将允许空气流动,因此将改善座椅加热并且还提供改进的水分转移。
III.热电模块、热传导材料和相变材料的组合
可以与基底热电和热传导组合一起使用的另一个元件可以包括能够在相变期间储存或释放热量的相变材料。这可以在本申请中提供额外的容量。优选与本发明的该方面相关的材料包括水合碳酸氢钾,或可以使用适用于应用所需的相变温度的其它相变材料。请记住,相变材料具有能够储存和释放大量能量的高熔化热。在这种情况下,当材料从固体变为液体时,热量被吸收或释放,反之亦然,这使得相变材料成为潜热储存材料。例如,当其结晶时,乙酸钠加热垫变热。
诸如石蜡和脂肪酸的某些有机相变材料具有非常高的熔化热,并且是安全且不起反应的,除了可回收利用并且几乎与每种常规的结构材料相容。虽然它们传统上是易燃的,但某些容纳过程允许在各种应用中使用。
本申请中优选的兴趣可以包括无机盐水合物,因为它们是不可燃的,同时仍然表现出高的熔化热。如上所述,优选的相变材料是水合碳酸氢钾。当然,其它的相变材料可以适用于本申请,并且可以包括共晶体或吸湿材料,因为它们可以在其水冷凝时吸收热量,或者当水蒸发时它们可以释放水。虽然不是包含性的列举,但是适合的相变材料包括水合碳酸氢钾、乙酸钠、石蜡、脂肪酸、无机盐水合物、共晶体、吸水性物质、吸湿性物质及其组合。当实现某些露点情况时,这在控制座椅中的水分含量方面可能是或可能不是有用的。
在本发明的各个方面中,座椅内的热电模块、热传导材料、穿孔座椅和/或相变材料垫的这种组合或其任何组合可以使座椅能够提供比常规空气室类型加热和冷却座椅更有效的系统。
在本发明中特别令人感兴趣的是,在某些方面,基本上不需要空气运动,这与使用分体空气室设计生产的并且利用在座椅下面的大量“空地(real estate)”的传统系统不同。从包装和制造的观点来看,本发明的热电模块和热传导材料在制造期间更容易包装、运输和放置在座椅中。需要制造和安装的空气室部件很少。
此外,坐在座椅上的人的各种重量阻碍了现有技术的座椅加热器和冷却器的设计,因为相对于坐在座椅上的小孩而言当肥胖者坐在座椅上时,空气室变得压缩。可以想象,肥胖的人会将空气室压缩到空气不能再分布的地步。本发明不依赖于空气运动的事实给座椅设计者以及座椅加热器和冷却器的操作提供了更大的余地。
我的设计减轻了在加热和冷却期间在座椅中所涉及的许多水分,因此甚至不需要解决保湿或蒸发的问题。如果没有气流存在,诸如当没有允许空气流动的穿孔时,湿气会在冷却时冷凝。使用我的发明,即使是2℃的差异,特别是使用穿孔,减轻了水分问题。
IV.热电模块、热传导材料和具有穿孔材料的相变材料的组合
本发明还包括对所有这些方面的可选使用,以便在相变期间储存或释放热量包括与本发明的第一方面组合使用的具有相变材料的多孔顶层材料,本发明的第一方面包括热传导材料。这种相变材料可以是具有高熔化热的任何物质,其在一定温度下熔化和固化,能够储存和释放大量的能量。可以回顾乙酸钠加热垫,当乙酸钠溶液结晶时,就会发现它变热了。可以通过固体-固体、固体-液体、固体-气体和液体-气体相变来实现这种相变材料的潜热储存能力。在本申请中使用的优选的相变是,这是因为由于存储热所需的体积小,因此对于用作热存储固体-液体变化是最实际的。虽然常规的相变材料可以是有机的——例如石蜡和/或脂肪酸,可以是无机相变材料——诸如盐水合物、共晶材料,与由于其吸水和释放性能而可能是有利的吸湿材料一起这可以是有机-有机,有机-无机或无机-无机化合物。
优选地,如上所述,在这方面,可任选地用于本发明的相变材料是水合碳酸氢钾,或适用于汽车或其它座椅组件中期望的相变温度的任何其它相变材料。
此外,任选地,对于上述方面中的任何一个或全部,为优化热传递,另一个元件可能是有帮助的。该元件包括可以使用其以实现较大优势的热传导界面。这种热传导界面可以是热油脂、填充银的凝胶、填充的蜡或硅酮。这个界面将有助于使组件之间完全热接触,从而提高每个热连通的效率。
制造上述各个方面的方法包括组装如附图所示的每个部件,以及在热电模块与热传导材料之间,或者与热电、热传导和相变材料之间施加热传导界面的涂层。
这些优点包括但不限于:风扇中使用的所有功率可用于通过热沉进行环境热传递,这将提高整体性能。可以出于其目来优化环境热沉,而不是适应所需的形状因子以及使用一部分空气流,也可以为了对座椅乘员进行冷却/加热来优化环境热沉。这为热电模块设计提供了更多的自由度,其中也可以对座椅包装进行改进。通过利用各种尺寸的热传递材料和热电设备,可以容易地实现加热和冷却区域的各种形状和尺寸。这也意味着对于具有不同重量的乘员的设计减少,因为热反馈回路可以提供更好的温度控制,使乘员直接与加热和冷却的表面热耦合。
现在参考附图,我们来看图1,其中由数字10总体表示座椅加热器和冷却器,并且座椅加热器和冷却器包括橡胶垫12,在橡胶垫12正下方并且围绕橡胶垫12的是热传导材料热传递垫14,该热传导材料热传递垫14又与在其下方的热传递块热连通,并且包括热电设备,该热电设备在热传递块下方并且与热传递块热连通,该热传递块又与在其下方具有风扇的热沉热连通。热传递垫14可以由如上所述的任何热传导材料制成,例如石墨烯纳米片、石墨烯纳米管等。
图2示出了在汽车座椅组件中处于其环境中的图1的座椅加热器和冷却器,并且进一步示出了由数字20总体表示的座椅组件,其中座椅加热器和冷却器24在座椅中以及在座椅组件20的靠背中就位。在座椅的剖视部分中示出了热电设备22,而热电设备24被示出为在座椅20的靠背上的热传递垫26内。
图3详细地示出了热电设备与包括整个热传递垫以及座椅加热器和冷却器的各种部件的组合。上面的热传递块30位于热传递垫基底33的顶部,该热传递垫基底33然后与下面的热传递块40热连通。座垫泡沫32充当对乘员的支撑部,并且使得上面的热传递块30保持就位。热电模块36与热沉38热连通,以用于通过由热沉38加热或冷却的空气流34接收来自风扇35的空气流。在操作中,风扇35从下方产生空气流34,以使空气向上而与热沉38接触,该热沉38然后接触热电设备36,然后使空气到达下面的热传递块40。由热传导材料制成的基板33有助于驱散其表面上的热量或冷量,并且还受到热界面30的帮助。有利地,可选的热界面,列出几种合适的界面材料,诸如热油脂、填充银的凝胶、填充的蜡、硅酮或垫。在原型中成功使用的是来自新泽西州普林斯顿枢纽站的AI Technology Inc.的Arctic Silver(北极银),其可以用在热传递块与热传导材料之间,以提供无空隙的接触,从而实现最佳的热传递。
接下来看图4,示出了图3所示的方面的另一视图,该视图具有座垫泡沫32的进一步的缓冲方面,座垫泡沫32的顶部为热传导材料层60并且由热传导材料层60限定,该热传导材料层60与位于热电模块52顶部的热传递块62热连通。座椅泡沫32围绕空气室出口管道58。热沉54被示出在热电模块52的正下方并且与热电模块52热连通。风扇56以其箱体结构被示出,使得空气向上进入热沉区域54以进行热交换,并且还通过空气室出口管道58排出任何空气。座椅泡沫32位于空气室58与热传导材料60之间。所有这些意味着加热或冷却传导性热传递材料60,传导性热传递材料60优选由高度耗散的碳基材料制成,例如上文详细描述的石墨烯纳米片材料。
图5示出了利用风扇、空气室以及如上所述的热电模块、热传导材料、多孔座盖和相变材料的组合的本发明的另一方面。由数字70总体表示座椅加热器和冷却器,并且包括其中具有穿孔74的柔性热传导材料72。穿孔允许空气流动以帮助最小化水分的捕获,这减轻了露点太低时的湿粘感。在柔性热传导材料72的下面,使用相变材料76来提供热量和冷量的储存。相变材料76与热传导材料72接触,该热传导材料72与热界面78热连通,该热界面78与热传导块80直接热连通,该热传递块80又与其下面的热电模块82热连通。与其它方面一样,热电模块82被定位成与热沉84热连通,该热沉84由通过风扇86进来的空气加热和冷却。风扇86使空气移动经过空气通道88,以便使移动的空气与座椅乘员接触,这主要是为了减少座椅表面上的水分形成的机会,并且当空气移动经过穿孔时,它将与相变材料和热传导材料垫交换一些热量,虽然到乘员的主要热传递机制是经由热传导材料然后经由与乘员直接接触的座椅套材料(皮革或其它)。风扇86通过热沉84分布空气,从而根据热电设备中的DC(直流)电流流动方向的方向以及座椅乘员是被加热还是被冷却,将热量传递到热沉84或从热沉84传递热量,然后通过作为出口管道的空气流动室90热量被排出到周围环境中。
相变材料在相转变期间储存或释放热量。目前与本发明相关的材料包括水合碳酸氢钾。其它合适的相变材料可以适用于期望的相变温度。相变材料仅用于本发明的某些方面。例如当停车购物持续一个小时并且他们想要出来进入具有预冷座椅的热车时,相变材料为座椅乘员提供短期冷却或加热。其性能可以被设计成使得可以在热传导材料之间放置薄的绝缘材料层,以允许由热电设备提供的大部分加热或冷却作用于皮革或布座椅套以及座椅乘员上,同时允许加热或冷却相变材料的热泄漏水平。当汽车处于静止位置时,例如在某人购物或医生预约的情况下,相变材料可以缓慢地释放或吸收热量,因为薄的绝缘层阻碍高水平的热传递。如何设计这个层,或者是否仅设计一层,则取决于所需的热要求。
图6是本发明的另一方面,其将多孔座椅与热电模块和热传导材料垫相结合来使用,以将热量或冷量分布给座椅的乘员。由数字100总体表示该方面,并且该方面包括进入风扇104的空气流102。风扇104通过热沉106对空气进行分配,从而根据热电模块中DC电流流向以及座椅乘员是被加热还是被冷却来将热量传递至热沉106或从热沉106传递热量,然后热量通过空气通道120被排放到周围环境中。热界面112与热传递块114和热电模块116连通。风扇104还使空气移动通过空气通道124并且向上通过穿孔材料110以在座椅组件100的顶部向乘员提供空气流动。座椅泡沫108围绕空气室120以循环空气。
图7示出了本发明的另一方面,并且由数字130总体对其进行表示,其中空气流132进入风扇134,该风扇134通过空气分离室136分布空气。这种低纵横比空气移动设计130还包括热电模块142,该热电模块142与热传递块144热连通。当空气流通通过空气分离室136时,它通过经过座椅138的空气流通而被引导通过座椅138,同时来自热沉的废气通过通道140被排出。
接下来参照图8,示出了两层碳基热传导材料垫,由数字150总体对其进行表示,并且该两层碳基热传导材料垫包括与热传导基底材料154的下侧热连通的热传导板152。热传导材料154底层中的狭缝158通过顶部热传导环156保持与由狭缝产生的各种面板中的每一个面板热连通,使得由热传导基底中的裂缝引起的断裂保持彼此热连通。用于制造热传导垫的热传导材料的这种构造允许在如下应用中具有额外的柔性和鲁棒性:其中座椅中的大的向下挠曲是普遍的,同时维持总的高热性能。例如,如果膝盖骨弯曲(bony kneed)的乘员跪在座椅上,施加了大量的向下力,则他们的膝盖不会对材料造成任何问题。
图9示出了具有延长的热寿命的座椅加热器和冷却器的本发明的另一方面的剖视图,由数字160总体对其进行表示,该座椅加热器和冷却器包括热电模块168的基础元件,所述基础元件与热传导材料162热连通,热传导材料162与相变材料163相结合以延长相变材料163的加热和/或冷却方面的寿命。优选地,热界面164的任选层,诸如如上文所描述的热油脂或任何其它合适的界面材料,可以用于创建用于热连通的更好连接。也可以以与上述方面类似的方式使用热传递块166,以便将热量或冷量分布在更广泛的区域上。热电模块168优选是与上述热电模块相似的热电模块,其将是通过热传递块166消散的热源或冷源。如图9所示,当热量或冷量从风扇176经过时,热沉170收集适当的热量或冷量。未示出的是热沉170中的热量或冷量收集翅片,因为该角度示出了最后一个翅片的侧面。出口管道174用于排出移动通过座椅加热器和冷却组件160的空气。座椅泡沫172围绕出口管道174、风扇176和热沉170。以侧视图示出风扇176,因此它作为热沉170下方的风扇出现,热沉170促使空气流经出口管道174。
回头参照图9,应当注意,图9示出了包含相变材料的座椅加热器和冷却器组件,而没有任何空气直接流向乘员,诸如包括穿孔气流座椅设计的上述方面。相变材料可以延长加热和冷却设备的寿命,而不需要电力,这是因为相变材料利用如下化学反应:所述化学反应要么是放出热量的放热反应,要么是吸收能量从而进行冷却的吸热反应。一旦活化,在此方面优选为碳酸氢钾的相变材料,将会加热或冷却——无论期望哪一种,并且将使该温度持续延长的时间段。由于相变材料是完全可逆的,没有任何滞后,可以使用和多次重复使用相变材料,以提供所需的效果。此外,其可以与热电设备结合使用,并且可以通过使用热传导材料将相变材料的效果分布在更大的面积上。
图10示出了本发明的另一方面,例如用于办公座椅或任何其它非汽车应用或其中不期望走电线的汽车应用中,公开了一种可充电系统,并且由数字260总体表示该可充电系统,该可充电系统包括具有加热和冷却座椅266的办公座椅262。在办公座椅的底部是磁共振接收器264,可以将磁共振接收器264移动至靠近地板垫270内的嵌入式磁共振发射器268。操作时,将磁共振接收器264放置在嵌入式磁共振发射器268上,使得可以实现加热和冷却的座椅266的无线充电或供电。当磁共振接收器264处于正确的位置时,通过嵌入式磁共振发射器268将来自地板垫的电力无线地传输至磁共振接收器264,从而为办公座椅中的加热和冷却座椅266提供电力。
在另一方面中,本发明可以包括用于解决水分问题的超疏水方面。超疏水材料被设想为在座椅顶部材料的顶表面上,该顶表面在任何上述方面中可选地是最上层。在这方面,对于上述的一些方面,水可能凝结在加热和冷却的座椅表面的冷却表面上。通过穿孔座椅和/或空气室或管道的气流将使空气移动,从而通过蒸发冷凝的水分来实现弥补。在空气移动通过热传导材料中的穿孔的方面,上面也提到这种循环空气方面。在这方面,使用超级疏水表面并入座椅套,无论该座椅套是皮革还是布料。超疏水表面通过冷凝水相聚结后由表面能量供能的自推进跳跃冷凝物从座椅表面推动水滴。当水冷凝物开始在座椅表面上形成时,这个方面可以保持座椅表面的干燥。这种超疏水材料可以是如从伊利诺斯州弗农希尔斯的Rust-Oleum可商购的“Never Wet”,或者可以是可从新墨西哥州阿尔伯克基的LotusLeaf Coatings,Inc.获得的超疏水材料。
此外,在某些方面中,热传导层可以用作用于将热传递到相变材料层和从相变材料层传递热的活性热门(active thermal gate)。例如,如果在先前的车辆操作期间,相变材料层被冷却,并且现在车辆在炎热的阳光灿烂的日子被停放,并且在正常情况下,相变材料将由于来自汽车座椅外部的覆盖物的热传递而开始升温,无论该覆盖物是皮革还是布料。在该示例中,热量将从皮革或布的外部汽车座椅套移动到热传导材料层,以直接到相变材料,或者在另一方面中,通过中间可变绝缘层到相变材料层。该可变绝缘层可以是将相变材料与热传导材料分离的绝缘或部分绝缘材料层。确定这种可变绝缘材料的绝缘值将取决于预期的使用条件。如果将热泵产品缓慢地施加到相变材料上,则将选择更绝缘的层。在这种情况下,这将意味着取决于座椅是处于加热模式还是处于冷却模式,相变材料也可以以较慢的速率接收或发出热。这意味着座椅表面温度对热电系统的热泵送的热响应将受到很小的影响。如果希望通过系统的热泵部分实现对座椅表面表面温度的更快的热响应,则较高的绝缘层将是更适合且适当的。因此,如果应用需要更快的对相变材料的充电或放电,则将使用较不绝缘的层。
另一方面,如果要在冷却模式下通过热电设备激活热传导材料层,则在停放车辆的时间段期间,来自座椅套的热能将被转移到热传导材料层并且从邻近区域被泵出,阻止向相变材料层进行热传递进一步延长了相变材料在车辆处于不操作时间期间的热存储时间。如在上文所述的冷却模式下,通过使用热电设备将热泵送到热传导材料中,从而阻止热量从相变材料逸出,在寒冷的天气期间,相同类型的操作在加热模式下可能受到影响。可以调节充当热块以减少向相变材料层的热传递的热泵水平,以满足车辆乘员根据车辆制造商的规格所期望的要求。
可以想象,更高的热泵水平将需要来自车辆的更多的电能。因此,在长距离运送中需要较高的电能,从而对车辆电池中的备用电力产生负面影响。通过本发明预先考虑适当地将预期用途与电能消耗进行匹配的时间温度算法。例如,通过以预先选择的时间或者获悉的乘员使用模式以及车辆电池条件输入常用的车厢温度,可以容易地优化热泵量和热阻量。此外,可以想象,该控制系统在其最简单的形式下也可以简单地用作定时器。
此外,在仅使用不具有相变材料层的热传导材料选项的座椅冷却和加热方法的某些方面的操作中,或者在使用具有空气流动的热传导材料的方法的某些方面的操作中,对于停放或上述停放场景下车辆,可以使用这些相同的热控制方法、材料和概念。
接下来看图11A和图11B,可以看到本发明的另一方面是利用热传导材料的条,而不是如图1所示的整个材料片。看来,使用的热传导材料的质量越少,散热/冷却就越快。这转化为对座椅乘员的响应时间更快。对这种布置的感觉响应可以随个人座椅乘员而变化,但是观察到的是因为较小的区域被加热和冷却,所以它们的温度可以以在某种程度上比使用完整的片材全座椅覆盖时的速度更快的速度被改变。这允许对座椅乘员的更显着的响应和似乎更快的感觉响应。然而,可以注意到,座椅的较小面积被加热或冷却。净覆盖面积与遍及整个表面的加热或冷却的优化已被确定为约20%的净覆盖面积,带覆盖高达约50%的净覆盖面积。热传导材料与热电设备热连通,并且用于将热量和冷量分布在座椅上。
仍然参见图11A和图11B,以数字300和316总体表示的座椅组件分别被示出为附接到座椅支撑件310和318,并且包括与热电设备314和322热连通的热传导材料条312和320。设备314被示出为用泡沫块覆盖,而设备322被示出没有泡沫块。图11A示出了允许几乎相同水平的泡沫厚度遍及座椅以获得舒适的泡沫片。非常像其它方面,石墨烯条与热传递板热连通。石墨烯条通过泡沫出现,就像如图3中所示的那样。在图11B中,这示出了热传递板,其在泡沫被放置到位之前与石墨烯条热连通,这将使其成为更整体的泡沫表面以获得舒适。
图11B示出了用于电连通至电源的电线324。汽车座椅组件通常使用泡沫以获得舒适和支撑。通常,聚氨酯泡沫是优选的,并且在本领域中是公知的。在所有的汽车冷却/加热座椅应用中,尽管泡沫仍然用于乘员的舒适度,但它也用作热绝缘体,以阻止来自热传导材料的热量的移动,热传导材料将冷却和加热提供给座椅乘员,防止热量被驱散,不发挥其预期的功能。无论泡沫是常见的聚氨酯,特别是配方聚氨酯或其它聚合物材料,还是由诸如棉花、合成纤维材料、玻璃纤维、多异氰酸酯泡沫或天然棉絮材料的其它材料制成,功能是相同的。可以通过许多汽车供应公司——诸如密歇根州的Johnson Controls Inc.,欧洲的Faurecia,或化学供应商——诸如密歇根州米德兰市的Dow Chemical Corporation商购座椅泡沫。
图12示出了由数字326总体表示的铝块热传递构件的立体正视图。铝块328与优选为石墨烯材料的热传导材料330的片或条热连通。铝块328位于热电设备332的顶部以便进行有效的热传递。热沉组件334位于热电设备332的下方,示出了垂直定向的散热片。风扇336将空气吹过散热翅片并且通过电线338接收电力。或者,可以用彼此粘附的热传导条的多层组件替换铝块328,如参照图13更完整地描述的。
在这个和所有其它方面中,优选的合适的热传导柔性材料可以包括石墨烯纳米片或纳米管片或条,但是可以使用任何其它合适的热传导柔性材料。迄今为止在此概念的开发中使用的特别合适的热传导性材料包括使用由石墨烯纳米片材料片材制成的180mm厚的片状材料的石墨烯纳米片,该石墨烯纳米片粘合到合适的诸如为薄塑料片的基底材料上以用于增加的强度。在这方面,薄塑料片基底可以是任何合适的片状塑料,但优选是聚酯或聚乙烯,因为这些材料表现出一点热阻。还测试了220mm厚的片材,并且发现它们是合适的。材料的厚度应基于需要冷却和加热的面积。该确定的厚度可以在120mm至220mm的范围内,但是其它厚度也可用于某些应用。该材料优选具有400W/mK至500+W/mK的热导率。这种合适的石墨烯纳米片材料可从密歇根州兰辛市的XG Sciences,Inc.商购获得。还使用了其它材料,包括碳纤维织物和石墨织物,诸如从日本的三菱塑料等几家公司购买的一些工业材料。
可以使用许多可能的薄片基底材料,多个石墨烯条被胶合到该薄片基底材料上以充当低质量和较低重量的支撑件。特别薄的强韧材料,诸如碳纤维材料、塑料网或金属网、或甚至薄层玻璃纤维可以用作多个条粘合在其上的基底,从而形成强韧而柔性的结构。粘附到石墨烯条或片材上的这种薄片状基底材料可以具有许多构造,包括固体片或局部片,诸如具有穿孔、扩大的多孔狭缝的结构,或在没有覆盖层的热阻抗的情况下将暴露在4%和约50%之间的净的自由接触区域以提供与热传递材料的更直接的接触的任何其它构型。因为在热量或冷量将被传递到座椅的表面之前,系统不必将所有的热量或冷量首先从铝块推出,所以这种多层条“纸型(paper mache)”构造它将比诸如上述图12中所公开的实心铝块加热得更快,从而使用这种多层条“纸型”构造可能是最有利的。该构造具有比固体金属块更小的质量和更好的热导率。
在本发明的这个和其它方面中,可能期望使用热传递块。热传递块允许增加热电设备的热传递面积,从而增加用于将热传播至座椅乘员或者从座椅乘员处捕获热量的热传导材料的热接触面积。这种增加的面积减小了热泵系统的热阻。热传递块可以是任何热传导材料,并且通常是铝,并且可以源自任何商业金属供应商。或者,上述多条形结构可能是有利的。在一些情况下,在将热电设备直接接合到热传递材料上的情况下,可能不需要热传递块。
此外,在这些各个方面中,可能期望包含热沉。热沉可以是共同的翅片式热沉的形式,其允许通过空气流通在冷却模式期间从热沉带走热或者在加热模式期间将热带入热沉。也可以由诸如铜的其它金属或诸如碳、石墨或热传导塑料的其它热传导材料构成这种类型的热交换器。其它合适的空气型热交换器可以包括折叠翅片、微通道结构、液体和热管。另一种方法是使用在座椅中用于冷却和加热的热传递的相同或相似类型的热传导材料,并且将其用于热沉。这使用导电方法将热传递到源或从源传递热,以加热泵设备。作为示例,可以将热传导构件附接到车辆的金属地板。可以从世界各地的许多供应商处购买热沉,例如遍布全球的Aavid Thermalloy LLC分销商。
此外,为了提高该加热和冷却系统的效率,可能需要风扇。优选的风扇包括轴向风扇和径向风扇。这些风扇用于使空气通过热沉,并且在本发明的一些应用中,也将空气通过座椅套传递给乘员。取决于座椅的尺寸以及冷却和加热要求,这些风扇的容量范围为5cfm至35cfm的气流,并且这些风扇优选为无刷设计和通过电子转向的。对于的露天环境中的大型台式座椅应用——诸如高尔夫球车,风扇流量可能更高。还可以使用其它空气移动设备,例如压电风扇、隔膜空气泵、气流倍增器或静电空气移动器。在附图中所示的一些方面中期望的轴向风扇是特别适合的,因为它提供了通过使用热沉中的通孔将空气流通通过热沉,并且还将流动空气供应给座椅乘员。旋转风扇将对空气流进行分流,使一些空气经过热沉,一些则流向座椅乘员。
图13示出了对图12的铝块热传递块的替代方面340,并且表示对热传递块使用热传导柔性材料的多个附着层342。这个方面非常类似于为构建热传递块构件而逐步构成材料的“纸型”,其将热电设备348热连接到石墨烯条342,从而通过座椅组件分布热量和冷量,如上面的图11A和图11B所示。优选地,在本发明的这个方面中,纳米片状石墨烯片或条的多个附着层342粘合在一起,以形成用于前述实心铝热传递块的稍微柔软的多层热传递块。通过代替这种“纸型”版本的石墨烯条,实现了较低质量的热传递构件,同时保持了强度和柔韧性。这一方面被设计为在更多的重量压在座椅上的情况下提供更多的材料鲁棒性和柔性,诸如当一个肥胖的人坐下来时,或尤其是如果他把所有重量都放在他的膝盖上从而在一个针点组成向下的力时。由这种结构提供的柔性是有帮助的。测试了该多层概念,并且多层概念在维持良好的热传递性能的同时显示出对本发明的传导构件的整体鲁棒性的改善。
再次参考图13,可以看出,多层条可以对接到热电设备348的顶部,或可以使用图13所示的C形构造来增加与热电设备接触的表面面积,或者在另一方面中,可以使用热电设备顶部的热传递板346。热沉350从风扇352接收空气并且使空气移动通过热电设备348的表面。石墨烯片344固定在热传递平台346的顶部,该热传递平台346将温度传递到石墨烯条344以分配热和/或冷。虽然没有明确地示出,但是以两种不同的结构测试了C型热传导材料的底部的基底层,即,根据设计与热传递块直接接合接触或直接粘合到热电模块本身。C形结构的底部是与柔性粘合剂热传递材料结合的多层结构。用于本发明任何方面的合适的粘合剂可以包括任何热传导界面,包括热油脂、填充银的凝胶、填充的蜡、硅酮、垫或任何组合。
优选地,热传导粘合剂是可再加工的,氮化铝填充的,电绝缘且热传导的糊状粘合剂,但是可以使用任何合适的粘合剂。在该实施例中,这种合适的柔性环氧粘合剂可以包括均可从新泽西州普林斯顿的AI Technology,Inc.商购的或者粘合剂。
在优选的方面中,基底层被分割以允许在使用期间更多的变形。诸如当肥胖者将其膝盖放在汽车座椅上并且将其体重的很大一部分放置在座椅的相对小的区域的顶部上时,需要更大的变形,而不会使该多层褶皱。第二层弹性且物理地将狭缝部分保持在适当位置,并且在狭缝部分之间提供热传递,以便最大化这些部分之间的热传递,并且防止出现相对于其它部分的任何热部分或冷部分(温度均匀性)。
对于本发明的所有方面,合适的热电冷却/加热设备可以包括任何市售的热电设备。优选的热电设备是127对碲化铋基设备,因为它们在10-16VDC下有效地工作,这与汽车电气要求和其它低电压应用相兼容。也可能使用具有更高的对计数的设备来提高效率。这种合适的热电设备可以从几个制造商处购买,诸如得克萨斯州达拉斯的MarlowIndustries。
本发明的另一方面包括使车辆操作者具有与车辆通信的能力的设备和方法,使得他们希望在他们进入车辆之前汽车座椅被预冷却或预热。本发明的热座椅部分可以经由移动通信设备或密钥卡被来自操作者的无线通信激活。
此外,在本发明的另一方面中,作为本发明的一部分的热电模块可以用作传感器。在现有技术的基于空气的座椅加热和冷却系统中,热电模块与座椅表面和座椅乘员热分离。然而,在我的发明中,乘员与座椅套热接触,座椅套与热传导材料接触,热传导材料与热电设备接触。当热电设备能够双向提供热泵时,该热电设备也可以在设备的两个平面侧之间存在温差时通过塞贝克(Seebeck)效应产生电能。因此,利用本发明的这种发电方式,可以使用来自乘员的热来产生与乘员的温度直接相关的电能,并且成为温度传感器。可以使用温度信息来帮助控制座椅乘员的温度,并且可以使用温度信息来自动地帮助打开或关闭或调节供应给座椅乘员的热或从座椅乘员移除的热,从而提供最佳舒适度。
图14示出了本发明的另一方面,其中由数字360总体表示热控制服装。夹克362包括根据本发明保持乘员温暖和/或冷却的在其背部上的热控制器。热量分布片材364围绕夹克362的内层的至少一部分,并且这些热量分布片材通过热传递板368与热电设备370和热沉366热连通。与本发明的其它方面一样,热电设备和热量分布片材符合上述说明。热电设备370可以用于加热或冷却服装,为服装的穿着者提供舒适控制和温度控制。热电设备370可以由电池供电,或者可以插入任何插座中,例如摩托车、雪地车或船上的插座。
再看图14,必须注意的是,这种夹克362或者包含本发明的加热和冷却技术的任何其它服装可以用于消防员、海岸警卫队船员、军事应用等。在这些情况下,由于它们将是户外应用,并且服装不会在电源插座附近的任何地方,所以电池电源组也将是有利的。
服装360可以通过热量分布的路径的绝缘部分来展现梯度加热和冷却区域,从而加强远离热电设备的特定位置处的热/冷。这是用电气接线系统无法实现的属性。
接下来看图15,由数字380总体表示的冰箱或加热箱包括箱容器382,箱容器382具有围绕箱382内的空腔的热量分布片材384。热电设备386与热量分布片材384热连通,从而为箱的内含物提供热和/或冷。相对于现有技术而言,这是一个很大的优点,因为以前,诸如熔化的冰液体之类的未被容纳的液体因为它们可能损害风扇而不能被包含在冷却箱中。在该发明的该方面中,箱中的水不碍事。再次,可以通过经由电线的电输出或通过电池组来电激活这个箱。此外,箱的外部可以被构造成使得外表皮是石墨烯材料并且提供通常由热沉和风扇提供的热沉。
在所有方面中,如果仅在冷却模式下使用该设备,则热沉可以由热管组成以排除来自热电设备的热侧的热量,从而提供更大的冷却效率。类似地,诸如石墨烯的热传导材料可以用在热电设备的两侧上。热侧上的热传导材料可以导电地附接到诸如汽车的汽车车身驾驶舱地板之类的散热构件,以在不使用风扇或其它机械散热设备的情况下散热。
接下来参考图16,使用本发明,经由物联网(IoT)的新的热控技术成为可能。办公座椅390与磁共振或感应充电垫392电连通。特别是在办公座椅应用中,如先前在图10的描述中所公开的那样,通过将座椅冷却和加热系统与控制技术相结合来实现对冷却和加热功能的控制操作,这些冷却和加热功能与建筑物中的温度相关,并提供关于座椅乘员和座椅使用的信息。如上文已经提到的,冷却和加热的座椅系统可以用作传感器,向智能恒温器394提供无线信号,该智能恒温器394与控制HVAC系统396的温度设置的计算机通信。
当人坐在座椅390中时,来自人的热能通过热分布石墨烯被传递到热电设备。传输的热能在热电设备的两侧之间产生温差,然后产生电能。这种电能可以为能够指示有人坐在座椅390中的发射器供电。当无线地连接到智能房间恒温器394时,恒温器394和建筑物HVAC系统396可以知道一个人正坐在他们的座椅上,并且感测建筑空间的温度和座椅乘员的正常所需的座椅温度,这个人向座椅传递乘员期望的适当设定的温度,从而经由座椅冷却/加热系统启动座椅的冷却或加热。
热控制技术还可以以如下方式起作用:座椅将座椅正被占用并且正在被冷却或加热到一定温度的信号传递到智能房间恒温器394,并且智能房间恒温器394与建筑物的HVAC系统396通信并且为空间提供较少的冷却或较少的加热,因为座椅中的个人在其个人空间中是舒适的,并且不需要建筑物来充分地为乘员提供热舒适性。
通过由于由座椅提供的冷却或加热过程的操作来为座椅上的座椅乘员提供个性化的舒适度,可以允许空调空间的温度比通常提供的温度更暖或更冷,从而减少维持空调空间的温度所需的能量。例如,在夏季热量需要对建筑物进行冷却的建筑物中,即使建筑物被允许升高几度温度,热控座椅中的人也可以保持个人舒适度。不必提供尽可能多的空调节能。
通过物联网(IoT)与其它设备进行通信的加热和冷却座椅技术的另一方面是,建筑操作员可以知道哪些座椅正被占用以及其被占用的位置,并且相应地调整对空间的热控制。还可以优化建筑物系统的其它方面,诸如照明和安全系统。此外,通过云,系统可以将座椅使用参数通信给座椅制造商或建筑物所有者,以收集关于座椅系统如何被使用的信息,并且使用此信息来改善座椅使用者的体验。
移动电话可以将办公室工作人员将很快到达并坐在座椅上的信息传通信座椅,因而可以在座椅使用者到达时对座椅进行热预处理,或为设置座椅的首选温度对座椅进行热预处理。经由移动设备,座椅乘员可以在建筑物的不同部分控制座椅,如果他们正移向另一个会议座椅的话。
以类似的方式,以上述热控制服装可以利用技术的扩展。通过使用与在座椅应用中使用的热发动机相同的热发动机,加热和冷却系统可用于控制体温。在该应用中,石墨烯材料定位成包绕服装穿戴者,并且在加热和冷却模式下提供热控制。虽然附图示出了作为服装的夹克,但是也可以以类似的方式对其它服装进行热控制。如上所述,用于座椅应用的相变材料也可用于本申请中。
根据以上本发明可以用于对热箱体进行热控制。使用相同的热发动机,该系统可用于加热和冷却绝热空间,诸如“冷却器箱”。现在的以热电合金加热和冷却的冷却器箱,如由堪萨斯州的Igloo Products Corporation或Coleman International制造的那些,使用通过使箱内部空气经过热沉来加热或冷却的空气。因此,箱中的液位必须保持在一定程度以下,否则会造成系统损坏。例如,在这些冷却器中不应该使用冰。当冰融化时,水可以很容易地渗透风扇/热沉/热电模块/布线并且导致故障。本系统将热量分布于包绕冷却箱体内壁的石墨烯中,或者被模制到内部箱衬里的石墨烯中,并且本系统以与座椅冷却器/加热器相同的方式与热电系统热连接。
对于我的加热和冷却技术可以设想本发明适用于下列应用。首先,对于例如汽车的所有类型的车辆、农场设备以及办公家具等的其它座椅应用,都有加热和冷却的座椅应用。虽然本发明不限于以下,但一些应用将包括汽车座椅、卡车座椅、摩托车座椅、越野车座椅、高尔夫球车座椅、重型设备座椅、农场设备座椅、办公椅子座椅、军用车辆座椅、飞机座椅、轮椅座椅、治疗毯、治疗床上用品、治疗包裹物、温热癌症和其它治疗床、汽车中的冷却和加热表面、冷却和加热表面(一般地,冷链医疗、食品、化学储热箱、加热和冷却的服装)、工业过程温度控制表面、生物培养设备、数字显示温度控制、热铬标牌和显示器、电池的热控制、加热和冷却的汽车方向盘、发光二极管冷却平板、电子电路板热维护、冷却/加热大幅画面食品展示和服务表面。
图17A至图17E示出了用于改善特定区域中的Z轴上的热传导性的设备和方法的变形,特别是在热量通过热传导构件或热块从热电设备传递出的区域中。它也可以直接附接到热电设备。在描述关于如何实现这一点的这些变形中,诸如,在图17A-17E中所描述的那些的穿孔塑料或其它薄膜层示出了膜层片的顶视图或底视图,膜层优选是塑料或聚氨酯层,其中穿孔可以根据应用存在于一侧或两侧上。如图17所示,如果孔在两侧上,则孔优选地偏移以使基底膜层的强度最大化。然而,除了塑料膜之外,可以使用任何合适的基底。
图17A大体用数字400表示膜层,并且包括片状膜402,该片状膜402具有穿孔404,这些穿孔404在顶部上并且以虚线示出为在穿孔406下方。图17B是图17A的膜的侧视图,示出了热传递块412与通过穿孔416挤出的热界面化合物414接触的相对位置。一旦热界面化合物挤压成穿孔,它就与石墨烯408直接亲密热接触,导致更高的热导率接触。
图17C示出了在顶部和底部都具有穿孔的穿孔膜。塑料膜420具有形成在其中的穿孔422,石墨烯片材424位于穿孔422之间以加强强度。热界面化合物426在平坦表面之间渗出并且在元件与热传递块428之间提供完整的热连通接触。在高压下,石墨烯薄片将挤出到由用于支撑的膜层中的穿孔留下的空隙区域中。这导致石墨烯材料填充空隙的平坦表面,并且热界面化合物仅在平面表面与热传递块之间提供界面。
在另一方面,图17D通过膜中空隙示出了热接触区域。在这方面,热传递化合物436挤压到膜层中的空隙区域中,显示了石墨烯层432在热传递块434顶部的膜层430之间的中间。
在膜层的又一变型中,图17E示出了本发明的另一方面,其中公开了实现更好的热接触的针板。在图17E中,膜440围绕石墨烯片448。热电设备444的顶部是热传递块442,该热传递块442包括通过热传递化合物446向上延伸以与石墨烯层448接触的热传导针状构件。通过在热传递板442上包括针,包含更大的表面积,并且因此可以获得更好的热传递。热传递针可以穿透薄膜层到热传导材料中。具有针的热传递块优选地由诸如铜、铝、镁、热解石墨或其组合的高热传导性材料制成。
在这方面,穿透石墨烯的针可以利用石墨烯的非常导电的X和Y轴的热导率,并且将热量传递到Z轴中的石墨烯或从Z轴中的石墨烯传出。
总之,已经描述了由于采用本发明的各种特定方面的任何或所有概念和特征而产生的许多益处,或者属于本发明范围内的那些益处。已经出于说明和描述的目的呈现了本发明的几个优选方面的前述描述。意图不是穷举的或不是将本发明限制为所公开的精确形式。鉴于上述关于具体方面的教导,可以进行明显的修改或变化。选择和描述方面以便最佳地说明本发明的原理及其实际应用,从而使得本领域普通技术人员能够在如适用于预期的特定用途的各种方面和各种修改中最佳地利用本发明。意图是本发明的范围由所附权利要求限定。
工业实用性
本发明在座椅工业以及可以有效地实现加热和冷却分布的其它应用中发挥效用。
Claims (30)
1.一种加热和冷却设备,包括:
至少一个整体式低压加热和冷却源;以及
柔性热量分布装置,用于将热量和冷量分布在表面上,所述柔性热量分布装置具有375W/mK至4000W/mK的热导率。
2.根据权利要求1所述的设备,其中,所述加热和冷却源是热电设备。
3.根据权利要求2所述的设备,其中,所述热电设备是碲化铋热电设备。
4.根据权利要求1所述的设备,其中,所述加热和冷却源在从10VDC至16VDC的范围有效地操作。
5.根据权利要求2所述的设备,其中,所述热电设备是127对碲化铋基设备。
6.根据权利要求1所述的设备,其中,所述柔性热量分布装置包括:
热传导材料,所述热传导材料诸如热传导聚合物、包括碳纤维织物和石墨织物在内的碳基传导材料、及其组合。
7.根据权利要求1所述的设备,其中,所述柔性热量分布装置包括石墨烯片和石墨烯条。
8.根据权利要求1所述的设备,其中,所述柔性热量分布装置包括由石墨烯制成的片或条,所述石墨烯包括石墨烯纳米片、石墨烯纳米管、石墨烯纳米粒子及其组合。
9.一种加热和冷却设备,包括:
至少一个整体式低压加热和冷却源;
柔性热量分布装置,用于将热量和冷量分布在表面上,所述柔性热量分布装置具有375W/mK至4000W/mK的热导率;和
热传导界面,用于产生完全热连接。
10.根据权利要求9所述的设备,其中,所述加热和冷却源是热电设备。
11.根据权利要求10所述的设备,其中,所述热电设备是碲化铋热电设备。
12.根据权利要求9所述的设备,其中,所述加热和冷却源在从10VDC至16VDC的范围有效地操作。
13.根据权利要求10所述的设备,其中,所述热电设备是127对碲化铋基设备。
14.根据权利要求9所述的设备,其中,所述柔性热量分布装置包括热传导材料,所述热传导材料诸如热传导聚合物、包括碳纤维织物和石墨织物在内的碳基传导材料、及其组合。
15.根据权利要求9所述的设备,其中,所述柔性热量分布装置包括石墨烯片和石墨烯条。
16.根据权利要求9所述的设备,其中,所述柔性热量分布装置包括由石墨烯制成的片或条,所述石墨烯包括石墨烯纳米片、石墨烯纳米管、石墨烯纳米粒子、及其组合。
17.根据权利要求9所述的加热和冷却设备,其中,所述热传导界面包括热油脂、填充银的凝胶、填充的蜡、硅酮、垫、或其任何组合。
18.根据权利要求9所述的加热和冷却设备,其中,所述热传导界面包括可再加工的、氮化铝填充的、电绝缘且热传导的糊状环氧粘合剂。
19.一种加热和冷却设备,包括:
至少一个整体式低压加热和冷却源;
柔性热量分布装置,用于将热量和冷量分布在表面上,所述柔性热量分布装置具有从375W/mK至4000W/mK的热导率;
热传导界面,用于产生完全的热连接;以及
相变材料,用于在加热和冷却后将温度维持延长的时间段。
20.根据权利要求19所述的设备,其中,所述加热和冷却源是热电设备。
21.根据权利要求20所述的设备,其中,所述热电设备是碲化铋热电设备。
22.根据权利要求19所述的设备,其中,所述加热和冷却源在从10VDC至16VDC的范围有效地操作。
23.根据权利要求20所述的设备,其中,所述热电设备是127对碲化铋基设备。
24.根据权利要求19所述的设备,其中,所述柔性热量分布装置包括热传导材料,所述热传导材料诸如热传导聚合物、包括碳纤维织物和石墨织物在内的碳基传导材料、及其组合。
25.根据权利要求19所述的设备,其中,所述柔性热量分布装置包括石墨烯片和石墨烯条。
26.根据权利要求19所述的设备,其中,所述柔性热量分布装置包括由石墨烯制成的片或条,所述石墨烯包括石墨烯纳米片、石墨烯纳米管、石墨烯纳米粒子、及其组合。
27.根据权利要求19所述的加热和冷却设备,其中,所述热传导界面包括热油脂、填充银的凝胶、填充的蜡、硅酮、垫、或其任何组合。
28.根据权利要求19所述的加热和冷却设备,其中,所述热传导界面包括可再加工的、氮化铝填充的、电绝缘且热传导的糊状环氧粘合剂。
29.根据权利要求19所述的加热和冷却设备,其中,能够通过固体-固体、固体-气体和液体-气体的相变来实现所述相变材料的潜热储存能力。
30.根据权利要求19所述的加热和冷却设备,其中,所述相变材料包括水合碳酸氢钾、乙酸钠、石蜡、脂肪酸、无机盐水合物、共晶体、吸水材料、吸湿材料、及其组合。
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EP3218942A4 (en) | 2018-07-18 |
WO2016077843A1 (en) | 2016-05-19 |
US11033058B2 (en) | 2021-06-15 |
EP3218942B1 (en) | 2020-02-26 |
US20170354190A1 (en) | 2017-12-14 |
CN107251247B (zh) | 2021-06-01 |
EP3726594B1 (en) | 2022-05-04 |
EP3726594A1 (en) | 2020-10-21 |
EP3218942A1 (en) | 2017-09-20 |
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