CN103348486A - 基于纳米线阵列的太阳能接收装置 - Google Patents
基于纳米线阵列的太阳能接收装置 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103348486A CN103348486A CN2011800669706A CN201180066970A CN103348486A CN 103348486 A CN103348486 A CN 103348486A CN 2011800669706 A CN2011800669706 A CN 2011800669706A CN 201180066970 A CN201180066970 A CN 201180066970A CN 103348486 A CN103348486 A CN 103348486A
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Abstract
一个光伏设备,具有将光能转化为电能的操作性,包括一个基板,复数个基本垂直于基板的结构,和结构之间的一个或多个凹槽,每个凹槽具有位于一个底壁上的平面镜,并且每个凹槽被一透明材料填充。该结构具有p-n或p-i-n结将光转换成为电能。该平面镜功能性的作为电极,可以将入射其上的光线反射给该结构来转换光成为电能。
Description
对相关申请的交叉引用
此申请和美国专利申请号12/204,686(授予美国专利号7,646,943)12/648,942,12/270,233,12/472,264,12/472,271,12/478,598,12/573,582,12/575,221,12/633,323,12/633,318,12/633,313,12/633,305,12/621,497,12/633,297,61/266,064,61/357,429,61/306,421,61/306,421,12/945,492,12/910,664,12/966,514,12/966,535,12/966,573,12/967,880和12/974,499相关,其中披露在此被全部内容包含引用。
技术领域
背景技术
光伏设备,也称为太阳能电池,是通过光伏效应使太阳光的能量直接转换成电能的一种固态设备。集合的太阳能电池用来制造太阳能电池组件,亦称太阳能电池板。这些太阳能组件产生能量,即太阳能发电,是太阳能的一个例子。
光伏效应是在光线照射后的一种材料中产生电压(或相应的电流)。虽然光伏效应和光电效应直接相关,这两个过程是不同的并且应加以区别。在光电效应中,电子从接触足够能量的材料的表面被辐射弹出。光伏效应是不同的,其生成的电子在材料内部不同能量带(即从价带到导带)之间传递,致使在两个电极之间产生电压。
光伏发电是一种通过使用太阳能电池把太阳能转化为电能来产生电力的方法。光伏效应是指光子-分组的太阳能-将电子激发到一个更高的能量状态来发电。在较高的能量状态,电子能够摆脱其被半导体的单个原子束缚的正常的位置,成为电路中的电流的一部分。这些光子包含不同的能量数额,对应太阳光谱中的不同波长。当光子撞击一个PV太阳能电池时,他们可能会被反射或吸收,或者他们可能会直接通过。被吸收的光子可以产生电力。术语光伏表示一个光电二极管的不加偏压的操作模式,即通过该设备的电流完全是由于光能。几乎所有的光伏设备都是某种类型的光电二极管。
传统的太阳能电池往往在接收光的表面上有不透明电极。任何入射此类不透明电极的入射光被反射离开该太阳能电池或者被不透明电极吸收,从而不利于发电。因此,一个没有这个缺点的光伏设备是有需求的。
发明内容
此处所描述的一个具有将光能转化为电能的操作性的光伏设备,包括一个基板,复数个基本垂直于基板的结构,位于结构之间的一个或多个凹槽,每个凹槽具有一个侧壁和一个底壁,和位于每个凹槽底壁上的一个平面反射层,其中该结构是一种单晶半导体材料;其中每个凹槽侧壁没有平面反射层;并且每个凹槽被一透明材料填充。不同于传统的太阳能电池,入射到平面反射层的入射光没有被浪费,而是被反射到结构上被吸收并转换为电能。这种光伏设备也可以用来作为光电检测器。
附图说明
图1A是根据一个实施例的一个光伏设备的截面原理图。
图1B是根据一个实施例的图1A的光伏设备制造过程。
图2A是根据一个实施例的一个光伏设备的截面原理图。
图2B是根据一个实施例的图2A的光伏设备制造过程。
图3A是根据一个实施例的一个光伏设备的截面原理图。
图3B是根据一个实施例的图3A的光伏设备制造过程。
图4A显示根据一个实施例的打印涂布抗蚀剂层的方法。
图4B显示根据另一个实施例的打印涂布抗蚀剂层的方法。
图5显示了光线集中在光伏设备的结构上的示意图。
图6显示了该光伏设备的一个示例俯视横截面视图。
图7显示了该光伏设备的一个示例透视图。
图8A-8C显示了分别从图1A,图2A和图3A的光伏设备引出电流的原理图。
图9显示了该光伏设备的替代的条纹状结构的俯视视图。
图10显示了该光伏设备的替代的网格状结构的俯视视图。
图11A和图11B显示了制造通孔的过程。
图12A和图12B显示了示例通孔的俯视图。
具体实施方式
此处所描述的一个具有将光能转化为电能的操作性的光伏设备,包括一个基板,复数个基本垂直于该基板的结构,位于该结构之间的一个或多个凹槽,每个凹槽具有一个侧壁和一个底壁,和位于每个凹槽底壁上的一个平面反射层,其中该结构包含一种单晶半导体材料;其中每个凹槽侧壁没有平面反射层;并且每个凹槽被一透明材料填充。此处所用的术语“光伏设备”是指可以将例如太阳辐射的光能转化成电能的产生电力的设备。此处所用的术语结构是单晶是指整个结构的晶格在整个结构内是连续和完整的,其中无晶界。一种导电材料可以是基本上零带隙的材料。导电材料的导电性一般是大于103S/cm以上。半导体可以是具有有限带隙高达约3eV和导电性一般在103到10-8S/cm的范围内的材料。电绝缘材料可以是一个带隙大于约3eV并且一般具有导电性低于10- 8S/cm的材料。此处所用的术语“基本垂直于基板的结构”是指结构和基板之间的角度从85°到90°。此处所用的术语“凹槽”是指在基板上的一个中空的空间,其对基板外部的空间是开放的。
根据一个实施例,单晶的半导体材料是从包含硅,锗,III-V族化合物材料,II-VI族化合物材料,与四元材料的一组中所选。此处所用的III-V族化合物材料是指包含一种III族元素和一种V族元素的化合物。一种III族元素可以是B,Al,Ga,In,Tl,Sc,Y,镧系元素系列和锕系元素系列。V族元素可以是V,Nb,Ta,Db,N,P,As,Sb和Bi。此处所用的II-VI族的化合物材料是指包含一种II族元素和一种VI族元素组成的化合物。一种II族元素可以是Be,Mg,Ca,Sr,Ba和Ra。一种VI元素可以是Cr,Mo,W,Sg,O,S,Se,Te和Po。一种四元材料是一种由四种元素组成的化合物。
根据一个实施例,该结构是圆柱体或棱柱形,其截面是从包含椭圆形,圆形,长方形和多边形截面,条状,或网状的一组中所选。此处使用的术语“网状”是指一个网络状图案或者构成。
根据一个实施例,该结构是柱体,其直径从50纳米至5000纳米,其高度从1000纳米至20000纳米,两个最接近柱体的中心到中心的距离是在300纳米至15000纳米之间。
根据一个实施例,该结构沿结构的一个顶部表面的整个轮廓具有一个悬垂部分。此处使用的术语“悬垂部分”是指该结构的一部分突出于凹槽的侧壁。此处使用的术语“结构的一个顶部表面的整个轮廓”是指该结构的顶部表面的边缘。该结构的顶部表面可以被凹槽打断。顶部表面的边缘是结构和凹槽的顶部表面之间的边界。
根据一个实施例,每个凹槽侧壁和底壁之间是圆形或斜面的内角。
根据一个实施例,该平面反射层的材料是从包含ZnO,Al,Au,Pd,Cr,Cu,Ti和它们的组合的一组中选择;该平面反射层是一种导电材料;该平面反射层是一种金属;该平面反射层对任何波长可见光(即,从390至750纳米波长的光)有至少50%的反射率(即,入射的电磁能量被反射的比例);该平面反射层的厚度至少为5纳米;所有凹槽的平面反射层相连;该平面反射层功能性地将其上的入射光反射给该结构使得光被该结构吸收;和/或平面反射层功能性地作为光伏设备的电极。此处使用的术语“电极”是指用来和光伏设备建立电接触的导体。
根据一个实施例,该基板于该结构反面有一个平坦表面。
根据一个实施例,该平坦表面上有一个掺杂层和一个可选的金属层,该金属层和掺杂层形成欧姆接触。欧姆接触是具有一个线性和对称的电流-电压(IV)曲线的一个区域。
根据一个实施例,该平面反射层的总面积至少是该平坦表面的表面面积的40%。
根据一个实施例,该基板厚度至少是50微米。
根据一个实施例,该结构是排列成阵列的柱体;每个结构高度约为5微米,该结构的间距是从300纳米到15微米。
根据一个实施例,透明材料和结构的顶部表面具有同延表面;该透明材料对可见光基本透明,透光率至少有50%;该透明材料是一种导电材料;该透明材料是一种透明导电氧化物;该透明材料与平面反射层形成欧姆接触;和/或该透明材料功能性地作为光伏设备的电极。
根据一个实施例,该光伏设备进一步包括一个电极层和可选的耦合层,其中:电极层沉积位于透明材料和结构之上;电极层可以是和透明材料相同的材料或和透明材料不同的材料;该电极层对可见光基本透明,透光率至少有50%;该电极层是一种导电材料;该电极层为透明导电氧化物;该电极层功能性地作为光伏设备的电极;和/或该耦合层沉积位于电极层上和该结构的顶部表面上。此处使用的术语“耦合层”是指可以将光有效地导入结构的一层。
根据一个实施例,该光伏设备进一步包括一个钝化层和一个可选的耦合层,其中:该钝化层处于侧壁上和底壁的平面反射层下面;该结构的顶部表面没有钝化层;该钝化层有效的钝化侧壁和底壁;和/或该每个结构的顶部部分和底部部分具有不同的导电类型。此处使用的术语“钝化”和“钝化”是指消除悬键(即固定原子的非饱和化合价)的过程。
根据该实施例的一个实施例,该结构有以下的掺杂分布之一:(i)该底部部分是本征的并且顶部部分是p型;(ii)该底部部分是n型并且顶部部分是p型;(iii)该底部部分是本征的并且顶部部分是n型;(iv)该底部部分p型并且顶部部分是n型。
根据该实施例的一个实施例,该顶部部分高度为1微米至20微米;该钝化层厚度从1纳米至100纳米;该钝化层是从包含如下组成中所选的一种电绝缘材料:HfO2,SiO2,Si3N4,Al2O3,有机分子单层;该掺杂层有和顶部部分相反的导电类型;该掺杂层和底部部分电连接;该掺杂层、底部部分和顶部部分形成一个p-n或p-i-n结;该耦合层是和包覆层的材料相同或和包覆层的材料不同;和/或该结构折射率n1,该透明材料的折射率n2,该耦合层折射率n3,满足n1>n2和n1>n3的关系。
根据一个实施例,该光伏设备还包括一个交界层,其中:该交界层是一个掺杂半导体;该交界层沉积在侧壁上、底壁的平面反射层下面和该结构的一个顶端表面上;该交界层有效的钝化侧壁和底壁。
根据该实施例的一个实施例,该结构是掺杂半导体,该结构和交界层有相反的导电类型;或该结构是本征半导体。本征半导体,也称为非掺杂半导体或i型半导体,是一个没有任何显着掺杂物的非常纯的半导体。因此,电荷载体的数量是由材料本身而不是杂质数量来决定。本征半导体不大幅屏蔽外电场,因为本征半导体没有掺杂剂提供的移动电子或空穴。因此,可以通过一个外部电场更有效地消除和/或收集在本征半导体中通过光子所产生的电子和/或空穴。
根据该实施例的一个实施例,该交界层的厚度从5纳米至100纳米;该掺杂层有和交界层相反的导电类型;该掺杂层和每个结构电连接;该掺杂层、结构和交界层形成一个p-n或p-i-n结;;该包覆层厚度约175纳米;该耦合层是和包覆层的材料相同或和包覆层的材料不同;和/或该结构折射率n1、该透明材料折射率n2、该耦合层折射率n3满足n1>n2和n1>n3的关系。
根据一个实施例,该结构的每个顶部部分和底部部分具有不同的导电类型。
根据该实施例的一个实施例,该顶部部分和交界层具有相同的导电类型;该结构有以下的掺杂分布之一:(i)底部部分是本征的并且顶部部分是p型;(ii)底部部分是n型并且顶部部分是p型;(iii)底部部分是本征的并且顶部部分是n型;(iv)底部部分是p型并且顶部部分是n型。
根据该实施例的一个实施例,该交界层的厚度从5纳米至100纳米;该掺杂层有和交界层相反的导电类型;该掺杂层和每个结构底部部分电连接;该掺杂层、底部部分、顶部部分和交界层形成一个p-n或p-i-n结;该耦合层是和包覆层的材料相同或和包覆层的材料不同;和/或该结构折射率n1、该透明材料折射率n2、该耦合层折射率n3满足n1>n2和n1>n3的关系。
根据一个实施例,制造光伏设备的方法包括:使用半导体平板印刷技术在抗蚀剂层产生开口图案;通过蚀刻基板形成结构和凹槽;沉积平面反射层并且使得每个凹槽侧壁没有平面反射层。沉积透明材料使得每个凹槽被透明材料完全填充。此处使用的抗蚀剂层是指一薄层,其用于转移图案到抗蚀剂层沉积的基板上。抗蚀剂层可以通过半导体平板印刷形成(亚)微米级的临时的掩膜图案,在后续处理步骤中以保护底层基板的选定地区。抗蚀剂通常是给某个半导体平板印刷专门配方的聚合物或它的前体和其它小分子(如产生光酸的化学品)的专有混合物。光刻使用中的抗蚀剂被称为光致抗蚀剂。电子束光刻过程中使用的抗蚀剂被称为电子束抗蚀剂。半导体平板印刷技术可以是光刻,电子束光刻,全息光刻技术。光刻是在微细加工中使用的过程,可以有选择地删除一部分的薄膜或大部分基板。它利用光从光掩膜转移几何图案到基板上的感光化学抗蚀剂或简单的“抗蚀剂”。然后一系列化学处理将曝光图案刻到光致抗蚀剂下方的材料中。在复杂的集成电路中,例如一个现代化的CMOS,晶圆将最多50次通过光刻过程。电子束光刻是用一个电子束以图案模式扫描一个薄膜(称为抗蚀剂)覆盖的表面,(“暴光”该抗蚀剂)和选择性地去除抗蚀剂已暴光或者非暴光区域(“显影”)。光刻的目的是在抗蚀剂中建立非常小的结构,其在随后可以通常通过蚀刻转移到基板材料。该法被开发用于集成电路制造,也用于建立纳米技术构件。
根据一个实施例,制造光伏设备的方法进一步包括:将透明材料平坦化;在基板上涂布抗蚀剂层;显影(即选择性地去除抗蚀剂外露或非外露区域)该抗蚀剂层的图案;沉积一个掩膜层;和剥离抗蚀剂层。此处使用的一个掩膜层是指保护基板的底层部分不被蚀刻的一个层。
根据一个实施例,制造光伏设备的方法,进一步包括离子注入或沉积掺杂剂层。一个掺杂剂,也称为掺杂试剂,是(在非常低浓度)加入到一种物质中的一种微量杂质元素,以改变该物质的电性能或光学特性。离子注入过程是指一个材料的离子可以被注入到另一个固体中,从而改变了该固体的物理性质。离子注入是用在半导体设备制造和金属加工,以及材料科学研究的各种应用中。离子可以导致目标物的化学变化,因为它们可以是和目标物不同的元素或者诱发核嬗变,以及导致结构性变化,即目标物的晶体结构可以被能量碰撞传递损坏或甚至破坏。
根据一个实施例,该结构和凹槽是由深蚀刻和后继的各向同性蚀刻形成。深蚀刻是高度各向异性的过程,其用于在晶圆中创建深而且陡峭的孔和通常长宽比20∶1或更多的壕沟。一种示例深蚀刻是Bosch过程。Bosch过程,也称为脉冲或时间复用蚀刻,在两种模式之间反复交替来实现近乎垂直的结构:1.一个标准的近各向同性等离子体刻蚀,其中等离子体中含有从近乎垂直的方向攻击晶圆(对于硅,通常使用六氟化硫(SF6))的一些离子;2.沉积化学惰性钝化层(例如,C4F8气体源产生类似聚四氟乙烯的物质)。每个阶段持续几秒钟。钝化层使得整个基板被保护免受进一步的化学攻击,并防止进一步的蚀刻。然而,在蚀刻阶段,轰击基板的定向离子攻击在沟槽底部(但不沿侧面)的钝化层。他们碰撞和使其溅射,使得基板外露给化学蚀刻剂。这些蚀刻/沉积步骤重复多次,造成大量非常小的各向同性蚀刻步骤只发生在蚀刻坑底部的地方。举例而言,要蚀刻穿过0.5毫米的硅晶圆,需要100-1000个蚀刻/沉积步骤。两阶段的过程会导致侧壁波动幅度约100-500纳米。周期时间可以调整,短周期产生平滑的墙壁,和长周期产生较高的蚀刻率。各向同性蚀刻通过化学过程使用蚀刻剂物质非定向去除基板的材料。蚀刻剂可能是有腐蚀性的液体或被称为等离子体的化学活性电离气体。
根据一个实施例,制造光伏设备的方法还包括使用打印涂覆方法放置抗蚀剂层,该打印涂覆方法包括:将抗蚀剂层涂布到一个弹性材料辊轴;使辊轴在该表面滚动来转移抗蚀剂层到基板表面上,其中表面是持平的或有纹理的。根据一个实施例,该辊轴是聚二甲基硅氧烷。
根据一个实施例,制造光伏设备的方法还包括使用打印涂覆方法放置抗蚀剂层,该打印涂覆方法包括:将抗蚀剂层涂布到一个弹性材料印章上;使印章盖在该表面来转移抗蚀剂层到基板表面上,其中表面是持平的或有纹理的。根据一个实施例,该印章是聚二甲基硅氧烷。
根据一个实施例,一种将光转换为电能的方法包括:对光伏设备光照;从光伏设备引出电流。电流可以从平面反射层得出。
根据一个实施例,一个包括该光伏设备的光电检测器,其中该光电检测器在光照下可以功能输出电信号。
根据一个实施例,一个探测光的方法,包括对光伏设备光照,测量从光伏设备的电信号。该电信号可以是电流,电压,电导和/或电阻。
根据一个实施例,光伏设备从太阳光线产生直流电,可用于给设备供电或电池充电。光伏效应的一个实际应用是给轨道卫星和其它航天器供电,但今天大多数光伏组件使用于电网连接的发电。在这种情况下,需要一个交直流转换的转换器将直流电转换成交流电。离网供电给远程住所,快艇,休闲车,电动车,路边的紧急电话,遥感,管道阴极保护电源有一个较小的市场。在大多数光伏应用中,辐射是阳光,基于这个原因,该类设备被称为太阳能电池。在p-n结太阳能电池中,对材料的照明导致激发的电子和剩余的空穴在耗尽区域的内置电场中沿不同方向流动而产生电流。太阳能电池往往是电连接并作为一个模组封装。光伏模组通常在前面(阳光)侧有一层玻璃,使光线可以通过,同时保护半导体晶圆不受一些元素(雨,冰雹等)的影响。太阳能电池通常也串接成模组,创建额外电压。并行连接的太阳能电池会产生较高的电流。模组之间是串联或并联或两者兼而有之的方式相互关联的,来创建一个具有期望的直流电压和电流峰值的阵列。
根据一个实施例,光伏设备可以与建筑物连接:或集成到建筑物中,安装在建筑物上或安装在附近的地面上。光伏设备可后期加装到现有的建筑物中,通常是加在现有的屋顶结构的顶部或现有的墙壁上安装。另外,光伏设备可以与建筑物分开,但通过电缆连接给建筑物供电。光伏设备可以用来作为主要或辅助电源。光伏设备可以被纳入建筑物的屋顶或墙壁。
根据一个实施例,光伏设备还可以被用于太空应用,如卫星,宇宙飞船,空间站等。光伏设备可作为地面车辆、船舶(船)和火车使用的主要或辅助动力源。其它应用包括路牌,监控摄像机,泊车表,个人移动电子产品(如手机,智能手机,笔记本电脑,个人媒体播放器)。
具体实施例
图1A显示根据一个实施例的光伏设备100的截面原理图。该光伏设备100包括一个基板105,复数个基本上垂直于基板105的结构120,和结构120之间的一个或多个凹槽130,和一个电极层180。每个凹槽130被一透明材料140填充。每个凹槽130有一个侧壁130a和底壁130b。侧壁130a和底壁130b都有钝化层131。结构120的一个顶部表面120a没有钝化层131。底壁130b具有位于在钝化层131上的平面反射层132。侧壁130a没有任何平面反射层。每个结构120具有一个顶部部分121和一个底部部分122,该顶部部分121和该底部部分122有不同的导电类型。该透明材料140优选的与结构120的顶部表面120a有共沿表面。该光伏设备100进一步包括位于透明材料140和结构120上的一电极层180。此处使用的术语“不同的导电类型”是指该顶部部分121和该底部部分122不能是两个p型或两个n型。结构120可以有以下四种掺杂分布之一(即,掺杂量分布):(i)该底部部分122是本征的并且顶部部分121是p型;(ii)该底部部分122是n型并且顶部部分121是p类型;(iii)该底部部分122是本征的并且顶部部分121是n型;(iv)该底部部分122是p型并且顶部部分121是n型。该顶部部分121可以有沿顶部表面120a到底部部分122方向掺杂水平降低的一个掺杂分布。结构120是一单晶半导体材料。光伏设备100可以进一步包括一个位于电极层180上和顶部表面120a正上的耦合层160。
结构120可以包括任何合适的单晶半导体材料,如硅,锗,III-V族化合物材料(如砷化镓,氮化镓等),II-VI族化合物材料(如硒化镉,镉硫化物,碲化镉,氧化锌,硒化锌等),四元材料(如铜铟镓硒)。
结构120可以有任意截面形状。例如,结构120可以是截面为椭圆形、圆形、矩形、多边形的圆柱体或者棱柱形。结构120也可以是如图10所示的条状或网状。根据一个实施例,结构120是柱体,其直径从50纳米至5000纳米,高度从1000纳米至20000纳米,两个最接近柱体的中心到中心的距离是在300纳米至15000纳米之间。顶部部分121优选的高度是1微米至20微米。顶部部分121优选的掺杂浓度的梯度在顶部表面120a的掺杂水平最高。优选的,结构120具有沿结构120顶部表面120a的整个轮廓的悬垂部分124。
每个凹槽130侧壁130a和底壁130b之间优选的具有圆形或斜面内角。
该钝化层131可以是任何合适的绝缘材料,如HfO2,SiO2,Si3N4,Al2O3,有机分子单层等。该钝化层131可以是任何合适的厚度,例如从1纳米至100纳米。钝化层131有效钝化侧壁130a和底壁130b。
该平面反射层132可以是任何合适的材料,如ZnO,Al,Au,Ag,Pd,Cr,Cu,Ti,Ni和它们的组合等。该平面反射层132优选的是导电材料,更优选的是金属。对任何可见光波长,该平面反射层132优选的反射率至少是50%,更优选的反射率是至少70%,最优选的反射率是至少90%。该平面反射层132优选的厚度是至少为5纳米,更优选的厚度是至少为20纳米。优选的,平面反射层132在所有的凹槽130中连接。该平面反射层132功能性地将其上的入射光反射到结构120上就此使得光被结构120吸收。光伏设备接收光的电极表面往往不透明。任何入射到此类不透明电极上的入射光或者被反射远离光伏设备或者被不透明电极吸收,从而不利于发电。平面反射层132优选的功能性地作为光伏设备100的电极。
该透明材料140对可见光基本透明,优选的透光率至少有50%,更优选至少70%,最优选至少有90%。该透明材料140是一种导电材料。该透明材料140优选为透明导电氧化物,例如ITO(铟锡氧化物),AZO(铝掺杂氧化锌),ZIO(氧化锌铟),ZTO(锌锡氧化物)等。该透明材料140优选的与平面反射层132形成欧姆接触。该透明材料140优选的功能性地作为光伏设备100的电极。该透明材料140也可以是例如SiO2或者聚合物的一合适电绝缘材料。
该基板105优选的在结构120反面有平坦表面150。该平坦表面150上可以有一个与顶部部分121相反的导电类型的掺杂层151,即,如果顶部部分121是n型,掺杂层151是p型;如果顶部部分121是p型,掺杂层151是n型。该掺杂层151与每个结构120的底部部分122电连接。如果底部部分122是本征的,顶部部分121、底部部分122和掺杂层151形成一个p-i-n结。如果底部部分122是n型或p型,顶部部分121和底部部分122形成p-n结。该平坦表面150也可以有一个位于掺杂层151上的金属层152。该金属层152与掺杂层151形成欧姆接触。该基板105优选的厚度有至少50微米。优选的平面反射层132的总面积是平坦表面150表面区域的至少40%。
该电极层180可以是和透明材料140相同的材料或和透明材料140不同的材料。该电极层180对可见光基本透明,优选的透光率至少有50%,更优选至少70%,最优选至少有90%。该电极层180是一种导电材料。该电极层180优选为透明导电氧化物,例如ITO(铟锡氧化物),AZO(铝掺杂氧化锌),ZIO(氧化锌铟),ZTO(锌锡氧化物)等。该电极层180优选的与结构120的顶部部分121形成欧姆接触。该电极层180优选的功能性地作为光伏设备100的电极。
该耦合层160可以是和透明材料140相同的材料或和透明材料140不同的材料。如图5所示,该结构120的折射率n1、该透明材料140的折射率n2、耦合层160的折射率n3优选的满足n1>n2和n1>n3的关系,从而导致更多光线集中在结构120上。
在一个实施例中,该结构120是排成如矩形阵列,六角形阵列,方阵,同心环阵列的柱体。每个结构120高度约为5微米。结构120的间距是从300纳米到15微米。术语“间距”被定义为一个结构120到近邻结构120沿一个平行于基板105方向的距离。此处使用的术语“阵列”是指具有一个特定顺序的空间布置。
如图1B所示的制造光伏设备100的方法,根据一个实施例,包括以下步骤:
在步骤1000,提供具有掺杂层151和位于掺杂层151上外延层11的基板105。外延是在另一种晶体上生长具有确定方向的一种晶体的过程,其中该方向是由底层的晶体来确定。此处使用的术语“外延层”是指由外延生长的一个层。
在步骤1001,,离子注入掺杂外延层11的上层12。
在步骤1002,掺杂上层12上加抗蚀剂层14。该抗蚀剂层14可以用旋转涂布。该抗蚀剂层14可以是一个光致抗蚀剂或一个电子束抗蚀剂。
在步骤1003,执行半导体平板印刷。该抗蚀剂层14现在开口图案使得掺杂上层12外露。开口的形状和位置相对应于凹槽130的形状和位置。半导体平板印刷的分辨率是由所用的辐射波长限制。使用波长约248和193纳米的深紫外光(DUV)的光刻工具允许的最小特征尺寸约为50纳米。使用电子能量为1keV到50keV的电子束光刻工具允许的最小特征尺寸下降到几纳米。
在步骤1004,沉积一掩膜层15。沉积可以使用如热蒸发,电子束蒸发,溅射的一种技术。该掩膜层15可以是如Cr或A1金属,或者如SiO2或Si3N4的电介质。该掩膜层15的厚度可以由凹槽130的深度和蚀刻选择性(即,掩膜层15的蚀刻率和基板105的比例)来决定。
在步骤1005,剩余的抗蚀剂层14由一合适的溶剂剥离,或者由一抗蚀剂灰化剂灰化来去除任何其上的掩膜层15。该抗蚀剂层14的开口中还有部分掩膜层15得以保留。部分的掺杂上层12现在通过保留的掩膜层15外露。
在步骤1006,该掺杂上层12外露部分和直接位于其下的外延层11部分被深蚀刻至所需的深度(例如,1至20微米),然后被各向同性蚀刻直到外延层11部分外露出来,来形成具有悬垂部分124的结构120和具有斜面内角的凹槽130。每个结构120现在包括是掺杂上层12的一部分的顶部部分121,和是外延层11的一部分的底部部分122。深蚀刻包括交替沉积和蚀刻步骤,并可能导致凹槽130侧壁上130a的“开切口形”,即侧壁130a并不平滑。该侧壁130a可以通过热退火或浸泡到一个如氢氧化钾(KOH)的蚀刻剂然后漂洗来平滑化。深蚀刻可以使用如C4F8和SF6气体。
在步骤1007,钝化层131共形的(即各向同性)沉积到凹槽130的表面和保留掩膜层15的顶部表面15a。一个共形层,如钝化层131,是覆盖了形态凹凸不平的表面并有一个基本均匀厚度的一个层。该钝化层131可用一个如电镀,化学气相沉积法或原子层沉积的合适的技术来沉积。
在步骤1008,一个抗蚀剂层16被有选择性地涂覆,使得该凹槽侧壁130a和底壁130b没有抗蚀剂层16,并且钝化层131的顶部表面131a被抗蚀剂层16完全覆盖。该抗蚀剂层16可以用一个合适的方法有选择性地施加,如下文根据一个实施例详细描述的打印涂覆方法。
在步骤1009,一金属层17各向异性沉积(即非共形)使得抗蚀剂层16和底壁130b是由金属层17覆盖,而侧壁130a没有金属层17。该金属层17可以由一个合适的技术,如热蒸发,电子束蒸发来沉积。该金属层17可以是任何合适的金属,例如铝。
在步骤1010,该抗蚀剂层16可以用合适的溶剂去除或用抗蚀剂灰化剂灰化以去除其上的任何金属层17。该钝化层131的顶部表面131a现在外露出来。
在步骤1011,该钝化层131的顶部表面131a用一个合适的技术,如离子铣、干法刻蚀、溅射来选择性地去除,而保留凹槽130的侧壁130a和底壁130b上的钝化层131完好。保留掩膜层15的顶部表面15a现在外露出来。底壁130b上的金属层17保护下方的钝化层131不被去除。
在步骤1012,该保留掩膜层15和该金属层17用合适的蚀刻剂和一个合适的如湿蚀刻法技术来去除。现在结构120的顶部表面120a外露出来。
在步骤1013,一个抗蚀剂层18被有选择性地涂覆,使得该凹槽侧壁130a和底壁130b没有抗蚀剂层18,并且结构120的顶部表面120a被抗蚀剂层18完全覆盖。抗蚀剂层18可以用一个合适的方法有选择性地涂覆,如下文根据一个实施例详细描述的打印涂覆方法。
在步骤1014,平面反射层132各向异性沉积(即非共形),使得抗蚀剂层18和底壁130b是由平面反射层132覆盖,而侧壁130a没有平面反射层132。平面反射层132可以由一个合适的技术,如热蒸发,电子束蒸发来沉积。该平面反射层132可以是任何合适的金属,例如银。
在步骤1015,该抗蚀剂层18可以用合适的溶剂剥离或用抗蚀剂灰化剂灰化以去除其上的任何平面反射层132。该结构120的顶部表面120a现在外露出来。
在步骤1016,该透明材料140沉积使得平面反射层132、钝化层131和顶部表面120a被完全覆盖,并且凹槽130被完全填充。该透明材料140可用一个合适的技术,如电镀、化学气相沉积法或原子层法来沉积。
在步骤1017,该透明材料140可用一个合适的技术,如化学机械抛光/平坦(CMP)被平坦化,使得透明材料140和结构120的顶部表面120a形成共沿表面,并且顶部表面120a外露。
在步骤1018,该电极层180可以由一个合适的技术如热蒸发,电子束蒸发或溅射来沉积到透明材料140和顶部表面120a上。之后该耦合层160可以由一个合适的技术如溅射,热蒸发,电子束蒸发来沉积到电极层180上。
在步骤1019,该金属层152被沉积到掺杂层151上。
该方法可以进一步包括一个或多个热退火步骤。
图2A显示了根据又一实施例的一光伏设备200截面原理图。该光伏设备200包括一个基板205,复数个基本垂直于基板205的结构220,和结构220之间的一个或多个凹槽230和一电极层280。每个凹槽230被透明材料240填充。每个凹槽230有一侧壁230a和一底壁230b。每个凹槽230的侧壁230a和底壁230b和结构220的顶部表面220a上具有沉积的交界层231。该交界层231是一种掺杂半导体。该底壁230b具有沉积在交界层231上的平面反射层232。该侧壁230a没有任何平面反射层。该结构220是一种单晶半导体材料。该结构220可以是一种本征半导体或掺杂半导体。如果结构220是一掺杂半导体,该结构220和交界层231有相反的导电类型,即,如果结构220是p型,交界层231是n型;如果结构220是n型,交界层231是p型。该透明材料240优选的与结构220的顶部表面220a具有共沿表面。该光伏设备200可以进一步包括透明材料240和结构220上方的电极层280。该光伏设备200可以进一步包括位于电极层280上的并且位于顶部表面220a正上方的耦合层260。
该结构220可以包括任何合适的单晶半导体材料,如硅,锗,III-V族化合物材料(如砷化镓,氮化镓等),II-VI族化合物材料(如硒化镉,镉硫化物,碲化镉,氧化锌,硒化锌等),四元材料(如铜铟镓硒)。
该结构220可以有任何截面形状。例如,该结构220可以是截面为椭圆形、圆形、矩形、多边形的圆柱体或者棱柱形状。该结构220也可以是如图9所示的条状,或如图10所示的网状。根据一个实施例,结构220是柱体,其直径从50纳米至5000纳米,高度从1000纳米至20000纳米,两个最接近柱体的中心到中心的距离是在300纳米至15000纳米之间。优选的,结构220具有沿结构220顶部表面220a的整个轮廓的悬垂部分224。
每个凹槽230侧壁230a和底壁230b之间优选的具有圆形或斜面内角。
该交界层231优选的厚度从5纳米至100纳米。该交界层231有效地钝化结构220的表面。
该平面反射层232可以是任何合适的材料,如ZnO,Al,Au,Ag,Pd,Cr,Cu,Ti,Ni和它们的组合等。该平面反射层232优选的是导电材料,更优选的是金属。对任何可见光波长,平面反射层232优选的反射率至少是50%,更优选的反射率是至少70%,最优选的反射率是至少90%。平面反射层232优选的厚度是至少为5纳米,更优选的厚度是至少为20纳米。优选的,平面反射层232在所有的凹槽230中连接。该平面反射层232功能性地将其上的入射光反射到结构220上就此使得光被结构220吸收。平面反射层232优选的功能性地作为光伏设备200的电极。
该透明材料240对可见光基本透明,优选的透光率至少有50%,更优选至少70%,最优选至少有90%。该透明材料240是一种导电材料制成。该透明材料240优选为透明导电氧化物,例如ITO(铟锡氧化物),AZO(铝掺杂氧化锌),ZIO(氧化锌铟),ZTO(锌锡氧化物)等。该透明材料240优选的与交界层231形成欧姆接触。该透明材料240优选的与平面反射层232形成欧姆接触。该透明材料240优选的功能性地作为光伏设备200的电极。该透明材料140也可以是例如SiO2或者聚合物的一合适电绝缘材料。
该基板205优选的在结构220反面有一平坦表面250。该平坦表面250上可以有一个与交界层231相反的导电类型的掺杂层251,即,如果交界层231是n型,掺杂层251是p型,如果交界层231是p型,掺杂层251是n型。该掺杂层251与每个结构220电连接。如果结构220是本征的,交界层231、结构220和掺杂层251形成一个p-i-n结。如果结构220是n型或p型,交界层231和结构220形成p-n结。该平坦表面250也可以有一个位于掺杂层251上的金属层252。该金属层252与掺杂层251形成欧姆接触。该基板205优选的厚度有至少50微米。优选的平面反射层232的总面积是平坦表面250表面区域的至少40%。
该电极层280可以是和透明材料240相同的材料或和透明材料240不同的材料。该电极层280对可见光基本透明,优选的透光率至少有50%,更优选至少70%,最优选至少有90%。该电极层280是一种导电材料制成。该电极层280优选为透明导电氧化物,例如ITO(铟锡氧化物),AZO(铝掺杂氧化锌),ZIO(氧化锌铟),ZTO(锌锡氧化物)等。该电极层280优选的与交界层231形成欧姆接触。该电极层280优选的功能性地作为光伏设备200的电极。
该耦合层260可以是和透明材料240相同的材料或和透明材料240不同的材料。如图5所示,该结构220的折射率n1、该透明材料240的折射率n2、耦合层260的折射率n3优选的满足n1>n2和n1>n3的关系,从而导致更多光线集中在结构220上。
在一个实施例中,该结构220是排成如矩形阵列,六角形阵列,方阵,同心环的阵列的柱体。每个柱体高度约为5微米。结构220的间距是从300纳米到15微米。
如图2B所示的制造光伏设备200的方法,根据一个实施例,包括以下步骤:
在步骤2000,提供具有掺杂层251和位于掺杂层251上的外延层21的基板205。
在步骤2001,外延层21上涂覆抗蚀剂层24。该抗蚀剂层24可以用旋转涂布。该抗蚀剂层24可以是一个光致抗蚀剂或电子束抗蚀剂。
在步骤2002,执行半导体平板印刷。该抗蚀剂层24现在开口图案使得外延层21外露。开口的形状和位置相对应于凹槽230的形状和位置。半导体平板印刷的分辨率是由所用的辐射波长限制。使用波长约248和193纳米的深紫外光(DUV)的光刻工具允许的最小特征尺寸约为50纳米。使用电子能量为1keV到50keV的电子束光刻工具允许的最小特征尺寸下降到几纳米。
在步骤2003,沉积掩膜层25。可以使用如热蒸发,电子束蒸发,溅射的一种技术沉积。该掩膜层25可一是如Cr或Al金属,或者,如SiO2或Si3N4的电介质。该掩膜层25的厚度可以由凹槽230的深度和蚀刻选择性(即,掩膜层25的蚀刻率和基板205的比例)来决定。
在步骤2004,剩余的抗蚀剂层24由一合适的溶剂剥离,或者由一抗蚀剂灰化剂灰化来去除任何其上的掩膜层25。抗蚀剂层24的开口中还有部分掩膜层25得以保留。部分的外延层21现在通过保留掩膜层25外露。
在步骤2005,该外延层21外露部分被深蚀刻至所需的深度(例如,1至20微米),然后被各向同性蚀刻,来形成具有悬垂部分224的结构220和有斜面内角的凹槽230。深蚀刻包括交替沉积和蚀刻步骤,并可能导致凹槽230侧壁上230b的“开切口形”,即侧壁230b并不平滑。该侧壁230b可以通过热退火或浸泡到一个如氢氧化钾(KOH)的蚀刻剂然后漂洗来平滑化。深蚀刻可以使用如C4F8和SF6气体。
在步骤2006,用一合适的例如用合适蚀刻剂的湿蚀刻、离子铣、溅射法来去除掩膜层25。该结构220的顶部表面220a外露出来。
在步骤2007,一掺杂剂层22共形的(即各向同性)沉积到凹槽230的表面和结构220的顶部表面220a。该掺杂剂层22可用一个如电镀、化学气相沉积法或原子层沉积的合适的技术来沉积。该掺杂剂层22可以包括任何合适的材料,如三甲基硼烷、三异丙基硼烷((C3H7)3B)、三乙氧基硼烷((C2H5O)3B,和/或三异丙基硼烷((C3H7O)3B)。更多细节,可以见2010年10月10日至10月15日的电化学学会的第218次会议中Bodokalkofen和Edmund P.Burte一个名为“氧化硼原子层沉积作为浅掺杂硅的掺杂源”的演示摘要,其在这里被全文纳入引用。
在步骤2008,一遮掩层23共形的(即各向同性)沉积到掺杂剂层22的表面。遮掩层23可用一个如电镀、化学气相沉积法或原子层沉积的合适的技术来沉积。遮掩层23可以是一合适的材料(例如氧化硅,氮化硅)和一个合适的厚度(例如,至少有10纳米,至少有100纳米,或至少有1微米),有效地防止掺杂剂层22在步骤2009中蒸发。
在步骤2009,该掺杂剂层22由热退火扩散到侧壁230b,底壁230a和顶部表面220a,就此形成交界层231。热退火可以在例如约850℃,10到30分钟,一个合适的气体(如氩气)中进行。
在步骤2010,该遮掩层23可以用合适的技术例如使用一个例如HF的合适蚀刻剂的湿蚀刻法去除。交界层231现在外露出来。
在步骤2011,一个抗蚀剂层26被有选择性地涂覆,使得该凹槽230侧壁230a和底壁230b没有抗蚀剂层26,并且交界层231的顶部表面231a被抗蚀剂层26完全覆盖。抗蚀剂层26可以用一个合适的方法有选择性地涂覆,如下文根据一个实施例详细描述的打印涂覆方法。
在步骤2012,该平面反射层232各向异性沉积(即非共形),使得抗蚀剂层26和底壁230b是由平面反射层232覆盖,而侧壁230a没有平面反射层232。平面反射层232可以由一个合适的技术,如热蒸发,电子束蒸发来沉积。平面反射层232可以是任何合适的金属,例如银。
在步骤2013,该抗蚀剂层26可以用合适的溶剂剥离或用抗蚀剂灰化剂灰化以去除其上的任何平面反射层232。交界层220的顶部表面231a外露出来。
在步骤2014,该透明材料240沉积使得平面反射层232、交界层231和顶部表面231a是完全覆盖,并且凹槽230被完全填充。该透明材料240可用一个合适的技术,如电镀、化学气相沉积法或原子层法来沉积。
在步骤2015,该透明材料240可用一个合适的技术如CMP被平坦化,使得透明材料240和结构220的顶部表面220a形成共沿表面,并且交界层231的顶部表面231a外露。
在步骤2016,该电极层280可以由一个合适的技术如热蒸发,电子束蒸发或溅射来沉积到透明材料240和顶部表面231a上。之后该耦合层260可以由一个合适的技术如溅射,热蒸发,电子束蒸发来沉积到电极层280上。
在步骤2017,该金属层252被沉积到掺杂层251上。
该方法可以进一步包括一个或多个热退火步骤。
图3A显示了根据又一实施例的光伏设备300截面示意图。该光伏设备300包括一个基板305,复数个基本垂直于基板305的结构320,和结构320之间的一个或多个凹槽330和一个电极层380。每个凹槽330被透明材料340完全填充。每个凹槽330有一侧壁330a和一底壁330b。每个凹槽330的侧壁330a和底壁330b和结构320的顶部表面320a上具有沉积的交界层331。该交界层331是一种掺杂半导体。底壁330b具有沉积在交界层331上的平面反射层332。侧壁330a没有任何平面反射层。每个结构320具有顶部部分321和底部部分322。该结构320可以有以下四种掺杂分布之一种(即,掺杂量分布):(i)该底部部分322是本征的并且顶部部分321是p型;(ii)该底部部分322是n型并且顶部部分321是p型;(iii)该底部部分322是本征的并且顶部部分321是n型;(iv)该底部部分322是p型并且顶部部分321是n型。该顶部部分321可以有沿顶部表面320a到底部部分322方向掺杂水平降低的一个掺杂分布。该结构320是一种单晶半导体材料。该结构320的顶部部分321和交界层331是相同的导电类型的半导体材料,即,如果顶部部分321是p型,交界层331是p型;如果顶部部分321是n型,交界层331是n型。该透明材料340优选的具有和结构320的顶部表面320a共沿的表面。光伏设备300可以进一步包括位于透明材料340和结构320上的电极层380。光伏设备300可以进一步包括电极层280上的并且位于顶部表面320a正上方的耦合层360。
该结构320可以包括任何合适的单晶半导体材料,如硅,锗,III-V族化合物材料(如砷化镓,氮化镓等),II-VI族化合物材料(如硒化镉,镉硫化物,碲化镉,氧化锌,硒化锌等),四元材料(如铜铟镓硒)。
该结构320可以有任何截面形状。例如,该结构320可以是截面为椭圆形、圆形、矩形、多边形的圆柱体或者棱柱形状。该结构320也可以是如图9所示的条状,或如图10所示的网状。根据一个实施例,结构320是柱体,其直径从50纳米至5000纳米,高度从1000纳米至20000纳米,两个最接近柱体的中心到中心的距离是在300纳米至15000纳米之间。该顶部部分321优选的高度是1微米至20微米。该顶部部分321优选的掺杂浓度的梯度在顶部表面320a的掺杂水平最高。优选的,结构320具有沿结构320顶部表面320a的整个轮廓的悬垂部分324。
每个凹槽330侧壁330a和底壁330b之间优选的具有圆形或斜面内角。
该交界层331优选的厚度从5纳米至100纳米。交界层331有效地钝化结构320的表面。
该平面反射层332可以是任何合适的材料,如ZnO,Al,Au,Ag,Pd,Cr,Cu,Ti,Ni和它们的组合等。该平面反射层332优选的是导电材料,更优选的是金属。对任何可见光波长,平面反射层332优选的反射率至少是50%,更优选的反射率是至少70%,最优选的反射率是至少90%。该平面反射层332优选的厚度是至少为5纳米,更优选的厚度是至少为20纳米。优选的,该平面反射层332在所有的凹槽330中连接。该平面反射层332功能性地将其上的入射光反射到结构320上就此使得光被结构320吸收。该平面反射层332优选的功能性地作为光伏设备300的电极。
该透明材料340对可见光基本透明,优选的透光率至少有50%,更优选至少70%,最优选至少有90%。该透明材料340是一种导电材料制成。该包覆层340优选为透明导电氧化物,例如ITO(铟锡氧化物),AZO(铝掺杂氧化锌),ZIO(氧化锌铟),ZTO(锌锡氧化物)等。该透明材料340优选的与交界层331形成欧姆接触。该透明材料340优选的与平面反射层332形成欧姆接触。该透明材料340优选的功能性地作为光伏设备300的电极。该透明材料340也可以是例如SiO2或者聚合物的一合适电绝缘材料。
该基板305优选的在结构320反面有平坦表面350。该平坦表面350上可以有一个与交界层331相反的导电型的掺杂层351,即,如果交界层331是n型,掺杂层351是p型,如果交界层331是p型,掺杂层351是n型。该掺杂层351与每个结构320的底部部分322电连接。如果底部部分322是本征的,交界层331、顶部部分321和底部部分322与掺杂层351形成一个p-i-n结。如果底部部分322是n型或p型,交界层331和顶部部分321和底部部分322形成p-n结。该平坦表面350也可以有一个位于掺杂层351上的金属层352。该金属层352与掺杂层351形成欧姆接触。该基板305优选的厚度有至少50微米。优选的平面反射层332的总面积是平坦表面350表面区域的至少40%。
该电极层380可以是和透明材料340相同的材料或和透明材料340不同的材料。该电极层380对可见光基本透明,优选的透光率至少有50%,更优选至少70%,最优选至少有90%。该电极层380是一种导电材料制成。该电极层380优选为透明导电氧化物,例如ITO(铟锡氧化物),AZO(铝掺杂氧化锌),ZIO(氧化锌铟),ZTO(锌锡氧化物)等。该电极层380优选的与交界层331形成欧姆接触。该电极层380优选的功能性地作为光伏设备300的电极。
该耦合层360可以是和透明材料340相同的材料或和透明材料340不同的材料。如图5所示,该结构320的折射率n1、该透明材料340的折射率n2、耦合层360的折射率n3优选的满足n1>n2和n1>n3的关系,从而导致更多光线集中在结构320上。
在一个实施例中,该结构320是排成如矩形阵列,六角形阵列,方阵,同心环的阵列的柱体。每个柱体高度约为5微米。该结构320的间距是从300纳米到15微米。术语“间距”被定义为一个结构320到近邻结构320沿一个平行于基板305方向的距离。
如图3B所示的制造光伏设备300的方法,根据一个实施例,包括以下步骤:
在步骤3000,提供具有掺杂层351和位于掺杂层351上的外延层31的基板305。
在步骤3001,,离子注入掺杂外延层31的上层32。
在步骤3002,掺杂上层32上涂覆抗蚀剂层34。蚀剂层34可以用旋转涂布。该抗蚀剂层34可以是一个光致抗蚀剂或电子束抗蚀剂。
在步骤3003,执行半导体平板印刷。该抗蚀剂层34现在开口图案使得掺杂上层32外露。开口的形状和位置相对应于凹槽330的形状和位置。半导体平板印刷的分辨率是由所用的辐射波长限制。使用波长约248和193纳米的深紫外光(DUV)的光刻工具允许的最小特征尺寸约为50纳米。使用电子能量为1keV到50keV的电子束光刻工具允许的最小特征尺寸下降到几纳米。
在步骤3004,沉积掩膜层35。可以使用如热蒸发、电子束蒸发,溅射的一种技术沉积。该掩膜层35可以是如Cr或Al金属,或者,如SiO2或Si3N4的电介质。掩膜层35的厚度可以由凹槽330的深度和蚀刻选择性(即,掩膜层35的蚀刻率和基板305的比例)来决定。
在步骤3005,剩余的抗蚀剂层34由一合适的溶剂剥离,或者由一抗蚀剂灰化剂灰化来去除任何其上的掩膜层35。抗蚀剂层34的开口中还有部分掩膜层35得以保留。部分的掺杂上层32现在通过保留掩膜层35外露。
在步骤3006,该掺杂上层32外露部分和直接位于其下的外延层31部分被深蚀刻至所需的深度(例如,1至20微米),然后被各向同性蚀刻直到外延层31部分外露出来,来形成具有悬垂部分324的结构320和具有斜面内角的凹槽330。每个结构320现在有掺杂上层32的一部分的顶部部分321,和外延层31的一部分的底部部分322。深蚀刻包括交替沉积和蚀刻步骤,并可能导致凹槽330侧壁上330b的“开切口形”,即侧壁330b并不平滑。该侧壁330b可以通过热退火或浸泡到一个如氢氧化钾(KOH)的蚀刻剂然后漂洗来平滑化。深蚀刻可以使用如C4F8和SF6气体。
在步骤3007,用一合适的例如用合适蚀刻剂的湿蚀刻、离子铣、溅射法来去除掩膜层35。结构320的顶部表面320a外露出来。
在步骤3008,掺杂剂层39共形的(即各向同性)沉积到凹槽330的表面和结构320的顶部表面320a。该掺杂剂层39可用一个如电镀、化学气相沉积法或原子层沉积的合适的技术来沉积。该掺杂剂层39可以包括任何合适的材料,如如三甲基硼烷,三异丙基硼烷((C3H7)3B),三乙氧基硼烷((C2H5O)3B,和/或三异丙基硼烷((C3H7O)3B)。更多细节,可以见2010年10月10日至10月15日的电化学学会的第218次会议中Bodokalkofen和Edmund P.Burte一个名为“氧化硼原子层沉积作为浅掺杂硅的掺杂源”的演示摘要,其在这里被全文纳入引用。
在步骤3009,一遮掩层33共形的(即各向同性)沉积到该掺杂剂层39的表面。该遮掩层33可用一个如电镀,化学气相沉积法或原子层沉积的合适的技术来沉积。该遮掩层33具有一合适的材料(例如氧化硅,氮化硅)和一个合适的厚度(例如,至少有10纳米,至少有100纳米,或至少有1微米),有效地防止掺杂剂层39在步骤3010中蒸发。
在步骤3010,该掺杂剂层39由热退火扩散到侧壁330b,底壁330a和顶部表面320a,就此形成交界层331。热退火可以在例如约850℃,10到30分钟,一个合适的气体(如氩气)中进行。
在步骤3011,遮掩层33可以用合适的技术例如使用例如HF的合适蚀刻剂的湿蚀刻法去除。该交界层331现在外露出来。
在步骤3012,一个抗蚀剂层36被有选择性地涂覆,使得该凹槽330侧壁330a和底壁330b没有抗蚀剂层36,并且交界层331的顶部表面331a被抗蚀剂层36完全覆盖。该抗蚀剂层36可以用一个合适的方法有选择性地涂覆,如下文根据一个实施例详细描述的打印涂覆方法。
在步骤3013,平面反射层332各向异性沉积(即非共形),使得抗蚀剂层36和底壁330b是由平面反射层332覆盖,而侧壁330a没有平面反射层332。该平面反射层332可以由一个合适的技术,如热蒸发,电子束蒸发来沉积。平面反射层332可以是任何合适的金属,例如银。
在步骤3014,该抗蚀剂层36可以用合适的溶剂剥离或用抗蚀剂灰化剂灰化以去除其上的任何平面反射层332。交界层320的顶部表面331a外露出来。
在步骤3015,透明材料340沉积使得平面反射层332、交界层331和顶部表面331a是完全覆盖,并且凹槽330被完全填充。透明材料340可用一个合适的技术,如电镀、化学气相沉积法或原子层法来沉积。
在步骤3016,该透明材料340可用一个合适的技术如CMP被平坦化,使得透明材料340和结构320的顶部表面320a形成共沿表面,并且交界层331的顶部表面331a外露。
在步骤3017,该电极层380可以由一个合适的技术如热蒸发,电子束蒸发或溅射来沉积到透明材料340和顶部表面331a上。之后该耦合层360可以由一个合适的技术如溅射、热蒸发、电子束蒸发来沉积到电极层380上。
在步骤3018,金属层352沉积到掺杂层351上。
该方法可以进一步包括一个或多个热退火步骤。
图6显示了示例光伏设备100,200或300的俯视横截面视图,其中为清楚起见未显示透明材料140/240/340,电极层180/280/380和耦合层160/260/360。图7显示了光伏设备100,200或300的示例透视图,其中为清楚起见未显示透明材料140/240/340,电极层180/280/380和耦合层160/260/360。
在步骤1008,1013,2011和3012中使用的打印方法的一实施例包括:将抗蚀剂层420涂布到一个弹性材料如聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)的辊轴410上;使辊轴410在表面405a滚动来转移抗蚀剂层420转移到基板405的表面405a。表面405a是持平的或有纹理的。在滚动辊轴410时,表面405a可以面向上或向下。
在步骤1008,1013,2011和3012中使用的打印方法的又一实施例包括:将抗蚀剂层420涂布到一个弹性材料如聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)的印章430上;使印章430盖在表面405a上来转移抗蚀剂层420到基板405的表面405a。表面405a是持平的或有纹理的。在滚动辊轴410时,表面405a可以面向上或向下。
如图11B所示,光伏设备100,200或300可以进一步包括一通孔599,其位于透明材料140,240或340中并且夹于电极层180,280或380和平面反射层132,232或332之间,其中该至少一通孔599是一导电材料,优选的是一透明导电材料(例如ITO,AZO等),并且该至少一通孔599和电极层180,280或380和平面反射层132,232或332电连接。如图11A所示,该通孔599可以通过蚀刻一凹槽598得到,该凹槽穿透电极层180,280或380和透明材料140,240或340,直到平面反射层132,232或332被外露,然后再填充凹槽598得到通孔599。如图12A和图12B所示,该通孔599可以是任何合适的形状,例如辊形或者长块形。
一个电力转换成光的方法包括:对光伏设备100,200或300光照;使用平面反射层132,232或332将光线反射到结构120,220或320上;使用结构120,220或320吸收光线并将光转换为电;从光伏设备100,200或300引出电流。如图8A-8C所示,电流可以从光伏设备100,200或300的金属层152和平面反射层132或金属层152和电极层180,金属层252和或平面反射层232,金属层352和平面反射层332分别引出。
一个光电检测器,根据一个实施例,包括光伏设备100,200或300,其中光电检测器当被光照时功能性地输出电信号。
一个光检测方法包括:对光伏设备100,200或300光照;测量光伏设备100,200或300的电信号。电信号可以是电流、电压、电导和/或电阻。当测量电信号时,一个偏置电压可被分别加在光伏设备100,200或300的结构120,220和320上。
此处已披露的各个方面和实施方案之外,其它方面和实施方案对于那些在本领域的技术人员也是显而易见的。此处已披露的各个方面和实施方案是为了说明的目的,并不是要限制范围,真正发明范围和精神在下面的权利要求中表述。
Claims (45)
1.一个光伏设备,具有将光能转化为电能的操作性,其包括一个基板,复数个基本垂直于基板的结构,和结构之间的一个或多个凹槽,每个凹槽具有一个侧壁和一个底壁,和位于每个凹槽底壁上的一个平面反射层,其中该结构包含一种单晶半导体材料;其中每个凹槽的侧壁没有平面反射层;并且每个凹槽被一透明材料填充。
2.如权利要求1所述的该光伏设备,其中单晶半导体材料是从包含硅,锗,III-V族化合物材料,II-VI族化合物材料,与四元材料的一组中所选。
3.如权利要求1所述的该光伏设备,其中该结构是圆柱体或棱柱形,其截面是从包含椭圆形,圆形,长方形和多边形截面,条状,或网状的一组中所选。
4.如权利要求1所述的该光伏设备,其中该结构是柱体,其直径从50纳米至5000纳米,其高度从1000纳米至20000纳米,两个最接近柱体的中心到中心的距离是在300纳米至15000纳米之间。
5.如权利要求1所述的该光伏设备,其中该结构沿结构的一个顶部表面的整个轮廓具有一个悬垂部分。
6.如权利要求1所述的该光伏设备,其中每个凹槽侧壁和底壁之间是圆形或斜面的内角。
7.如权利要求1所述的该光伏设备,其中该平面反射层的材料是从包含ZnO,Al,Au,Ag,Pd,Cr,Cu,Ti,Ni和它们的组合的一组中选择。
8.如权利要求1所述的该光伏设备,其中该平面反射层是一种导电材料。
9.如权利要求1所述的光伏设备,其中该平面反射层是一种金属。
10.如权利要求1所述的光伏设备,其中该平面反射层对任何波长可见光有至少50%的反射率。
11.如权利要求1所述的光伏设备,其中该平面反射层的厚度至少为5纳米。
12.如权利要求1所述的光伏设备,其中该平面反射层功能性地将其上的入射光反射给该结构使得光被该结构吸收。
13.如权利要求1所述的光伏设备,其中所有凹槽的平面反射层相连。
14.如权利要求1所述的光伏设备,其中该平面反射层功能性地作为光伏设备的电极。
15.如权利要求1所述的光伏设备,其中该基板于该结构反面有一个平坦表面。
16.如权利要求15所述的光伏设备,其中该平坦表面上有一个掺杂层和位于其上的一个可选的金属层,该金属层和掺杂层形成欧姆接触。
17.如权利要求15所述的光伏设备,其中该平面反射层的总面积至少是该平坦表面的表面面积的40%。
18.如权利要求1所述的光伏设备,其中该基板厚度至少是50微米。
19.如权利要求1所述的光伏设备,其中该结构是排列成阵列的柱体;每个结构高度约为5微米;该结构的间距是从300纳米到15微米。
20.如权利要求16所述的光伏设备,其中:
该透明材料和该结构的顶部表面具有同延表面;
该透明材料对可见光基本透明,透光率至少有50%;
该透明材料是一种导电材料;
该透明材料是一种电绝缘材料;
该透明材料是一种透明导电氧化物;
该透明材料与平面反射层形成欧姆接触;和/或
该透明材料功能性地作为光伏设备的电极。
21.如权利要求20所述的光伏设备,进一步包含一个电极层和一个可选的耦合层,其中:
该电极层沉积位于透明材料和结构之上;
该电极层可以是和透明材料相同的材料或和透明材料不同的材料;
该电极层对可见光基本透明,透光率至少有50%;
该电极层是一种导电材料;
该电极层是一种透明导电氧化物;
该电极层功能性地作为光伏设备的电极;和/或
该耦合层沉积位于电极层上和该结构的顶部表面上。
22.如权利要求21所述的光伏设备,进一步包含一钝化层,其中:
该钝化层处于侧壁上,和底壁的平面反射层下面;该结构的顶部表面没有钝化层;该钝化层有效的钝化侧壁和底壁;和/或每个结构的顶部部分和底部部分具有不同的导电类型。
23.如权利要求22所述的光伏设备,其中该结构有以下的掺杂分布之一:
(i)该底部部分是本征的并且顶部部分是p型;
(ii)该底部部分是n型并且顶部部分是p类型;
(iii)该底部部分是本征的并且顶部部分是n型;
(iv)该底部部分是p型并且顶部部分是n型。
24.如权利要求22所述的光伏设备,其中:
该顶部部分高度为1微米至20微米;
该钝化层厚度从1纳米至100纳米;
该钝化层是从包含如下组成中所选的一种电绝缘材料:HfO2,SiO2,Si3N4,Al2O3,有机分子单层;
该掺杂层有和顶部部分相反的导电类型;
该掺杂层和底部部分电连接;
该掺杂层、底部部分和顶部部分形成一个p-n或p-i-n结;
该耦合层是和包覆层的材料相同或和包覆层的材料不同;和/或
该结构折射率n1、该透明材料折射率n2、该耦合层折射率n3满足n1>n2和n1>n3的关系。
25.如权利要求21所述的光伏设备,还包括一个交界层,其中:
该交界层是一个掺杂半导体;
该交界层在侧壁上、底壁的平面反射层下面和该结构的一个顶端表面上;该交界层有效的钝化侧壁和底壁。
26.如权利要求25所述的光伏设备,其中:
该结构是一种掺杂半导体并且该结构和交界层有相反的导电类型;或
该结构是一种本征半导体。
27.如权利要求25所述的光伏设备,其中:
该交界层的厚度从5纳米至100纳米;
该掺杂层有和交界层相反的导电类型;
该掺杂层和每个结构电连接;
该掺杂层、结构和交界层形成一个p-n或p-i-n结;
该包覆层厚度约为175纳米;
该耦合层是和包覆层的材料相同或和包覆层的材料不同;和/或
该结构折射率n1、该透明材料折射率n2,该耦合层折射率n3满足n1>n2和n1>n3的关系。
28.如权利要求25所述的光伏设备,其中:
该每个结构的顶部部分和底部部分具有不同的导电类型。
29.如权利要求28所述的光伏设备,其中:
该顶部部分和交界层具有相同的导电类型;并且
该结构有以下的掺杂分布之一:
(i)底部部分是本征的并且顶部部分是p型;
(ii)底部部分是n型并且顶部部分是p型;
(iii)底部部分是本征的并且顶部部分是n型;
(iv)底部部分是p型并且顶部部分是n型。
30.如权利要求28所述的光伏设备,其中:
该交界层的厚度从5纳米至100纳米;
该掺杂层有和交界层相反的导电类型;
该掺杂层和每个结构底部部分电连接;
该掺杂层、底部部分、顶部部分和交界层形成一个p-n或p-i-n结;
该耦合层是和包覆层的材料相同或和包覆层的材料不同;和/或
该结构折射率n1、该透明材料折射率n2、该耦合层折射率n3满足n1>n2和n1>n3的关系。
31.如权利要求21所述的光伏设备,进一步包括一通孔,其位于透明材料中并且夹于电极层和平面反射层之间,其中该至少一通孔是一导电材料,并且该至少一通孔和电极层和平面反射层电连接。
32.制造一光伏设备的方法,该光伏设备包括复数个基本垂直于基板的结构,和结构之间的一个或多个凹槽,每个凹槽具有一个侧壁和一个底壁,每个凹槽底壁上具有一个平面反射层,并且每个凹槽被一透明材料填充,该方法包括:
使用半导体平板印刷技术在一抗蚀剂层产生开口图案,开口图案的位置和形状相对应于结构的位置和形状;
通过蚀刻基板形成结构和凹槽;
在底壁上沉积平面反射层,并且使得每个凹槽侧壁没有平面反射层;
沉积透明材料,使得每个凹槽被透明材料完全填充。
33.权利要求32的方法,进一步包括:
将该透明材料平坦化;
在基板上涂布抗蚀剂层;
显影该抗蚀剂层的图案;
沉积一个掩膜层;和
剥离该抗蚀剂层。
34.权利要求32的方法,还包括离子注入或沉积一个掺杂剂层。
35.权利要求32的方法,其中该结构和凹槽是由深蚀刻和后继的各向同性蚀刻形成。
36.权利要求32的方法,还包括使用打印涂覆方法涂覆抗蚀剂层,该打印涂覆方法包括:
将抗蚀剂层涂布到一个弹性材料辊轴;使辊轴在该表面滚动来转移抗蚀剂层到基板表面上,其中该表面是持平的或有纹理的。
37.权利要求36的方法,其中该辊轴是聚二甲基硅氧烷。
38.权利要求32的方法,还包括使用打印涂覆方法涂覆抗蚀剂层,该打印涂覆方法包括:
将抗蚀剂层涂布到一个弹性材料印章上;使印章盖在该表面来转移抗蚀剂层到基板表面上,其中该表面是持平的或有纹理的。
39.权利要求38的方法,其中该印章是聚二甲基硅氧烷。
40.一种将光转换为电能的方法包括:
对光伏设备光照,其中该光伏设备具有复数个基本垂直于基板的结构,和结构之间的一个或多个凹槽,每个凹槽具有一个侧壁和一个底壁,每个凹槽底壁上具有一个平面反射层;并且每个凹槽被一透明材料填充;
使用该平面反射层将光线反射到该结构上;
使用该结构吸收光线并将光转换为电流;
从该光伏设备引出电流。
41.权利要求40的方法,其中该电流从平面反射层引出。
42.一个光电检测器,包括如权利要求1所述光伏设备,其中该光电检测器当被光照时功能性地输出一电信号。
43.一个光检测方法包括:
对如权利要求1所述的光伏设备光照;
测量该光伏设备的电信号。
44.权利要求43的方法,其中该电信号是电流、电压、电导和/或电阻。
45.权利要求43的方法,其中一个偏置电压被加在该光伏设备的结构上。
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KR101537020B1 (ko) | 2015-07-16 |
US20120168613A1 (en) | 2012-07-05 |
KR20130113512A (ko) | 2013-10-15 |
CN103348486B (zh) | 2017-04-26 |
WO2012092417A1 (en) | 2012-07-05 |
US20160211394A1 (en) | 2016-07-21 |
US9299866B2 (en) | 2016-03-29 |
TW201246579A (en) | 2012-11-16 |
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