Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/4353—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/437—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems the heterocyclic ring system containing a five-membered ring having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. indolizine, beta-carboline
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
  • A61K31/519—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
  • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

• HDAC histone deacetylases
• Histone deacetylase inhibitors Histone deacetylase inhibitors. Adv Cancer Res, 91, 137-168, (2004). Moreover, recent evidence indicates that transcriptional dysregulation may contribute to the molecular pathogenesis of certain neurodegenerative disorders, such as Huntington's disease, spinal muscular atrophy, amyotropic lateral sclerosis, and ischemia. Langley, B., Gensert, J. M., Beal, M. F., Ratan, R. R. Remodeling chromatin and stress resistance in the central nervous system: histone deacetylase inhibitors as novel and broadly effective neuroprotective agents. Curr Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord, 4, 41-50, (2005).
• HAT histone acetyltransferase
• HDAC histone deacetylases
• HDACl includes HDACl, HDAC2, HDAC3, and HDAC 8 and has homology to yeast Rpd3.
• HDAC4, HDAC5, HDAC7, and HDAC9 belong to class Ila and have homology to yeast Hdal.
• HDAC6 and HDAC 10 contain two catalytic sites and are classified as class lib.
• Class III (the sirtuins) includes SIRT1, SIRT2, SIRT3, SIRT4, SIRT5, SIRT6, and SIRT7.
• HDACl 1 is another recently identified member of the HDAC family and has conserved residues in its catalytic center that are shared by both class I and class II deacetylases and is sometimes placed in class IV.
• HDACs have been shown to be powerful negative regulators of long-term memory processes.
• Nonspecific HDAC inhibitors enhance synaptic plasticity as well as long- term memory (Levenson et al., 2004, J. Biol. Chem. 279:40545-40559; Lattal et al., 2007, Behav Neurosci 121: 1125-1131; Vecsey et al., 2007, J. Neurosci 27:6128; Bredy, 2008, Learn Mem 15:460-467; Guan et al., 2009, Nature 459:55-60; Malvaez et al., 2010, Biol. Psychiatry 67:36-43; Roozendaal et al., 2010, J.
• HDAC inhibition can transform a learning event that does not lead to long-term memory into a learning event that does result in significant long-term memory (Stefanko et al., 2009, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106:9447-9452). Furthermore, HDAC inhibition can also generate a form of long-term memory that persists beyond the point at which normal memory fails. HDAC inhibitors have been shown to ameliorate cognitive deficits in genetic models of Alzheimer's disease (Fischer et al., 2007, Nature 447: 178-182; Kilgore et al., 2010,
• HDAC2 knockout mice exhibited increased synaptic density, increased synaptic plasticity and increased dendritic density in neurons.
• HDAC2 deficient mice also exhibited enhanced learning and memory in a battery of learning behavioral paradigms. This work demonstrates that HDAC2 is a key regulator of synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Additionally, Guan et al. showed that chronic treatment of mice with SAHA (an HDAC 1,2,3,6, 8 inhibitor) reproduced the effects seen in the HDAC2 deficient mice and rescued the cognitive impairment in the HDAC2
• HDAC2 selective anti-viral activity
• HDAC2 selective anti-viral activity
• HDAC2 selective anti-proliferative activity
• selective inhibition might be achieved by targeting specific HDAC isoforms such as HDAC2, in isolation, or as part of a functional multi-protein complex.
• Such inhibition has the potential for enhancing cognition and facilitating the learning process through increasing synaptic and dendritic density in neuronal cell populations.
• inhibition of specific HDACs, such as HDAC2 may also be therapeutically useful in treating a wide variety of other diseases and disorders.
• HDAC HDAC2
• Table 2 HDAC
• One of the advantages of certain compounds described herein is that they possess improved brain exposure and have higher free brain concentration.
• the brain Cmax exposure and projected free brain concentration of Compound 14 is 4-fold higher than comparator 1 (which only differs from Compound 14 by the absence of a methyl group. See Table 5) when comparator 1 data is scaled for comparison.
• Certain compounds described herein provide enhanced safety parameters. For example, replacement of the bottom phenyl ring for heteraromatics afforded compounds with improved performance in colony forming unit assays, showing fewer effects on human erythroid and myeloid progenitors. See e.g., Table 4, Compounds 4, 8, 11, and 12 compared to comparator 2 and 3. Changing a 4-fluorophenyl group for a 2,4-difluorophenyl group also has a profound effect in safety parameters. See Table 4, Comparator 6 with Compound 9.
• Certain compounds described herein perform well in a cell lysate assay employing an exogenous substrate to measure HDAC inhibitory activity. See Table 3.
• Conditions which are treatable by the disclosed compounds include, but are not limited to, neurological disorders, memory or cognitive function disorders or impairments, extinction learning disorders, fungal diseases or infections, inflammatory diseases, hematological diseases, neoplastic diseases, psychiatric disorders, and memory loss.
• the terms "subject” and “patient” may be used interchangeably, and means a mammal in need of treatment, e.g., companion animals (e.g., dogs, cats, and the like), farm animals (e.g., cows, pigs, horses, sheep, goats and the like) and laboratory animals (e.g., rats, mice, guinea pigs and the like).
• the subject is a human in need of treatment.
• salts of the compounds refer to nontoxic "pharmaceutically acceptable salts.”
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms include pharmaceutically acceptable acidic/anionic or basic/cationic salts.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable basic/cationic salts include, the sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, diethanolamine, n-methyl-D-glucamine, L-lysine, L-arginine, ammonium, ethanolamine, piperazine and triethanolamine salts.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable acidic/anionic salts include, e.g., the acetate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bicarbonate, bitartrate, carbonate, citrate, dihydrochloride, gluconate, glutamate, glycollylarsanilate, hexylresorcinate, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, malate, maleate, malonate, mesylate, nitrate, salicylate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, and tosylate.
• pharmaceutically acceptable carrier refers to a non-toxic carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle that does not destroy the pharmacological activity of the compound with which it is formulated.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants or vehicles that may be used in the compositions described herein include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat.
• ion exchangers alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin
• serum proteins such as human serum albumin
• buffer substances such as phosphate
• treatment refers to reversing, alleviating, reducing the likelihood of developing, or inhibiting the progress of a disease or disorder, or one or more symptoms thereof, as described herein.
• treatment may be administered after one or more symptoms have developed, i.e., therapeutic treatment.
• treatment may be administered in the absence of symptoms.
• treatment may be administered to a susceptible individual prior to the onset of symptoms (e.g., in light of a history of symptoms and/or in light of genetic or other susceptibility factors), i.e., prophylactic treatment. Treatment may also be continued after symptoms have resolved, for example to prevent or delay their recurrence.
• an effective amount or “therapeutically effective amount” includes an amount of a compound described herein that will elicit a biological or medical response of a subject.
• compounds and compositions described herein are useful in treating conditions associated with the activity of HDAC. Such conditions include for example, those described below.
• CNS central nervous system
• the provided compounds and compositions may be useful in treating a neurological disorder.
• neurological disorders include: (i) chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as fronto- temporal lobar degeneration (frontotemporal dementia, FTD), FTD-GRN, familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS and ALS, respectively), familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, multiple system atrophy, Wilson's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, diffuse Lewy body disease,
• chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as fronto- temporal lobar degeneration (frontotemporal dementia, FTD), FTD-GRN, familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS and ALS, respectively), familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, olivopontocerebellar at
• corticodentatonigral degeneration progressive familial myoclonic epilepsy, striatonigral degeneration, torsion dystonia, familial tremor, Down's Syndrome, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, Hallervorden-Spatz disease, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, dementia pugilistica, AIDS Dementia, age related dementia, age associated memory impairment, and amyloidosis- related neurodegenerative diseases such as those caused by the prion protein (PrP) which is associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, scrapie, and kuru), and those caused by excess cystatin C accumulation (hereditary cystatin C angiopathy); and (ii) acute neurodegenerative disorders such as traumatic brain injury (e.g., surgery-related brain injury), cerebral edema, peripheral nerve damage, spinal cord injury, Leigh's disease, Guillain-Barre
• encephalopathy hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia or direct trauma; pathologies arising as a negative side-effect of therapeutic drugs and treatments (e.g., degeneration of cingulate and entorhinal cortex neurons in response to anticonvulsant doses of antagonists of the NMDA class of glutamate receptor) and Wernicke-Korsakoff's related dementia.
• Neurological disorders affecting sensory neurons include Friedreich's ataxia, diabetes, peripheral neuropathy, and retinal neuronal degeneration. Other neurological disorders include nerve injury or trauma associated with spinal cord injury.
• Neurological disorders of limbic and cortical systems include cerebral amyloidosis, Pick's atrophy, and Rett syndrome.
• neurological disorders include disorders of mood, such as affective disorders and anxiety; disorders of social behavior, such as character defects and personality disorders; disorders of learning, memory, and intelligence, such as mental retardation and dementia.
• the disclosed compounds and compositions may be useful in treating schizophrenia, delirium, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), schizoaffective disorder, Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, depression, mania, attention deficit disorders, drug addiction, dementia, dementia including BPSD manifestations, agitation, apathy, anxiety, psychoses, personality disorders, bipolar disorders, unipolar affective disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorders, eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorders, irritability, adolescent conduct disorder and disinhibition. They may also be useful for spontaneous, toxic, neoplastic, post-traumatic and post-infectious tinnitus and smelling impairment.
• HATs histone acetyltransferases
• HDACs histone deacetylases
• the provided compounds and compositions may be useful for promoting cognitive function and enhancing learning and memory formation.
• compositions described herein may also be used for treating fungal diseases or infections.
• the compounds and compositions described herein may be used for treating inflammatory diseases such as stroke, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, ulcerative colitis and traumatic brain injuries (Leoni et al., PNAS, 99(5); 2995-3000(2002); Suuronen et al. J. Neurochem. 87; 407-416 (2003) and Drug Discovery Today, 10: 197-204 (2005).
• inflammatory diseases such as stroke, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, ulcerative colitis and traumatic brain injuries
• the compounds and compositions described herein may be used for treating a cancer caused by the proliferation of neoplastic cells.
• cancers include e.g., solid tumors, neoplasms, carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, lymphomas and the like.
• cancers that may be treated by the compounds and compositions described herein include, but are not limited to: cardiac cancer, lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, genitourinary tract cancer, liver cancer, nervous system cancer, gynecological cancer, hematologic cancer, skin cancer, and adrenal gland cancer.
• the compounds and compositions described herein are useful in treating cardiac cancers selected from sarcoma (angiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, liposarcoma), myxoma, rhabdomyoma, fibroma, lipoma and teratoma.
• sarcoma angiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, liposarcoma
• myxoma rhabdomyoma
• fibroma fibroma
• lipoma lipoma
• teratoma teratoma
• the compounds and compositions described herein are useful in treating a lung cancer selected from bronchogenic carcinoma (squamous cell, undifferentiated small cell, undifferentiated large cell, adenocarcinoma), alveolar (bronchiolar) carcinoma, bronchial adenoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, chondromatous hamartoma, and mesothelioma.
• a lung cancer selected from bronchogenic carcinoma (squamous cell, undifferentiated small cell, undifferentiated large cell, adenocarcinoma), alveolar (bronchiolar) carcinoma, bronchial adenoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, chondromatous hamartoma, and mesothelioma.
• the compounds and compositions described herein are useful in treating a gastrointestinal cancer selected from esophagus (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, lymphoma), stomach (carcinoma, lymphoma, leiomyosarcoma), pancreas (ductal adenocarcinoma, insulinoma, glucagonoma, gastrinoma, carcinoid tumors, vipoma), small bowel (adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, carcinoid tumors, Kaposi's sarcoma, leiomyoma, hemangioma, lipoma, neurofibroma, fibroma), and large bowel (adenocarcinoma, tubular adenoma, villous adenoma, hamartoma, leiomyoma).
• the compounds and compositions described herein are useful in treating a gastrointestinal cancer selected from esophag
• kidney adenocarcinoma, Wilm's tumor
• nephroblastoma lymphoma, leukemia
• bladder and urethra squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma), prostate (adenocarcinoma, sarcoma), and testis (seminoma, teratoma, embryonal carcinoma, teratocarcinoma, choriocarcinoma, sarcoma, interstitial cell carcinoma, fibroma, fibroadenoma, adenomatoid tumors, lipoma).
• the compounds and compositions described herein are useful in treating a liver cancer selected from hepatoma (hepatocellular carcinoma), cholangiocarcinoma, hepatoblastoma, angiosarcoma, hepatocellular adenoma, and hemangioma.
• hepatoma hepatocellular carcinoma
• cholangiocarcinoma hepatoblastoma
• angiosarcoma hepatocellular adenoma
• hemangioma hemangioma
• the compounds described herein relate to treating, a bone cancer selected from osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma), fibrosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, malignant lymphoma (reticulum cell sarcoma), multiple myeloma, malignant giant cell tumor chordoma, osteochondroma
• osteogenic sarcoma osteosarcoma
• fibrosarcoma fibrosarcoma
• malignant fibrous histiocytoma chondrosarcoma
• chondrosarcoma chondrosarcoma
• Ewing's sarcoma malignant lymphoma (reticulum cell sarcoma)
• multiple myeloma malignant giant cell tumor chordoma
• osteocartilaginous exostoses benign chondroma, chondroblastoma, chondromyxofibroma, osteoid osteoma and giant cell tumors.
• the compounds and compositions described herein are useful in treating a nervous system cancer selected from skull (osteoma, hemangioma, granuloma, xanthoma, osteitis deformans), meninges (meningioma, meningio sarcoma, gliomatosis), brain (astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, glioma, ependymoma, germinoma [pinealoma], glioblastoma multiform, oligodendroglioma, schwannoma, retinoblastoma, congenital tumors), and spinal cord (neurofibroma, meningioma, glioma, sarcoma).
• skull osteoma, hemangioma, granuloma, xanthoma, osteitis deformans
• meninges meningioma, meningi
• the compounds and compositions described herein are useful in treating a gynecological cancer selected from uterus (endometrial carcinoma), cervix
• cervical carcinoma pre-tumor cervical dysplasia
• ovaries ovarian carcinoma [serous cystadenocarcinoma, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, unclassified carcinoma], granulosa- thecal cell tumors, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors, dysgerminoma, malignant teratoma), vulva (squamous cell carcinoma, intraepithelial carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, fibrosarcoma, melanoma), vagina (clear cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, botryoid sarcoma (embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma), and fallopian tubes (carcinoma).
• the compounds and compositions described herein are useful in treating a skin cancer selected from malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, Karposi's sarcoma, moles dysplastic nevi, lipoma, angioma, dermatofibroma, keloids, and psoriasis.
• the compounds and compositions described herein are useful in treating an adrenal gland cancer selected from neuroblastoma.
• the compounds and compositions described herein are useful in treating cancers that include, but are not limited to: leukemias including acute leukemias and chronic leukemias such as acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and Hairy Cell Leukemia; lymphomas such as cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL),
• noncutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphomas lymphomas associated with human T-cell lymphotrophic virus (HTLV) such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, large-cell lymphomas, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL); Burkitt's lymphoma; mesothelioma, primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma; multiple myeloma; childhood solid tumors such as brain tumors, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, Wilm's tumor, bone tumors, and soft-tissue sarcomas, common solid tumors of adults such as head and neck cancers (e.g., oral, laryngeal and esophageal), genito urinary cancers (e.g., prostate, bladder, renal, uterine, ovarian, testicular, rectal and colon), lung cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer
• the compounds and compositions described herein are useful in treating a condition in a subject selected from a neurological disorder, memory or cognitive function disorder or impairment, extinction learning disorder, fungal disease or infection, inflammatory disease, hematological disease, psychiatric disorders, and neoplastic disease.
• the compounds and compositions described herein are useful in treating a condition selected from a) a cognitive function disorder or impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, seizure induced memory loss, schizophrenia, Rubinstein Taybi syndrome, Rett Syndrome, Fragile X, Lewy body dementia, vascular dementia, fronto-temporal lobar degeneration (frontotemporal dementia, FTD), FTD-GRN, ADHD, dyslexia, bipolar disorder and social, cognitive and learning disorders associated with autism, traumatic head injury, attention deficit disorder, anxiety disorder, conditioned fear response, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), phobia, social anxiety disorder, substance dependence recovery, Age Associated Memory Impairment (AAMI), Age Related Cognitive Decline (ARCD), ataxia, or
• Parkinson's disease b) a hematological disease selected from acute myeloid leukemia, acute promyelocytic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and sickle cell anemia; c) a neoplastic disease; and d) an extinction learning disorder selected from fear extinction and post-traumatic stress disorder.
• the condition treated by the compounds and compostions described herein is the condition is Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, frontotemporal dementia, Freidreich's ataxia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Parkinson's disease, depression, or substance dependence recovery.
• the present disclosure provides a method of treating a condition described herein comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt described herein, or a composition thereof.
• Subjects may also be selected to be suffering from one or more of the described conditions before treatment with one or more of the described compounds, or
• compositions comprising a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. These compositions can be used to treat one or more of the conditions described above.
• compositions described herein may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir.
• parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra- articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques.
• Liquid dosage forms, injectable preparations, solid dispersion forms, and dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of a compound are included herein.
• provided compositions may be formulated so that a dosage of between 0.01 - 100 mg/kg body weight/day of the provided compound, such as e.g., 0.1 - 100 mg/kg body weight/day, can be administered to a patient receiving these compositions.
• a specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the judgment of the treating physician, and the severity of the particular disease being treated.
• the amount of a provided compound in the composition will also depend upon the particular compound in the composition.
• the following describes an assay protocol for measuring the deacetylation of a peptide substrate by the enzymes HDAC2 or HDAC1.
• Enzyme, substrate, and cofactors are combined in a well of a microtiter plate and incubated for 3 hours at 25 °C. At the end of the incubation, the reaction is quenched by the addition of an SDS-containing buffer. Substrate and product are separated and quantified electrophoretically using the microfluidic-based LabChip 3000 Drug Discovery System from Caliper Life Sciences.
• the peptide substrate used in this assay is FAM- TSRHK(AC)KL-CONH2 (FAM is carboxyfluorescein).
• Peptide should be >98% purity by Capillary Electrophoresis.
• 1% DMSO from compound 1 ⁇ FAM-TSRHK(AC)KL-CONH2 5 nM HDAC Enzyme (specific activity may vary from lot-to-lot, and enzyme concentration may need to be adjusted to yield -10-20% conversion of substrate to product).
• Negative control samples (0%- inhibition in the absence of inhibitor) and positive control samples (100%-inhibition, in the presence of 20 mM EDTA) are assembled in replicates of four and are used to calculate %-inhibition values for each compound at each concentration.
• IC50 values of inhibitors are determined by fitting the inhibition curves (Pinh versus inhibitor concentration) by 4 parameter sigmoidal dose-response model using XLfit 4 software (IBDS).
• SH-SY5Y cells (Sigma) were cultured in Eagle's Modified Essential Medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and pen/strep. Twenty-four hours prior to compound dosing 20 uL of cells were plated in white 384 well plates at a density of 1,500 cells/well. Compounds were serially diluted in neat DMSO and then diluted 1: 100 v/v into media without FBS and mixed. Media was removed from the plated cells and the diluted compounds in serum free media (1% v/v final DMSO) were added and incubated at 37°C for five hours.
• HDAC2 IC50 HDAC2 IC50
• Clonogenic progenitors of human erythroid CFU-E, BFU-E
• CFU-GM granulocyte-monocyte
• CFU-GEMM multipotential lineages
• Clonogenic progenitors of the human erythroid (CFU-E and BFU-E) and myeloid (CFU-GM) lineages were set up in the methylcellulose-based media formulations described above. All compounds were added to the medium to give the final desired concentrations (10, 2 and 0.4 ⁇ ).
• 5-Fluoro uracil Sigma Aldrich
• Solvent control cultures containing no compound but 0.1% DMSO) as well as standard controls (containing no compound and no DMSO) were also initiated.
• Photographs were taken of representative hematopoietic progenitor-derived colonies from various lineages, illustrating colonies in the presence of the solvent control as well as colonies in the presence of the test compounds.
• CFU-E and BFU-E Erythroid
• CFU-GM myeloid
• CFU-GEMM multi-potential colony enumeration
• 5-FU was used as a positive control for toxicity in these assays and the inhibitory effects obtained for this compound were exactly as expected.
• the experiment was used to evaluate the potential effect of test compounds on human erythroid and myeloid progenitor proliferation in a methylcellulose-based medium.
• the IC 50 values were calculated from XLfit. Dose response curves for erythroid and myeloid toxicity generated by XLfit. Finally, nonlinear regression curve fitting and IC50S + 95% CI, were calculated by Prism 7.0.-GEMM. Results are shown in Table 4.
• Compound 1 was replaced a methyl in Comparator 2.
• a similar improvement in safety profile was achieved by exchanging a 4-fluorophenyl group for a 2,4-difluorophenyl group in the pyrrolopyrazole series.
• Compound 9 also realized an improved safety profile, particularly in the myeloid lineage.
• IV Intravenous
• PO Oral
• mice were dosed in mice at either 10 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg PO, and were dosed at 1 mg/kg IV.
• Plasma The animal was restrained manually at the designated time points, approximately 150 ⁇ ⁇ blood/time point was collected into K 2 EDTA tube via retro orbital puncture or cardiac puncture under anesthesia with Isoflurane. The blood sample was centrifuged (2000 g, 4°C, 5 min) to generate plasma within 30 min after bleeding.
• Brain At the designated time points, a mid-line incision was made in the animals scalp and the skin was retracted. Using small bone cutters and rongeurs, removed the skull overlying the brain. Removed the brain using a spatula and rinse with cold saline. Placed the brain in screw-top tubes, and then stored the tubes under -70°C until analysis.
• alkyl groups ethyl or methyl
• the carbon position between the pyrimidine nitrogens led to increased half life (with both rV and PO dosing) and decreased clearance (IV), as well as improved brain exposure relative to unsubstituted counteparts (e.g., Comparator 1 and Comparator 6).
• Clonogenic progenitors of the human megakaryocyte (CFU-Mk) lineage were assessed in a semi-solid, collagen-based matrix containing rhIL-3 (10 ng/niL), rhIL-6 (10 ng/mL) and rhTpo (50 ng/niL).
• Normal human bone marrow light density cells (lot #0170525), derived from normal bone marrow (NorCal Biologies, California), were stored at -152 C until required for the assay. On the day of the experiment, the cells were thawed rapidly, the contents of each vial was diluted in 10 mL of Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (IMDM + 10% FBS) and washed by centrifugation (approximately 1200 r.p.m. for 10 minutes, room temperature). The supernatant was discarded and the cell pellets resuspended in a known volume of IMDM + 10% FBS. A cell count (3% glacial acetic acid) and viability assessment (trypan blue exclusion test) was performed for the bone marrow sample.
• IMDM + 10% FBS 10% fetal bovine serum
• Clonogenic progenitors of the human megakaryocytic (CFU-Mk) lineages were set up in the media formulation described above. All compounds were added to the medium to give the final desired concentrations (20, 6.67. 2.22, 0.74, 0.25, and 0.082 ⁇ ). Solvent control cultures (containing no compound but 0.2% DMSO), as well as a standard control (containing no compound and no DMSO), were also initiated.
• the megakaryocyte progenitor assay allows for the evaluation of more primitive progenitors, detected by the presence of large colonies (CFU- Mk >50), the intermediate progenitors (CFU-Mk 21-49), detected by the presence of medium sized colonies, as well as the most mature progenitors (CFU-Mk 3-20), detected by the presence of small colonies.
• the total CFU-Mk value is the sum of the CFU-Mk (3-20), CFU- Mk (21-49) and CFU-Mk (>50). IC 5 o values are determined based on the total CFU-Mk.
• Results are shown in Table 6 (IC50 shown for 6-point dose response; % control remaining @ 10 uM dose shown for 3-point dose response).

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