Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/4439—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. omeprazole
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
  • C07C45/61—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups
  • C07C45/65—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups by splitting-off hydrogen atoms or functional groups; by hydrogenolysis of functional groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C47/00—Compounds having —CHO groups
  • C07C47/52—Compounds having —CHO groups bound to carbon atoms of six—membered aromatic rings
  • C07C47/56—Compounds having —CHO groups bound to carbon atoms of six—membered aromatic rings containing hydroxy groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C47/00—Compounds having —CHO groups
  • C07C47/52—Compounds having —CHO groups bound to carbon atoms of six—membered aromatic rings
  • C07C47/56—Compounds having —CHO groups bound to carbon atoms of six—membered aromatic rings containing hydroxy groups
  • C07C47/565—Compounds having —CHO groups bound to carbon atoms of six—membered aromatic rings containing hydroxy groups all hydroxy groups bound to the ring
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C47/00—Compounds having —CHO groups
  • C07C47/52—Compounds having —CHO groups bound to carbon atoms of six—membered aromatic rings
  • C07C47/575—Compounds having —CHO groups bound to carbon atoms of six—membered aromatic rings containing ether groups, groups, groups, or groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C07B2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to specific properties of organic compounds
  • C07B2200/13—Crystalline forms, e.g. polymorphs

Definitions

• Compound (I) binds to hemoglobin and increases it oxygen affinity and hence can be useful for the treatment of diseases such as sickle cell disease.
• Compound (I) is disclosed in Example 17 of the International Publication No.
• Compound (I) binds to hemoglobin and increases it oxygen affinity and hence can be useful for the treatment of diseases such as sickle cell disease.
• a compound in general, for a compound to be suitable as a therapeutic agent or part of a therapeutic agent, the compound synthesis must be amendable to large scale manufacturing and isolation.
• the large scale manufacturing and isolation should not impact the physical properties and purity of the compound nor should it negatively impact cost or efficacy of a formulated active ingredient. Accordingly, scale up of manufacturing and isolation may require significant efforts to meet these goals.
• Compound (I) has been synthesized by certain methods starting with 2,6- dihydroxbenzaldehyde (compound 1) where each hydroxyl moiety is protected with an unbranched, straight-chain alkyl or alkoxyalkyl such as, for example, methyl or methoxymethyl.
• compound 1 2,6- dihydroxbenzaldehyde
• an unbranched, straight-chain alkyl or alkoxyalkyl such as, for example, methyl or methoxymethyl.
• various methods of deprotection of the hydroxyl group were employed to synthesize compound (1) used in the synthesis and production of Compound (I).
• the deprotection processes used lead to unwanted polymerization and decomposition reactions of compound (1) - attributed, in part, to the conditions used for deprotection of the hydroxy groups.
• each R is -CH(CH 2 R 1 )-OR 2 or tetrahydropyran-2-yl optionally substituted with one, two, or three alkyl with an acid to provide a compound (1) and wherein R 1 is hydrogen or alkyl and R 2 is alkyl;
• LG is a leaving group under alkylation reacting conditions
• a process for synthesizing Compound (I) comprising performing Steps (i) and (ii) of the first aspect in sequence, including embodiments and subembodiments of aspect 1 described herein, thereby synthesizing Compound (I).
• a process for synthesizing Compound (I) the process comprising performing Steps (i), (ii), and (iii) of the first aspect in sequence, including embodiments and
• each R in compounds of formulae (2) and (4) is -CH(CH 2 R 1 )-OR 2 (where R 1 is hydrogen or alkyl and R 2 is alkyl) or tetrahydropyran-2-yl optionally substituted with one, two, or three alkyl to provide a compound of formula (2) above.
• each R is -CH(CH 2 R 1 )-OR 2 (wherein R 1 is hydrogen or alkyl and R 2 is alkyl) or tetrahydropyran-2-yl optionally substituted with one, two, or three alkyl, the process comprising: reacting compound (5):
• each R is -CH(CH 2 R 1 )-OR 2 (where R 1 is hydrogen or alkyl and R 2 is alkyl) or tetrahydropyran-2-yl optionally substituted with one, two, or three alkyl, the process comprising:
• each R is -CH(CH 2 R 1 )-OR 2 (where R 1 is hydrogen or alkyl and R 2 is alkyl) or tetrahydropyran-2-yl optionally substituted with one, two, or three alkyl;
• LG is a leaving group under alkylation reacting conditions
• the first and fourth aspects further include synthesizing compound (3) from the intermediate compound (6) as provided in the seventh aspect described herein.
• each R is tetrahydropyran-2-yl optionally substituted with one, two, or three alkyl.
• each R is -CH(CH 2 R 1 )-OR 2 (wherein R 1 is hydrogen or alkyl and R 2 is alkyl) or tetrahydropyran-2-yl optionally substituted with one, two, or three alkyl.
• R 1 is hydrogen or alkyl and R 2 is alkyl
• tetrahydropyran-2-yl optionally substituted with one, two, or three alkyl.
• R 3 and R 4 are independently alkyl or together form -(CR'R")2 where R' and R" are independently alkyl;
• FIG. 1 is a XRPD pattern for crystalline Form I of Compound (I).
• FIG. 2 is a XRPD pattern for crystalline Form II of Compound (I).
• Alkyl means a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of one to six carbon atoms or a branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of three to six carbon atoms, e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, 2-propyl, butyl, pentyl, and the like.
• substantially pure refers to a compound such as Compound (I) wherein at least 70% by weight of the compound is present as the given polymorphic form.
• Compound (I) is substantially pure Form I or ⁇ refers to a solid state form of Compound (I) wherein at least 70% by weight of
• Compound (I) is in Form I or II respectively. In one embodiment, at least 80% by weight of
• Compound (I) is in Form I or II respectively. In another embodiment, at least 85% by weight of Compound (I) is in Form I or II respectively. In yet another embodiment, at least 90% by weight of Compound (I) is in Form I or II respectively. In yet another embodiment, at least 95% by weight of Compound (I) is in Form I or II respectively. In yet another embodiment, at least 99% by weight of Compound (I) is in Form I or II respectively.
• the process of the first aspect further comprises formylating a compound of formula (4):
• each R is -CH(CH 2 R 1 )-OR 2 wherein R 1 is hydrogen or alkyl and R 2 is alkyl or R is tetrahydropyran-2-yl optionally substituted with one, two, or three alkyl to provide a compound of formula (2).
• each R is the same. In a first subembodiment of embodiment (a), each R is the same. In a second subembodiment of embodiment (a), each R is the same.
• the tetrahydropyran-2-yl moiety is unsubstituted.
• the tetrahydropyran-2-yl moiety is substituted with one, two, or three alkyl.
• each R is -CH(CH 2 R 1 )-OR 2 (where R 1 is hydrogen or alkyl and R 2 is alkyl) or tetrahydropyran-2-yl optionally substituted with one, two, or three alkyl.
• the 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran moiety is unsubstituted. In another subembodiment of embodiment (b), the 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran moiety is substituted with one, two or three alkyl.
• the acid is hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, or ethanesulfonic acid.
• the acid is hydrochloric acid.
• the reaction is performed at a pH of less than about: 4, 3, 2, or 1.
• the reaction is performed at a pH of about 1 to about 3.
• the reaction is performed at a pH greater than 1.
• the reaction is performed at a pH less than 1.
• the compound (2) is treated in-situ with the organic or inorganic acid to synthesize compound (1).
• the reaction is carried out in an organic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, methyl tetrahydrofuran, ethyl ether, or dioxane.
• the reaction is carried out in an organic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran.
• the reaction is carried out at temperatures less than 30°C +/-5 °C, preferably the reaction is carried out at temperatures less than about 20 °C.
• the deprotection is performed in a shorter amount of time than previous synthetic routes. The shortened deprotection time can reduce polymerization or decomposition of the intermediate compound (1) and/or,(2) as described herein.
• LG is chloro, bromo, tosylate, mesylate, or triflate.
• LG can preferably be chloro.
• LG is chloro and the reaction is carried out in the presence of a non-nucleophilic organic base (such as pyridine, trimethylamine, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, and diisopropylethylamine in the presence of a weak inorganic base such as sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, cesium carbonate, and the like).
• a non-nucleophilic organic base such as pyridine, trimethylamine, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, and diisopropylethylamine
• the weak inorganic base is sodium bicarbonate.
• LG is chloro and the reaction is carried out in the presence of pyridine and a weak inorganic base such as sodium bicarbonate.
• the reaction is carried out in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone.
• LG is chloro and the reaction is carried out in N- methyl-2-pyrrolidinone in the presence of sodium bicarbonate and catalytic amount of Nal.
• the reaction is carried out at between 40 °C to 50 °C.
• the reaction is carried out at between 43 °C to 45 °C.
• the reaction mixture is treated with water and then seeded with Compound (I) Form I at 40 °C to 50 °C, preferably 40° to 46 °C to give Compound (I) as substantially pure Form I, preferably Compound (I) is at least 95% by weight pure Form I.
• the process of the first aspect, Step (iii), fourth aspect Step (e) and embodiments (a), (b), (c) and (d) and subembodiments contained therein is wherein-, the crystallization of Compound (I) is carried out at 45 +/-5 °C to 55 +/-5 °C or at 45 °C to 55 °C, and the solvent is n-heptane and methyl tert-butyl ether to provide substantially pure Compound (I) Form II.
• at least 95% by wt of Compound (I) is Form II.
• at least 98% by wt of Compound (I) is Form II.
• at least 99% by wt of Compound (I) is Form II.
• each R is -CH(CH 3 )-0-CH 2 CH 3 , -CH(C 2 H 5 )-0-CH 2 CH 3 .
• each R is -CH(CH 3 )-0-CH 2 CH 3 .
• each R is tetrahydropyran-2-yl optionally substituted with one or two methyl.
• R is tetrahydrofuran-2-yl.
• each R is tetrahydropyran-2-yl is substituted with one methyl.
• the process of the third and fourth aspects, embodiments (a)- (e), and subembodiments contained therein is wherein, the acid used in the conversion of compound (5) to the compound of formula (4) is a weak acid such as p-toluenesulfonic acid or pyridinium tosylate.
• the acid is pyridinium tosylate.
• embodiments (a)-(i) and subembodiments contained therein is wherein the formylating agent is n-BuLi and DMF, or n-formylmorpholine.
• the formylating agent is n-BuLi and DMF.
• the reaction is carried out in THF.
• the process of the seventh aspect is wherein the palladium catalyst is dichloro[l,l'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) or its dichloromethane adduct.
• the palladium catalyst is dichloro[l,l'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) or its dichloromethane adduct.
• R 3 and R 4 together form -C(CH 3 ) 2 -C(CH 3 ) 2 - and X is halo.
• R 3 and R 4 together form -C(CH 3 )2-C(CH 3 ) 2 - and X is chloro.
• each R is -CH(CH 3 )-0-CH 2 CH 3 (1)
• each R is tetrahy dropyran-2-yl .
• Form I of Compound (I) can be characterized by a XRPD pattern comprising X-ray powder diffraction peak (Cu Ka radiation) at one or more of 12.94°, 15.82°, 16.11°, 16.74°, 17.67°, 25.19°, 25.93° and 26.48° ⁇ 0.2 °2 ⁇ .
• Form I of Compound (I) is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern (Cu Ka radiation) substantially similar to that of FIG. 1.
• the Form I of the free base of Compound (I) is characterized by a XRPD pattern comprising at least two X-ray powder diffraction peaks (Cu Ka radiation) selected from 12.94°, 15.82°, 16.11°, 16.74°, 17.67°, 25.19°, 25.93° and 26.48° (each ⁇ 0.2 °2 ⁇ ).
• the Form I of Compound (I) is characterized by a XRPD pattern comprising at least three X-ray powder diffraction peaks (Cu Ka radiation) selected from 12.94°, 15.82°, 16.11°, 16.74°, 17.67°, 25.19°, 25.93° and 26.48° (each ⁇ 0.2 °2 ⁇ ).
• Form I is characterized by a XRPD pattern comprising 1, 2, 3, 4, or more peaks as tabulated below in Table 1 that lists the XRPD peak positions and relative intensities of major XRPD peaks for Form I of Compound (I).
• Form II of Compound (I) can be characterized by a XRPD pattern comprising a X-ray powder diffraction peak (Cu Ka radiation at one or more of 13.44°, 14.43°, 19.76°, 23.97° ⁇ 0.2 °2 ⁇ .
• Form II of Compound (I) is characterized by a XRPD pattern comprising a X-ray powder diffraction pattern (Cu Ka radiation) substantially similar to that of FIG. 2.
• Form II of Compound (I) is characterized by a XRPD pattern comprising at least two X-ray powder diffraction peak (Cu Ka radiation) selected from 13.44°, 14.43°, 19.76°, 23.97° 2 ⁇ (each ⁇ 0.2 °2 ⁇ ).
• Form II of Compound (I) is characterized by a XRPD pattern comprising at least three X-ray powder diffraction peaks (Cu Ka radiation) selected from 13.44°, 14.43°, 19.76°, 23.97°2 ⁇ (each ⁇ 0.2 °2 ⁇ ).
• Form II of Compound (I) is characterized by a XRPD pattern comprising X-ray powder diffraction peaks (Cu Ka radiation) selected from 13.44°, 14.43°, 19.76°, 23.97°2 ⁇ (each ⁇ 0.2 °2 ⁇ ).
• Form II is characterized by 1, 2, 3, 4, or more peaks as tabulated below in Table 2 that lists the XRPD peak positions and relative intensities of major XRPD peaks for Form II of Compound (I).
• the processes described herein can be used for synthesizing Compound (I) at a manufacturing scale synthesis (e.g., at least 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 100, or more kg amounts).
• the processes described herein can be useful for larger scale syntheses (e.g., at least 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 100, or more kg amounts) which retain the physical properties, purity, efficacy, a combination thereof, or all thereof, of Compound (I).
• the processes described herein surprisingly reduce polymerization of compound (1) and surprisingly reduce polymerization intermediates during the synthesis of Compound (I).
• the polymerization can be reduced by at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 80%), 90%), 95% or more compared to previous synthesis routes as described herein.
• the processes described herein surprisingly reduce decomposition reactions during the synthesis of (and deprotection of) compound (1).
• the decomposition reactions can be reduced by at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 95% or more compared to previous synthesis routes as described herein.
• the processes described herein can increase the purity of the final product of Compound (I) by at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 97%), 99%) or more compared to previous synthesis routes as described herein.
• XRPD patterns were collected with a PANalytical X'Pert3 X-ray Powder Diffractometer using an incident beam of Cu Kec radiation (Kal (A): 1.540598, Ka2 (A): 1.544426 Ka2/Kal intensity ratio: 0.50, tube setting at 45 kV, 40 raA).
• a continuous scan mode between 3 and 40 (°2 ⁇ ) with a scan speed of 50 s per step and a step size of 0.0263 (°2 ⁇ ) in reflection mode was used.
• the diffractometer was configured using the symmetric Bragg-Brentano geometry. Data collection used Data Collector version® 4.3.0.161 and Highscore Plus® version 3.0.0.
• Step 1 Tetrahydrofuran (700 mL) was added to resorcinol (170g, 1.54 mol, leq.) under inert gas protection, followed by addition of pyridinium tosylate (3.9 g, 15.4 mmol, O.Oleq.), THF 65 mL) and the reaction mixture was cooled down to 0 - 5 °C. Within 1 - 1.5 h ethylvinyl ether (444 mL, 4.63 mol, 3.0 eq.) was added while maintaining a temperature ⁇ 5°C. After the addition was complete the reaction mixture was allowed to reach room temperature within 1.5 h.
• tetrahydrofuran 207 L was added to resorcinol (46 kg, 0.42 kmol, leq.) followed by addition of pyridinium tosylate (1.05 kg, 4.2 mol, O.Oleq.), and the reaction mixture was cooled down to 0 - 5 °C.
• ethylvinyl ether 90.4 kg, 120.5 L, 125 kmol, 3.0 eq.
• the reaction mixture was allowed to reach room temperature within 1.5 h.
• the reaction was stirred overnight, cooled down to 10-15 °C, and 138 L of aqueous 4% NaHC0 3 was added while maintaining the reaction solution below 20 °C.
• the phases were separated.
• the organic phase was washed once with 115 L of water and once with 125.2 kg of a 12.5% NaCl solution.
• the organic layer was dried by azeotropic distillation with THF to a water content value ⁇ 0.05%) (by weight) to yield bis-EOE-protected resorcinol (106.2 kg, 0.42 kmol) as a solution in THF.
• An advantage over previously reported protection procedures is that the bis-EOE-protected resorcinol product does not need to be isolated as a neat product.
• the product-containing THF solution can be used directly in the next reaction step thus increasing throughput and reducing impurity formation.
• Bis-EOE-protected resorcinol solution (assumption is 100% conversion) was added under inert gas protection to suitable reactor.
• the reaction mixture was cooled down to -10°C to -5°C and n-BuLi (117.8 kg, 25% in heptane, 1.1 eq.) was added.
• the reaction mixture was agitated at -5°C- 0°C for 30-40 min and then DMF (39.7 kg, 0.54 kmol, 1.3 eq.) was added at -10°C to -5°C.
• the pH of the quenched solution was adjusted to ⁇ 1 with aqueous HC1 (6M, ca 95.9 kg) and the reaction mixture stirred at ambient temperature for 16 h. After the reaction was complete the organic phase was separated and 279.7 kg of methyl tert butyl ether was added. The organic phase was washed once with aqueous IN HC1 (299 kg), once with aqueous 12.5% NaCl (205.8 kg) and once with 189 kg of water and then concentrated to a volume of ca. 69 L. To the slurry was added 164 kg of acetonitrile and the solution was concentrated in vacuo at T ⁇ 45°C to a final volume of ca. 69 L.
• the slurry was heated to re-dissolve the solids.
• the solution was seeded at 60-65 °C to initiate crystallization of the product and cooled slowly to RT over 8 hrs.
• the slurry was cooled down to -20 °C to -15°C and agitated at this temperature for l-2h.
• the product was isolated by filtration and washed with DCM (50.3 kg, pre-cooled to -20 °C to -15 °C) and dried under a stream of nitrogen to yield 2,6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde as a yellow solid. Yield: 37.8 kg (0.27 kmol, 65.4% Yield).
• the described telescoped approach from deprotection to crystallization increases the throughput and integrity of the product.
• reaction mixture was stirred at 17 °C to 25 °C and slowly cooled to 0°C to 5°C and the resulting solids were collected by filtration. The solids were washed with a 0 °C to 5 °C 2: 1 water/NMP solution, followed by 0 °C to 5 °C water.
• a suitably equipped reactor was charged with 3-(chloromethyl)-2-(l-isopropyl-lH- pyrazol-5-yl)pyridine bishydrochloride salt (1 equivalent), sodium iodide (0.05 equivalent), sodium bicarbonate (3 to 4 equivalent), l-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (7 equivalent, NMP), and 2,6- dihydoxybenzaldehyde (1.05 equivalent).
• the reaction mixture was heated to 40 °C to 50° C and stirred until the reaction was complete.
• Step 1 A suitably equipped reactor with an inert atmosphere was charged with crude 2-hydroxy-

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