WO2010061870A1 - 機能性デバイス及びその製造方法 - Google Patents

機能性デバイス及びその製造方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010061870A1
WO2010061870A1 PCT/JP2009/069907 JP2009069907W WO2010061870A1 WO 2010061870 A1 WO2010061870 A1 WO 2010061870A1 JP 2009069907 W JP2009069907 W JP 2009069907W WO 2010061870 A1 WO2010061870 A1 WO 2010061870A1
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Prior art keywords
layer
substrate
functional device
electrolyte solution
corrosion
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PCT/JP2009/069907
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English (en)
French (fr)
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
麗子 米屋
折橋　正樹
諸岡　正浩
鈴木　祐輔
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ソニー株式会社
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Priority to US12/735,794 priority Critical patent/US20110048525A1/en
Application filed by ソニー株式会社 filed Critical ソニー株式会社
Priority to CN2009801064879A priority patent/CN101965662A/zh
Priority to EP09829115A priority patent/EP2352202A4/en
Priority to BRPI0908192-5A priority patent/BRPI0908192A2/pt
Publication of WO2010061870A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010061870A1/ja

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M14/00—Electrochemical current or voltage generators not provided for in groups H01M6/00 - H01M12/00; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M14/005—Photoelectrochemical storage cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
    • H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
    • H01G9/2022—Light-sensitive devices characterized by he counter electrode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
    • H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
    • H01G9/2027—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode
    • H01G9/2031—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
    • H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
    • H01G9/2059—Light-sensitive devices comprising an organic dye as the active light absorbing material, e.g. adsorbed on an electrode or dissolved in solution
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
    • H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
    • H01G9/2068—Panels or arrays of photoelectrochemical cells, e.g. photovoltaic modules based on photoelectrochemical cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a functional device capable of suppressing corrosion caused by an electrolyte solution and improving durability, and in particular, a device having a photoelectric conversion function, such as a dye-sensitized solar cell, and a device having an image display function.
  • the present invention relates to a functional device using an electrolyte solution such as the above and a manufacturing method thereof.
  • a typical example of a device having a photoelectric conversion function is a solar cell.
  • Solar cells that use sunlight are attracting attention as an energy source to replace fossil fuels, and various studies have been conducted.
  • a solar cell is a kind of photoelectric conversion device that converts light energy into electric energy, and uses sunlight as an energy source, and therefore has a very small influence on the global environment, and is expected to be further spread.
  • DSC dye-sensitized solar cells
  • the sensitizing dye a substance that can effectively absorb light in the vicinity of visible light, such as a ruthenium complex, is used.
  • Dye-sensitized solar cells have high photoelectric conversion efficiency, do not require large-scale manufacturing equipment such as vacuum equipment, and can be manufactured easily and with high productivity using inexpensive semiconductor materials such as titanium oxide. It is expected as a solar cell of the next generation.
  • Patent Document 1 described later entitled “Dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion element manufacturing method and dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion element coating material” includes the following description.
  • the counter electrode facing the photoelectrode has a configuration in which a conductive layer and a catalyst layer are sequentially formed on a conductive substrate.
  • the substrate of the counter electrode is a metal plate such as Ni, Fe, Pt, Al, In, Sn, Cu, Zn, Ag, Au, Mo, Ti, Zr, SUS, etc.
  • tin oxide fluorine-doped tin oxide, tin -Tin oxide, fluorine on a conductive oxide substrate such as indium oxide, or a metal plate such as Ni, Fe, Pt, Al, In, Sn, Cu, Z, Ag, Au, Mo, Ti, Zr, SUS
  • a conductive oxide film such as doped tin oxide or tin-doped indium oxide formed on a conductive oxide substrate such as tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, tin-doped indium oxide, Ni, What formed metal films, such as Fe, Pt, Al, In, Sn, Cu, Zn, Ag, Au, Mo, Ti, Zr, SUS, can be used.
  • the conductive layer is not particularly required.
  • the catalyst layer of the counter electrode noble metal particles having catalytic action are dispersed in a predetermined conductive polymer, and some of the noble metal particles are exposed on the surface.
  • Patent Document 2 below titled “Dye-sensitized solar cell” has the following description.
  • the counter electrode has a structure in which a conductive polymer catalyst layer is formed on the surface of the electrode substrate. Since the electrode substrate is used as a support and a current collector for the conductive polymer catalyst layer, the surface portion preferably has conductivity.
  • a conductive metal or metal oxide, a carbon material, a conductive polymer, or the like is preferably used.
  • the metal include platinum, gold, silver, ruthenium, copper, aluminum, nickel, cobalt, chromium, iron, molybdenum, titanium, tantalum, and alloys thereof.
  • a carbon material For example, graphite (graphite), carbon black, glassy carbon, a carbon nanotube, fullerene etc. are mentioned.
  • a metal oxide such as FTO, ITO, indium oxide, zinc oxide, or antimony oxide is used, the amount of incident light to the sensitizing dye layer can be increased because it is transparent or translucent. I can do it.
  • Patent Document 3 titled “Dye-sensitized solar cell and method for producing the same” has the following description.
  • the counter electrode is composed of a platinum catalyst layer and a conductive film 7 and is formed on a substrate.
  • the platinum catalyst layer is made of a platinum film having a thickness of about 10 nm.
  • gold, silver, aluminum, indium, tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), or the like can be used. Glass substrates, plastic substrates, metal substrates, etc. can be used.
  • Patent Document 4 titled “Electrode Material for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell” describes a metal material that constitutes an electrode of a dye-sensitized solar cell, and is in direct contact with an electrolyte solution containing iodine in particular. There is a description of an electrode material suitable for a “counter electrode” for passing electrons to ions in a solution.
  • Patent Document 5 described below entitled “Electrode Material, Conductive Film Using the Material, Solar Cell, and Photoelectrode” has the following description.
  • the electrode material is used as the conductive thin film in a conductive film obtained by laminating one or more conductive thin films made of one or more conductive substances on the surface of a base film made of a polymer resin. It is an electrode material, and at least one of the conductive thin films formed of the conductive material as the electrode material has conductivity that conducts electricity, and the conductive thin film is heated at 80 ° C.
  • iodine solution a solution prepared by dissolving iodine, lithium iodide, tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI), tributyl phosphate (TBP) in acetonitrile solution
  • TBAI tetrabutylammonium iodide
  • TBP tributyl phosphate
  • the conductive substance is nickel, titanium, chromium, niobium, platinum, iridium, stainless steel, tantalum, tungsten, or an alloy made of a plurality of alloys, or a plurality of alloys made of any of the above. It is characterized by being.
  • Non-Patent Document 1 described below describes the durability of a dye-sensitized solar cell using a glass substrate as a light receiving surface and a titanium plate as a counter electrode, but does not specify a detailed structure regarding the counter electrode. .
  • JP 2006-278131 A (paragraph 0024, paragraph 0026, paragraph 0040, paragraph 0042, paragraph 0044, FIG. 1, FIG. 3) JP 2007-317446 A (paragraphs 0051 to 0052, FIG. 1) JP 2008-186768 A (paragraph 0016, paragraph 0031, FIG. 1) Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2008-034110 (paragraph 0001, paragraphs 0008 to 0017, FIG. 2) JP 2008-257948 A (paragraphs 0014 to 0020)
  • a transparent conductive layer and a semiconductor porous layer are sequentially formed on an insulating substrate, and a sensitizing dye is supported on the semiconductor porous layer so that sunlight is incident.
  • a transparent electrode, a transparent conductive layer, and a conductive catalyst layer are sequentially formed on the insulating substrate, a counter electrode disposed to face the photoelectrode, and an electrolyte sealed between the two electrodes It consists of a solution.
  • glass or an organic resin plate is used as an insulating substrate constituting the photoelectrode and the counter electrode, and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) or indium-doped oxide is used as the transparent conductive layer constituting the photoelectrode and the counter electrode.
  • FTO fluorine-doped tin oxide
  • ITO tin
  • Pt platinum
  • an electrolyte solution in which an iodine-based redox couple is dissolved in an organic solvent such as acetonitrile has been used.
  • the electrical resistance of the insulating substrate and the transparent conductive layer constituting the photoelectrode and the counter electrode, the contact resistance of these two layers, and the transparent conductive layer and the conductive catalyst layer of the counter electrode Because of this electrical resistance and the contact resistance of these two layers, the series resistance of the dye-sensitized solar cell could not be made sufficiently small. For this reason, it has been difficult to increase the fill factor (FF factor; fill factor) and improve the photoelectric conversion characteristics. There is also a demand for measures against a decrease in durability due to deterioration due to the corrosive nature of iodine in each layer constituting the dye-sensitized solar cell.
  • FF factor fill factor
  • the “photoelectrode layer” means a transparent electrode layer disposed on the light incident side or the visual (observation) side, and may be simply referred to as “electrode layer”.
  • the “counter electrode layer” is disposed to face the “photo electrode layer” and means a combination of the metal substrate, the corrosion-resistant conductive layer, and the conductive catalyst layer, and is also simply referred to as “counter electrode”.
  • the expressions “corrosion-resistant conductive layer” and “conductive catalyst layer” used below indicate that the thickness of the “metal substrate” is at least 100 times the thickness of the “corrosion-resistant conductive layer” or the “conductive catalyst layer”. It is used to show that it is above.
  • the present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems, and its object is to use a metal substrate as a substrate of the counter electrode to suppress corrosion due to an electrolyte solution and improve durability. It is possible to provide a functional device that can be used and a manufacturing method thereof.
  • the present invention relates to a first substrate having optical transparency (for example, a first substrate (photoelectric substrate) 11 in an embodiment described later), and the first substrate having electrical conductivity and optical transparency.
  • An electrode layer for example, an electrode layer (photoelectrode layer) 12a in an embodiment described later
  • a second substrate made of a metal (for example, a second substrate (counter electrode in an embodiment described later))
  • Substrates 18a and 18b
  • an electrolyte solution for example, an electrolyte solution 15 in an embodiment described later filled in a gap between the first substrate and the second substrate, and corrosion resistance against the electrolyte solution.
  • a corrosion-resistant conductive layer (for example, the corrosion-resistant conductive layers 17a and 17b in the embodiments described later) formed on the second substrate, and the corrosion-resistant conductive layer having conductivity and catalytic activity.
  • Conductive catalyst layer formed on the surface of the conductive layer (example If a conductive catalyst layer 16) in the embodiment which will be described later, are those according to the functional device having a.
  • the present invention also provides an electrolyte solution (for example, the electrolyte solution 15 in the embodiment described later) on the surface of the substrate made of metal (for example, the second substrate (counter electrode substrate) 18a, 18b in the embodiment described later).
  • a first step of forming a corrosion-resistant conductive layer for example, a corrosion-resistant conductive layer 17a, 17b in an embodiment described later
  • a conductive catalyst having conductivity and catalytic activity
  • a second step of forming a layer for example, a conductive catalyst layer 16 in an embodiment described later
  • the second substrate is made of the metal, and the corrosion-resistant conductive layer and the conductive catalyst layer are formed on the second substrate to suppress corrosion caused by the electrolyte solution and improve durability.
  • the corrosion-resistant conductive layer and the conductive catalyst layer are formed on the substrate made of the metal, and corrosion due to the electrolyte solution can be suppressed and durability can be improved. It is possible to provide a method for manufacturing a functional device that can reduce the series resistance of the substrate, the corrosion-resistant conductive layer, and the conductive catalyst.
  • the metal is any one of aluminum, copper, silver, gold, and stainless steel
  • the corrosion-resistant conductive layer is titanium, chromium, nickel, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium
  • a structure formed of any one of tantalum, tungsten, iridium, platinum, and hastelloy is preferable. According to such a configuration, even when the metal is corroded by the electrolyte solution, the metal is protected by the corrosion-resistant conductive layer, and durability can be improved. In addition, the series resistance can be reduced.
  • the corrosion-resistant conductive layer when the corrosion-resistant conductive layer is chromium or nickel, the corrosion-resistant conductive layer also acts as a base layer for the conductive catalyst layer, and this base layer is formed in close contact with the metal, Furthermore, since the conductive catalyst layer is formed in close contact with the base layer, the conductive catalyst layer can be stably formed.
  • the conductive catalyst layer may be formed of any one of carbon, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, and a conductive polymer. According to such a structure, since the said electroconductive catalyst layer has the corrosion resistance with respect to the said electrolyte solution, durability can be improved.
  • the metal is any one of titanium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, tantalum, tungsten, iridium, platinum, and hastelloy. According to such a structure, since the said metal has the corrosion resistance with respect to the said electrolyte solution, durability can be improved. In addition, the series resistance can be reduced.
  • the corrosion-resistant conductive layer is formed of chromium or nickel. According to such a configuration, the metal is protected by the corrosion-resistant conductive layer, and durability can be improved.
  • the corrosion-resistant conductive layer formed on the metal also acts as a base layer for the conductive catalyst layer.
  • the base layer is formed in close contact with the metal, and further, the conductive catalyst layer is formed on the base layer. Are formed in close contact with each other, so that the conductive catalyst layer can be formed stably.
  • the metal is chromium or nickel and also serves as the corrosion-resistant conductive layer. According to such a configuration, since the metal has corrosion resistance to the electrolyte solution, there is no need to form a layer having corrosion resistance to the electrolyte solution on the metal, and a simple structure. It can be. In addition, the series resistance can be reduced.
  • the conductive catalyst layer may include carbon, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, or a conductive polymer. According to such a structure, since the said electroconductive catalyst layer has the corrosion resistance with respect to the said electrolyte solution, durability can be improved.
  • the electrolyte solution preferably includes iodine / iodide that generates the redox couple I 3 ⁇ / I ⁇ . According to such a structure, the electrolyte solution generally used can be used.
  • an opening for filling the electrolyte solution into the gap is formed through the second substrate, and the corrosion-resistant conductive layer and the conductive catalyst layer are formed on the surface of the opening from the lower layer. It is good to have a configuration. According to such a configuration, when the electrolyte solution is filled between the first substrate and the second substrate, the electrolyte solution remains on the surface of the opening, or the opening Is sealed with an end seal (sealing agent), and then all of the opening is not sealed with an end seal (sealing agent) so that the electrolyte solution contacts a part of the surface of the opening. Even in this case, since the metal has corrosion resistance to the electrolyte solution or the metal is protected by the corrosion-resistant conductive layer, durability can be improved.
  • the area of the second substrate is smaller than the area of the first substrate, and has an extraction electrode connected to the surface of the second substrate facing the surface in contact with the electrolyte solution.
  • the second substrate made of the metal is used as a support for the conductive catalyst layer and a current collector, and the extraction electrode is disposed on a surface not in contact with the electrolyte solution.
  • it may be configured as a device having a photoelectric conversion function, an image display function, or an anti-glare function. According to such a configuration, it is possible to provide a functional device capable of reducing the series resistance and improving the durability.
  • a functional device configured as a device having a photoelectric conversion function, wherein a semiconductor porous layer carrying a sensitizing dye is formed on the surface of the electrode layer, and the sensitizing dye is excited by light absorption.
  • the sensitizing dye that has lost the electrons is configured as a dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion device that is reduced by a reducing agent in the electrolyte solution. Good. According to such a configuration, it is possible to provide a dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion device capable of reducing the series resistance and improving the photoelectric conversion characteristics and improving the durability.
  • the electrolyte solution may include a metal ion that is deposited on the electrode layer by a reduction reaction and develops color. According to such a configuration, it is possible to provide an image display device capable of reducing the series resistance and improving the durability.
  • a functional device configured as a device having an image display function, wherein a semiconductor porous layer carrying an electrochromic dye that develops color by an oxidation reaction or a reduction reaction is formed on the electrode layer. Good. According to such a configuration, it is possible to provide an image display device capable of reducing the series resistance and improving the durability.
  • a functional device configured as a device having an antiglare function, and a color developing layer containing an oxidation coloring type or a reduction coloring type electrochromic compound is preferably formed on the surface of the electrode layer. According to such a configuration, it is possible to provide an anti-glare device capable of reducing the series resistance and improving the durability.
  • the metal is any one of aluminum, copper, silver, gold, and stainless steel
  • the conductive catalyst layer is titanium, chromium, nickel, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium
  • the manufacturing method of the functional device which can be decreased can be provided.
  • the corrosion-resistant conductive layer is chromium or nickel
  • the corrosion-resistant conductive layer also acts as a base layer of the conductive catalyst layer, the base layer is formed in close contact with the metal, Furthermore, since the conductive catalyst layer is formed in close contact with the base layer, a method for producing a functional device that can stably form the conductive catalyst layer can be provided.
  • the conductive catalyst layer may be formed of any one of carbon, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, and a conductive polymer. According to such a configuration, since the conductive catalyst layer has corrosion resistance to the electrolyte solution, it is possible to provide a method for manufacturing a functional device that can improve durability.
  • an opening for injecting the electrolyte solution into the substrate is formed by penetrating the substrate, and the opening is formed by the first and second steps. It is preferable that the corrosion-resistant conductive layer and the conductive catalyst layer are formed on the surface of the portion from the lower layer. According to such a configuration, when the electrolyte solution is filled in the functional device, the electrolyte solution remains on the surface of the opening, or the opening is sealed by an end seal (sealing agent). After the sealing, even if all of the openings are not sealed by an end seal (sealing agent) and the electrolyte solution is in contact with a part of the surfaces of the openings, the metal is resistant to corrosion. Since it is protected by the conductive conductive layer, it is possible to provide a method for manufacturing a functional device capable of improving durability.
  • a low-resistance metal substrate is used as the substrate of the counter electrode, and by forming a low-resistance corrosion-resistant conductive layer on the surface of the metal substrate, corrosion due to the electrolyte solution is suppressed, Electric resistance can be reduced.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a configuration example of a dye-sensitized solar cell in an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the dye-sensitized solar cell includes a photoelectrode on which sunlight 10 is incident, a counter electrode facing the photoelectrode, and an electrolytic solution 15 held between both electrodes.
  • the photoelectrode is formed by a transparent photoelectrode layer (electrode layer, first electrode layer) 12a formed on a transparent photoelectrode substrate (first substrate) 11, and on the photoelectrode layer 12a, an increase is made.
  • a semiconductor porous layer 13 carrying a dye-sensitive material is formed.
  • the semiconductor porous layer 13 is made of, for example, nano-sized titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), and the sensitizing dye is, for example, a ruthenium bipyridyl complex.
  • the counter electrode is formed by a counter electrode substrate (second substrate) 18a made of metal, a corrosion-resistant conductive layer 17a, and a conductive catalyst layer 16 formed thereon.
  • the counter electrode substrate 18a, the corrosion-resistant conductive layer 17a, and the conductive catalyst layer 16 constitute a counter electrode layer (second electrode layer) 12b.
  • the counter electrode substrate 18a serves as a support for the conductive catalyst layer 16. Used as a current collector.
  • the counter electrode substrate 18a is, for example, a low-resistance metal substrate such as aluminum, copper, or stainless steel (SUS), and the corrosion-resistant conductive layer 17a is, for example, chromium, nickel, titanium, ruthenium, or the like.
  • the electrolyte solution 15 is, for example, a solution in which a redox system of iodine and iodine ions is dissolved in a nitrile solvent.
  • the electrolyte solution 15 filled from the electrolyte solution injection holes 20a and 20b is sealed between the photoelectrode and the counter electrode by the main seal (sealant 14a), end seal (sealant 14b), and end seal plate 19. Is retained.
  • the electrons in the ground state of the sensitizing dye are excited and transition to the excited state, and the excited electrons are injected into the conduction band of the titanium oxide semiconductor and collected in the electrode layer 12a.
  • the electrons that have moved to the counter electrode are carried by the ions in the electrolyte solution 15 and return to the ground state sensitizing dye.
  • the reductant I ⁇ is oxidized on the photoelectrode side to become an oxidant I 3 ⁇ , and the oxidant I 3 ⁇ is reduced on the counter electrode side to return to the original reductant I ⁇ . That is, the oxidation reaction of the reducing agent I ⁇ on the photoelectrode side (3I ⁇ ⁇ I 3 ⁇ + 2e ⁇ ), and the reduction reaction of the oxidizing agent I 3 ⁇ (a conjugate of I 2 and I ⁇ ) on the counter electrode (I 3 ⁇ + 2e ⁇ ⁇ 3I ⁇ ), light is converted into current and electric energy is extracted to the outside.
  • Photoelectrode substrate (first substrate) As the photoelectrode substrate (first substrate) 11, a substrate having high transparency in the visible light region, excellent barrier properties against various gases such as water and oxygen, and organic solvents, and excellent in solvent resistance and weather resistance, A transparent inorganic substrate or a transparent resin substrate can be used.
  • the transparent inorganic substrate for example, quartz, sapphire, glass and the like can be used.
  • a transparent resin substrate for example, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), triacetyl cellulose (TAC), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polycarbonate (PC), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyester, polypropylene (PP), polyarylate (PAr) ), Polyethersulfone (PES), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyvinylidene fluoride, polyimide (PI), polyamide (PA), polysulfone (PS), polyetherimide (PEI), Polyolefin, polystyrene, polymethylpentene, cellulose triacetate and the like can be used.
  • PET polyethylene terephthalate
  • TAC triacetyl cellulose
  • PEN polyethylene naphthalate
  • PC polycarbonate
  • PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
  • PET polypropy
  • Photoelectrode layer (electrode layer, first electrode layer) for example, MgO (Magnesium Oxide), ZnO (Zinc Oxide), SnO 2 (Tin Oxide), FTO (Fluorine doped Tin Oxide), GTO (Gallium Tin Oxide) ), ITO (Indium Tin Oxide), ATO (Antimony doped Tin Oxide), AZO (Aluminum doped Zinc Oxide), GZO (Gallium doped Zinc Oxide), IZO (Indium Zinc Oxide), and other transparent electrodes can be used.
  • MgO Magnetic Oxide
  • ZnO Zinc Oxide
  • SnO 2 Tin Oxide
  • FTO Fluorine doped Tin Oxide
  • GTO Gaallium Tin Oxide
  • ITO Indium Tin Oxide
  • ATO Antimony doped Tin Oxide
  • AZO Alluminum doped Zinc Oxide
  • GZO Gaallium doped Zinc Oxide
  • IZO Indium Zinc Oxide
  • the counter electrode substrate (second substrate) 18 a is a support and a current collector for the conductive catalyst layer 16.
  • the material of the counter electrode substrate 18a is any one of aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), and stainless steel (SUS).
  • SUS is an alloy containing about 12% or more of chromium in iron (Fe), and includes aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), Niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo) or the like may be added, and typically, SUS304 and SUS403 general-purpose products can be used.
  • the side surface of the counter electrode substrate 18a facing the electrolyte solution 15 is a mirror surface and a light reflecting surface.
  • the corrosion-resistant conductive layer 17a includes titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), tantalum (Ta), tungsten ( W), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), or hastelloy.
  • the corrosion-resistant conductive layer 17a is chromium or nickel, and the chromium layer or nickel layer is formed on the counter electrode substrate 18a, the corrosion-resistant conductive layer 17a is formed in close contact with the counter electrode substrate 18a,
  • the conductive catalyst layer 16 serves as a base layer, and the conductive catalyst layer 16 can be formed in close contact with the base layer.
  • the conductive catalyst layer 16 is a layer that has a catalytic activity to promote a reduction reaction for reducing the oxidized form of the redox pair contained in the electrolyte solution 15 to a reduced form, and functions as a catalyst. It has corrosion resistance against iodine in it.
  • Examples of the conductive catalyst layer 16 having catalytic activity for a redox pair include, for example, carbon (C), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os) having conductivity and catalytic activity. ), Iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), a conductive polymer (conductive polymer), or the like can be used.
  • a material for forming the conductive catalyst layer platinum having a high corrosion resistance against components contained in the electrolyte solution is particularly suitable.
  • Examples of conductive polymers include polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline, polyfuran, poloacetylene, polyphenylene, polyazulene, polyfluorene, and derivatives thereof, poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) / polystyrene sulfonic acid (PEDOT / PSS), etc. Can be used.
  • the semiconductor material constituting the semiconductor porous layer 13 is preferably an n-type semiconductor material in which conduction band electrons become carriers under photoexcitation to generate an anode current, and anatase-type titanium oxide TiO 2 is preferable.
  • anatase-type titanium oxide TiO 2 is preferable.
  • MgO, ZnO, SnO 2, WO 3, Fe 2 O 3, In 2 O 3, Bi 2 O 3, Nb 2 O 5, SrTiO 3, BaTiO 3, ZnS, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, PbS, CuInS InP or the like can be used.
  • sensitizing dye As the sensitizing dye to be supported on the semiconductor fine particles, those formed in a complex with a metal such as ruthenium (Ru), zinc (Zn), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) can be used.
  • a metal such as ruthenium (Ru), zinc (Zn), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd)
  • a typical example is a ruthenium complex dye coordinated with a ligand such as a bipyridine structure or a terpyridine structure.
  • L is 4,4′-dicarboxy-2,2′-bipyridine
  • L ′ is 4,4 ′, 4 ′′ -tetra-carboxy-2,2 ′, 2 ′′ -terpyridine
  • TBA is Tetrabutylammonium cation.
  • Ru bipyridine complex compounds are particularly preferred because of their high quantum yield.
  • dyes for example, xanthene dyes, cyanine dyes, porphyrin dyes, anthraquinone dyes, polycyclic quinone dyes, and the like can be used as long as they provide a sensitizing action.
  • the electrolyte solution 15 includes an iodine (I 2) a combination electrolyte and water or various organic solvents to dissolve them consisting of (iodine / iodide) iodide (a metal iodide or an organic iodide), I 3 - / I - generating a redox couple (redox pair).
  • I 2 a combination electrolyte and water or various organic solvents to dissolve them consisting of (iodine / iodide) iodide (a metal iodide or an organic iodide), I 3 - / I - generating a redox couple (redox pair).
  • the metal iodide is, for example, LiI, NaI, KI, CsI, CaI 2 , and the like
  • the organic iodide is, for example, tetraethylammonium iodide, tetrapropylammonium iodide, tetrabutylammonium iodide, and the like.
  • the electrolyte solution 15, bromine (Br 2) and comprises an electrolyte and water or various organic solvents to dissolve them consisting of a combination of metal bromide or an organic bromide, Br 3 - generating a redox couple (redox pair) - / Br It can also be set as the structure to do.
  • the compound corresponding to said metal iodide or organic iodide can be used as a metal bromide or an organic bromide.
  • water, various organic solvents, or ionic liquids can be used as the solvent of the electrolyte solution 15.
  • the organic solvent include alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol, ethers such as dioxane and diethyl ether, nitriles such as acetonitrile and benzonitrile, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, and the like.
  • Organic solvents such as gamma-butyrolactone, pyridine, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide can be used in addition to the carbonate-based solvents.
  • ionic liquid methylpropylimidazolium-iodine (MPII) or the like can be used as the ionic liquid.
  • the electrolyte solution may contain an additive composed of an inorganic compound or an organic compound.
  • the main seal 14a keeps a gap between the photoelectrode and the counter electrode and prevents intrusion of moisture, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc. from the outside, and the end seal 14b closes the electrolyte solution injection holes 20a, 20b.
  • the end seal plate 19 In combination with the end seal plate 19, entry of moisture, oxygen, carbon dioxide and the like from the outside and leakage of the electrolyte solution 15 to the outside are suppressed.
  • the main seal 14a and the end seal 14b for example, an epoxy resin, an acrylic resin, or the like can be used.
  • a resin that can be cured by heat or ultraviolet rays and has a gas barrier property can be used.
  • the main seal 14a and the end seal 14b may be the same type of resin or different types of resin.
  • the main seal 14a and the end seal 14b in order to suppress deterioration of the electrolyte solution 15 and the sensitizing dye due to high temperature exposure at the time of curing of the resin, the main seal 14a and the end seal 14b are not modified even when contacting with the electrolyte solution 15 before and after curing. It is preferable to use an ultraviolet curable resin that does not decrease in strength and has good iodine resistance and can be cured at a low temperature. Moreover, it is more desirable that the permeability of the electrolyte solution 15 to the solvent, water, and oxygen after curing is small.
  • the outline of the production process of the dye-sensitized solar cell is as follows. First, the main seal 14a is applied on the photoelectrode layer 12a so as to surround the semiconductor porous layer 13 carrying the sensitizing dye in an annular shape, and the photoelectrode layer and the counter electrode are bonded so as to maintain a desired gap. To do. Next, the electrolyte solution 15 is injected (filled) into one of the gaps from one of the electrolyte solution injection holes 20a and 20b formed in the counter electrode substrate 18a. Finally, the end seal plate 19 is joined to the counter electrode substrate 18a by the end seal 14b, and the electrolyte solution 15 is blocked from the outside and sealed to prevent leakage to the outside.
  • the main seal 14a and the end seal 14b are made of materials that are difficult to permeate various gases and liquids and are resistant to corrosion deterioration.
  • the end seal plate 19 is a glass plate, metal plate, or the like having similar properties. Is used. Further, the electrolyte solution 15 may be injected from an injection hole provided in addition to the second electrode layer 12b.
  • the counter electrode substrate 18a is inexpensive, such as aluminum, copper, stainless steel, etc., and even when a low resistance metal substrate is used, it has corrosion resistance against iodine and has a low resistance.
  • a corrosion-resistant conductive layer on the surface of the counter electrode substrate 18a with metal, corrosion due to the electrolyte solution can be suppressed, and the series resistance is reduced and the fill factor (FF factor) is increased.
  • FF factor fill factor
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a configuration example of the dye-sensitized solar cell in the embodiment of the present invention.
  • the counter electrode substrate (second substrate) 18b is a metal plate having corrosion resistance against iodine.
  • the counter electrode substrate 18b, the corrosion-resistant conductive layer 17b, and the conductive catalyst layer 16 constitute a counter electrode layer (second electrode layer) 12c, and the counter electrode substrate 18b serves as a support for the conductive catalyst layer 16. Used as a current collector.
  • the counter electrode substrate 18b is made of titanium (Ti), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Th), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt).
  • the corrosion-resistant conductive layer 17b is made of chromium (Cr) or nickel (Ni).
  • the chromium layer or the nickel layer as the corrosion-resistant conductive layer 17b is formed in close contact with the counter electrode substrate 18b, and serves as a base layer for the conductive catalyst layer 16, and is in close contact with the base layer to be conductive.
  • the catalyst layer 16 can be formed.
  • Hastelloy is an alloy containing nickel (Ni) as a main component, such as Hastelloy B, Hastelloy CX, Hastelloy G, chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), What contains tungsten (W) etc. in a different component amount can be used.
  • the counter electrode substrate 18b can be made of chromium or nickel.
  • the counter electrode substrate 18b can also serve as the corrosion-resistant conductive layer 17b, and the corrosion-resistant conductive layer 17b is specially formed. There is no need to form.
  • the side surface of the counter electrode substrate 18b facing the electrolyte solution 15 is a mirror surface and a light reflecting surface.
  • the counter electrode substrates 18a and 18b serve as a support for the conductive catalyst layer 16 and are used as a current collector. Is done.
  • the thickness is set to 0.4 mm to 2 mm, preferably 0.5 mm.
  • FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing an arrangement example of the extraction electrodes of the dye-sensitized solar cell in the embodiment of the present invention.
  • the semiconductor porous layer 13, the electrolyte solution 15, and the main seal 14 a existing in the range indicated by the dotted lines are omitted, and the end seal 14 b, the end seal plate 19, and the electrolyte solution injection holes 20 a and 20 b are also omitted. Only the main part is shown.
  • the photoelectrode and the counter electrode are arranged in a tab structure at both ends, and an extraction electrode 21a is arranged on the surface exposed to the outside of the photoelectrode layer 12a.
  • An example in which the extraction electrode 21b is arranged on the surface facing the side in contact with the electrolyte solution is shown.
  • the area of the counter electrode substrate is smaller than the area of the photoelectrode substrate, the photoelectrode and the counter electrode are arranged in a tab structure on one end side, and the photoelectrode layer 12a
  • An example is shown in which the extraction electrode 21a is disposed on the surface exposed to the outside, and the extraction electrode 21b is disposed on the surface of the counter electrode substrate 21b facing the side in contact with the electrolyte solution.
  • the series resistance of the dye-sensitized solar cell can be reduced.
  • the arrangement of the extraction electrode shown in FIG. the size of the dye-sensitized solar cell can be reduced, and the number of dye-sensitized solar cells that can be arranged per unit area can be increased.
  • FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a manufacturing process of the counter electrode layer of the dye-sensitized solar cell in the embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4A shows a manufacturing process of the counter electrode layers 12b and 12c used in the dye-sensitized solar cell of the configuration example (part 1) shown in FIG.
  • openings that penetrate through the counter electrode substrates 18a and 18b are formed.
  • corrosion-resistant conductive layers 17a and 17b are formed on one surface of the counter electrode substrates 18a and 18b and the inner surface of the opening.
  • the conductive catalyst layer 16 is formed on the surfaces of the corrosion-resistant conductive layers 17a and 17b including the inner surface of the opening.
  • the manufacturing process shown in FIG. 4A is applied when a metal substrate with poor iodine resistance is used. Needless to say, it can also be applied when using a metal substrate with good iodine resistance. In this case, the corrosion-resistant conductive layers 17a and 17b can be omitted.
  • FIG. 4B shows a manufacturing process of the counter electrode layer 12c used in the dye-sensitized solar cell of the configuration example (part 2) shown in FIG.
  • a corrosion-resistant conductive layer 17b is formed on one surface of the counter electrode substrate 18b.
  • the conductive catalyst layer 16 is formed on the surface of the corrosion-resistant conductive layer 17b.
  • an opening that penetrates the conductive catalyst layer 16, the corrosion-resistant conductive layer 17b, and the counter electrode substrate 18b is formed.
  • the manufacturing process shown in FIG. 4B is applied when a metal substrate having good iodine resistance is used.
  • the corrosion-resistant conductive layer 17b is Can be omitted.
  • the metal ion that is deposited on the electrode and develops color by reduction is, for example, metal ions such as silver, bismuth, copper, iron, chromium, nickel.
  • the electrolyte solution is a solution in which these metal iodides and iodates are dissolved. When the bismuth compound and the silver compound are dissolved, the electrolyte solution is almost transparent, a dark precipitate is generated on the electrode, and the decoloring reversible reaction is good.
  • FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a configuration example of an image display device (electrochromic device) in the embodiment of the present invention.
  • the conductive catalyst layer 16 the corrosion-resistant conductive layers 17a and 17b, the counter electrode substrates (second substrates) 18a and 18b, the main seal (sealing agent) 14a, and the end seal, which are common to FIG. 1 or FIG.
  • the (sealant) 14b, the end seal plate 19, and the electrolyte solution injection holes 20a and 20b are not shown and will not be described below.
  • the electrochromic device includes a photoelectrode (viewing electrode) composed of a transparent photoelectrode substrate 11 and a transparent photoelectrode layer 12a formed thereon, and counter electrode layers 12b and 12c.
  • An electrolyte solution 15 injected between them and a main seal 14a for sealing the electrolyte solution 15 are roughly configured.
  • the electrolyte solution 15 containing metal ions deposited on the photoelectrode typically, silver iodide (AgI), silver compounds such as silver iodate (AgIO 3 ), bismuth iodide (BiI 3 ), iodine Bismuth compounds such as bismuth acid (BI (IO 3 ) 3 ) are used.
  • the electrolyte solution 15 may use lithium iodide, sodium iodide, potassium iodide or the like as a supporting electrolyte.
  • a display medium formed by holding the electrolyte solution 15 in a white material and formed into a sheet may be disposed between the photoelectrode and the counter electrode so that white display is performed when black display is not performed.
  • This display medium can be formed by using a resin that is soluble in the solvent of the electrolyte solution 15 and holding the electrolyte solution 15 in a gel state, and the resin is coated with a white pigment (titanium oxide, zinc oxide, sulfuric acid). Barium, zirconium oxide, lead oxide, etc.) can also be used dispersed.
  • the side surface of the counter electrode substrate 18a, 18b facing the electrolyte solution 15 be a mirror surface and a light reflecting surface in order to brighten the display screen (viewing surface).
  • the electrode layer 12a is formed as a fraction, that is, a plurality of fractions which are mutually independent so as to correspond to each pixel are formed in a matrix, and a gate line and a source corresponding to each fraction are formed.
  • Transparent thin film transistors hereinafter referred to as transparent TFTs
  • active matrix driving can be performed to control the color generation / decoloration in the fraction corresponding to each pixel.
  • the electrochromic device described here is a display device using an electrochromic dye that reversibly develops or loses color by an oxidation-reduction reaction by application of a voltage.
  • FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a configuration example of an image display device (electrochromic device) in the embodiment of the present invention.
  • the conductive catalyst layer 16 the corrosion-resistant conductive layers 17a and 17b, the counter electrode substrates (second substrates) 18a and 18b, the main seal (sealing agent) 14a, and the end seal, which are common to FIG. 1 or FIG. (Sealant) 14b, end seal plate 19, electrolyte solution 15, and electrolyte solution injection holes 20a and 20b are not shown and will not be described below.
  • the electrochromic device includes a photoelectrode (viewing electrode) comprising a transparent photoelectrode substrate 11 and a transparent photoelectrode layer 12a formed thereon, and a counter electrode layer 12b. , 12c, an electrolyte solution 15, and a main seal 14a for sealing the electrolyte solution 15, and a semiconductor porous layer 23 carrying an electrochromic dye.
  • a photoelectrode viewing electrode
  • 12c an electrolyte solution
  • main seal 14a for sealing the electrolyte solution
  • the side surfaces of the counter electrode substrates (second substrates) 18a and 18b facing the electrolyte solution 15 be mirror surfaces and light reflection surfaces from the viewpoint of brightening the display screen (viewing surface).
  • the components of the electrochromic device will be described sequentially.
  • the conductive catalyst layer 16, the corrosion-resistant conductive layers 17a and 17b, the counter electrode substrates 18a and 18b, the main seal (sealing agent) 14a, and the end seal (sealing) that are common to FIG. 1 or FIG. Agent) 14b, end seal plate 19, electrolyte solution 15, and electrolyte solution injection holes 20a and 20b will not be described.
  • the semiconductor porous layer 23 on which the electrochromic dye is supported is made of a material having a large surface area in order to obtain a high support function of the electrochromic dye.
  • the semiconductor porous layer 23 can be formed of, for example, an oxide semiconductor, a complex oxide semiconductor, or the like.
  • oxide semiconductor include TiO 2 , SnO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , SrTiO 3 , WO 3 , ZnO, ZrO 2 , Ta 2 O 5 , Nb 2 O 5 , V 2 O 5 , In 2 O 3 , CdO, MnO, CoO, TiSrO 3 , KTiO 3 , Cu 2 O, sodium titanate, barium titanate, potassium niobate and the like can be used.
  • Examples of the complex oxide semiconductor include SnO 2 —ZnO, Nb 2 O 5 —SrTiO 3 , Nb 2 O 5 —Ta 2 O 5 , Nb 2 O 5 —ZrO 2 , Nb 2 O 5 —TiO 2 , Ti —SnO 2 , Zr—SnO 2 , Sb—SnO 2 , Bi—SnO 2 , In—SnO 2 and the like can be used, and TiO 2 , SnO 2 , Sb—SnO 2 , and In—SnO 2 are particularly preferable. Can be used for.
  • any known material can be used for the electrochromic dye supported on the surface of the semiconductor porous layer 23 and the internal micropores.
  • organic compound or an inorganic compound can be used as the electrochromic dye.
  • organic compounds that can be used include organic dyes such as viologen dyes, styryl dyes, fluorane dyes, cyanine dyes and aromatic amine dyes, and organometallic complexes such as metal-bipyridyl complexes and metal-phthalocyanine complexes.
  • the metal is a rare earth metal, lutetium (Lu), ytterbium (Yt), gadolinium (Gd), neodymium (Nd), europium (Eu), lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), erbium (Er), yttrium ( Y)).
  • the photoelectrode layer 12a is fractionated so as to correspond to the pixels, that is, the matrix-like photoelectrode layer 12a composed of a plurality of fractions is formed on the photoelectrode substrate.
  • the semiconductor porous layer 23 is formed on each fraction.
  • An electrochromic dye is supported on the semiconductor porous layer 23 formed on each fraction.
  • the electrochromic dye is any compound capable of coloring magenta (M), yellow (Y), and cyan (C).
  • a transparent TFT connected by a gate line and a source line is formed and arranged corresponding to each fraction. According to this apparatus, by controlling the voltage applied to the transparent TFT, it is possible to control the color generation / deactivation in the fraction corresponding to each pixel, and magenta (M), yellow (Y), cyan ( Image display based on any one of the color generation and extinction of C) becomes possible.
  • the electrochromic device shown in FIG. 6A can be configured to enable full color display.
  • the photoelectrode layer 12a is fractionated and formed to correspond to the pixels, that is, the first corresponding to magenta (M), yellow (Y), and cyan (C).
  • a matrix-like photoelectrode layer 12a comprising a plurality of fractions comprising the second and third fractions is formed on the photoelectrode substrate 11.
  • a semiconductor porous layer 23 is formed on the first, second, and third fractions, and magenta (M) is formed on the semiconductor porous layer 23 formed on the first, second, and third fractions, respectively.
  • a transparent TFT connected by a gate line and a source line is formed and disposed on the transparent electrode 2 corresponding to the first, second, and third fractions.
  • the electrochromic device configured as described above, by controlling the voltage applied to the transparent TFT, the color generation / decoloration in the first, second and third fractions corresponding to each pixel is controlled, Full color display can be made possible.
  • an electrochromic device that enables full color display by laminating three layers of electrochromic devices having basically the same structure as that shown in FIG.
  • FIG. 6B is a cross-sectional view illustrating a schematic configuration of an example of an electrochromic device capable of performing color display according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Each of the electrochromic element structures 10A, 10B, and 10C shown in FIG. 6B has basically the same configuration as that shown in FIG. 6B.
  • the semiconductor porous layer 23a of the display structure 40A, the semiconductor porous layer 23b of the display structure 40B, and the semiconductor porous layer 23c of the display structure 40C shown in FIG. 6B are respectively magenta (M) and yellow.
  • An electrochromic dye that develops color (Y) and cyan (C) is supported.
  • the electrolyte solutions 15 in the display structures 40A, 40B, and 40C may be the same or different.
  • the transparent photoelectrode layer 12a is fractionated so as to correspond to the pixels, that is, the matrix-like photoelectrode layer 12a composed of a plurality of fractions is a transparent photoelectrode.
  • a semiconductor porous layer 23a, 23b, 23c is formed on the substrate 11 and on each fraction.
  • electrochromic dyes that develop colors of magenta (M), yellow (Y), and cyan (C) are supported.
  • the counter substrates 18a and 18b in the display structure 40C are metal plates as shown in FIG. 1 or 2, and the counter electrode layers 12b and 12c are opaque, but the counter substrates 18a and 18b in the display structures 40A and 40B are opaque.
  • 18b is formed of a transparent material, and the counter electrode layer (second electrode layer) 12d is substantially transparent.
  • a full color display electrochromic device capable of reversibly performing color generation and decoloration can be configured.
  • transparent TFTs connected by gate lines and source lines are formed corresponding to the respective fractions of the photoelectrode layer 12a for the display structures 40A, 40B, and 40C.
  • Each of the display structures 40A, 40B, and 40C is driven by active matrix driving by controlling the voltage applied to the transparent TFT formed in each fraction of the photoelectrode layer 12a for each of the display structures 40A, 40B, and 40C. It is possible to control the color generation / decoloration in the fraction corresponding to each pixel in the image, and display an image based on the color generation / deactivation of magenta (M), yellow (Y), and cyan (C).
  • M magenta
  • Y yellow
  • C cyan
  • the electrochromic dyes include yellow (Y) region (430 to 490 nm range), magenta (M) region (500 to 580 nm range), cyan (C) region (600 to 700 nm). It is desirable to use a dye having an absorption maximum in the range (1).
  • an electrochromic dye capable of developing cyan (C) for example, 2- ⁇ 2- [4- (methoxy) phenyl] -1,3,5-hexatrienyl ⁇ -3,3-dimethyl-5-phospho Noindolino [2,1-b] (2- [2- [4- (methoxy) phenyl] -1,3,5-hexatrienyl-3,3-dimethyl-5-phosphonoindolino [2,1-b] oxazolidine ]) Can be used.
  • an electrochromic dye capable of developing magenta for example, 2- ⁇ 2- [4- (dimethylamino) phenyl] -1,3-butadienyl ⁇ -3,3-dimethyl-5-carboxylindo Reno [2,1-b] oxazoline (2- [2- [4- (dimethylamino) phenyl] -1,3-butadienyl] -3,3-dimethyl-5-carboxylindolino [2,1-b] oxazolidine) Can be used.
  • M magenta
  • an electrochromic dye capable of developing yellow (Y) for example, 2- ⁇ 2- [4- (dimethylamino) phenyl] ethenyl ⁇ -3,3-dimethyl-5-phosphonoindolino [2, 1-b] oxazoline (2- [2- [4- (dimethylamino) phenyl] ethenyl] -3,3-dimethyl-5-phosphonoindolino [2,1-b] oxazolidine) can be used.
  • An anti-glare mirror using an electrochromic coloring layer is a mirror that can adjust the reflectance and suppress glare by utilizing the degree of color change of the electrochromic coloring layer depending on the applied voltage. .
  • FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a configuration example of the anti-glare mirror in the embodiment of the present invention.
  • the anti-glare mirror includes a transparent photoelectric substrate 11 on the viewing side, a transparent photoelectrode layer 12a formed thereon, and a coloring layer 33 containing an electrochromic compound formed thereon.
  • the electrolyte solution 15 is sealed and roughly configured in a gap between the color-developing electrode made of the electrode and the counter electrode layers (counter electrodes) 12b and 12c similar to those shown in FIG. 1 or FIG.
  • the counter electrode substrates (second substrates) 18a and 18b of the counter electrode layers 12b and 12c preferably have smoothness because their surfaces become light reflecting layers.
  • the counter electrode substrates 18a and 18b have a configuration in which a metal layer having corrosion resistance to iodine is formed on the surface of a metal plate such as aluminum, SUS, or copper.
  • the conductive catalyst layer 16 In FIG. 7, the conductive catalyst layer 16, the corrosion-resistant conductive layers 17a and 17b, the counter electrode substrates 18a and 18b, the main seal (sealing agent) 14a, and the end seal (sealing agent) 14b, which are common to FIG. 1 or FIG.
  • the end seal plate 19, the electrolyte solution 15, and the electrolyte solution injection holes 20 a and 20 b are not illustrated and will not be described below.
  • the coloring layer 33 is made of, for example, tungsten oxide (WO 3 ), vanadium oxide (V 2 O 5 ), molybdenum oxide (Mo 2 O 3 ), iridium oxide (Ir 2 O 3 ), nickel oxide (NiO), manganese oxide ( It is preferable to be formed of a reduced coloring type oxide such as MnO 2 ), and the coloring layer 33 can be formed on the photoelectrode layer 12a by a known method.
  • the intensity of the reflected light from the counter electrode becomes substantially constant, Since the reflectance can be adjusted by changing the degree of coloring of the coloring layer 33, the degree of glare in the viewing direction 30 can be made substantially constant.
  • Example > The dye-sensitized solar cell in the example of the present invention has the configuration shown in FIG.
  • a glass substrate (15 mm ⁇ 20 mm square, sheet resistance 10 ⁇ / ⁇ , manufactured by Nippon Sheet Glass Co., Ltd.) (photoelectrode substrate 11) on which a fluorine-doped tin oxide conductive layer (FTO layer) is formed as a photoelectrode layer 12a is a photoelectrode It was.
  • FTO layer fluorine-doped tin oxide conductive layer
  • a semiconductor porous layer 13 was formed on the FTO layer.
  • FIG. 8 is a diagram showing an example of the sensitizing dye used in the dye-sensitized solar cell in the example of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8A shows trithiocyanato (4,4 ′, 4 ′′ -tricarboxy-2,2 ′: 6 ′, 2 ′′ -terpyridine) ruthenium (II) tri-tetrabutylammonium complex (Solaronix, 620 -1H3TBA, Batch Number 34) (black dye, commonly referred to as N749).
  • TBA in FIG. 8A is tetrabutammonium (N ((CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 ) 4 ).
  • B) of FIG. 8 is merocyanine pigment
  • TiO 2 titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) semiconductor porous layer was added to a mixed dye liquid composed of D131 (concentration 0.1875 mM) and black die (concentration 0.5625 mM). The pigment was supported on titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) by soaking for 96 hours.
  • a 0.4 mm-thick Nb, Ru, Ti plate is used as the counter electrode substrate 18b, and a 500-thick Cr layer is formed as the corrosion-resistant conductive layer 17b, and a 1000-thick Pt as the conductive catalyst layer 16 is formed on this Cr layer.
  • a layer was formed as a counter electrode.
  • the Cr layer and the Pt layer were formed by sputtering. In the following description including FIG. 10 and FIG. 11, these counter electrodes are abbreviated as Nb / Cr / Pt, Ru / Cr / Pt, and Ti / Cr / Pt.
  • FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a composition example of the electrolyte solution used in the dye-sensitized solar cell in the example of the present invention.
  • acetonitrile was used as a solvent, and sodium iodide (concentration 0.15M), DMPImI (concentration 0.9M), iodine (concentration 0.05M), t-butylpyridine (concentration 0.1M).
  • DMPImI 1,2-dimethyl-3-propyl-1H-imidazole-3-iumiodide (C 8 H 15 N 2 ).
  • One of the electrolyte solution injection holes 20a and 20b formed in the counter electrode was used as an air vent hole, and the electrolyte solution 15 was injected from the other hole into the internal space formed by the joined photoelectrode and counter electrode.
  • the electrolyte solution injection holes 20a and 20b were sealed using a glass plate as the end seal plate 19 and an ultraviolet curable resin (31X-101 series resin, manufactured by ThreeBond Co., Ltd.) as the end seal 14b, respectively.
  • the gap distance between the bonded photoelectrode and the counter electrode is 30 ⁇ m, and the light irradiation area of the internal space is 150 mm ⁇ 150 mm.
  • Comparative example > A 0.4 mm-thick alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) plate (insulator substrate) is used as the counter electrode substrate 18b, a 500-thick Cr layer is formed as the corrosion-resistant conductive layer 17b, and the conductive catalyst layer 16 is formed on this Cr layer.
  • a counter electrode a Pt layer having a thickness of 1000 mm was formed. The Cr layer and the Pt layer were formed by sputtering.
  • this counter electrode is abbreviated as alumina / Cr / Pt. Since other configurations are the same as those of the embodiment, description thereof is omitted.
  • FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an example of photoelectric conversion characteristics of the dye-sensitized solar cell in the example of the present invention.
  • FIG. 10 shows the result regarding the dye-sensitized battery having the counter electrode alumina / Cr / Pt in the comparative example, and (b), (c), and (d) respectively show the counter electrode Nb / in the example.
  • the result regarding the dye-sensitized battery which has Cr / Pt, Ru / Cr / Pt, Ti / Cr / Pt is shown.
  • FIG. 10 shows the current-voltage characteristics of the dye-sensitized solar cell, where the horizontal axis represents voltage (V) and the vertical axis represents current density J (mA / cm 2 ).
  • V voltage
  • J current density
  • the fill factor FF of the dye-sensitized solar cell of the comparative example is 1.0
  • the fill factor FF of the dye-sensitized solar cells (b), (c), and (d) of the examples is 1.13, respectively. 1.08, 1.10.
  • the dye-sensitized solar cell of Example (b), (c), the photoelectric conversion efficiency E ff of (d) are 1.12, 1.04, and 1.09, respectively.
  • FIG. 11 shows an example of a Cole-Cole plot diagram showing the impedance characteristics of the dye-sensitized solar cell in the example of the present invention.
  • the horizontal axis represents the real part Z ′ ( ⁇ ) of the impedance
  • the vertical axis represents the imaginary part Z ′′ ( ⁇ ) of the impedance.
  • FIG. 11 is a schematic sectional view showing the layer structure of the counter electrode.
  • FIG. 11 shows the result regarding the dye-sensitized battery having the counter electrode alumina / Cr / Pt in the comparative example.
  • FIG. 11 shows the results (two curves indicated by small solid circles) regarding two samples of the dye-sensitized battery having the counter electrode Nb / Cr / Pt in the example. The reproducibility of the impedance characteristics for the two samples is good.
  • the impedance characteristics of the dye-sensitized solar cell shown in FIG. 11 are such that the lower the resistance between the counter electrode and the electrolyte solution, the lower the real part Z ′ is at the starting position of the arc, so the counter electrode Nb / Cr / Pt
  • the series resistance of a dye-sensitized solar cell using a lower electrode is lower than the series resistance of a counter-electrode using an alumina substrate (insulator substrate), that is, a dye-sensitized solar cell using a counter electrode alumina / Cr / Pt. It shows that.
  • the sheet resistance of the counter electrode in the above-described example is 8.8 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 ⁇ / cm 2 for Nb / Cr / Pt, 8.4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 ⁇ / cm 2 for Ru / Cr / Pt, The Ti / Cr / Pt was 9.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 ⁇ / cm 2 .
  • the sheet resistance of the counter electrode (glass / Cr / Pt) in which alumina was replaced with glass in the counter electrode of the comparative example was 2.0 ⁇ / cm 2 .
  • the sheet resistance of the counter electrode of the comparative example is expected to be three orders of magnitude greater than the sheet resistance of the counter electrode of the example.
  • the structure using the counter electrode using the metal substrate in particular, the structure using the counter electrode Nb / Cr / Pt in which the Cr layer and Pt are formed on the Nb substrate, and the electrolyte containing iodine. Corrosion resistance to the solution is improved, and the sheet resistance of the counter electrode can be reduced and the series resistance of the dye-sensitized solar cell can be lowered than the configuration using the counter electrode using the insulating substrate. And photoelectric conversion characteristics could be improved.
  • a photoelectrode substrate, a photoelectrode layer, a conductive catalyst layer, a corrosion-resistant conductive layer, a counter electrode substrate, a counter electrode layer, a semiconductor porous layer carrying a sensitizing dye or an electromic dye For example, in a functional device, a photoelectrode substrate, a photoelectrode layer, a conductive catalyst layer, a corrosion-resistant conductive layer, a counter electrode substrate, a counter electrode layer, a semiconductor porous layer carrying a sensitizing dye or an electromic dye,
  • the composition of the color-forming layer containing the compound, the sealing agent, the electrolyte solution, and the like are not limited to those exemplified in the embodiments and examples, and can be appropriately changed according to the intended use.
  • the present invention can also be applied to functional devices such as chemical batteries, biosensors, and capacitors as long as the electrolyte solution is used.
  • the present invention can provide a functional device that uses a metal substrate to suppress corrosion due to an electrolyte solution and can reduce direct current resistance.

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