US20110027247A1 - Methods for treatment of oncological disorders using an epimetabolic shifter (coenzyme q10) - Google Patents

Methods for treatment of oncological disorders using an epimetabolic shifter (coenzyme q10) Download PDF

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US20110027247A1
US20110027247A1 US12/778,094 US77809410A US2011027247A1 US 20110027247 A1 US20110027247 A1 US 20110027247A1 US 77809410 A US77809410 A US 77809410A US 2011027247 A1 US2011027247 A1 US 2011027247A1
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coq10
phase
coenzyme
cancer
human
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Niven Rajin Narain
John Patrick McCook
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BERG LLC
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Priority to US14/171,419 priority patent/US9896731B2/en
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Priority to US15/862,856 priority patent/US10351915B2/en
Priority to US16/421,788 priority patent/US11028446B2/en
Priority to US17/232,795 priority patent/US20220081720A1/en
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Definitions

  • 61/177,244 filed May 11, 2009, entitled “Methods for the Diagnosis of Oncological Disorders Using Epimetabolic Shifters, Multidimensional Intracellular Molecules or Environmental Influencers” (Attorney Docket No.: 117732-00801), U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/177,245, filed May 11, 2009, entitled “Methods for Treatment of Metabolic Disorders Using Epimetabolic Shifters, Multidimensional Intracellular Molecules or Environmental Influencers” (Attorney Docket No.: 117732-00901), and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No.
  • Cancer is presently one of the leading causes of death in developed countries and is a serious threat to modern society. Cancer can develop in any tissue of any organ at any age. Worldwide, more than 10 million people are diagnosed with cancer every year and it is estimated that this number will grow to 15 million new cases every year by 2020. It is believed that cancer causes six million deaths every year or 12% of the deaths worldwide.
  • Cancer has been linked to or associated with many factors over the many years of ongoing research including genetic susceptibility, chromosome breakage disorders, viruses, environmental factors and immunologic disorders. Cancer encompasses a large category of medical conditions. Cancer cells can arise in almost any organ and/or tissue of the body. Cancer develops when cells in a part of the body begin to grow or differentiate out of control.
  • bioactive agents including chemical entities, e.g., small molecules, and biologics, e.g., antibodies, with the desire of providing more beneficial therapies for cancer.
  • bioactive agents tested have worked and provided beneficial therapeutic effects in some individuals or cancer types and others have failed or had minimal therapeutic effects in their testing protocols.
  • Other bioactive agents studied to date have mechanisms of action that are not entirely understood.
  • Coenzyme Q10 also referred to herein as CoQ10, Q10, ubiquinone, or ubidecarenone
  • CoQ10 is a popular nutritional supplement and can be found in capsule form in nutritional stores, health food stores, pharmacies, and the like, as a vitamin-like supplement to help protect the immune system through the antioxidant properties of ubiquinol, the reduced form of CoQ10.
  • CoQ10 is art-recognized and further described in International Publication No. WO 2005/069916, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.
  • CoQ10 is found throughout most tissues of the human body and the tissues of other mammals.
  • the tissue distribution and redox state of CoQ10 in humans has been reviewed in a review article by Bhagavan H N, et al., Coenzyme Q10 : Absorption, tissue uptake, metabolism and pharmacokinetic , Free Radical Research 40(5), 445-453 (2006) (hereinafter, Bhagavan, et al.).
  • Ruiz-Jiminez, et al. Determination of the ubiquinol -10 and ubiquinone -10 ( coenzyme Q 10) in human serum by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to evaluate the oxidative stress , J. Chroma A 1175(2), 242-248 (2007) (hereinafter Ruiz-Jiminez, et al.) reports that when human plasma was evaluated for Q10 and the reduced form of Q10 (Q10H2), the majority (90%) of the molecule was found in the reduced form.
  • CoQ10 is very lipophilic and, for the most part, insoluble in water. Due to its insolubility in water, limited solubility in lipids, and relatively large molecular weight, the efficiency of absorption of orally administered CoQ10 is poor. Bhagavan, et al. reports that “in one study with rats it was reported that only about 2-3% of orally-administered CoQ10 was absorbed.” Bhagavan, et al. further reports that “[d]ata from rat studies indicate that CoQ10 is reduced to ubiquinol either during or following absorption in the intestine.” CoQ10 has been associated with cancer in the literature for many years.
  • Lockwood, et al. Progress on Therapy of Breast Cancer with Vitamin Q 10 and the Regression of Metastases , Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communication 212, 172-177 (1995) (hereinafter “Lockwood, et al.”) is another review article that reports on the “[p]rogress on therapy of breast cancer with Vitamin Q10”.Lockwood, et al. refers to Folkers, et al., which “covers 35 years of international research on animals and humans which revealed variable levels of vitamin Q10 in non-tumor and tumor tissues and includes data on vitamin Q10 which are intrinsic to the host defense system as based on increased survivors of treated mice with tumors”. Lockwood, et al.
  • the NCI cites three small studies on the use of CoQ10 as an adjuvant therapy after standard treatment in breast cancer patients, in which some patients appeared to be helped by the treatment, and reiterates that “weaknesses in study design and reporting, however, made it unclear if benefits were caused by the coenzyme Q10 or by something else.”
  • the NCI specifies that “these studies had the following weaknesses: the studies were not randomized or controlled; the patients used other supplements in addition to coenzyme Q10; the patients received standard treatments before or during the coenzyme Q 10 therapy; and details were not reported for all patients in the studies.”
  • the NCI further reports on “anecdotal reports that coenzyme Q10 has helped some cancer patients live longer, including patients with cancers of the pancreas, lung, colon, rectum and prostate,” but states that ‘the patients described in these reports, however, also received treatments other than coenzyme Q10 including chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery.”
  • the formulations of Mazzio 2006 contain one or more compounds that synergistically promote oxidative metabolism and/or impede lactic acid dehydrogenase or anaerobic glucose metabolism and more particularly are described as containing “2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (herein also termed “DMBQ”) (quinoid base) and options for the entire ubiquinone series including corresponding hydroquinones, ubichromenols, ubichromanols or synthesized/natural derivatives and analogues. See Mazzio 2006 at page 3, paragraph 0010.
  • DMBQ 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone
  • Mazzio 2006 establishes “the short chain ubiquinones (CoQ ⁇ 3) as anti-cancer agents and even further establishes that “2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (DMBQ) is in excess of 1000 times more potent than CoQ10 as an anti-cancer agent.” See Mazzio 2006 at page 3, paragraph 0011.
  • Mazzio 2006 further set forth that the study “did not find CoQ10 to be as lethal as expected” and like “previous studies that have employed CoQ10 against cancer have been somewhat contradictory”. See Mazzio 2006 at pages 3-4 for an extensive list of citations supporting this statement.
  • the methods and formulations of the present invention are based, at least in part, upon the knowledge gained about the therapeutic activity of CoQ10 for oncological disorders learned by designing and implementing human clinical trials and/or by administering CoQ10 to human subjects and observing the surprising and unexpected results that occur during these trials and/or treatment regimens.
  • the methods and formulations of the present invention are further based, at least in part, upon insight gained into the therapeutic mechanism of CoQ10 from extensive studies of CoQ10 treatment of cells in vitro.
  • the methods and formulations of the present invention are based, at least in part, on the surprising discovery that application of Coenzyme Q10 (also referred to as CoQ10 or Q10 herein) to cells results in selective induction of an apoptotic response in cancer cells, with no effect or, in some cases, a positive effect on growth of normal cells.
  • Coenzyme Q10 also referred to as CoQ10 or Q10 herein
  • the invention is further based on the surprising and unexpected discovery that the Q10 is maintained in the supplied oxidized form (pro-oxidant) and not converted to the reduced (anti-oxidant) form of Q10H2 in any significant amounts.
  • the invention is still further based on the discovery that the expression of a significant number of genes are modulated in cells treated with the oxidized from of Q10. These modulated proteins were found to be clustered into several cellular pathways, including apoptosis, cancer biology and cell growth, glycolysis and metabolism, molecular transport, and cellular signaling.
  • the present invention provides, in one aspect, methods for treating or preventing oncological disorders in humans by topically administering Coenzyme Q10 to the human such that treatment or prevention occurs.
  • the CoQ10 induces apoptosis or cell death mechanism in a cancerous cell of the oncological disorder.
  • the CoQ10 inhibits angiogenesis in a cancerous cell of the oncological disorder.
  • the CoQ10 induces a modulation of the immune-related elements within the microenvironment in a cancerous cell of the oncological disorder while in other embodiments, the CoQ10 induces a change in cell cycle control in a cancerous cell of the oncological disorder.
  • the topical administration is via a dose selected for providing efficacy in humans for the particular disorder being treated.
  • treatment or prevention of the disorder occurs by the administration of the oxidized form of Coenzyme Q10.
  • a population of humans are treated and at least 25% of the population had a dimishment of symptoms as measured by art-recognized endpoints including tissue pathology, clinical observations, photographic analyses, CT-scan, MRI imaging, blood, serum or plasma markers of cancer. In one embodiment, a population of humans are treated and at least 50% of the population had a dimishment of symptoms as measured by art-recognized endpoints including tissue pathology, clinical observations, photographic analyses, CT-scan, MRI imaging, blood, serum or plasma markers of cancer, and physical measurement of the treated site before and after treatment.
  • a population of humans are treated and at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or more of the population had a dimishment of symptoms as measured by art-recognized endpoints including tissue pathology, clinical observations, photographic analyses, CT-scan, MRI imaging, blood, serum or plasma markers of cancer. It should be understood that ranges having any one of these values as the upper or lower limits are also intended to be part of this invention, e.g., 10% to 25%, 15% to 35%, 25% to 50%, 35% to 60%, 40% to 70%, 50% to 75%, 60% to 85% or 70% to 90%.
  • the population of humans treated may be about 3 patients, about 5 patients, about 10 patients, about 15 patients, about 20 patients, about 25 patients, about 30 patients, about 35 patients, about 40 patients, about 50 patients, about 60 patients, about 70 patients, about 80 patients, about 90 patients, about 100 patients, about 125 patients, about 150 patients, about 160 patients, about 175 patients, about 200 patients, about 250 patients, about 300 patients, about 400 patients or more.
  • the population of humans treated is It should be understood that ranges having any one of these values as the upper or lower limits are also intended to be part of this invention, e.g., about 10 to about 25, about 15 to about 35, about 25 to about 50, or about 20 to about 160 patients.
  • a skilled artisan would be able, upon examination of one or more art-recognized endpoints, to recognize a patient that had a diminishment of symptoms based upon common knowledge in the art.
  • a skilled artisan would be able to examine and compare photographs of a skin cancer lesion, such as in situ cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, before and after treatment (e.g., such as the photographs provided herein in the Examples) and be able to recognize a diminishment of symptoms based upon, for example, a diminishment in size of the lesion, color of the lesion, or any other visual characteristic of the lesion typically indicative of the cancer.
  • tissue pathology of e.g., a skin cancer
  • tissue pathology e.g., a skin cancer
  • a skilled artisan would be able to examine and compare the tissue pathology of, e.g., a skin cancer, before and after treatment and be able to recognize a diminishment of symptoms based upon a change in tissue pathology indicating, e.g., a diminishment in oncogenicity or in severity of the cancer.
  • a skilled artisan would be able to examine and compare a CT-scan or MRI image of a tumor or sites of metastatic lesions before and after treatment, and be able to recognize a dimishment of symptoms based upon, for example, a diminishment in size of a primary tumor or a diminishment in size or number of metastatic lesions.
  • a population of human patients e.g., about 160 patients with superficial basal cell carcinoma are treated with placebo cream (0% CoQ10), placebo plus 1.5% by weight CoQ10 in a topical cream base, 1.5% CoQ10 cream plus 3% by weight CoQ10 cream, or 3% by weight CoQ10 cream alone and at least 25% of the total patient population had a diminishment of symptoms as measured by art-recognized endpoints including tissue pathology, clinical observations by trained experts, photographic analyses, CT-scan, MRI imaging, blood, serum or plasma markers of cancer, physical measurement of the treated site before and after treatment, pathological examination for sBCC before and after treatment, and digital high-resolution clinical photography.
  • a population of human patients e.g., about 25 patients
  • SCCIS squamous cell carcinoma in situ
  • a relatively short treatment course six weeks vs. standard treatment of 16-20 weeks
  • a cream containing 3% by weight Coenzyme Q10 and at least 50% of the population had a diminishment of symptoms as measured by art-recognized endpoints including tissue pathology, clinical observations by trained experts, photographic analyses, CT-scan, MRI imaging, blood, serum or plasma markers of cancer, physical measurement of the treated site before and after treatment, pathological examination for SCCIS before and after treatment, and digital high-resolution clinical photography.
  • a population of humans are treated and at least 25% of the population had a systemic Coenzyme Q10 level that was therapeutic for the disorder being treated. In other embodiments, a population of humans are treated and at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or more of the population had a systemic Coenzyme Q10 level that was therapeutic for the disorder being treated.
  • ranges having any one of these values as the upper or lower limits are also intended to be part of this invention, e.g., 10% to 25%, 15% to 35%, 25% to 50%, 35% to 60%, 40% to 70%, 50% to 75%, 60% to 85% or 70% to 90%.
  • the oncological disorder being treated or prevented is not a disorder that is typically treated or prevented by topical administration with the expectation of systemic delivery of an active agent in therapeutically effective levels.
  • the concentration of Coenzyme Q10 in the tissues of the humans being treated is different that that of a control standard of human tissue representative of a healthy or normal state.
  • the form of Coenzyme Q10 that is administered to the human is different than the predominant form found in systemic circulation within the human.
  • methods for treating or preventing an oncological disorder in a human by topically administering Coenzyme Q10 to the human such that treatment or prevention occurs, wherein the human is administered a topical dose of Coenzyme Q10 in a topical vehicle where Coenzyme Q10 is applied to the target tissue in the range of about 0.01 to about 0.5 milligrams of coenzyme Q10 per square centimeter of skin.
  • Coenzyme Q10 is applied to the target tissue in the range of about 0.09 to about 0.15 mg CoQ10 per square centimeter of skin.
  • Coenzyme Q10 is applied to the target tissue in the range of about 0.001 to about 5.0, about 0.005 to about 1.0, about 0.005 to about 0.5, about 0.01 to about 0.5, about 0.025 to about 0.5, about 0.05 to about 0.4, about 0.05 to about 0.30, about 0.10 to about 0.25, or about 0.10 to 0.20 mg CoQ10 per square centimeter of skin.
  • Coenzyme Q10 is applied to the target tissue at a dose of about 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.10, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.20, 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, 0.26, 0.27, 0.28, 0.29, 0.30, 0.31, 0.32, 0.33, 0.34, 0.35, 0.36, 0.37, 0.38, 0.39, 0.40, 0.41, 0.42, 0.43, 0.44, 0.45, 0.46, 0.47, 0.48, 0.49 or 0.5 mg CoQ10 per square centimeter of skin.
  • Coenzyme Q10 is applied to the target tissue at a dose of about 0.12 mg CoQ10 per square centimeter of skin It should be understood that ranges having any one of these values as the upper or lower limits are also intended to be part of this invention, e.g., about 0.03 to about 0.12, about 0.05 to about 0.15, about 0.1 to about 0.20, or about 0.32 to about 0.49 mg CoQ10 per square centimeter of skin.
  • the Coenzyme Q10 is administered in the form of a CoQ10 cream at a dosage of between 0.5 and 10 milligrams of the CoQ10 cream per square centimeter of skin, wherein the CoQ10 cream comprises between 1 and 5% of Coenzyme Q10.
  • the CoQ10 cream comprises about 3% of Coenzyme Q10.
  • the CoQ10 cream comprises about 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5% or 5% of Coenzyme Q10.
  • the CoQ10 cream is administered at a dosage of about 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5 or 10 milligrams of CoQ10 cream per square centimeter of skin. It should be understood that ranges having any one of these values as the upper or lower limits are also intended to be part of this invention, e.g., between about 0.5 and about 5.0, about 1.5 and 2.5, or about 2.5 and 5.5 mg CoQ10 cream per square centimeter of skin.
  • the Coenzyme Q10 is administered in the form of a CoQ10 cream at a dosage of between 3 and 5 milligrams of the CoQ10 cream per square centimeter of skin, wherein the CoQ10 cream comprises between 1 and 5% of Coenzyme Q10.
  • the CoQ10 cream comprises about 3% of Coenzyme Q10.
  • the CoQ10 cream comprises about 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5% or 5% of Coenzyme Q10.
  • the CoQ10 cream is administered at a dosage of about 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9 or 5.0 milligrams of CoQ10 cream per square centimeter of skin. It should be understood that ranges having any one of these values as the upper or lower limits are also intended to be part of this invention, e.g., between about 3.0 and about 4.0, about 3.3 and 5.3, or about 4.5 and 4.9 mg CoQ10 cream per square centimeter of skin.
  • the oncological disorder being treated or prevented is Squamous Cell Carcinoma. In certain other embodiments, the oncological disorder being treated or prevented is Basal Cell Carcinoma. Other embodiments of the invention, the oncological disorder being prevented is SCC, and the method prevents the pre-cancerous lesion actinic keratosis from progressing into SCC. In other embodiments, the oncological disorder being treated or prevented is melanoma.
  • Certain aspects of the invention provide methods for treating or preventing an oncological disorder in a human by topically administering Coenzyme Q10 to the human such that treatment or prevention occurs, wherein the Coenzyme Q10 is topically applied one or more times per 24 hours for six weeks or more.
  • the invention also provides, in another aspect, methods for treating or preventing aggressive oncological disorders in humans. These methods include administering Coenzyme Q10 to the human at a selected lower dosage than a dosage regimen used or selected for less aggressive or non-aggressive oncological disorder, so that treatment or prevention of the aggressive oncological disorder occurs.
  • the aggressive oncological disorder includes pancreatic carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, Ewing's sarcoma, metastatic breast cancer, metastatic melanoma, brain cancer (astrocytoma, glioblastoma), neuroendocrine cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, osteosarcoma, androgen-independent prostate cancer, ovarian cancer and non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma.
  • the invention provides a method for treating or preventing a non-aggressive oncological disorder in a human which includes administering Coenzyme Q10 to the human at a selected higher dosage over a dosage regimen used or selected for aggressive oncological disorders so that treatment or prevention of the non-aggressive oncological disorder occurs.
  • the non-aggressive oncological disorder includes non-metastatic breast cancer, androgen-dependent prostate cancer, small cell lung cancer and acute lymphocytic leukemia.
  • the intermediate comprises: (a) benzoquinone or at least one molecule that facilitates the biosynthesis of the benzoquinone ring, and (b) at least one molecule that facilitates the synthesis of and/or attachment of isoprenoid units to the benzoquinone ring.
  • said at least one molecule which facilitates the biosynthesis of the benzoquinone ring comprises: L-Phenylalanine, DL-Phenylalanine, D-Phenylalanine, L-Tyrosine, DL-Tyrosine, D-Tyrosine, 4-hydroxy-phenylpyruvate, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelate (vanillylmandelate or VMA), vanillic acid, pyridoxine, or panthenol.
  • said at least one molecule which facilitates the synthesis of and/or attachment of isoprenoid units to the benzoquinone ring comprises: phenylacetate, 4-hydroxy-benzoate, mevalonic acid, acetylglycine, acetyl-CoA, or farnesyl.
  • the intermediate comprises: (a) one or more of L-Phenylalanine, L-Tyrosine, and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate; and, (b) one or more of 4-hydroxy benzoate, phenylacetate, and benzoquinone.
  • the intermediate (a) inhibits Bcl-2 expression and/or promotes Caspase-3 expression; and/or, (b) inhibits cell proliferation. It was unexpected that these lower dosages were therapeutic for the aggressive oncological disorders and the higher dosages were therapeutic for the non-aggressive oncological disorders.
  • a selected lower dosage of CoQ10 for the treatment of aggressive oncological disorders is intended to include a dosage that is lower than a dosage regimen that is typically used or selected for less aggressive or non-aggressive oncological disorders.
  • the selected lower dosage of CoQ10 is about 1.5-fold lower, about 2 fold lower, about 3-fold lower, about 4-fold lower, about 5-fold lower or about 10-fold lower than a dosage regimen that is typically used or selected for less aggressive or non-aggressive oncological disorders.
  • a selected lower dosage of CoQ10 also includes a shorter treatment time (e.g., 1.5 fold, 2 fold, 3 fold, 4 fold, 5 fold or 10 fold shorter treatment time) of CoQ10 or less frequent administration (e.g., half as frequent, 3 fold, 4 fold, 5 fold, 10 fold, 20 fold or 24 fold less frequent) of CoQ10 as compared to the treatment time or administration protocol typically used or selected for less aggressive or on-aggressive oncological disorders.
  • a shorter treatment time e.g., 1.5 fold, 2 fold, 3 fold, 4 fold, 5 fold or 10 fold shorter treatment time
  • less frequent administration e.g., half as frequent, 3 fold, 4 fold, 5 fold, 10 fold, 20 fold or 24 fold less frequent
  • the selected lower dosage of coenzyme Q10 for the treatment of aggressive oncological disorders includes about 0.0001 to about 5.0, about 0.001 to about 1.0, about 0.001 to about 0.5, about 0.001 to about 0.4, about 0.001 to about 0.30, about 0.001 to about 0.25, about 0.001 to 0.20, about 0.001 to about 0.12, or about 0.001 to about 0.09 mg CoQ10 per square centimeter of skin.
  • Coenzyme Q10 is applied to the target tissue at a dose of about 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.10, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.20, 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, 0.26, 0.27, 0.28, 0.29, 0.30, 0.31, 0.32, 0.33, 0.34, 0.35, 0.36, 0.37, 0.38, 0.39, 0.40, 0.41, 0.42, 0.43, 0.44, 0.45, 0.46, 0.47, 0.48, 0.49 or 0.5 mg CoQ10 per square centimeter of skin. It should be understood that ranges having any one of these values as the upper or lower limits are also intended to be part of this invention, e.g., about 0.005 to about 0.09 mg CoQ10 per square centimeter of skin.
  • a selected higher dosage of CoQ10 for the treatment of non-aggressive oncological disorders is intended to include a dosage that is higher than a dosage regimen that is typically used or selected for aggressive oncological disorders.
  • the selected higher dosage of CoQ10 is about 1.5-fold, about 2 fold, about 3-fold, about 4-fold, about 5-fold or about 10-fold higher than a dosage regimen that is typically used or selected for aggressive oncological disorders.
  • a selected lower dosage of CoQ10 also includes a longer treatment time (e.g., 1.5 fold, 2 fold, 3 fold, 4 fold, 5 fold or 10 fold longer treatment time) of CoQ10 or more frequent administration (e.g., 1.5 fold, 2 fold, 3 fold, 4 fold, 5 fold, 10 fold, 20 fold or 24 fold more frequent) of CoQ10 as compared to the treatment time or administration protocol typically used or selected for aggressive oncological disorders.
  • a longer treatment time e.g., 1.5 fold, 2 fold, 3 fold, 4 fold, 5 fold or 10 fold longer treatment time
  • more frequent administration e.g., 1.5 fold, 2 fold, 3 fold, 4 fold, 5 fold, 10 fold, 20 fold or 24 fold more frequent
  • the selected higher dosage of coenzyme Q10 for the treatment of aggressive oncological disorders includes about 0.001 to about 10.0, about 0.005 to about 10.0, about 0.01 to about 10.0, about 0.05 to about 5.0, about 0.05 to about 2.0, about 0.05 to about 1.0, about 0.05 to about 0.7, about 0.10 to about 0.50, or about 0.12 to 0.5 mg CoQ10 per square centimeter of skin
  • Coenzyme Q10 is applied to the target tissue at a dose of about 0.001, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.10, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.20, 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, 0.26, 0.27, 0.28, 0.29, 0.30, 0.31, 0.32, 0.33, 0.34, 0.35, 0.36, 0.37, 0.38, 0.39, 0.40,
  • the invention provides a method for treating or preventing an oncological disorder in a human, comprising administering Coenzyme Q10 to the human such that it is maintained in its oxidized form during treatment of the oncological disorder.
  • the oncological disorder being treated is not a disorder typically treated via topical administration, e.g., breast or prostate cancer, with the expectation of systemic delivery of an active agent at therapeutically effective levels.
  • the present invention provides, in yet another aspect, methods for blocking anaerobic use of glucose and augmenting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in a human. These methods include selecting or treating a human subject suffering from an oncological disorder and administering to said human a therapeutically effective amount of coenzyme Q10 or an intermediate in the coenzyme Q10 biosynthesis pathway thereby blocking anaerobic use of glucose and augmenting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
  • the method further includes upregulating the expression of one or more genes selected from the group consisting of HNF4-alpha, Bcl-xl, Bcl-xS, BNIP-2, Bcl-2, Birc6, Bcl-2-L11 (Bim), XIAP, BRAF, Bax, c-Jun, Bmf, PUMA, cMyc, transaldolase 1, COQ1, COQ3, COQ6, prenyltransferase, 4-hydrobenzoate, neutrophil cytosolic factor 2, nitric oxide synthase 2A, superoxide dismutase 2, VDAC, Bax channel, ANT, Cytochrome c, complex 1, complex II, complex III, complex IV, Foxo 3a, DJ-1, IDH-1, Cpt1C and Cam Kinase II and any one or more of genes listed in Tables 2-4 & 6-28 and/or downregulating the expression of one or more genes selected from the group consisting of HNF4-alpha, Bcl
  • the present invention provides, in a related aspect, methods for blocking anaerobic use of glucose and augmenting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in a human, involving selecting a human subject suffering from an aggressive oncological disorder and administering to said human a therapeutically effective amount of Coenzyme Q10 or an intermediate in the Coenzyme Q10 biosynthesis pathway thereby blocking anaerobic use of glucose and augmenting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
  • the oncological disorder is selected from the group consisting of pancreatic carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, Ewing's sarcoma, metastatic breast cancer, metastatic melanoma, brain cancer (astrocytoma, glioblastoma), neuroendocrine cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, osteosarcoma, androgen-independent prostate cancer, ovarian cancer and non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma.
  • the present invention provides, in a related aspect, methods for blocking anaerobic use of glucose and augmenting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in a human. These methods include selecting a human subject suffering from a non-aggressive oncological disorder and administering to said human a therapeutically effective amount of Coenzyme Q10 or an intermediate in the Coenzyme Q10 biosynthesis pathway thereby blocking anaerobic use of glucose and augmenting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
  • the oncological disorder is selected from the group consisting of non-metastatic breast cancer, androgen-dependent prostate cancer, small cell lung cancer and acute lymphocytic leukemia.
  • the invention provides a method for treating an oncological disorder in a human.
  • This process includes administering Coenzyme Q10 to a human in need thereof in a dosing regimen such that the permeability of the cell membranes of the human is modulated and treatment occurs.
  • the treatment or prevention of the oncological disorder occurs via an interaction of CoQ10 with a protein selected from the group consisting of HNF4-alpha, Bcl-xl, Bcl-xS, BNIP-2, Bcl-2, Birc6, Bcl-2-L11 (Bim), XIAP, BRAF, Bax, c-Jun, Bmf, PUMA, cMyc, transaldolase 1, COQ1, COQ3, COQ6, prenyltransferase, 4-hydrobenzoate, neutrophil cytosolic factor 2, nitric oxide synthase 2A, superoxide dismutase 2, VDAC, Bax channel, ANT, Cytochrome c, complex 1, complex II, complex III, complex IV, Foxo 3a, DJ-1, IDH-1, Cpt1C and Cam Kinase II and any one or more of genes listed in Tables 2-4 & 6-28.
  • the oncological disorder is selected from
  • the oncological disorder is selected from the group consisting of a leukemia, a lymphoma, a melanoma, a carcinoma and a sarcoma.
  • the methods further include a treatment regimen which includes any one of or a combination of surgery, radiation, hormone therapy, antibody therapy, therapy with growth factors, cytokines, and chemotherapy.
  • Certain aspects of the invention provide methods for the preparation of a Coenzyme Q10 cream 3% which includes the steps of preparing a Phase A, B, C, D and E and combining all the phases such that an oil-in-water emulsion of 3% CoQ10 cream is formed.
  • the Phase A ingredients include Alkyl C 12-15 benzoate NF at 4.00% w/w, cetyl alcohol NF at 2.00% w/w, glyceryl stearate/PEG-100 at 4.5% w/w and stearyl alcohol NF at 1.50% w/w while the Phase B ingredients include diethylene glycol monoethyl ether NF at 5.00% w/w, glycerin USP at 2.00% w/w, propylene glycol USP at 1.50% w/w, phenoxyethanol NF at 0.475% w/w, purified water USP at 16.725% w/w and Carbomer Dispersion 2% at 40.00% w/w and the Phase C ingredients include lactic acid USP at 0.50% w/w, sodium lactate solution USP at 2.00% w/w, trolamine NF at 1.30% w/w, and purified water USP at 2.50% w/w. Furthermore in these embodiments the Phase D
  • the Phase A ingredients include capric/caprylic triglyceride at 4.00% w/w, cetyl alcohol NF at 2.00% w/w, glyceril stearate/PEG-100 at 4.5% and stearyl alcohol NF at 1.5% w/w while the Phase B ingredients include diethylene glycol monoethyl ether NF at 5.00% w/w, glycerin USP at 2.00% w/w, propylene glycol USP at 1.50% w/w, phenoxyethanol NF at 0.475% w/w, purified water USP at 16.725% w/w and Carbomer Dispersion 2% at 40.00% w/w and the Phase C ingredients include lactic acid USP at 0.50% w/w, sodium lactate solution USP at 2.00% w/w, trolamine NF at 1.30% w/w, and purified water USP at 2.50% w/w. Furthermore in these embodiments the Phase D ingredients include
  • methods for the preparation of a Coenzyme Q10 cream 3% which include the steps of (1) adding the Phase A ingredients to a suitable container and heating to 70-80 degrees C. in a water bath; (2) adding the Phase B ingredients, excluding the Carbomer Dispersion, to a suitable container and mixing to form a mixed Phase B; (3) placing the Phase E ingredients into a suitable container and melting them at 50-60 degrees C. using a water bath to form a melted Phase E; (4) adding the Carbomer Dispersion to a Mix Tank and heating to 70-80 degrees C.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising CoQ10 cream 3%.
  • the cream includes a phase A having C 12-15 alkyl benzoate at 4.00% w/w of the composition, cetyl alcohol at 2.00% w/w of the composition, stearyl alcohol at 1.5% w/w, glyceryl stearate and PEG-100 at 4.5% w/w; a phase B having glycerin at 2.00% w/w, propylene glycol at 1.5% w/w, ethoxydiglycol at 5.0% w/w, phenoxyethanol at 0.475% w/w, a carbomer dispersion at 40.00% w/w, purified water at 16.725% w/w; a phase C having triethanolamine at 1.300% w/w, lactic acid at 0.500% w/w, sodium lactate solution at 2.000% w/w, water at 2.5% w/w; a phase D having titanium dioxide at 1.000% w
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising CoQ10 cream 3%.
  • the cream includes a phase A having Capric/Caprylic triglyceride at 4.00% w/w of the composition, cetyl alcohol at 2.00% w/w of the composition, stearyl alcohol at 1.5% w/w, glyceryl stearate and PEG-100 at 4.5% w/w; a phase B having glycerin at 2.00% w/w, propylene glycol at 1.5% w/w, ethoxydiglycol at 5.0% w/w, phenoxyethanol at 0.475% w/w, a carbomer dispersion at 40.00% w/w, purified water at 16.725% w/w; a phase C having triethanolamine at 1.300% w/w, lactic acid at 0.500% w/w, sodium lactate solution at 2.000% w/w, water at 2.5% w/w; a phase D having titanium dioxide at 1.000
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising CoQ10 cream 1.5%.
  • the cream includes a phase A having C 12-15 alkyl benzoate at 5.000% w/w, cetyl alcohol at 2.000% w/w, stearyl alcohol at 1.5% w/w, glyceryl stearate and PEG-100 stearate at 4.500% w/w; a phase B having glycerin at 2.000% w/w, propylene at 1.750% w/w, ethoxydiglycol at 5.000% w/w, phenoxyethanol at 0.463% w/w, a carbomer dispersion at 50% w/w, and purified water at 11.377% w/w; a phase C having triethanolamine at 1.3% w/w, lactic acid at 0.400% w/w, sodium lactate solution at 2.000% w/w, and water at 4.210% w/w; a phase D having titanium dioxide at 1.000%
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising CoQ10 cream 1.5%.
  • the cream includes a phase A having Capric/Caprylic triglyceride at 5.000% w/w, cetyl alcohol at 2.000% w/w, stearyl alcohol at 1.5% w/w, glyceryl stearate and PEG-100 stearate at 4.500% w/w; a phase B having glycerin at 2.000% w/w, propylene at 1.750% w/w, ethoxydiglycol at 5.000% w/w, phenoxyethanol at 0.463% w/w, a carbomer dispersion at 50% w/w, and purified water at 11.377% w/w; a phase C having triethanolamine at 1.3% w/w, lactic acid at 0.400% w/w, sodium lactate solution at 2.000% w/w, and water at 4.210% w/w; a phase D having titanium dioxide at 5.000% w/w, cet
  • methods for treating or preventing CoQ10 responsive disorder in a human, comprising: topically administering Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) to the human such that treatment or prevention occurs.
  • CoQ10 responsive disorder is an oncological disorder.
  • FIG. 1 Sensitivity of SK-MEL-28 to 24 hours of Q10 treatment measured by the amount of early and late apoptotic cells.
  • FIG. 2 Sensitivity of SKBR3 to 24 hours of Q10 treatment measured by the amount of early and late apoptotic cells.
  • FIG. 3 Sensitivity of PaCa2 to 24 hours of Q10 treatment measured by the amount of early and late apoptotic cells.
  • FIG. 4 Sensitivity of PC-3 to 24 hours of Q10 treatment measured by the amount of early and late apoptotic cells.
  • FIG. 5 Sensitivity of HepG2 to 24 hours of Q10 treatment measured by the amount of early and late apoptotic cells.
  • FIG. 6 Sensitivity of MCF-7 to 24 hours of Q10 treatment measured by the amount of early and late apoptotic cells.
  • FIG. 7 Measurement of apoptotic cells upon 24 hour treatment with Q10, as measured by Apostrand ELISA method.
  • FIG. 8 Example gel analysis of 2-D gel electrophoresis. Spots excised for identification are marked.
  • FIG. 9 Network of interaction between proteins identified by 2-D gel electrophoresis as being modulated by Q10 in SK-MEL-28 cells.
  • FIG. 10 The pentose phosphate pathway adapted from Verhoeven et al. (Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2001 68(5):1086-1092).
  • FIG. 11 2-D gel of the mitochondrial enriched material of SK-MEL-28 cells. Spots excised and identified by mass spectrometry characterization are marked.
  • FIG. 12 Comparative plot of the relative amounts of Q10 present in SK-MEL-28 mitochondria following the exogenous addition of 100 ⁇ M Q10 into the culture medium.
  • FIG. 13 Apoptosis pathway mapping known processes.
  • FIG. 14 Western blot analysis of Bcl-xl.
  • FIG. 15 Western blot analysis of SK-MEL-28 sample set proved with a Vimentin antibody.
  • FIG. 16 Western blot analysis of cell lysis from a number of cell lines, evaluated with five antibodies targeting oxidative phosphorylation complexes (MitoSciences #MS601).
  • FIG. 17 Western blot comparison of F1-alpha levels.
  • FIG. 18 Western blot comparison of Q10 response with C-III-Core 2.
  • FIG. 19 Western blot comparison of Q10 response with C-II-30.
  • FIG. 20 Western blot comparison of Q10 response with C-IV-COX II.
  • FIG. 21 Western blot comparison of Q10 response with C-I-20 (ND6).
  • FIG. 22 Western blot analysis of a variety of cell types against five mitochondrial protein.
  • FIG. 23 Western blot comparison of Q10 response with Complex V protein C-V- ⁇ .
  • FIG. 24 Western blot comparison of Q10 response with C-III-Core 1.
  • FIG. 25 Western blot comparison of Q10 response with Porin (VDAC1).
  • FIG. 26 Western blot comparison of Q10 response with Cyclophilin D
  • FIG. 27 Western blot comparison of Q10 response with Cytochrome C.
  • FIG. 28 Theoretical model of Q10 (spheres) inserted into the lipid binding channel of HNF4alpha (1M7W.pdb) in the Helix 10 open conformation.
  • FIG. 29 Graph depicting the epidermal CoQ10 concentration in a male pig after treatment with a composition of the present disclosure having a permeation enhancer.
  • FIG. 30 Graph depicting the epidermal CoQ10 concentration in a female pig after treatment with a control composition.
  • FIG. 31 Photographic depiction of a pre-treated target legion 1.
  • FIG. 32 Photographic depiction of a post-treated target legion 1.
  • FIG. 33 Photographic depiction of a pre-treated target legion 2.
  • FIG. 34 Photographic depiction of a post-treated target legion 2.
  • FIG. 35 Photographic depiction of a pre-treated target legion 3.
  • FIG. 36 Photographic depiction of a post-treated target legion 3.
  • FIG. 37 OCR in HDFa cells in various glucose conditions in normoxic and hypoxic conditions.
  • FIG. 38 OCR in HASMC cells in various glucose conditions in normoxic and hypoxic conditions.
  • FIG. 39 OCR values in MCF-7 breast cancer cells in the absence and presence of CoQ10 and stressors.
  • FIG. 40 OCR values in PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells in the absence and presence of CoQ10 and stressors.
  • FIG. 41 Graph depicting radioactivity levels in target organs.
  • FIG. 42 Graph depicting radioactivity levels in waste samples.
  • FIG. 43 Graph depicting radioactivity levels in blood samples.
  • an element means one element or more than one element.
  • a “patient” or “subject” to be treated by the method of the invention can mean either a human or non-human animal, preferably a mammal. It should be noted that clinical observations described herein were made with human subjects and, in at least some embodiments, the subjects are human.
  • “Therapeutically effective amount” means the amount of a compound that, when administered to a patient for treating a disease, is sufficient to effect such treatment for the disease. When administered for preventing a disease, the amount is sufficient to avoid or delay onset of the disease.
  • the “therapeutically effective amount” will vary depending on the compound, the disease and its severity and the age, weight, etc., of the patient to be treated.
  • Preventing refers to a reduction in risk of acquiring a disease or disorder (i.e., causing at least one of the clinical symptoms of the disease not to develop in a patient that may be exposed to or predisposed to the disease but does not yet experience or display symptoms of the disease).
  • prophylactic or therapeutic treatment refers to administration to the subject of one or more of the subject compositions. If it is administered prior to clinical manifestation of the unwanted condition (e.g., disease or other unwanted state of the host animal) then the treatment is prophylactic, i.e., it protects the host against developing the unwanted condition, whereas if administered after manifestation of the unwanted condition, the treatment is therapeutic (i.e., it is intended to diminish, ameliorate or maintain the existing unwanted condition or side effects therefrom).
  • the unwanted condition e.g., disease or other unwanted state of the host animal
  • therapeutic effect refers to a local or systemic effect in animals, particularly mammals, and more particularly humans caused by a pharmacologically active substance.
  • the term thus means any substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of disease or in the enhancement of desirable physical or mental development and conditions in an animal or human.
  • therapeutically-effective amount means that amount of such a substance that produces some desired local or systemic effect at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any treatment.
  • a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound will depend on its therapeutic index, solubility, and the like.
  • certain compounds discovered by the methods of the present invention may be administered in a sufficient amount to produce a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to such treatment.
  • patient any animal (e.g., a human), including horses, dogs, cats, pigs, goats, rabbits, hamsters, monkeys, guinea pigs, rats, mice, lizards, snakes, sheep, cattle, fish, and birds
  • Metal pathway refers to a sequence of enzyme-mediated reactions that transform one compound to another and provide intermediates and energy for cellular functions.
  • the metabolic pathway can be linear or cyclic.
  • Metal state refers to the molecular content of a particular cellular, multicellular or tissue environment at a given point in time as measured by various chemical and biological indicators as they relate to a state of health or disease.
  • microarray refers to an array of distinct polynucleotides, oligonucleotides, polypeptides (e.g., antibodies) or peptides synthesized on a substrate, such as paper, nylon or other type of membrane, filter, chip, glass slide, or any other suitable solid support.
  • disorders and “diseases” are used inclusively and refer to any deviation from the normal structure or function of any part, organ or system of the body (or any combination thereof).
  • a specific disease is manifested by characteristic symptoms and signs, including biological, chemical and physical changes, and is often associated with a variety of other factors including, but not limited to, demographic, environmental, employment, genetic and medically historical factors. Certain characteristic signs, symptoms, and related factors can be quantitated through a variety of methods to yield important diagnostic information.
  • expression is used herein to mean the process by which a polypeptide is produced from DNA. The process involves the transcription of the gene into mRNA and the translation of this mRNA into a polypeptide. Depending on the context in which used, “expression” may refer to the production of RNA, protein or both.
  • level of expression of a gene or “gene expression level” refer to the level of mRNA, as well as pre-mRNA nascent transcript(s), transcript processing intermediates, mature mRNA(s) and degradation products, or the level of protein, encoded by the gene in the cell.
  • modulation refers to upregulation (i.e., activation or stimulation), downregulation (i.e., inhibition or suppression) of a response, or the two in combination or apart.
  • a “modulator” is a compound or molecule that modulates, and may be, e.g., an agonist, antagonist, activator, stimulator, suppressor, or inhibitor.
  • Trolamine refers to Trolamine NF, Triethanolamine, TEAlan®, TEAlan 99%, Triethanolamine, 99%, Triethanolamine, NF or Triethanolamine, 99%, NF. These terms may be used interchangeably herein.
  • intermediate of the coenzyme biosynthesis pathway characterizes those compounds that are formed between the chemical/biological conversion of tyrosine and Acetyl-CoA to ubiquinone.
  • Intermediates of the coenzyme biosynthesis pathway include 3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, 3-hexaprenyl-4,5-dihydroxybenzoate, 3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoate, 2-hexaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone, 2-hexaprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone, 2-hexaprenyl-3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone, 3-Octaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, 2-octaprenylphenol, 2-octaprenyl-6-metholxyphenol, 2-octaprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,
  • Env-influencers are molecules that influence or modulate the disease environment of a human in a beneficial manner allowing the human's disease environment to shift, reestablish back to or maintain a normal or healthy environment leading to a normal state.
  • Env-influencers include both Multidimensional Intracellular Molecules (MIMs) and Epimetabolic shifters (Epi-shifters) as defined below.
  • oncological disorder refers to all types of cancer or neoplasm or malignant tumors found in humans, including, but not limited to: leukemias, lymphomas, melanomas, carcinomas and sarcomas.
  • cancer cancer
  • neoplasm neoplasm
  • tumor tumor necrosis a fibroblast
  • tumor tumor necrosis a fibroblast
  • the oncological disorder or cancer is characterized by a lack of apoptosis. In other embodiments, the oncological disorder or cancer is characterized by increased angiogenesis. In other embodiments, the oncological disorder or cancer is characterized by extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. In yet other embodiments, the oncological disorder or cancer is characterized by loss of cell cycle control. In still other embodiments, the oncological disorder or cancer is characterized by a shift in metabolic governance from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to increased utilization and/or dependency on lactate and glycolytic flux. In further embodiments, the oncological disorder or cancer is characterized by adapted immunomodulatory mechanisms that have evaded immunosurveilance.
  • ECM extracellular matrix
  • the oncological disorder or cancer is characterized by at least two of the above features, e.g., increased angiogenesis and ECM degradation. In one embodiment, the oncological disorder or cancer is characterized by at least three of the above features. In one embodiment, the oncological disorder or cancer is characterized by at least four of the above features. In one embodiment, the oncological disorder or cancer is characterized by at least five of the above features. In one embodiment, the oncological disorder or cancer is characterized by all six of the above features.
  • the compounds of the present invention function by restoring the capacity for apoptosis or inducing apoptosis.
  • the compounds of the present invention function by reducing, decreasing or inhibiting angiogenesis.
  • the compounds of the present invention function by restoring re-establishing extracellular matrix.
  • the compounds of the present invention function by restoring cell cycle control.
  • the compounds of the present invention function by shifting metabolic governance back from glycolysis to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
  • the compounds of the present invention function by restoring immunosurveilance or restoring the body's ability to recognize the cancer cell as foreign.
  • cancer is not singularly dependent on a 1 gene-1 protein-root causality.
  • cancer is a physiologic disease state that manifests into tissue changes and alterations that become tumors, altered tissue states, e.g., energetics, compromised extracellular matrix integrity that allows for metastatic potential, lack of immunosurveilance and/or altered state of angiogenesis.
  • Primary cancer cells that is, cells obtained from near the site of malignant transformation
  • a cancer cell includes not only a primary cancer cell, but also cancer stem cells, as well as cancer progenitor cells or any cell derived from a cancer cell ancestor. This includes metastasized cancer cells, and in vitro cultures and cell lines derived from cancer cells.
  • a “clinically detectable” tumor is one that is detectable on the basis of tumor mass; e.g., by procedures such as CAT scan, MR imaging, X-ray, ultrasound or palpation, and/or which is detectable because of the expression of one or more cancer-specific antigens in a sample obtainable from a patient.
  • Multidimensional Intracellular Molecule (MIM)
  • MIM Multidimensional Intracellular Molecule
  • a MIM is characterized by one or more, two or more, three or more, or all of the following functions. MIMs are capable of entering a cell, and the entry into the cell includes complete or partial entry into the cell, as long as the biologically active portion of the molecule wholly enters the cell. MIMs are capable of inducing a signal transduction and/or gene expression mechanism within a cell. MIMs are multidimensional in that the molecules have both a therapeutic and a carrier, e.g., drug delivery, effect.
  • MIMs also are multidimensional in that the molecules act one way in a disease state and a different way in a normal state.
  • administration of CoQ-10 to a melanoma cell in the presence of VEGF leads to a decreased level of Bcl2 which, in turn, leads to a decreased oncogenic potential for the melanoma cell.
  • Bcl2 in a normal fibroblast
  • co-administration of CoQ-10 and VEFG has no effect on the levels of Bcl2.
  • MIMs selectively act in cells of a disease state, and have substantially no effect in (matching) cells of a normal state.
  • MIMs selectively renders cells of a disease state closer in phenotype, metabolic state, genotype, mRNA/protein expression level, etc. to (matching) cells of a normal state.
  • a MIM is also an epi-shifter. In another embodiment, a MIM is not an epi-shifter.
  • a MIM of the invention is also intended to encompass a mixture of two or more endogenous molecules, wherein the mixture is characterized by one or more of the foregoing functions. The endogenous molecules in the mixture are present at a ratio such that the mixture functions as a MIM.
  • MIMs can be lipid based or non-lipid based molecules.
  • MIMs include, but are not limited to, CoQ10, acetyl Co-A, palmityl Co-A, L-carnitine, amino acids such as, for example, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and cysteine.
  • the MIM is a small molecule.
  • the MIM is not CoQ10. MIMs can be routinely identified by one of skill in the art using any of the assays described in detail herein.
  • MIMs include compounds in the Vitamin B family, or nucleosides, mononucleotides or dinucleotides that comprise a compound in the Vitamin B family.
  • Compounds in the vitamin B family include, for example, thiamine (vitamin B1), niacin (also known as nicotinic acid or Vitamin B3), or pyridoxine (vitamin B6) as well as provitamins such as panthenol (provitamin B5).
  • the MIM is selected from thiamine, niacin and pyridoxine.
  • Nucleosides, mononucleotides or dinucleotides that comprise a compound in the vitamin B family include, for example, nucleosides, mononucleotides or dinucleotides which include an adenine or a niacin (nicotinic acid) molecule.
  • the MIM is selected from adenosine, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), flavin adenosine dinucleotide (FAD, which comprises parts of vitamin B2 and ADP) and nicotinic acid dinucleotide.
  • the MIMs include amino acids.
  • amino acids include, for example, tyrosine (e.g., L-tyrosine), cysteine, phenylalanine (e.g., L-phenylalanine) and alanine.
  • the amino acid is phenylalanine or alanine.
  • the MIMs include amino acid derivatives such as 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate or acetylglycine.
  • the MIM is a glucose analog, e.g., a glucose molecule wherein one —OH or —CH2OH substituent has been replaced with a —COOH, a —COO— or an —NH2 substituent.
  • glucose analogs include glucosamine, glucoronic acid, glucoronide and glucoronate.
  • the MIM is selected from compounds of formula (I):
  • n is an integer of 0 or 1;
  • R1, R2, R3 and R4, when present, are each independently selected from hydrogen and hydroxyl or R1 and R2 are taken together with the carbon on which they are attached to form a carbonyl (C ⁇ O) group;
  • W is —COOH or —N(CH3)3+
  • X is hydrogen, a negative charge or a alkali metal cation, such as Na+ or.
  • W is —N(CH3)3+.
  • the MIM is a carnitine, such as L-carnitine.
  • the MIM is a dicarboxylic acid.
  • W is —COOH.
  • R3 is hydrogen.
  • n is 0.
  • R1 and R2 are each independently hydrogen.
  • W is —COOH, R3 is hydrogen, n is 0 and R1 and R2 are each independently hydrogen.
  • n is 1.
  • R1 and R2 are taken together with the carbon on which they are attached to form a carbonyl (C ⁇ O) group.
  • R4 is hydrogen.
  • R4 is hydroxyl.
  • W is —COOH, R3 is hydrogen, n is 1 and R1 and R2 are taken together with the carbon on which they are attached to form a carbonyl (C ⁇ O) group.
  • the MIM is an intermediate of the Krebs Cycle, the excess of which drives the Krebs Cycle towards productive oxidative phosphorylation.
  • Exemplary Krebs Cycle intermediates that are MIMs include succinic acid or succinate, malic acid or malate, and ⁇ -ketoglutaric acid or ⁇ -ketoglutarate.
  • the MIM is a building block of CoQ10, which has the following structure:
  • building blocks of CoQ10 include, but are not limited to, phenylalanine, tyrosine, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, phenylacetate, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelate, vanillic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoate, mevalonic acid, farnesyl, 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-p-benzoquinone, as well as the corresponding acids or ions thereof.
  • the MIM is selected from phenylalanine, tyrosine, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, phenylacetate and 4-hydroxybenzoate.
  • an “epimetabolic shifter” is a molecule (endogenous or exogenous) that modulates the metabolic shift from a healthy (or normal) state to a disease state and vice versa, thereby maintaining or reestablishing cellular, tissue, organ, system and/or host health in a human.
  • Epi-shifters are capable of effectuating normalization in a tissue microenvironment.
  • an epi-shifter includes any molecule which is capable, when added to or depleted from a cell, of affecting the microenvironment (e.g., the metabolic state) of a cell.
  • an epi-shifter of the invention is also intended to encompass a mixture of two or more molecules, wherein the mixture is characterized by one or more of the foregoing functions.
  • the molecules in the mixture are present at a ratio such that the mixture functions as an epi-shifter.
  • epi-shifters include, but are not limited to, CoQ-10; vitamin D3; ECM components such as fibronectin; immunomodulators, such as TNFa or any of the interleukins, e.g., IL-5, IL-12, IL-23; angiogenic factors; and apoptotic factors.
  • the epi-shifter is an enzyme, such as an enzyme that either directly participates in catalyzing one or more reactions in the Krebs Cycle, or produces a Krebs Cycle intermediate, the excess of which drive the Krebs Cycle.
  • the enzyme is an enzyme of the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway, such as transaldolase, or transketolase.
  • the enzyme is a component enzyme or enzyme complex that facilitates the Krebs Cycle, such as a synthase or a ligase.
  • Exemplary enzymes include succinyl CoA synthase (Krebs Cycle enzyme) or pyruvate carboxylase (a ligase that catalyzes the reversible carboxylation of pyruvate to form oxaloacetate (OAA), a Krebs Cycle intermediate).
  • Krebs Cycle enzyme succinyl CoA synthase
  • pyruvate carboxylase a ligase that catalyzes the reversible carboxylation of pyruvate to form oxaloacetate (OAA), a Krebs Cycle intermediate.
  • the epi-shifter is a building block of CoQ10. Building blocks of CoQ10 include, but are not limited to, phenylalanine, tyrosine, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, phenylacetate, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelate, vanillic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoate, mevalonic acid, farnesyl, 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-p-benzoquinone, as well as the corresponding acids or ions thereof.
  • the epi-shifter is selected from phenylalanine, tyrosine, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, phenylacetate and 4-hydroxybenzoate.
  • the epi-shifter is a compound in the Vitamin B family.
  • Compounds in the vitamin B family include, for example, riboflavin (vitamin B2), or analogs thereof.
  • Epi-shifters also include any analogs or pro-drugs that may be metabolized in vivo to any of the endogenous MIMs, such as those described herein.
  • the epi-shifter also is a MIM. In one embodiment, the epi-shifter is not CoQ10. Epi-shifters can be routinely identified by one of skill in the art using any of the assays described in detail herein.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be used to treat a Coenzyme Q10 responsive state in a subject in need thereof.
  • the language “Coenzyme Q10 responsive state,” or “CoQ10 responsive state,” includes diseases, disorders, states and/or conditions which can be treated, prevented, or otherwise ameliorated by the administration of Coenzyme Q10.
  • CoQ10 functions, at least partially, by inducing a metabolic shift to the cell microenvironment, such as a shift towards the type and/or level of oxidative phosphorylation in normal state cells.
  • CoQ10 responsive states are states that arise from an altered metabolism of cell microenvironment.
  • Coenzyme Q10 responsive states include, for example, oncological disorders, which, for example, may be biased towards glycolysis and lactate biosynthesis.
  • CoQ10 responsive oncological disorders include liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer, or bone cancer, squamous cell carcinomas, basal cell carcinomas, melanomas, and actinic keratosis, among others.
  • Coenzyme Q10 responsive states further include other oncological disorders as described herein.
  • Coenzyme Q10 responsive states also include, for example, metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes, pre-diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, satiety, and endocrine abnormalities. Coenzyme Q10 responsive states further include other metabolic disorders as described herein.
  • the compounds of the present invention e.g., the MIMs or epi-shifters described herein, share a common activity with Coenzyme Q10.
  • the phrase “share a common activity with Coenzyme Q10” refers to the ability of a compound to exhibit at least a portion of the same or similar activity as Coenzyme Q10.
  • the compounds of the present invention exhibit 25% or more of the activity of Coenzyme Q10.
  • the compounds of the present invention exhibit up to and including about 130% of the activity of Coenzyme Q10.
  • the compounds of the present invention exhibit about 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%, 101%, 102%, 103%, 104%, 105%, 106%, 107%, 108%, 109%, 110%, 111%, 112%,
  • the compounds of the present invention exhibit between about 50% and about 100% of the activity of Coenzyme Q10.
  • the activity shared by Coenzyme Q10 and the compounds of the present invention is the ability to induce a shift in cellular metabolism.
  • the activity shared by of CoQ10 and the compounds of the present invention is measured by OCR (Oxigen Consumption Rate) and/or ECAR (ExtraCellular Acidification Rate).
  • Techniques and methods of the present invention employed to separate and identify molecules and compounds of interest include but are not limited to: liquid chromatography (LC), high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectroscopy (MS), gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (LC-MS), gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Fourier Transform InfraRed (FT-IR), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
  • LC liquid chromatography
  • HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatography
  • MS mass spectroscopy
  • GC gas chromatography
  • LC-MS liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy
  • GC-MS gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy
  • NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
  • MRI magnetic resonance imaging
  • FT-IR Fourier Transform InfraRed
  • ICP-MS inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
  • mass spectrometry techniques include, but are not limited to, the use of magnetic-sector and double focusing instruments, transmission quadrapole instruments, quadrupole ion-trap instruments, time-of-flight instruments (TOF), Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance instruments (FT-MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS).
  • TOF time-of-flight instruments
  • FT-MS Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance instruments
  • MALDI-TOF MS matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
  • Environmental influencers may be identified by changes in cellular bioenergetic molecule levels (e.g., ATP, pyruvate, ADP, NADH, NAD, NADPH, NADP, acetylCoA, FADH2) of cells to which a candidate epi-shifter has been applied.
  • bioenergetic molecule levels e.g., ATP, pyruvate, ADP, NADH, NAD, NADPH, NADP, acetylCoA, FADH2
  • Exemplary assays of bioenergetic molecule levels use colorometric, fluorescence, and/or bioluminescent-based methods. Examples of such assays are provided below.
  • Levels of ATP within cells can be measured with a number of assays and systems known in the art. For example, in one system, cytoplasmic ATP released from lysed cells reacts with luciferin and the enzyme luciferase to produce light. This bioluminescence is measured by a bioluminometer and the intracellular ATP concentration of the lysed cells can be calculated (EnzyLightTM ATP Assay Kit (EATP-100), BioAssay Systems, Hayward, Calif.).
  • both ATP and its dephosphorylated form are calculated via bioluminescence; after ATP levels are calculated, ADP is transformed into ATP and then detected and calculated using the same luciferase system (ApoSENSORTM ADP/ATP Ratio Assay Kit, BioVision Inc., Mountain View, Calif.).
  • Pyruvate is an important intermediate in cellular metabolic pathways. Pyruvate may be converted into carbohydrate via gluconeogenesis, converted into fatty acid or metabolized via acetyl CoA, or converted into alanine or ethanol, depending upon the metabolic state of a cell. Thus detection of pyruvate levels provides a measure of the metabolic activity and state of a cell sample.
  • One assay to detect pyruvate for example, uses both a colorimetric and fluorimetric to detect pyruvate concentrations within different ranges (EnzyChromTM Pyruvate Assay Kit (Cat# EPYR-100), BioAssay Systems, Hayward, Calif.).
  • Environmental influencers may influence the process of oxidative phosphorylation carried out by mitochondria in cells, which are involved in the generation and maintenance of bioenergetic molecules in cells.
  • assays that detect changes in cellular energetics in cell cultures and samples directly (described below)
  • assays exist that detect and quantify the effects of compounds on discrete enzymes and complexes of mitochondria in cells.
  • the MT-OXC MitoToxTM Complete OXPHOS Activity Assay (MitoSciences Inc., Eugene, Oreg.) can detect and quantify the effects of compounds applied directly to complexes Ito V extracted from mitochondria.
  • Environmental influencers may also be identified by changes in cellular energetics.
  • One example of the measurement of cellular energetics are the real-time measures of the consumption of molecular oxygen and/or the change in pH of the media of a cell culture.
  • the ability of a potential epi-shifter to modulate the metabolic state of a cell may be analyzed using, for example, the XF24 Analyzer (Seahorse, Inc.). This technology allows for real time detection of oxygen and pH changes in a monolayer of cells in order to evaluate the bioenergetics of a cell microenvironment.
  • the XF24 Analyzer measures and compares the rates of oxygen consumption (OCR), which is a measure of aerobic metabolism, and extracellular acidification (ECAR), which is a measure of glycolysis, both key indicators of cellular energetics.
  • OCR oxygen consumption
  • ECAR extracellular acidification
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation is a process by which ATP is generated via the oxidation of nutrient compounds, carried out in eukaryotes via protein complexes embedded in the membranes of mitochondria.
  • ATP oxidative phosphorylation
  • changes in oxidative phosphorylation activity can strongly alter metabolism and energy balance within a cell.
  • environmental influencers e.g., MIMs or Epi-shifters
  • environmental influencers e.g., MIMs or Epi-shifters
  • environmental influencers e.g., MIMs or Epi-shifters
  • the membrane-embedded protein complexes of the mitochondria that carry out processes involved in oxidative phosphorylation perform specific tasks and are numbered I, II, III and IV. These complexes, along with the trans-inner membrane ATP synthase (also known as Complex V), are the key entities involved in the oxidative phosphorylation process.
  • assays that can examine the effects of environmental influencers (e.g., MIMs or Epi-shifters) on mitochondrial function in general and the oxidative phosphorylation process in particular, assays are available that can be used to examine the effects of an epi-shifter on an individual complex separately from other complexes.
  • Complex I also known as NADH-coenzyme Q oxidoreductase or NADH dehydrogenase, is the first protein in the electron transport chain.
  • the detection and quantification of the effect of an epi-shifter on the production of NAD by Complex I may be performed.
  • the complex can be immunocaptured from a sample in a 96-well plate; the oxidation of NADH to NAD + takes place concurrently with the reduction of a dye molecule which has an increased absorbance at 450 nM (Complex I Enzyme Activity Microplate Assay Kit, MitoSciences Inc., Eugene, Oreg.).
  • Complex IV also known as cytochrome c oxidase (COX)
  • COX cytochrome c oxidase
  • the detection and quantification of the effect of an epi-shifter on the oxidation of cytochrome c and the reduction of oxygen to water by Complex IV may be performed.
  • COX can be immunocaptured in a microwell plate and the oxidation of COX measured with a colorimetric assay (Complex IV Enzyme Activity Microplate Assay Kit, MitoSciences Inc., Eugene, Oreg.).
  • the final enzyme in the oxidative phosphorylation process is ATP synthase (Complex V), which uses the proton gradient created by the other complexes to power the synthesis of ATP from ADP.
  • the detection and quantification of the effect of an epi-shifter on the activity of ATP synthase may be performed. For example, both the activity of ATP synthase and the amount of ATP synthase in a sample may be measured for ATP synthase that has been immunocaptured in a microwell plate well.
  • the enzyme can also function as an ATPase under certain conditions, thus in this assay for ATP synthase activity, the rate at which ATP is reduced to ADP is measured by detecting the simultaneous oxidation of NADH to NAD + .
  • the amount of ATP is calculated using a labeled antibody to ATPase (ATP synthase Duplexing (Activity+Quantity) Microplate Assay Kit, MitoSciences Inc., Eugene, Oreg.).
  • Additional assays for oxidative phosphorylation include assays that test for effects on the activity of Complexes II and III.
  • the MT-OXC MitoToxTM Complete OXPHOS System (MitoSciences Inc., Eugene, Oreg.) can be used to evaluate effects of a compound on Complex II and III as well as Complex I, IV and V, to provide data on the effects of a compound on the entire oxidative phosphorylation system.
  • MIMs mitochondrial permeability transition
  • MPTP mitochondrial permeability transition pores
  • An increase in mitochondrial permeability can lead to mitochondrial swelling, an inability to conduct oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation and cell death.
  • MPT may be involved with induction of apoptosis.
  • the detection and quantification of the effect of an environmental influencer (e.g., MIM or epi-shifter) on the formation, discontinuation and/or effects of MPT and MPTPs are measured.
  • assays can detect MPT through the use of specialized dye molecules (calcein) that are localized within the inner membranes of mitochondria and other cytosolic compartments.
  • the application of another molecule, CoCl 2 serves to squelch the fluorescence of the calcein dye in the cytosol.
  • CoCl 2 cannot access, however, the interior of the mitochondria, thus the calcein fluorescence in the mitochondria is not squelched unless MPT has occurred and CoCl 2 can access the interior of the mitochondria via MPTPs.
  • Flow cytometry can be used to evaluate cellular and organelle fluorescence (MitoProbeTM Transition Pore Assay Kit, Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.). Additional assays utilize a fluorescence microscope for evaluating experimental results (Image-iTTM LIVE Mitochondrial Transition Pore Assay Kit, Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.).
  • environmental influencers e.g., MIMs or Epi-shifters
  • MIMs may be identified and evaluated by their effects on the production or activity of molecules associated with cellular proliferation and/or inflammation.
  • molecules include, but are not limited to, cytokines, growth factors, hormones, components of the extra-cellular matrix, chemokines, neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, neurotrophins and other molecules involved in cellular signaling, as well as intracellular molecules, such as those involved in signal transduction.
  • VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor
  • an environmental influencer e.g., MIM or Epi-shifter
  • MIM vascular endothelial growth factor
  • Epi-shifter may be identified and characterized by its effects on the production of VEGF. For example, cells maintained in hypoxic conditions or in conditions mimicking acidosis will exhibit increased VEGF production.
  • VEGF secreted into media can be assayed using an ELISA or other antibody-based assays, using available anti-VEGF antibodies (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minn.).
  • an Epi-shifter may be identified and/or characterized based on its effect(s) on the responsiveness of cells to VEGF and/or based on its effect(s) on the expression or activity of the VEGF receptor.
  • tumor necrosis factor is a key mediator of inflammation and immune system activation.
  • an Epi-shifter may be identified and characterized by its effects on the production or the activity of TNF.
  • TNF produced by cultured cells and secreted into media can be quantified via ELISA and other antibody-based assays known in the art.
  • an environmental influencer may be identified and characterized by its effect(s) on the expression of receptors for TNF (Human TNF RI Duoset, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minn.).
  • ECM extracellular matrix
  • latent transforming growth factor beta binding proteins are ECM components that create a reservoir of transforming growth factor beta (TGF ⁇ ) within the ECM.
  • TGF ⁇ transforming growth factor beta
  • Matrix-bound TGF ⁇ can be released later during the process of matrix remodeling and can exert growth factor effects on nearby cells (Dallas, S. Methods in Mol. Biol. 139:231-243 (2000)).
  • an environmental influencer e.g., MIM or Epi-shifter
  • MIM MIM or Epi-shifter
  • researchers have developed techniques with which the creation of ECM by cells, as well as the composition of the ECM, can be studied and quantified. For example, the synthesis of ECM by cells can be evaluated by embedding the cells in a hydrogel before incubation. Biochemical and other analyses are performed on the ECM generated by the cells after cell harvest and digestion of the hydrogel (Strehin, I. and Elisseeff, J. Methods in Mol. Bio. 522:349-362 (2009)).
  • the effect of environmental influencer e.g., MIM or epi-shifter
  • the effect of environmental influencer e.g., MIM or epi-shifter
  • Techniques for creating conditional knock-out (KO) mice have been developed that allow for the knockout of particular ECM genes only in discrete types of cells or at certain stages of development (Brancaccio, M. et al. Methods in Mol. Bio. 522:15-50 (2009)).
  • the effect of the application or administration of an epi-shifter or potential epi-shifter on the activity or absence of a particular ECM component in a particular tissue or at a particular stage of development may thus be evaluated.
  • Environmental influencers may be identified by changes in the plasma membrane integrity of a cell sample and/or by changes in the number or percentage of cells that undergo apoptosis, necrosis or cellular changes that demonstrate an increased or reduced likelihood of cell death.
  • LDH lactate dehydrogenase
  • An assay for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) can provide a measurement of cellular status and damage levels.
  • LDH is a stable and relatively abundant cytoplasmic enzyme. When plasma membranes lose physical integrity, LDH escapes to the extracellular compartment. Higher concentrations of LDH correlate with higher levels of plasma membrane damage and cell death.
  • Examples of LDH assays include assays that use a colorimetric system to detect and quantify levels of LDH in a sample, wherein the reduced form of a tetrazolium salt is produced via the activity of the LDH enzyme (QuantiChromTM Lactate Dehydrogenase Kit (DLDH-100), BioAssay Systems, Hayward, Calif.; LDH Cytotoxicity Detection Kit, Clontech, Mountain View, Calif.).
  • Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death that may have a variety of different initiating events.
  • a number of assays can detect changes in the rate and/or number of cells that undergo apoptosis.
  • One type of assay that is used to detect and quantify apoptosis is a capase assay.
  • Capases are aspartic acid-specific cysteine proteases that are activated via proteolytic cleavage during apoptosis. Examples of assays that detect activated capases include PhiPhiLux® (OncoImmunin, Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.) and Caspase-Glo® 3/7 Assay Systems (Promega Corp., Madison, Wis.).
  • TUNEL/DNA fragmentation assays detect the 180 to 200 base pair DNA fragments generated by nucleases during the execution phase of apoptosis.
  • Exemplary TUNEL/DNA fragmentation assays include the In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit (Roche Applied Science, Indianapolis, Ind.) and the DeadEndTM Colorimetric and Fluorometric TUNEL Systems (Promega Corp., Madison, Wis.).
  • Some apoptosis assays detect and quantify proteins associated with an apoptotic and/or a non-apoptotic state.
  • the MultiTox-Fluor Multiplex Cytotoxicity Assay uses a single substrate, fluorimetric system to detect and quantify proteases specific to live and dead cells, thus providing a ratio of living cells to cells that have undergone apoptosis in a cell or tissue sample.
  • Additional assays available for detecting and quantifying apoptosis include assays that detect cell permeability (e.g., APOPercentageTM APOPTOSIS Assay, Biocolor, UK) and assays for Annexin V (e.g., Annexin V-Biotin Apoptosis Detection Kit, BioVision Inc., Mountain View, Calif.).
  • assays that detect cell permeability e.g., APOPercentageTM APOPTOSIS Assay, Biocolor, UK
  • assays for Annexin V e.g., Annexin V-Biotin Apoptosis Detection Kit, BioVision Inc., Mountain View, Calif.
  • the present invention provides methods of treating or preventing an oncological disorder in a human, comprising administering CoQ10 to the human in an amount sufficient to treat or prevent the oncological disorder, thereby treating or preventing the oncological disorder.
  • the present invention also provides CoQ10 compositions and methods of preparing the same.
  • the compositions comprise at least about 1% to about 25% CoQ10 w/w.
  • CoQ10 can be obtained from Asahi Kasei N&P (Hokkaido, Japan) as UBIDECARENONE (USP).
  • CoQ10 can also be obtained from Kaneka Q10 as Kaneka Q10 (USP UBIDECARENONE) in powdered form (Pasadena, Tex., USA).
  • CoQ10 used in the methods exemplified herein have the following characteristics: residual solvents meet USP 467 requirement; water content is less than 0.0%, less than 0.05% or less than 0.2%; residue on ignition is 0.0%, less than 0.05%, or less than 0.2% less than; heavy metal content is less than 0.002%, or less than 0.001%; purity of between 98-100% or 99.9%, or 99.5%.
  • Methods of preparing the compositions are provided in the examples section below.
  • oncological disorder refers to all types of cancer or neoplasm or malignant tumors found in humans, including, but not limited to: leukemias, lymphomas, melanomas, carcinomas and sarcomas.
  • cancer cancer
  • neoplasm neoplasm
  • tumor tumor necrosis originating from the host organism
  • tumor cells that is, cells obtained from near the site of malignant transformation
  • histological examination can be readily distinguished from non-cancerous cells by well-established techniques, particularly histological examination.
  • a cancer cell includes not only a primary cancer cell, but also cancer stem cells, as well as cancer progenitor cells or any cell derived from a cancer cell ancestor. This includes metastasized cancer cells, and in vitro cultures and cell lines derived from cancer cells.
  • a “clinically detectable” tumor is one that is detectable on the basis of tumor mass; e.g., by procedures such as CAT scan, MR imaging, X-ray, ultrasound or palpation, and/or which is detectable because of the expression of one or more cancer-specific antigens in a sample obtainable from a patient.
  • sarcoma generally refers to a tumor which is made up of a substance like the embryonic connective tissue and is generally composed of closely packed cells embedded in a fibrillar or homogeneous substance.
  • sarcomas which can be treated with an environmental influencer of the invention include, but are not limited to, a chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, lymphosarcoma, melanosarcoma, myxosarcoma, osteosarcoma, Abemethy's sarcoma, adipose sarcoma, liposarcoma, alveolar soft part sarcoma, ameloblastic sarcoma, botryoid sarcoma, chloroma sarcoma, chorio carcinoma, embryonal sarcoma, Wilms' tumor sarcoma, endometrial sarcoma, stromal sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma
  • melanoma is taken to mean a tumor arising from the melanocytic system of the skin and other organs.
  • Melanomas which can be treated with an environmental influencer of the invention include, but are not limited to, for example, acral-lentiginous melanoma, amelanotic melanoma, benign juvenile melanoma, Cloudman's melanoma, S91 melanoma, Harding-Passey melanoma, juvenile melanoma, lentigo maligna melanoma, malignant melanoma, nodular melanoma, subungal melanoma, and superficial spreading melanoma.
  • Carcinoma refers to a malignant new growth made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases.
  • Carcinomas which can be treated with an environmental influencer of the invention include, but are not limited to, for example, acinar carcinoma, acinous carcinoma, adenocystic carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, carcinoma adenomatosum, carcinoma of adrenal cortex, alveolar carcinoma, alveolar cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, carcinoma basocellulare, basaloid carcinoma, basosquamous cell carcinoma, bronchioalveolar carcinoma, bronchiolar carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, cerebriform carcinoma, cholangiocellular carcinoma, chorionic carcinoma, colloid carcinoma, comedo carcinoma, corpus carcinoma, cribriform carcinoma, carcinoma en cuirasse, carcinoma cutaneum, cylindrical carcinoma, cylindrical cell carcinoma, duct carcinoma, carcinoma durum, embryonal carcinoma, encephaloid carcinoma, epiermoid carcinoma, carcinoma epitheliale aden
  • CoQ10 may be used to prophylactically or therapeutically treat any neoplasm.
  • CoQ10 is used to treat solid tumors.
  • CoQ10 is used for treatment, of various types of skin cancer (e.g., Squamous cell Carcinoma or Basal Cell Carcinoma), pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer, or bone cancer.
  • skin cancer e.g., Squamous cell Carcinoma or Basal Cell Carcinoma
  • pancreatic cancer e.g., breast cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer, or bone cancer.
  • CoQ10 is used for treatment of a skin oncological disorder including, but not limited to, squamous cell carcinomas (including SCCIS (in situ) and more aggressive squamous cell carcinomas), basal cell carcinomas (including superficial, nodular and infiltrating basal cell carcinomas), melanomas, and actinic keratosis.
  • a skin oncological disorder including, but not limited to, squamous cell carcinomas (including SCCIS (in situ) and more aggressive squamous cell carcinomas), basal cell carcinomas (including superficial, nodular and infiltrating basal cell carcinomas), melanomas, and actinic keratosis.
  • a skin oncological disorder including, but not limited to, squamous cell carcinomas (including SCCIS (in situ) and more aggressive squamous cell carcinomas), basal cell carcinomas (including superficial, nodular and infiltrating basal cell carcinomas), melanomas, and actinic keratosis
  • cancers amenable to treatment with CoQ10 include, but are not limited to, cancer of the brain, head and neck, prostate, breast, testicular, pancreas, liver, colon, bladder, kidney, lung, non-small cell lung, melanoma, mesothelioma, uterus, cervix, ovary, sarcoma, bone, stomach and Medulloblastoma.
  • Additional cancers which can be treated with CoQ10 include, for example, Hodgkin's Disease, Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, multiple myeloma, neuroblastoma, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, rhabdomyosarcoma, primary thrombocytosis, primary macroglobulinemia, small-cell lung tumors, primary brain tumors, stomach cancer, colon cancer, malignant pancreatic insulanoma, malignant carcinoid, urinary bladder cancer, premalignant skin lesions, testicular cancer, lymphomas, thyroid cancer, neuroblastoma, esophageal cancer, genitourinary tract cancer, malignant hypercalcemia, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, adrenal cortical cancer, and prostate cancer.
  • the oncological disorder or cancer which can be treated with CoQ10 is not melanoma.
  • a cancer cell as used herein, is intended to include a cancer cell that produces energy by anaerobic glycolysis (e.g., glycolysis followed by lactic acid fermantion in the cytosol), aerobic glycolysis (e.g., glycolysis followed by oxidation of pyruvate in the mitochondria), or a combination of anaerobic glycolysis and aerobic glycolysis.
  • a cancer cell produces energy predominantly by anaerobic glycolysis (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or more of the cell's energy is produced by anaerobic glycolysis).
  • a cancer cell produces energy predominantly by aerobic glycolysis (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or more of the cell's energy is produced by anaerobic glycolysis).
  • the definition of cancer cells, as used herein, is also intended to include a cancer cell population or mixture of cancer cells comprising cells that produce energy by anaerobic glycolysis and cells that produce energy by aerobic glycolysis.
  • a cancer cell population comprises predominantly cells that produce energy by anaerobic glycolysis (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or more of the cells in the population produce energy by anaerobic glycolysis).
  • a cancer cell population comprises predominantly cells that produce energy by aerobic glycolysis (e.g., at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or more of the cells in the population).
  • anaerobic use of glucose or “anaerobic glycolysis” refers to cellular production of energy by glycolysis followed by lactic acid fermentation in the cytosol. For example, many cancer cells produce energy by anaerobic glycolysis.
  • the phrase “aerobic glycolysis” or “mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation” refers to cellular production of energy by glycolysis followed by oxidation of pyruvate in mitochondria.
  • the phrase “capable of blocking anaerobic use of glucose and augmenting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation” refers to the ability of an environmental influencer (e.g., an epitmetabolic shifter) to induce a shift or change in the metabolic state of a cell from anaerobic glycolysis to aerobic glycolysis or mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
  • an environmental influencer e.g., an epitmetabolic shifter
  • the oncological disorder being treated is not a disorder typically treated via topical administration with the expectation of systemic delivery of an active agent at therapeutically effective levels.
  • the phrase “not a disorder typically treated via topical administration” refers to oncological disorders that are not typically or routinely treated with a therapeutic agent via topical administration but rather are typically treated with a therapeutic agent via, for example, intravenous administration.
  • Oncological disorders not typically treated via topical administration include, but are not limited to, breast cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, and bone cancer.
  • the present invention also provides a method for treating or preventing an aggressive oncological disorder in a human, comprising administering CoQ10 to the human at a selected lower dose than the dosage regimen used or selected for less aggressive or non-aggressive oncological disorders, thereby treating or preventing the aggressive oncological disorder.
  • the invention provides a method for treating or preventing a non-aggressive oncological disorder in a human, comprising administering an environmental influencer to the human at a selected higher dose over the dosage regimen used or selected for aggressive oncological disorders, thereby treating or preventing the non-aggressive oncological disorder.
  • the term “aggressive oncological disorder” refers to an oncological disorder involving a fast-growing tumor.
  • An aggressive oncological disorder typically does not respond or responds poorly to therapeutic treatment.
  • Examples of an aggressive oncological disorder include, but are not limited to, pancreatic carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, Ewing's sarcoma, metastatic breast cancer, metastatic melanoma, brain cancer (astrocytoma, glioblastoma), neuroendocrine cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, osteosarcoma, androgen-independent prostate cancer, ovarian cancer and non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma.
  • non-aggressive oncological disorder refers to an oncological disorder involving a slow-growing tumor.
  • a non-aggressive oncological disorder typically responds favorably or moderately to therapeutic treatment.
  • examples of a non-aggressive oncological disorder include, but are not limited to, non-metastatic breast cancer, androgen-dependent prostate cancer, small cell lung cancer and acute lymphocytic leukemia.
  • non-aggressive oncological disorders include any oncological disorder that is not an aggressive oncological disorder.
  • CoQ10 reduces tumor size, inhibits tumor growth and/or prolongs the survival time of a tumor-bearing subject. Accordingly, this invention also relates to a method of treating tumors in a human or other animal by administering to such human or animal an effective, non-toxic amount of CoQ10.
  • an effective, non-toxic amount of CoQ10 would be for the purpose of treating malignancies.
  • a therapeutically active amount of CoQ10 may vary according to factors such as the disease stage (e.g., stage I versus stage 1V), age, sex, medical complications (e.g., immunosuppressed conditions or diseases) and weight of the subject, and the ability of the CoQ10 to elicit a desired response in the subject.
  • the dosage regimen may be adjusted to provide the optimum therapeutic response. For example, several divided doses may be administered daily, or the dose may be proportionally reduced as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation.
  • the present invention provides methods for identifying therapeutic targets for oncological disorders.
  • the invention further provides therapeutic targets identified by such methods.
  • the identification of a therapeutic target involves, generally, the exogenous application of an Env-influencer or candidate Env-influencer to a cell or panel of cell lines, and the subsequent evaluation of changes induced to a treated cell as compared to a control, untreated cell.
  • Induced cellular changes which are monitored include, but are not limited to, changes to the morphology, physiology or composition, e.g., RNA, protein, lipid or metabolite levels, of the cell.
  • Induced cellular changes as a result of treatment by a candidate Env-influencer can be monitored by using any of the assays described herein.
  • changes in gene expression at the mRNA level can be evaluated by real-time PCR arrays, while changes in gene expression at the protein level can be monitored by using antibody microarrays and 2-D gel electrophoresis.
  • Genes identified as being modulated by the candidate Env-influencer e.g., at the mRNA and/or protein level
  • Genes identified as potential therapeutic targets are next submitted to confirmatory assays such as Western blot analysis, siRNA knock-down, or recombinant protein production and characterization methods. Screening assays can then be used to identify modulators of the targets.
  • Modulators of the therapeutic targets are useful as novel therapeutic agents for oncological disorders. Modulators of therapeutic targets can be routinely identified using screening assays described in detail herein, or by using routine methodologies known to the skilled artisan.
  • Genes identified herein as being modulated (e.g., upmodulated or downmodulated, at either the mRNA or protein level) by the MIM/Epi-shifter, CoQ10, are drug targets of the invention.
  • Drug targets of the invention include, but are not limited to, the genes subsequently listed in Tables 1-28 (e.g., 2-4 & 6-28) herein.
  • the key proteins modulated by Q10 are associated with or can be classified into different pathways or groups of molecules, including transcription factors, apoptotic response, pentose phosphate pathway, biosynthetic pathway, oxidative stress (pro-oxidant), membrane alterations, and oxidative phosphorylation metabolism.
  • a key protein modulated by CoQ10 and which is a transcription factor is HNF4alpha.
  • Key proteins that are modulated by CoQ10 and associated with the apoptotic response include Bcl-xl, Bcl-xl, Bcl-xS, BNIP-2, Bcl-2, Birc6, Bcl-2-L11 (Bim), XIAP, BRAF, Bax, c-Jun, Bmf, PUMA, and cMyc.
  • a key protein that is modulated by CoQ10 and associated with the pentose phosphate pathway is transaldolase 1.
  • Key proteins that are modulated by CoQ10 and associated with a biosynthetic pathway include COQ1, COQ3, COQ6, prenyltransferase and 4-hydroxybenzoate.
  • Key proteins that are modulated by CoQ10 and associated with oxidative stress (pro-oxidant) include Neutrophil cytosolic factor 2, nitric oxide synthase 2A and superoxide dismutase 2 (mitochondrial).
  • Key proteins that are modulated by CoQ10 and associated with oxidative phosphorylation metabolism include Cytochrome c, complex I, complex II, complex III and complex IV.
  • Further key proteins that are directly or indirectly modulated by CoQ10 include Foxo 3a, DJ-1, IDH-1, Cpt1C and Cam Kinase II.
  • a drug target may include HNF4-alpha, Bcl-xl, Bcl-xS, BNIP-2, Bcl-2, Birc6, Bcl-2-L11 (Bim), XIAP, BRAF, Bax, c-Jun, Bmf, PUMA, cMyc, transaldolase 1, COQ1, COQ3, COQ6, prenyltransferase, 4-hydrobenzoate, neutrophil cytosolic factor 2, nitric oxide synthase 2A, superoxide dismutase 2, VDAC, Bax channel, ANT, Cytochrome c, complex 1, complex II, complex III, complex IV, Foxo 3a, DJ-1, IDH-1, Cpt1C and Cam Kinase II.
  • a drug target may include HNF4A, Transaldolase, NM23 and BSCv.
  • the drug target is TNF4A.
  • the drug target is transaldolase.
  • the drug target is NM23.
  • the drug target is BSCv. Screening assays useful for identifying modulators of identified drug targets are described below.
  • the invention also provides methods (also referred to herein as “screening assays”) for identifying modulators, i.e., candidate or test compounds or agents (e.g., proteins, peptides, peptidomimetics, peptoids, small molecules or other drugs), which modulate the expression and/or activity of an identified therapeutic target of the invention.
  • modulators i.e., candidate or test compounds or agents (e.g., proteins, peptides, peptidomimetics, peptoids, small molecules or other drugs), which modulate the expression and/or activity of an identified therapeutic target of the invention.
  • Such assays typically comprise a reaction between a therapeutic target of the invention and one or more assay components.
  • the other components may be either the test compound itself, or a combination of test compounds and a natural binding partner of a marker of the invention.
  • Compounds identified via assays such as those described herein may be useful, for example, for treating or preventing a oncological disorder.
  • test compounds used in the screening assays of the present invention may be obtained from any available source, including systematic libraries of natural and/or synthetic compounds.
  • Test compounds may also be obtained by any of the numerous approaches in combinatorial library methods known in the art, including: biological libraries; peptoid libraries (libraries of molecules having the functionalities of peptides, but with a novel, non-peptide backbone which are resistant to enzymatic degradation but which nevertheless remain bioactive; see, e.g., Zuckermann et al., 1994 , J. Med. Chem. 37:2678-85); spatially addressable parallel solid phase or solution phase libraries; synthetic library methods requiring deconvolution; the ‘one-bead one-compound’ library method; and synthetic library methods using affinity chromatography selection.
  • the biological library and peptoid library approaches are limited to peptide libraries, while the other four approaches are applicable to peptide, non-peptide oligomer or small molecule libraries of compounds (Lam, 1997 , Anticancer Drug Des. 12
  • the screening methods of the invention comprise contacting a cell with a test compound and determining the ability of the test compound to modulate the expression and/or activity of a therapeutic target of the invention in the cell.
  • the expression and/or activity of a therapeutic target of the invention can be determined as described herein.
  • the expression and/or activity of a therapeutic target of the invention can also be determined by using routine methods known to the skilled artisan.
  • a compound is selected based on its ability to increase expression and/or activity of a therapeutic target of the invention.
  • a compound is selected based on its ability increase expression and/or activity of a therapeutic target selected from the protein listed in Tables 1-28 (e.g., 2-4 & 6-28), wherein the therapeutic target is upmodulated by CoQ10 (e.g., exhibits a positive-fold change).
  • a compound is selected based on its ability to decrease expression and/or activity of a therapeutic target of the invention.
  • a compound is selected based on its ability to decrease expression and/or activity of a therapeutic target selected from the proteins listed in Tables 1-28 (e.g., 2-4 & 6-28), wherein the therapeutic target is downmodulated by CoQ10 (e.g., exhibits a negative-fold change).
  • the invention provides assays for screening candidate or test compounds which are substrates of a therapeutic target of the invention or biologically active portions thereof. In yet another embodiment, the invention provides assays for screening candidate or test compounds which bind to a therapeutic target of the invention or biologically active portions thereof. Determining the ability of the test compound to directly bind to a therapeutic target can be accomplished, for example, by coupling the compound with a radioisotope or enzymatic label such that binding of the compound to the drug target can be determined by detecting the labeled marker compound in a complex.
  • compounds e.g., marker substrates
  • compounds can be labeled with 131 I, 125 I, 35 S, 14 C, or 3 H, either directly or indirectly, and the radioisotope detected by direct counting of radioemission or by scintillation counting.
  • assay components can be enzymatically labeled with, for example, horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, or luciferase, and the enzymatic label detected by determination of conversion of an appropriate substrate to product.
  • This invention further pertains to novel agents identified by the above-described screening assays. Accordingly, it is within the scope of this invention to further use an agent identified as described herein in an appropriate animal model.
  • an agent capable of modulating the expression and/or activity of a marker of the invention identified as described herein can be used in an animal model to determine the efficacy, toxicity, or side effects of treatment with such an agent.
  • an agent identified as described herein can be used in an animal model to determine the mechanism of action of such an agent.
  • this invention pertains to uses of novel agents identified by the above-described screening assays for treatment as described above.
  • compositions comprising CoQ10.
  • CoQ10 can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration to a subject.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises CoQ10 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like that are physiologically compatible.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include one or more of water, saline, phosphate buffered saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol and the like, as well as combinations thereof.
  • isotonic agents for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, or sodium chloride in the composition.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may further comprise minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, preservatives or buffers, which enhance the shelf life or effectiveness of the environmental influencer.
  • compositions of this invention may be in a variety of forms. These include, for example, liquid, semi-solid and solid dosage forms, such as liquid solutions (e.g., injectable and infusible solutions), dispersions or suspensions, tablets, pills, powders, creams, lotions, liniments, ointments or pastes, drops for administration to the eye, ear or nose, liposomes and suppositories.
  • liquid solutions e.g., injectable and infusible solutions
  • dispersions or suspensions tablets, pills, powders, creams, lotions, liniments, ointments or pastes
  • drops for administration to the eye, ear or nose, liposomes and suppositories e.g., ointments or pastes.
  • the preferred form depends on the intended mode of administration and therapeutic application.
  • CoQ10 can be administered by a variety of methods known in the art.
  • the preferred route/mode of administration is topical, subcutaneous injection, intravenous injection or infusion.
  • the route and/or mode of administration will vary depending upon the desired results.
  • the active compound may be prepared with a carrier that will protect the compound against rapid release, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants, transdermal patches, and microencapsulated delivery systems.
  • a controlled release formulation including implants, transdermal patches, and microencapsulated delivery systems.
  • Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Many methods for the preparation of such formulations are patented or generally known to those skilled in the art.
  • the mode of administration is parenteral (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular).
  • the environmental influencer is administered by intravenous infusion or injection.
  • the environmental influencer is administered by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection.
  • the environmental influencer is administered topically.
  • compositions typically must be sterile and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage.
  • the composition can be formulated as a solution, microemulsion, dispersion, liposome, or other ordered structure suitable to high drug concentration.
  • Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound (i.e., environmental influencer) in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization.
  • dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above.
  • the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and spray-drying that yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
  • the proper fluidity of a solution can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.
  • Prolonged absorption of injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent that delays absorption, for example, monostearate salts and gelatin.
  • the compounds of the invention can be formulated in liquid solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hank's solution or Ringer's solution.
  • the compounds may be formulated in solid form and redissolved or suspended immediately prior to use. Lyophilized forms are also included.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may take the form of, for example, tablets or capsules prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as binding agents (e.g., pregelatinised maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); fillers (e.g., lactose, microcrystalline cellulose or calcium hydrogen phosphate); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc or silica); disintegrants (e.g., potato starch or sodium starch glycolate); or wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate).
  • binding agents e.g., pregelatinised maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
  • fillers e.g., lactose, microcrystalline cellulose or calcium hydrogen phosphate
  • lubricants e.g., magnesium stearate, talc or silica
  • disintegrants e.g., potato starch
  • Liquid preparations for oral administration may take the form of, for example, solutions, syrups or suspensions, or they may be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use.
  • Such liquid preparations may be prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents (e.g., sorbitol syrup, cellulose derivatives or hydrogenated edible fats); emulsifying agents (e.g., lecithin or acacia); non-aqueous vehicles (e.g., ationd oil, oily esters, ethyl alcohol or fractionated vegetable oils); and preservatives (e.g., methyl or propyl-p-hydroxybenzoates or sorbic acid).
  • the preparations may also contain buffer salts, flavoring, coloring and sweetening agents as appropriate.
  • Preparations for oral administration may be suitably formulated to give controlled release of the active compound.
  • the compositions may take the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.
  • the compounds for use according to the present invention are conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or a nebuliser, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
  • a suitable propellant e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas.
  • a pressurized aerosol the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount.
  • Capsules and cartridges of e.g., gelatin for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be
  • the compounds may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion.
  • Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative.
  • the compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
  • the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.
  • the compounds may also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides.
  • the compounds may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection.
  • the compounds may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
  • Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal or transdermal means.
  • penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation.
  • penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration bile salts and fusidic acid derivatives in addition, detergents may be used to facilitate permeation.
  • Transmucosal administration may be through nasal sprays or using suppositories.
  • the compound(s) of the invention are formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art.
  • a wash solution can be used locally to treat an injury or inflammation to accelerate healing.
  • compositions may, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredient.
  • the pack may for example comprise metal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack.
  • the pack or dispenser device may be accompanied by instructions for administration.
  • the compound(s) of the invention can be formulated for a variety of modes of administration, including systemic and topical or localized administration. Techniques and formulations generally may be found in Remmington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meade Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.
  • injection is preferred, including intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intranodal, and subcutaneous.
  • the compound(s) of the invention can be formulated in liquid solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hank's solution or Ringer's solution.
  • the compound(s) may be formulated in solid form and redissolved or suspended immediately prior to use. Lyophilized forms are also included.
  • the compositions comprising CoQ10 are administered topically. It is preferable to present the active ingredient, i.e. CoQ10, as a pharmaceutical formulation.
  • the active ingredient may comprise, for topical administration, from about 0.001% to about 20% w/w, by weight of the formulation in the final product, although it may comprise as much as 30% w/w, preferably from about 1% to about 20% w/w of the formulation.
  • the topical formulations of the present invention comprise an active ingredient together with one or more acceptable carrier(s) therefor and optionally any other therapeutic ingredients(s).
  • the carrier(s) should be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of an agent or agents such as these is administered.
  • a therapeutically effective dose refers to that amount of the compound that results in amelioration of symptoms or a prolongation of survival in a patient.
  • Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such compounds can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD 50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED 50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population).
  • the dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratio LD 50 /ED 50 .
  • Compounds which exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred.
  • the data obtained from these cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in human.
  • the dosage of such compounds lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED 50 with little or no toxicity.
  • the dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized.
  • the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays.
  • a dose can be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range that includes the IC 50 as determined in cell culture. Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans. Levels in plasma may be measured, for example, by HPLC.
  • the exact formulation, route of administration and dosage can be chosen by the individual physician in view of the patient's condition. (See e.g. Fingl et al., in The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 1975, Ch. 1 p. 1). It should be noted that the attending physician would know how to and when to terminate, interrupt, or adjust administration due to toxicity, or to organ dysfunctions. Conversely, the attending physician would also know to adjust treatment to higher levels if the clinical response were not adequate (precluding toxicity).
  • the magnitude of an administrated dose in the management of the oneogenic disorder of interest will vary with the severity of the condition to be treated and to the route of administration. The severity of the condition may, for example, be evaluated, in part, by standard prognostic evaluation methods. Further, the dose and perhaps dose frequency, will also vary according to the age, body weight, and response of the individual patient. A program comparable to that discussed above may be used in veterinary medicine.
  • Such agents may be formulated and administered systemically or locally.
  • Techniques for formulation and administration may be found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18 th ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. (1990). Suitable routes may include oral, rectal, transdermal, vaginal, transmucosal, or intestinal administration; parenteral delivery, including intramuscular, subcutaneous, intramedullary injections, as well as intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intranasal, or intraocular injections, just to name a few.
  • compositions described above may be administered to a subject in any suitable formulation.
  • CoQ10 might be delivered by other methods.
  • CoQ10 might be formulated for parenteral delivery, e.g., for subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, or intratumoral injection.
  • Other methods of delivery for example, liposomal delivery or diffusion from a device impregnated with the composition might be used.
  • the compositions may be administered in a single bolus, multiple injections, or by continuous infusion (for example, intravenously or by peritoneal dialysis).
  • the compositions are preferably formulated in a sterilized pyrogen-free form.
  • Compositions of the invention can also be administered in vitro to a cell (for example, to induce apoptosis in a cancer cell in an in vitro culture) by simply adding the composition to the fluid in which the cell is contained.
  • the agents of the invention may be formulated in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hanks's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer.
  • physiologically compatible buffers such as Hanks's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer.
  • penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art.
  • compositions of the present invention in particular, those formulated as solutions, may be administered parenterally, such as by intravenous injection.
  • the compounds can be formulated readily using pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art into dosages suitable for oral administration.
  • Such carriers enable the compounds of the invention to be formulated as tablets, pills, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions, and the like, for oral ingestion by a patient to be treated.
  • Agents intended to be administered intracellularly may be administered using techniques well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, such agents may be encapsulated into liposomes, then administered as described above. Liposomes are spherical lipid bilayers with aqueous interiors. All molecules present in an aqueous solution at the time of liposome formation are incorporated into the aqueous interior. The liposomal contents are both protected from the external microenvironment and, because liposomes fuse with cell membranes, are efficiently delivered into the cell cytoplasm. Additionally, due to their hydrophobicity, small organic molecules may be directly administered intracellularly.
  • compositions suitable for use in the present invention include compositions wherein the active ingredients are contained in an effective amount to achieve its intended purpose. Determination of the effective amounts is well within the capability of those skilled in the art, especially in light of the detailed disclosure provided herein.
  • these pharmaceutical compositions may contain suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries which facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically.
  • the preparations formulated for oral administration may be in the form of tablets, dragees, capsules, or solutions.
  • compositions of the present invention may be manufactured in a manner that is itself known, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levitating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or lyophilizing processes.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration include liquid or semi-liquid preparations suitable for penetration through the skin to the site of where treatment is required, such as liniments, lotions, creams, ointments or pastes, and drops suitable for administration to the eye, ear, or nose.
  • Drops according to the present invention may comprise sterile aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions and may be prepared by dissolving the active ingredient in a suitable aqueous solution of a bactericidal and/or fungicidal agent and/or any other suitable preservative, and preferably including a surface active agent. The resulting solution may then be clarified and sterilized by filtration and transferred to the container by an aseptic technique.
  • bactericidal and fungicidal agents suitable for inclusion in the drops are phenylmercuric nitrate or acetate (0.002%), benzalkonium chloride (0.01%) and chlorhexidine acetate (0.01%).
  • Suitable solvents for the preparation of an oily solution include glycerol, diluted alcohol and propylene glycol.
  • Lotions according to the present invention include those suitable for application to the skin or eye.
  • An eye lotion may comprise a sterile aqueous solution optionally containing a bactericide and may be prepared by methods similar to those for the preparation of drops.
  • Lotions or liniments for application to the skin may also include an agent to hasten drying and to cool the skin, such as an alcohol or acetone, and/or a moisturizer such as glycerol or an oil such as castor oil or arachis oil.
  • Creams, ointments or pastes according to the present invention are semi-solid formulations of the active ingredient for external application. They may be made by mixing the active ingredient in finely-divided or powdered form, alone or in solution or suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous fluid, with the aid of suitable machinery, with a greasy or non-greasy basis.
  • the basis may comprise hydrocarbons such as hard, soft or liquid paraffin, glycerol, beeswax, a metallic soap; a mucilage; an oil of natural origin such as almond, corn, arachis, castor or olive oil; wool fat or its derivatives, or a fatty acid such as stearic or oleic acid together with an alcohol such as propylene glycol or macrogels.
  • the formulation may incorporate any suitable surface active agent such as an anionic, cationic or non-ionic surface active such as sorbitan esters or polyoxyethylene derivatives thereof.
  • Suspending agents such as natural gums, cellulose derivatives or inorganic materials such as silicaceous silicas, and other ingredients such as lanolin, may also be included.
  • compositions for parenteral administration include aqueous solutions of the active compounds in water-soluble form. Additionally, suspensions of the active compounds may be prepared as appropriate oily injection suspensions. Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes. Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran. Optionally, the suspension may also contain suitable stabilizers or agents which increase the solubility of the compounds to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.
  • compositions for oral use can be obtained by combining the active compounds with solid excipient, optionally grinding a resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores.
  • suitable excipients are, in particular, fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, sodium carboxy-methylcellulose, and/or polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP).
  • disintegrating agents may be added, such as the cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate.
  • Dragee cores are provided with suitable coating.
  • suitable coating may be used, which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
  • Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses.
  • compositions which can be used orally include push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol.
  • the push-fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers.
  • the active compounds may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols.
  • stabilizers may be added.
  • the composition can include a buffer system, if desired.
  • Buffer systems are chosen to maintain or buffer the pH of compositions within a desired range.
  • the term “buffer system” or “buffer” as used herein refers to a solute agent or agents which, when in a water solution, stabilize such solution against a major change in pH (or hydrogen ion concentration or activity) when acids or bases are added thereto. Solute agent or agents which are thus responsible for a resistance or change in pH from a starting buffered pH value in the range indicated above are well known. While there are countless suitable buffers, potassium phosphate monohydrate is a preferred buffer.
  • the final pH value of the pharmaceutical composition may vary within the physiological compatible range. Necessarily, the final pH value is one not irritating to human skin and preferably such that transdermal transport of the active compound, i.e. CoQ10 is facilitated. Without violating this constraint, the pH may be selected to improve CoQ10 compound stability and to adjust consistency when required. In one embodiment, the preferred pH value is about 3.0 to about 7.4, more preferably about 3.0 to about 6.5, most preferably from about 3.5 to about 6.0.
  • the remaining component of the composition is water, which is necessarily purified, e.g., deionized water.
  • water which is necessarily purified, e.g., deionized water.
  • Such delivery vehicle compositions contain water in the range of more than about 50 to about 95 percent, based on the total weight of the composition.
  • the specific amount of water present is not critical, however, being adjustable to obtain the desired viscosity (usually about 50 cps to about 10,000 cps) and/or concentration of the other components.
  • the topical delivery vehicle preferably has a viscosity of at least about 30 centipoises.
  • transdermal skin penetration enhancers can also be used to facilitate delivery of CoQ10.
  • Illustrative are sulfoxides such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and the like; cyclic amides such as 1-dodecylazacycloheptane-2-one (AzoneTM, a registered trademark of Nelson Research, Inc.) and the like; amides such as N,N-dimethyl acetamide (DMA) N,N-diethyl toluamide, N,N-dimethyl formamide, N,N-dimethyl octamide, N,N-dimethyl decamide, and the like; pyrrolidone derivatives such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, 2-pyrrolidone, 2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-pyrrolidone or fatty acid esters thereof, 1-lauryl-4-methoxycarbonyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-tallow
  • the present invention provides CoQ10 compositions and methods of preparing the same.
  • the compositions comprise at least about 1% to about 25% CoQ10 w/w.
  • CoQ10 can be obtained from Asahi Kasei N&P (Hokkaido, Japan) as UBIDECARENONE (USP).
  • CoQ10 can also be obtained from Kaneka Q10 as Kaneka Q10 (USP UBIDECARENONE) in powdered form (Pasadena, Tex., USA).
  • CoQ10 used in the methods exemplified herein have the following characteristics: residual solvents meet USP 467 requirement; water content is less than 0.0%, less than 0.05% or less than 0.2%; residue on ignition is 0.0%, less than 0.05%, or less than 0.2% less than; heavy metal content is less than 0.002%, or less than 0.001%; purity of between 98-100% or 99.9%, or 99.5%.
  • Methods of preparing the compositions are provided in the examples section below.
  • methods for treating or preventing an oncological disorder in a human by topically administering Coenzyme Q10 to the human such that treatment or prevention occurs, wherein the human is administered a topical dose of Coenzyme Q10 in a topical vehicle where Coenzyme Q10 is applied to the target tissue in the range of about 0.01 to about 0.5 milligrams of coenzyme Q10 per square centimeter of skin.
  • Coenzyme Q10 is applied to the target tissue in the range of about 0.09 to about 0.15 mg CoQ10 per square centimeter of skin.
  • Coenzyme Q10 is applied to the target tissue in the range of about 0.001 to about 5.0, about 0.005 to about 1.0, about 0.005 to about 0.5, about 0.01 to about 0.5, about 0.025 to about 0.5, about 0.05 to about 0.4, about 0.05 to about 0.30, about 0.10 to about 0.25, or about 0.10 to 0.20 mg CoQ10 per square centimeter of skin.
  • Coenzyme Q10 is applied to the target tissue at a dose of about 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.10, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.20, 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, 0.26, 0.27, 0.28, 0.29, 0.30, 0.31, 0.32, 0.33, 0.34, 0.35, 0.36, 0.37, 0.38, 0.39, 0.40, 0.41, 0.42, 0.43, 0.44, 0.45, 0.46, 0.47, 0.48, 0.49 or 0.5 mg CoQ10 per square centimeter of skin.
  • Coenzyme Q10 is applied to the target tissue at a dose of about 0.12 mg CoQ10 per square centimeter of skin It should be understood that ranges having any one of these values as the upper or lower limits are also intended to be part of this invention, e.g., about 0.03 to about 0.12, about 0.05 to about 0.15, about 0.1 to about 0.20, or about 0.32 to about 0.49 mg CoQ10 per square centimeter of skin.
  • the Coenzyme Q10 is administered in the form of a CoQ10 cream at a dosage of between 0.5 and 10 milligrams of the CoQ10 cream per square centimeter of skin, wherein the CoQ10 cream comprises between 1 and 5% of Coenzyme Q10.
  • the CoQ10 cream comprises about 3% of Coenzyme Q10.
  • the CoQ10 cream comprises about 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5% or 5% of Coenzyme Q10.
  • the CoQ10 cream is administered at a dosage of about 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5 or 10 milligrams of CoQ10 cream per square centimeter of skin. It should be understood that ranges having any one of these values as the upper or lower limits are also intended to be part of this invention, e.g., between about 0.5 and about 5.0, about 1.5 and 2.5, or about 2.5 and 5.5 mg CoQ10 cream per square centimeter of skin.
  • the Coenzyme Q10 is administered in the form of a CoQ10 cream at a dosage of between 3 and 5 milligrams of the CoQ10 cream per square centimeter of skin, wherein the CoQ10 cream comprises between 1 and 5% of Coenzyme Q10.
  • the CoQ10 cream comprises about 3% of Coenzyme Q10.
  • the CoQ10 cream comprises about 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5% or 5% of Coenzyme Q10.
  • the CoQ10 cream is administered at a dosage of about 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9 or 5.0 milligrams of CoQ10 cream per square centimeter of skin. It should be understood that ranges having any one of these values as the upper or lower limits are also intended to be part of this invention, e.g., between about 3.0 and about 4.0, about 3.3 and 5.3, or about 4.5 and 4.9 mg CoQ10 cream per square centimeter of skin.
  • Certain aspects of the invention provide methods for treating or preventing an oncological disorder in a human by topically administering Coenzyme Q10 to the human such that treatment or prevention occurs, wherein the Coenzyme Q10 is topically applied one or more times per 24 hours for six weeks or more.
  • Certain aspects of the invention provide methods for the preparation of a Coenzyme Q10 cream 3% which includes the steps of preparing a Phase A, B, C, D and E and combining all the phases such that an oil-in-water emulsion of 3% CoQ10 cream is formed.
  • the MIMS and Epi-shifters disclosed herein exclude those that are conventionally used as a dietary supplement. In certain embodiments, these MIMS and/or Epi-shifter that are disclosed herein are of pharmaceutical grade. In certain embodiments, the MIMS and/or Epi-shifter of pharmaceutical grade has a purity between about 95% and about 100% and include all values between 95% and 100%. In certain embodiments, the purity of the MIMS and/or Epi-shifter is 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9%, 99.9 or 100%. In certain embodiments, the MIMS and/or Epi-shifter is free of end toxins. In other embodiments, the MIMS and/or Epi-shifter is free of foreign protein materials. In certain embodiments, the MIMS and/or Epi-shifter is CoQ10.
  • the Phase A ingredients include Alkyl C 12-15 benzoate NF at 4.00% w/w, cetyl alcohol NF at 2.00% w/w, glyceryl stearate/PEG-100 at 4.5% w/w and stearyl alcohol NF at 1.50% w/w while the Phase B ingredients include diethylene glycol monoethyl ether NF at 5.00% w/w, glycerin USP at 2.00% w/w, propylene glycol USP at 1.50% w/w, phenoxyethanol NF at 0.475% w/w, purified water USP at 16.725% w/w and Carbomer Dispersion 2% at 40.00% w/w and the Phase C ingredients include lactic acid USP at 0.50% w/w, sodium lactate solution USP at 2.00% w/w, trolamine NF at 1.30% w/w, and purified water USP at 2.50% w/w. Furthermore in these embodiments the Phase D
  • the Phase A ingredients include capric/caprylic triglyceride at 4.00% w/w, cetyl alcohol NF at 2.00% w/w, glyceril stearate/PEG-100 at 4.5% and stearyl alcohol NF at 1.5% w/w while the Phase B ingredients include diethylene glycol monoethyl ether NF at 5.00% w/w, glycerin USP at 2.00% w/w, propylene glycol USP at 1.50% w/w, phenoxyethanol NF at 0.475% w/w, purified water USP at 16.725% w/w and Carbomer Dispersion 2% at 40.00% w/w and the Phase C ingredients include lactic acid USP at 0.50% w/w, sodium lactate solution USP at 2.00% w/w, trolamine NF at 1.30% w/w, and purified water USP at 2.50% w/w. Furthermore in these embodiments the Phase D ingredients include
  • methods for the preparation of a Coenzyme Q10 cream 3% which include the steps of (1) adding the Phase A ingredients to a suitable container and heating to 70-80 degrees C. in a water bath; (2) adding the Phase B ingredients, excluding the Carbomer Dispersion, to a suitable container and mixing to form a mixed Phase B; (3) placing the Phase E ingredients into a suitable container and melting them at 50-60 degrees C. using a water bath to form a melted Phase E; (4) adding the Carbomer Dispersion to a Mix Tank and heating to 70-80 degrees C.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising CoQ10 cream 3%.
  • the cream includes a phase A having C 12-15 alkyl benzoate at 4.00% w/w of the composition, cetyl alcohol at 2.00% w/w of the composition, stearyl alcohol at 1.5% w/w, glyceryl stearate and PEG-100 at 4.5% w/w; a phase B having glycerin at 2.00% w/w, propylene glycol at 1.5% w/w, ethoxydiglycol at 5.0% w/w, phenoxyethanol at 0.475% w/w, a carbomer dispersion at 40.00% w/w, purified water at 16.725% w/w; a phase C having triethanolamine at 1.300% w/w, lactic acid at 0.500% w/w, sodium lactate solution at 2.000% w/w, water at 2.5% w/w; a phase D having titanium dioxide at 1.000% w
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising CoQ10 cream 3%.
  • the cream includes a phase A having Capric/Caprylic triglyceride at 4.00% w/w of the composition, cetyl alcohol at 2.00% w/w of the composition, stearyl alcohol at 1.5% w/w, glyceryl stearate and PEG-100 at 4.5% w/w; a phase B having glycerin at 2.00% w/w, propylene glycol at 1.5% w/w, ethoxydiglycol at 5.0% w/w, phenoxyethanol at 0.475% w/w, a carbomer dispersion at 40.00% w/w, purified water at 16.725% w/w; a phase C having triethanolamine at 1.300% w/w, lactic acid at 0.500% w/w, sodium lactate solution at 2.000% w/w, water at 2.5% w/w; a phase D having titanium dioxide at 1.000
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising CoQ10 cream 1.5%.
  • the cream includes a phase A having C 12-15 alkyl benzoate at 5.000% w/w, cetyl alcohol at 2.000% w/w, stearyl alcohol at 1.5% w/w, glyceryl stearate and PEG-100 stearate at 4.500% w/w; a phase B having glycerin at 2.000% w/w, propylene at 1.750% w/w, ethoxydiglycol at 5.000% w/w, phenoxyethanol at 0.463% w/w, a carbomer dispersion at 50% w/w, and purified water at 11.377% w/w; a phase C having triethanolamine at 1.3% w/w, lactic acid at 0.400% w/w, sodium lactate solution at 2.000% w/w, and water at 4.210% w/w; a phase D having titanium dioxide at 1.000%
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising CoQ10 cream 1.5%.
  • the cream includes a phase A having Capric/Caprylic triglyceride at 5.000% w/w, cetyl alcohol at 2.000% w/w, stearyl alcohol at 1.5% w/w, glyceryl stearate and PEG-100 stearate at 4.500% w/w; a phase B having glycerin at 2.000% w/w, propylene at 1.750% w/w, ethoxydiglycol at 5.000% w/w, phenoxyethanol at 0.463% w/w, a carbomer dispersion at 50% w/w, and purified water at 11.377% w/w; a phase C having triethanolamine at 1.3% w/w, lactic acid at 0.400% w/w, sodium lactate solution at 2.000% w/w, and water at 4.210% w/w; a phase D having titanium dioxide at 5.000% w/w, cet
  • CoQ10 and/or pharmaceutical compositions thereof can be used in combination therapy with at least one other therapeutic agent.
  • CoQ10 and/or pharmaceutical composition thereof and the other therapeutic agent can act additively or, more preferably, synergistically.
  • CoQ10 and/or a pharmaceutical composition thereof is administered concurrently with the administration of another therapeutic agent.
  • a compound and/or pharmaceutical composition thereof is administered prior or subsequent to administration of another therapeutic agent.
  • the therapeutic methods of the invention comprise additional agents.
  • an additional agent for use in the therapeutic methods of the invention of the invention is a chemotherapeutic agent.
  • Chemotherapeutic agents generally belong to various classes including, for example: 1. Topoisomerase II inhibitors (cytotoxic antibiotics), such as the antracyclines/anthracenediones, e.g., doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin and nemorubicin, the anthraquinones, e.g., mitoxantrone and losoxantrone, and the podophillotoxines, e.g., etoposide and teniposide; 2.
  • Topoisomerase II inhibitors cytotoxic antibiotics
  • doxorubicin doxorubicin
  • epirubicin e.g., doxorubicin
  • idarubicin e.g., idarubicin and nemorubicin
  • the anthraquinones e.g., mitoxantrone and losoxantrone
  • podophillotoxines e.g., etoposide
  • mitotic inhibitors such as plant alkaloids (e.g., a compound belonging to a family of alkaline, nitrogen-containing molecules derived from plants that are biologically active and cytotoxic), e.g., taxanes, e.g., paclitaxel and docetaxel, and the vinka alkaloids, e.g., vinblastine, vincristine, and vinorelbine, and derivatives of podophyllotoxin; 3.
  • plant alkaloids e.g., a compound belonging to a family of alkaline, nitrogen-containing molecules derived from plants that are biologically active and cytotoxic
  • taxanes e.g., paclitaxel and docetaxel
  • vinka alkaloids e.g., vinblastine, vincristine, and vinorelbine, and derivatives of podophyllotoxin
  • Alkylating agents such as nitrogen mustards, ethyleneimine compounds, alkyl sulphonates and other compounds with an alkylating action such as nitrosoureas, dacarbazine, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide and melphalan; 4.
  • Antimetabolites for example, folates, e.g., folic acid, fiuropyrimidines, purine or pyrimidine analogues such as 5-fluorouracil, capecitabine, gemcitabine, methotrexate and edatrexate; 5.
  • Topoisomerase I inhibitors such as topotecan, irinotecan, and 9-nitrocamptothecin, and camptothecin derivatives; and 6.
  • Platinum compounds/complexes such as cisplatin, oxaliplatin, and carboplatin;
  • Exemplary chemotherapeutic agents for use in the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, amifostine (ethyol), cisplatin, dacarbazine (DTIC), dactinomycin, mechlorethamine (nitrogen mustard), streptozocin, cyclophosphamide, carmustine (BCNU), lomustine (CCNU), doxorubicin (adriamycin), doxorubicin lipo (doxil), gemcitabine (gemzar), daunorubicin, daunorubicin lipo (daunoxome), procarbazine, mitomycin, cytarabine, etoposide, methotre
  • an additional agent for use in the combination therapies of the invention is a biologic agent.
  • Biological agents are the products of a biological system, e.g., an organism, cell, or recombinant system.
  • biologic agents include nucleic acid molecules (e.g., antisense nucleic acid molecules), interferons, interleukins, colony-stimulating factors, antibodies, e.g., monoclonal antibodies, anti-angiogenesis agents, and cytokines.
  • nucleic acid molecules e.g., antisense nucleic acid molecules
  • interferons e.g., interferons, interleukins, colony-stimulating factors
  • antibodies e.g., monoclonal antibodies
  • anti-angiogenesis agents e.g., anti-angiogenesis agents
  • cytokines e.g., cytokines
  • Hormones, hormonal analogues, and hormonal complexes e.g., estrogens and estrogen analogs, progesterone, progesterone analogs and progestins, androgens, adrenocorticosteroids, antiestrogens, antiandrogens, antitestosterones, adrenal steroid inhibitors, and anti-leuteinizing hormones; and 2.
  • the biologic is an interferon.
  • Interferons IFN are a type biologic agent that naturally occurs in the body. Interferons are also produced in the laboratory and given to cancer patients in biological therapy. They have been shown to improve the way a cancer patient's immune system acts against cancer cells.
  • Interferons may work directly on cancer cells to slow their growth, or they may cause cancer cells to change into cells with more normal behavior. Some interferons may also stimulate natural killer cells (NK) cells, T cells, and macrophages which are types of white blood cells in the bloodstream that help to fight cancer cells.
  • NK natural killer cells
  • T cells T cells
  • macrophages which are types of white blood cells in the bloodstream that help to fight cancer cells.
  • the biologic is an interleukin.
  • Interleukins IL
  • IL Interleukins
  • proteins cytokines and chemokines
  • Some interleukins stimulate the growth and activity of immune cells, such as lymphocytes, which work to destroy cancer cells.
  • the biologic is a colony-stimulating factor.
  • Colony-stimulating factors are proteins given to patients to encourage stem cells within the bone marrow to produce more blood cells.
  • the body constantly needs new white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets, especially when cancer is present.
  • CSFs are given, along with chemotherapy, to help boost the immune system.
  • cancer patients receive chemotherapy, the bone marrow's ability to produce new blood cells is suppressed, making patients more prone to developing infections.
  • Parts of the immune system cannot function without blood cells, thus colony-stimulating factors encourage the bone marrow stem cells to produce white blood cells, platelets, and red blood cells.
  • the biologic is an antibody.
  • Antibodies e.g., monoclonal antibodies, are agents, produced in the laboratory, that bind to cancer cells.
  • Monoclonal antibody agents do not destroy healthy cells. Monoclonal antibodies achieve their therapeutic effect through various mechanisms. They can have direct effects in producing apoptosis or programmed cell death. They can block growth factor receptors, effectively arresting proliferation of tumor cells. In cells that express monoclonal antibodies, they can bring about anti idiotype antibody formation.
  • antibodies which may be used in the combination treatment of the invention include anti-CD20 antibodies, such as, but not limited to, cetuximab, Tositumomab, rituximab, and Ibritumomab.
  • Anti-HER2 antibodies may also be used in combination with an environmental influencer for the treatment of cancer.
  • the anti-HER2 antibody is Trastuzumab (Herceptin).
  • Other examples of antibodies which may be used in combination with an environmental influencer for the treatment of cancer include anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g., Alemtuzumab), anti-CD-22 antibodies (e.g., Epratuzumab), and anti-CD33 antibodies (e.g., Gemtuzumab ozogamicin).
  • Anti-VEGF antibodies may also be used in combination with an environmental influencer for the treatment of cancer.
  • the anti-VEGF antibody is bevacizumab.
  • the biologic agent is an antibody which is an anti-EGFR antibody e.g., cetuximab.
  • Another example is the anti-glycoprotein 17-1A antibody edrecolomab.
  • the biologic is a cytokine.
  • Cytokine therapy uses proteins (cytokines) to help a subject's immune system recognize and destroy those cells that are cancerous. Cytokines are produced naturally in the body by the immune system, but can also be produced in the laboratory. This therapy is used with advanced melanoma and with adjuvant therapy (therapy given after or in addition to the primary cancer treatment). Cytokine therapy reaches all parts of the body to kill cancer cells and prevent tumors from growing.
  • the biologic is a fusion protein.
  • recombinant human Apo2L/TRAIL (Genentech) may be used in a combination therapy.
  • Apo2/TRAIL is the first dual pro-apoptotic receptor agonist designed to activate both pro-apoptotic receptors DR4 and DR5, which are involved in the regulation of apoptosis (programmed cell death).
  • the biologic is an antisense nucleic acid molecule.
  • an “antisense” nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide sequence which is complementary to a “sense” nucleic acid encoding a protein, e.g., complementary to the coding strand of a double-stranded cDNA molecule, complementary to an mRNA sequence or complementary to the coding strand of a gene. Accordingly, an antisense nucleic acid can hydrogen bond to a sense nucleic acid.
  • a biologic agent is an siRNA molecule, e.g., of a molecule that enhances angiogenesis, e.g., bFGF, VEGF and EGFR.
  • a biologic agent that inhibits angiogenesis mediates RNAi.
  • RNA interference is a post-transcriptional, targeted gene-silencing technique that uses double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to degrade messenger RNA (mRNA) containing the same sequence as the dsRNA (Sharp, P. A. and Zamore, P. D. 287, 2431-2432 (2000); Zamore, P. D., et al. Cell 101, 25-33 (2000). Tuschl, T. et al.
  • RNAi Ribonucleic acid
  • siRNAs small interfering RNAs
  • Kits for synthesis of RNAi are commercially available from, e.g. New England Biolabs or Ambion.
  • one or more chemistries for use in antisense RNA can be employed in molecules that mediate RNAi.
  • antisense nucleic acids to downregulate the expression of a particular protein in a cell
  • Weintraub, H. et al. Antisense RNA as a molecular tool for genetic analysis, Reviews—Trends in Genetics, Vol. 1(1) 1986; Askari, F. K. and McDonnell, W. M. (1996) N. Eng. J. Med. 334:316-318; Bennett, M. R. and Schwartz, S. M. (1995) Circulation 92:1981-1993; Mercola, D. and Cohen, J. S. (1995) Cancer Gene Ther. 2:47-59; Rossi, J J. (1995) Br. Med. Bull.
  • An antisense nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the coding strand of another nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an mRNA sequence) and accordingly is capable of hydrogen bonding to the coding strand of the other nucleic acid molecule.
  • Antisense sequences complementary to a sequence of an mRNA can be complementary to a sequence found in the coding region of the mRNA, the 5′ or 3′ untranslated region of the mRNA or a region bridging the coding region and an untranslated region (e.g., at the junction of the 5′ untranslated region and the coding region).
  • an antisense nucleic acid can be complementary in sequence to a regulatory region of the gene encoding the mRNA, for instance a transcription initiation sequence or regulatory element.
  • an antisense nucleic acid is designed so as to be complementary to a region preceding or spanning the initiation codon on the coding strand or in the 3′ untranslated region of an mRNA.
  • antisense nucleic acids of the invention can be designed according to the rules of Watson and Crick base pairing.
  • the antisense nucleic acid molecule can be complementary to the entire coding region of the mRNA, but more preferably is an oligonucleotide which is antisense to only a portion of the coding or noncoding region of the mRNA.
  • the antisense oligonucleotide can be complementary to the region surrounding the translation start site of the mRNA.
  • An antisense oligonucleotide can be, for example, about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 or 50 nucleotides in length.
  • an antisense nucleic acid of the invention can be constructed using chemical synthesis and enzymatic ligation reactions using procedures known in the art.
  • an antisense nucleic acid e.g., an antisense oligonucleotide
  • an antisense nucleic acid can be chemically synthesized using naturally occurring nucleotides or variously modified nucleotides designed to increase the biological stability of the molecules or to increase the physical stability of the duplex formed between the antisense and sense nucleic acids, e.g., phosphorothioate derivatives and acridine substituted nucleotides can be used.
  • modified nucleotides which can be used to generate the antisense nucleic acid include 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-chlorouracil, 5-iodouracil, hypoxanthine, xantine, 4-acetylcytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxylmethyl) uracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl uracil, dihydrouracil, beta-D-galactosylqueosine, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine, 1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, N6-adenine, 7-methylguanine, 5-methylaminomethyluracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, beta-D-mannosylqueosine, 5′-methoxycar
  • one or more antisense oligonucleotides can be used.
  • the antisense nucleic acid can be produced biologically using an expression vector into which a nucleic acid has been subcloned in an antisense orientation (i.e., RNA transcribed from the inserted nucleic acid will be of an antisense orientation to a target nucleic acid of interest, described further in the following subsection).
  • the antisense nucleic acid molecule of the invention is an a-anomeric nucleic acid molecule.
  • An a-anomeric nucleic acid molecule forms specific double-stranded hybrids with complementary RNA in which, contrary to the usual a-units, the strands run parallel to each other (Gaultier et al. (1987) Nucleic Acids. Res. 15:6625-6641).
  • the antisense nucleic acid molecule can also comprise a 2′—O— methylribonucleotide (Inoue et al. (1987) Nucleic Acids Res. 15:6131-6148) or a chimeric RNA-DNA analogue (Inoue et al. (1987) FEBS Lett. 215:327-330).
  • an antisense nucleic acid of the invention is a compound that mediates RNAi.
  • RNA interfering agents include, but are not limited to, nucleic acid molecules including RNA molecules which are homologous to the target gene or genomic sequence, “short interfering RNA” (siRNA), “short hairpin” or “small hairpin RNA” (shRNA), and small molecules which interfere with or inhibit expression of a target gene by RNA interference (RNAi).
  • RNA interference is a post-transcriptional, targeted gene-silencing technique that uses double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to degrade messenger RNA (mRNA) containing the same sequence as the dsRNA (Sharp, P. A. and Zamore, P. D.
  • RNAi 21- or 22-nucleotide-long RNAs
  • siRNAs 21- or 22-nucleotide-long RNAs
  • Kits for synthesis of RNAi are commercially available from, e.g. New England Biolabs and Ambion.
  • one or more of the chemistries described above for use in antisense RNA can be employed.
  • Nucleic acid molecules encoding molecules that, e.g., inhibit angiogenesis may be introduced into the subject in a form suitable for expression of the encoded protein in the cells of the subject may also be used in the methods of the invention.
  • Exemplary molecules that inhibit angiogenesis include, but are not limited to, TSP-I, TSP-2, IFN-g, IFN-a, angiostatin, endostatin, tumastatin, canstatin, VEGI, PEDF, vasohibin, and the 16 kDa fragment of prolactin 2-Methoxyestradiol (see, Kerbel (2004) J. Clin Invest 114:884, for review).
  • a full length or partial cDNA sequence is cloned into a recombinant expression vector and the vector is transfected into a cell using standard molecular biology techniques.
  • the cDNA can be obtained, for example, by amplification using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or by screening an appropriate cDNA library.
  • the nucleotide sequences of the cDNA can be used for the design of PCR primers that allow for amplification of a cDNA by standard PCR methods or for the design of a hybridization probe that can be used to screen a cDNA library using standard hybridization methods.
  • the DNA fragment is introduced into a suitable expression vector.
  • biologic agents for use in the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, gefitinib (Iressa), anastrazole, diethylstilbesterol, estradiol, premarin, raloxifene, progesterone, norethynodrel, esthisterone, dimesthisterone, megestrol acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, hydroxyprogesterone caproate, norethisterone, methyltestosterone, testosterone, dexamthasone, prednisone, Cortisol, solumedrol, tamoxifen, fulvestrant, toremifene, aminoglutethimide, testolactone, droloxifene, anastrozole, bicalutamide, flutamide, nilutamide, goserelin, flutamide, leuprolide, triptorelin, aminoglutethimide, mitotane, gosereli
  • more than one additional agent e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, may be administered in combination with CoQ10.
  • more than one additional agent e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, may be administered in combination with CoQ10.
  • two chemotherapeutic agents may be administered in combination with CoQ10.
  • a chemotherapeutic agent, a biologic agent, and CoQ10 may be administered.
  • biologic agents include, without limitation, such forms as proform molecules, uncharged molecules, molecular complexes, salts, ethers, esters, amides, and the like, which are biologically activated when implanted, injected or otherwise inserted into the tumor.
  • CoQ10 in oxidized form was exogenously added to a panel of cell lines, including both cancer cell lines and normal control cell lines, and the changes induced to the cellular microenvironment profile for each cell line in the panel were assessed. Changes to cell morphology/physiology, and to cell composition, including both mRNA and protein levels, were evaluated and compared for the diseased cells as compared to normal cells. The results of these experiments identified CoQ10 and, in particular, the oxidized form of CoQ10, as a MIM.
  • results described by Applicants herein identified the endogenous molecule CoQ10 and, in particular, the oxidized form of CoQ10, as a MIM.
  • the results identified CoQ10 as a MIM, since CoQ10 was observed to induce changes in gene expression at both the mRNA and protein level.
  • the results identified CoQ10 as having multidimentional character, since CoQ10 induced differential changes in cell morphology/physiology and cell composition (e.g., differential changes in gene expression at both the mRNA and protein level), in a disease state (e.g., cancer) as compared to a normal (e.g., non-cancerous) state.
  • the results identified CoQ10 as having multidimensional character in that CoQ10 was capable of entering a cell, and thus exhibited both therapeutic and carrier effects.
  • a 500 ⁇ M Coenzyme Q10 (5% isopropanol in cell growth media) was prepared as follows. A 10 mL 500 ⁇ M Coenzyme Q10 stock was made fresh every time. Molecular Weight: 863.34
  • Cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection or Gibco. Cells were grown in DMEM/F-12 media supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum, 0.25 ug/mL Amphotericin, 100 ug/mL Streptomycin, and 100 U mL-1 penicillin. Cells were maintained in an atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO2 at 37 degrees C.
  • Coenzyme Q10 Treatment and Total Protein Isolation Cells were grown to 85% confluency prior to exposure with Q10. Supplemented media was conditioned with Q10 to 50 and 100 micro molar concentrations. Flasks were treated with control, 50 ⁇ M Q10, and 100 ⁇ M Q10 in triplicate. Protein was isolated from the treated and control flask after 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours. For isolation of proteins, cells were washed three times with 5 mL of ice cold PBS at a pH of 7.4.
  • the cells were then scraped in 3 mL of PBS, pelleted by centrifuge, and re-suspended in a lysis buffer at pH 7.4 (80 mM TRIS-HCl, 1% SDS, with protease and phosphotase inhibitors). Protein concentrations were quantified using the BCA method.
  • the cell lines listed below were propagated and a cell bank established for each. Large scale production of cells for various assays were performed and the material harvested for analysis. In general, when a cell specific media was not required for maintenance of cell lines, the media used for cell growth was DMEMF-12 with 5% serum. Cells were typically grown to 75-80% confluence (clear spacing) prior to splitting and use in cell assays and standard practice methods followed. The following cell lines were established for experiments:
  • Cells were obtained for the American Type Culture Collection or Gibco. Cells were grown in DMEM/F-12 media supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum, 0.25 ug/mL Amphotericin, 100 ug/mL Streptomycin, and 100 U mL-1 penicillin. Cells were maintained in an atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO2 at 37 degrees C.
  • Skin malignant melanoma SK-MEL28 cells were grown and maintained in DMEM/F12 with Glutamax (Invitrogen, Carlsbad Calif.) supplemented with 5% FBS, amphotericin and penicillin/streptomycin. Cells were grown at 37° C. with 5% CO 2 . Details of additional cell line and growth conditions are outlined in the table below.
  • SK-MEL28 cells were treated with 100 ⁇ M Q10 or the control vehicle.
  • the formulation of the Q10 was as follows. In a 15 mL capped tube, 4.32 mg of Q10 (supplied by Cytotech) was transferred and then dissolved by the addition of 500 ⁇ L of isopropanol. The resulting solution was warmed in a 65° C. water bath and vortexed at high speed. The Q10/isopropanol solution was made to a volume of 10 mL with the addition of equilibrated cell culture media. The stock solution was then vortexed to ensure maximum solubility of Q10. The stock solution was diluted (2 mL of stock with 8 mL of media) to obtain a final concentration of 100 ⁇ M Q10.
  • control vehicle 9.5 mL of media was added to 500 ⁇ L of isopropanol.
  • the control stock was further diluted (2 mL of stock) with 8 mL of media.
  • Cells were harvested 6, 16, 24, 48 or 72 hours after the start of the treatment.
  • SCC cells were treated with 100 ⁇ M Q10 (prepared as described above) either for 6 hours or 24 hours.
  • the control cells were untreated cells. Cells were harvested and pelleted at the different times after treatment and the pellets were flash frozen and stored at ⁇ 80° C. until the RNA was isolated at XTAL as described below.
  • First strand cDNA was synthesized from 1 ⁇ g of total RNA using the RT2 First Strand Synthesis kit (SABiosciences., Frederick Md.) as per manufacturer's recommendations.
  • the percentage of cells in early and late apoptosis was quantified following 24 hours of Coenzyme Q10 treatment. Early and late apoptosis was used as a marker to understand the differences in sensitivity of various cancer cell lines to Coenzyme Q10.
  • the different cell lines tested were PaCa2, HepG2, PC-3, SKBr3, MCF-7 and SK-MEL28. Cells were allowed to adhere overnight in 96-well plates. These cells were treated with either control vehicle, 50 ⁇ M Q10 or 100 ⁇ M Coenzyme Q10. After 24 hours, the presence of apoptotic cells was estimated on a PCA96 flow cytometer (Guava Technologies, Hayward, Calif.).
  • Annexin-V-PE which detects phosphotidyl serine on the outside of a cell; a characteristic of early apoptotic cells.
  • the second dye, 7-AAD permeates only late apoptotic cells while being excluded from live (healthy) and early apoptotic cells. The percentage of four populations of cells; live, early apoptotic, late apoptotic and debris was determined using the Cytosoft 2.5.7 software (Guava Technologies, Hayward, Calif.).
  • samples were solubilized in 40 mM Tris, 7 M urea, 2 M thiourea, and 1% C7 zwitterionic detergent, reduced with tributylphosphine, and alkylated with 10 mM acrylamide for 90 mM at room temperature.
  • the sample was run through a 10-kDa cutoff Amicon Ultra device with at least 3 volumes of the resuspension buffer, consisting of 7 M urea, 2 M thiourea, and 2% CHAPS to reduce the conductivity of the sample.
  • An antibody microarray (Panorama XP725 Antibody Array, Sigma) was utilized to screen over 700 protein antibodies to assess changes at the protein concentration level in Q10 treated cells (SK-MEL-28, SCC).
  • the expression of a protein in a cell extract is detected when it is bound by a corresponding antibody spotted on the slide.
  • the proteins Prior to binding, the proteins are directly labeled with a fluorescent dye which is used for fluorescent visualization and quantitative analysis.
  • the array is used for comparing protein expression profiles of two samples (test versus reference samples), each labeled with a different CyDye (Cy3 or Cy5) and the two samples are applied simultaneously at equal protein concentrations on the array. Fluorescent signal intensity for each sample is then recorded individually at the wavelength corresponding to the dye label of the sample and compared.
  • Coenzyme Q10 regulates expression of genes involved in the apoptotic, diabetic and oxidative stress pathways in cultured SKMEL-28 cells.
  • SKMEL-28 cells are non metastatic, skin melanoma cells that were cultured in DMEM-F12 containing Glutamax (Invitrogen Cat# 10565-042) supplemented with 5% FBS, Penicillin, Streptomycin and Amphotericin, were treated with the vehicle or 100 uM Coenzyme Q10 for varying amounts of time. Any changes in gene expression consequent to Coenzyme Q10 treatment were quantified using Real time PCR Arrays (Apoptosis Cat #PAHS-12, Diabetes Cat #PAHS-023 and Oxidative Stress Cat #PAHS-065). (SABiosciences, Frederick, Md.).
  • a stock concentration of 500 uM Coenzyme Q10 was prepared by dissolving 4.32 mg in 500 ul of isopropanol which was further diluted to 10 ml by addition of media. Alternate vortexing and heating to 65° C. dissolved the Coenzyme Q10. 2 ml of the stock solution was diluted to 10 ml with media to get a 100 uM Q10 containing media that was used to treat cells.
  • a vehicle was prepared in parallel with a similar protocol except that the Coenzyme Q10 was not added.
  • SKMEL-28 cells were plated at a density of 1 ⁇ 10 5 cells/well in a 6-well plate. After 24 hours, when cells had attached and were at 50% confluence, either the vehicle or 100 uM Q10 was added. Cells were harvested by at 6, 16, 24, 48 or 72 hours after Q10 treatment while the vehicle treated cells were harvested after 24 hours. Cells were lysed for RNA isolation at different treatment times using the RNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia Calif. Cat #74104) kit following the manufacturer's instructions using a spin column and on-column DNase treatment. RNA was quantified by measuring absorbance at 260 nm.
  • Real time PCR was preceded by first strand cDNA synthesis using 0.4-1 ug of total RNA as the template using the RT2 First Strand Synthesis kit (SABiosciences., Frederick Md. Cat# C-03) with a genomic DNA elimination step as per manufacturer's recommendations. Products from the first strand synthesis were diluted with water, mixed with the SYBR green master mix (SABiosciences., Frederick Md. Cat#PA-010-12) and loaded onto PCR arrays that contain primer assays for 84 different genes linked within a common pathway, 5 housekeeping genes used for normalization, reverse transcription and PCR controls. Real time PCR was run on a Biorad Cfx96.
  • the amplification was initiated with a hot start to activate the enzyme, followed by 40 cycles each of (95° C.-15 second denaturation step and 60° C.-1 minute annealing and extension step) followed by a melting curve program.
  • Ct values, the output from the PCR thermocycler for all treatment groups were organized on an excel spreadsheet and loaded onto the comparative analysis software available at http://www.sabiosciences.com/pcdarrayanalysis.php.
  • a number of cell lines were tested for their sensitivity to Q10 after 24 hours of application by using a reagent (Nexin reagent) that contains a combination of two dyes, 7AAD and Annexin-V-PE.
  • the 7AAD dye will enter into cells with permeabilized cell membranes; primarily those cells that are in late apoptosis.
  • Annexin-V-PE is a dye that binds to Phosphotidyl serine, which is exposed on the outer surface of the plasma membrane in early apoptotic cells.
  • the Nexin reagent thus can be used to differentiate between different populations of apoptotic cells in a flow cytometer.
  • PaCa2 cells showed an increase in both early and late apoptotic cells (between 5-10% of gated cells) with 50 ⁇ M Q10 and 100 ⁇ M Q10 after 24 hours of Q10 application.
  • PC-3 cells also showed an increase in both early and late apoptotic population with 50 ⁇ M and 100 ⁇ M Q10, although the increase was less when compared to PaCa2 cells.
  • MCF-7 and SK-MEL28 cells showed an increase only in early apoptotic population with 50 ⁇ M and 100 ⁇ M Q10.
  • HepG2 cells were also sensitive to 50 ⁇ M Q10 treatment, where there was an increase of about 20% of the gated populated in the late apoptotic and early apoptotic stages.
  • SKBr3 was the only cell line tested that did not show any significant increases of early and late apoptosis with either 50 ⁇ M or 100 ⁇ M Q10 treatment. The results are depicted in FIGS. 1-6 .
  • a second apoptosis assay was evaluated using the ApoStrandTM ELISA based method that measures single-stranded DNA.
  • the ApoStrandTM ELISA is based on the sensitivity of DNA in apoptotic cells to formamide denaturation and the detection of the denatured DNA with a monoclonal antibody to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA).
  • ssDNA single-stranded DNA
  • Cell pellets of samples treated with Q10 were analyzed using proteomic methods. The cell pellets were lysed and treated for use in 2-D gel and Western blot analysis. Three cell types (SKMEL-28, SCC, and nFib) were treated with Q10 and submitted to proteomic characterization by 2-D gel electrophoresis.
  • the first experimental set processed and evaluated by Western blot and 2-D gel electrophoresis was the skin cancer cell line SKMEL-28.
  • This experimental set involved SK-MEL-28 cells treated at 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours with 0, 50 or 100 ⁇ M Q10.
  • the set of Q10 treated SK-MEL-28 samples were subjected to 2-D gel electrophoreses ( FIG. 8 ) and were analyzed to identify protein-level changes relative to the control samples.
  • a comparative analysis of 943 spots across all twenty-four gels was performed, comparing the control sample against all of the treated samples. The analysis included the identification of spot changes over the time course due to increase, decrease, or post-translational modification.
  • Transaldolase 1 is an enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (also known as the hexose monophosphate shunt).
  • Transaldolase (EC:2.2.1.2) catalyses the reversible transfer of a three-carbon ketol unit from sedoheptulose 7-phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to form erythrose 4-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate.
  • This enzyme together with transketolase, provides a link between the glycolytic and pentose-phosphate pathways. This is relevant to nucleotide and NADPH synthesis, to facilitate production of reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions and maintenance of a reducing environment.
  • SCC Squamous Cell Carcinoma
  • SCC cells were treated with 100 ⁇ M Q10 for 6 hour or 24 hours before harvesting. A control of untreated cells was also harvested. The cell pellets were lysed and the samples were subjected to 2-D electrophoresis (in duplicate). Analysis of over six hundred protein spots in the comparative study was performed, comparing the control sample against the six hour and twenty-four hour treatments.
  • Transaldolase 1 As previously observed in the SKMEL-28 cells treated with Q10, the enzyme Transaldolase 1 was modulated with a decrease in levels. This provides an independent confirmation of the previously observation of a linkage between Q10 and alterations in transaldolase (and thus the metabolic state of the cell).
  • Transaldolase is an enzyme in the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway ( FIG. 10 ).
  • the pentose phosphate pathway is critical in the metabolic state of cells for the generation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced NADH), for reductive biosynthesis, and in the formation of ribose which is an essential component of ATP, DNA, and RNA.
  • Transaldolase also links the pentose phosphate pathway to glycolysis.
  • Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway by which cancer cells obtain the energy needed for cell survival, as the mitochondrial process of oxidative phosphorylation is not utilized.
  • Q10 is an essential coenzyme factor required for oxidatative phosphorylation and mitochondrial ATP production.
  • BSCv Spot 23 was a novel human protein from Chromosome 20 named BSCv.
  • BSCv protein is also known as Adipocyte plasma membrane-associated protein (Gene names: APMAP or C20orf3) and is predicted to be a single-pass type II membrane protein with sequence similarity to the strictosidine synthase family of proteins. Q10 treatment caused a reduction in the levels of this protein.
  • This protein is not well characterized, nor has its homology with strictosidine synthases been confirmed. Interestingly, this protein has been associated with a role in adipocyte differentiation (Albrektsen et al., 2001).
  • BSCv may a have a potential role in cancer and diabetes.
  • NM23A Non-metastatic cells 1, protein (NM23A, also known as NME1) is thought to be a metastasis suppressor. This gene (NME1) was identified because of its reduced mRNA transcript levels in highly metastatic cells. The protein has activity as a nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDK) and exists as a hexamer composed of ‘A’ (encoded by this gene) and ‘B’ (encoded by NME2) isoforms. Mutations in this gene have been identified in aggressive neuroblastomas. NDK activities maintain an equilibrium between the concentrations of different nucleoside triphosphates such as, for example, when GTP produced in the citric acid (Krebs) cycle is converted to ATP. The NDK complex is associated with p53 through interaction with STRAP. It is noteworthy that STRAP is linked to HNF4A. Thus, NM23A is a potential protein involved in pathways important for cell control and disease treatment.
  • NDK nucleoside diphosphate
  • Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI) alpha GDI Regulates the GDP/GTP exchange reaction of the Rho proteins by inhibiting the dissociation of GDP from them, and the subsequent binding of GTP to them.
  • the protein is upregulated in cancer cells.
  • the skin cancer SKMEL-28 cells were treated with 100 ⁇ M Q10 or a mock vehicle for 6, 19, or 48 hours.
  • the cells were harvested by washing and scraping the cells from T-160 flasks (4 for each time point).
  • the cells were collected by centrifugation and the pellets flash frozen and stored at ⁇ 80° C.
  • the cell pellets were resuspended and ruptured using a 2 mL Dounce homogenizer.
  • the reagents and method were obtained from a Mitochondria Isolation Kit for Cultured Cells (MitoSciences, Cat#MS852).
  • the resultant mitochondria samples were divided into 75 ⁇ L aliquots (4-5 aliquots per sample) and stored at ⁇ 80° C.
  • 2-D gel electrophoresis was performed on proteins solubilized from two aliquots of the SK-MEL-28 mitochondria enriched samples treated with 100 ⁇ M Q10 for 6, 19, and 48 hours (along with the corresponding mock vehicle controls). The samples were subjected to 2-D electrophoresis (in duplicate). Analysis of 525 protein spots in the comparative study was performed, comparing the control samples against the other time point samples ( FIG. 11 ).
  • Acyl-CoA thioesterase 7 is a member of the enzyme family that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fatty acyl-CoA to free fatty acid and CoA. This enzyme thus has a role in the regulation of lipid metabolism and cellular signaling. ACOT7 has a preference for long-chain acyl-CoA substrates with fatty acid chains of 8-16 carbon atoms (C8-C16). The exact cellular function is ACOT7 is not fully understood. The transcription of this gene is activated by sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2, thus suggesting a function in cholesterol metabolism.
  • Pyruvate kinase is an enzyme involved in the last step of glycolysis. It catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP, yielding one molecule of pyruvate and one molecule of ATP.
  • PEP phosphoenolpyruvate
  • the protein is presumably that of PKM2, the type 2 isoform, as this was identified from the mitochondria enriched SK-MEL-28 sample. This isoform is well known to be involved in tumor cell formation and regulation.
  • Q10, Q10H2, and Q9 were quantitated (Table 5).
  • the levels of the related molecule Q9 were low, and near the level of detection.
  • the level of the untreated samples were relatively consistent, with the 6 hour Q10 treated sample having this same level.
  • the levels of cholesterol was also measured to confirm that the differences were not due to sample size errors.
  • the Q10 levels were corrected against total protein values obtained by protein extraction other aliquots of the same mitochondrial preps, the relative ratios were comparative.
  • a significant increase in Q10 levels was obtained at 19 hours ( ⁇ 3-fold) with an even larger increase by the 48 hour time point ( ⁇ 6-fold) ( FIG. 12 ).
  • RT-PCR real-time polymerase chain reaction
  • PCR arrays as a screening tool, a spectrum of molecular targets that would potentially offer an insight to the mode of biological action of Q10 within the cells were thus evaluated. Changes in mRNA levels were evaluated using real-time PCR quantification to assess mRNA levels in pre-selected subsets containing 80 pathway specific targets.
  • mRNA results the genes that were altered in their mRNA transcription by a two-fold level were identified and evaluated.
  • the level of gene transcription to produce mRNA only provides a rough estimate of potential changes in the level of the expressed protein.
  • each mRNA may have different rates at which it is degraded or its translation inefficiently, thus resulting in differing amounts of protein.
  • the assay method of RT-PCR was utilized to provide a measure of mRNA level changes to a total of 84 apoptotic pathway related proteins.
  • Results that are consistent from three independent experiments from SK-MEL-28 cells are summarized below in Table 6B.
  • Many genes are regulated in SCC cells as well with 100 ⁇ M Q10 treatment.
  • the genes in the Apoptosis array that appear to be regulated in SCC cells are described in Table 7.
  • Genes that appear to be regulated in both SK-MEL-28 cells and in SCC cells are described in Table 8.
  • TNFRSF1A Tumor necrosis factor Down Regulated at Plasma Pro-apoptotic receptor superfamily 72 hours Membrane member 1A TNFRSF21 Tumor necrosis factor Down Regulated at Plasma Activates Caspase receptor superfamily, 48 hours Membrane member 21 CD27 CD27 molecule Down Regulated at Plasma Caspase Inhibitor 48 hours Membrane TNFRSF9 Tumor necrosis factor Down Regulated at Plasma Pro-apoptotic receptor superfamily, 48 hours Membrane member 9 TNFSF10 Tumor necrosis factor Upregulated at 48 Extracellular Pro-apoptotic (ligand) superfamily, hours Space member 10 TP73 Tumor protein p73 Down Regulated at Nucleus Transcription 48 hours factor TRAF3 TNF receptor- Down Regulated at Cytoplasm Zinc-finger associated factor 3 48 hours domain TRAF4 TNF receptor- Down Regulated at Cytoplasm Zinc-finger associated factor 4 48 hours domain
  • protein 3 CARD6 Caspase recruitment domain family member 6 Down regulated at 6 hours.
  • FADD Fas TNFRSF6-associated via death domain Up regulated at 24 hours.
  • TNFRSF21 Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily
  • member 21 TNFRSF25 Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily
  • member 25 and then up regulated at 24 hours.
  • CD27 CD27 molecule Down regulated at 6 hours.
  • TNFRSF9 Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily
  • member 9 TNFSF10 Tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, Up regulated at 24 hours.
  • member 10 CD70 CD70 molecule Down regulated at 6 hours.
  • TP53 Tumor protein p53 Up regulated at 24 hours.
  • TP73 Tumor protein p73 Down regulated at 6 hours and then up regulated at 24 hours.
  • TRAF2 TNF receptor-associated factor 2 Up regulated at 24 hours.
  • Bcl-xl is a transmembrane molecule in the mitochondria (Bcl-xl stands for “Basal cell lymphoma-extra large”). It is involved in the signal transduction pathway of the FAS-L and is one of several anti-apoptotic proteins which are members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins. It has been implicated in the survival of cancer cells. However, it is known that alternative splicing of human Bcl-x mRNA may result in at least two distinct Bcl-x mRNA species, Bcl-xL and Bcl-xS.
  • Bcl-xL The predominant protein product (233 amino acids) is the larger Bcl-x mRNA, Bcl-xL, which inhibits cell death upon growth factor withdrawal (Boise et al., 1993. Cell 74, 597-608).
  • Bcl-xS inhibits the ability of Bcl-2 to inhibit cell death and renders cells more susceptible to apoptotic cell death.
  • the employed assays utilized do not distinguish which isoform of Bcl-x is being upregulated.
  • the Bcl-x isoform being upregulated by CoQ10 in these studies may be determined by routine methods known in the art, e.g., by using RT-PCR methods to evaluate the ratio of the two mRNA splicing isoforms (Bcl-xL vs Bcl-sL).
  • BCL2L11 BNIP2, BAG1, HRK, BAK1, BCL2, BCL2L1
  • a strong down regulation of tumor protein p73 is also noted.
  • Analyses of many tumors typically found in humans including breast and ovarian cancer show a high expression of p73 when compared to normal tissues in corresponding areas.
  • E2F-1 transcription factors within the body involved in cell cycle regulation and synthesis of DNA in mammalian cells
  • p73 may be an oncoprotein, but may involve different mechanism that the related p53 protein.
  • a schematic showing mapping of the apoptosis pathway is provided in FIG. 13 .
  • p73 may be an oncoprotein, but may involve different mechanism that the related p53 protein.
  • RT-PCR real-time polymerase chain reaction
  • Table 10 lists the genes that are regulated in SK-MEL28 cells with 100 ⁇ M Q10 treatment. Results are given only for those genes that are regulated in two independent experiments. Although there is a significant amount of gene regulation seen at 6 hours, most significant changes in RNA levels are seen at 48 hours.
  • GPX2 Glutathione peroxidase 2 Down Regulation at Cytoplasm Electron carrier, binds (gastrointestinal) 48 hours to TP53, involved in apoptosis.
  • GPX3 Glutathione peroxidase 3 Up Regulation at 48 Extracellular Arachidonic acid (plasma) hours space metabolims, up regulated in carcinomas.
  • GPX5 Glutathione peroxidase 5 Up Regulation at 48 Extracellular Arachidonic acid (epididymal androgen-related hours space metabolism. protein)
  • GPX6 Glutathione peroxidase 6 Down Regulation at Extracellular Arachidonic acid (olfactory) 48 hours space metabolism.
  • GSR Glutathione reductase Down Regulation at Cytoplasm Glutamate and 48 hours glutathione metabolism, apoptosis.
  • GTF2I General transcription factor II, i Down Regulation at 6 Nucleus Transcriptional hours activator, transcription of fos.
  • KRT1 Keratin 1 epidermolytic Up Regulation at 48 Cytoplasm Sugar Binding. hyperkeratosis
  • MGST3 Microsomal glutathione S- Upregulation at 16 Cytoplasm Xenobiotic metabolism. transferase 3 hours MPO Myeloperoxidase Down Regulation at Cytoplasm Anti-apoptotic, phenyl 48 hours alanine metabolism. MPV17 MpV17 mitochondrial inner Down Regulation at 6 Cytoplasm Maintenance of membrane protein hours mitochondrial DNA. MT3 Metallothionein 3 Down Regulation at Cytoplasm Copper ion binding. 48 hours NCF1 Neutrophil cytosolic factor 1, Down Regulation Cyoplasm Produces free radicals. (chronic granulomatous from 6 hours disease, autosomal 1) NCF2 Neutrophil cytosolic factor 2 Up Regulation at 48 Cytoplasm Electron carrier.
  • NME5 Non-metastatic cells 5
  • NOS2A Nitric oxide synthase 2A
  • PIP3-E Phosphoinositide-binding Down Regulation at Cytoplasm Peroxidase. protein PIP3-E 48 hours PRDX2 Peroxiredoxin 2 Down Regulation at 6 Cytoplasm Role in phenyl alanine hours metabolism. Role in cell death. PRDX4 Peroxiredoxin 4 Down Regulation Cytoplasm Thioredoxin peroxidase. from 24 hours PREX1 Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5- Down Regulation at Cytoplasm Forms oxygen free trisphosphate-dependent RAC 48 hours radicals. exchanger 1 PRG3 Proteoglycan 3 Down Regulation at Extracellular Role in cell death.
  • PTGS1 Prostaglandin-endoperoxide Down Regulation at Cytoplasm arachidonic acid synthase 1 (prostaglandin G/H 48 hours metabolism, synthase and cyclooxygenase) prostaglandin synthesis.
  • PTGS2 Prostaglandin-endoperoxide Up Regulation at 48 Cytoplasm arachidonic acid synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H hours metabolism, synthase and cyclooxygenase) prostaglandin synthesis.
  • SIRT2 Sirtuin sient mating type Up regulation at 16 Nucleus Transcription factor. information regulation 2 hours homolog
  • SOD1 Superoxide dismutase 1
  • SOD2 Superoxide dismutase 2
  • SOD3 Superoxide dismutase 3
  • Down Regulation at Extracellular Pro-apoptotic extracellular 48 hours space SRXN1 Sulfiredoxin 1 homolog S.
  • the Neutrophil cytosolic factor 2 (NCF2, 65 kDa, chronic granulomatous disease, autosomal 2) was one of the initial top induced mRNA's (observed at 6 hours). Subsequently at the 16 hour time point and onward, Neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (NCF1) (chronic granulomatous disease, autosomal 1) was induced at very high levels after an initial lag phase.
  • NCF1 neutral cytosolic factor 1
  • Neutrophil cytosolic factor 2 is the cytosolic subunit of the multi-protein complex known as NADPH oxidase commonly found in neutrophils. This oxidase produces a burst of superoxide which is delivered to the lumen of the neutrophil phagosome.
  • the NADPH oxidase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase) is a membrane-bound enzyme complex. It can be found in the plasma membrane as well as in the membrane of phagosome. It is made up of six subunits. These subunits are: a Rho guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase), usually Rac1 or Rac2 (Rac stands for Rho-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate)
  • GTPase Rho guanosine triphosphatase
  • Rac1 or Rac2 Rho-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate
  • NADPH oxidase levels do not change.
  • the enzyme is NOX5, which is a novel NADPH oxidase that generates superoxide and functions as a H+ channel in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner
  • Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent RAC exchanger 1 was also upregulated.
  • This protein acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the RHO family of small GTP-binding proteins (RACs). It has been shown to bind to and activate RAC1 by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP.
  • the encoded protein which is found mainly in the cytoplasm, is activated by phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate and the beta-gamma subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins.
  • Nitric oxide synthase 2A inducible, hepatocytes
  • Nitric oxide is a reactive free radical which acts as a biologic mediator in several processes, including neurotransmission and antimicrobial and antitumoral activities.
  • This gene encodes a nitric oxide synthase which is expressed in liver and is inducible by a combination of lipopolysaccharide and certain cytokines.
  • SOD2 Superoxide dismutase 2
  • mitochondrial is a member of the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family. It encodes a mitochondrial protein that forms a homotetramer and binds one manganese ion per subunit. This protein binds to the superoxide byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation and converts them to hydrogen peroxide and diatomic oxygen. Mutations in this gene have been associated with idiopathic cardiomyopathy (IDC), premature aging, sporadic motor neuron disease, and cancer.
  • IDC idiopathic cardiomyopathy
  • FOXM1 Forkhead box M1
  • Plk1, cyclin B2, Nek2 and CENPF G2/M-specific genes
  • CENPF CENPF
  • the level of mRNA present in SKMEL-28 cells treated with 100 ⁇ M Q10 were compared to the levels in untreated cells at various time points using real-time PCR methods (RT-PCR).
  • RT-PCR real-time PCR methods
  • the PCR array (SABiosciences) is a set of optimized real-time PCR primer assays on 96-well plates for pathway or disease focused genes as well as appropriate RNA quality controls.
  • the PCR array performs gene expression analysis with real-time PCR sensitivity and the multi-gene profiling capability of a microarray.
  • the Neutrophil cytosolic factor 2 (NCF2, 65 kDa, chronic granulomatous disease, autosomal 2) was one of the initial top induced mRNA's (observed at 6 hours). Subsequently at the 16 hour time point and onward, Neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (NCF1) (chronic granulomatous disease, autosomal 1) was induced at very high levels after an initial lag phase.
  • NCF1 neutral cytosolic factor 1
  • Neutrophil cytosolic factor 2 is the cytosolic subunit of the multi-protein complex known as NADPH oxidase commonly found in neutrophils. This oxidase produces a burst of superoxide which is delivered to the lumen of the neutrophil phagosome.
  • the NADPH oxidase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase) is a membrane-bound enzyme complex. It can be found in the plasma membrane as well as in the membrane of phagosome. It is made up of six subunits. These subunits are: • a Rho guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase), usually Rac1 or Rac2 (Rac stands for Rho-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate)
  • NADPH oxidase levels do not change.
  • the enzyme is NOX5, which is a novel NADPH oxidase that generates superoxide and functions as a H+ channel in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner
  • Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent RAC exchanger 1 was also upregulated.
  • This protein acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the RHO family of small GTP-binding proteins (RACs). It has been shown to bind to and activate RAC1 by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP.
  • the encoded protein which is found mainly in the cytoplasm, is activated by phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate and the beta-gamma subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins.
  • Nitric oxide synthase 2A inducible, hepatocytes
  • Nitric oxide is a reactive free radical which acts as a biologic mediator in several processes, including neurotransmission and antimicrobial and antitumoral activities.
  • This gene encodes a nitric oxide synthase which is expressed in liver and is inducible by a combination of lipopolysaccharide and certain cytokines.
  • FOXM1 Down regulated protein
  • Plk1, cyclin B2, Nek2 and CENPF G2/M-specific genes
  • CENPF chromosomal segregation and genomic stability.
  • the FOXM1 gene is now known as a human proto-oncogene.
  • Abnormal upregulation of FOXM1 is involved in the oncogenesis of basal cell carcinoma (BCC).
  • BCC basal cell carcinoma
  • DNAJB5 DnaJ (Hsp40) Down regulated Unknown Binds to HSP, involved in homolog, subfamily at 6 hours. protein folding and in B, member 5 protein complex assembly.
  • DNAJC12 DnaJ (Hsp40) Down regulated Unknown Binds to HSP, involved in homolog, subfamily at 6 hours. protein folding and in C, member 12 protein complex assembly.
  • DNAJC4 DnaJ (Hsp40) Down regulated Cytoplasm Binds to HSP, involved in homolog, subfamily at 6 hours. protein folding and in C, member 4 protein complex assembly.
  • DNAJC5B DnaJ (Hsp40) Down regulated Unknown Involved in protein homolog, subfamily at 6 hours.
  • CTLA4 Cytotoxic T- Down Regulated at Plasma T cell receptor lymphocyte-associated 48 hours Membrane signaling, protein 4 activates CASP8.
  • DUSP4 Dual specificity Down Regulated at Nucleus Phosphatase phosphatase 4 48 hours ENPP1 Ectonucleotide Down Regulated at Plasma Negative pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 48 hours membrane regulator of the insulin receptor pathway FOXC2 Forkhead box C2 Down Regulated at Nucleus Anti-apoptotic, (MFH-1, mesenchyme 48 hours transcription forkhead 1) factor G6PD Glucose-6-phosphate Up regulated at 48 Cytoplasm Pentose dehydrogenase hours, then down Phosphate regulated Pathway, Glutathione metabolism.
  • HMOX1 Heme oxygenase Down Regulated at Cytoplasm Heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 48 hours decycling ICAM1 Intercellular adhesion Down Regulated at Plasma Regulated by molecule 1 (CD54), 48 hours membrane atorvastatin, human rhinovirus processes some receptor caspases.
  • TGFB1 Transforming growth Up regulated at 48 Extracellular Pro-apoptotic factor, beta 1 hours then down space regulated NKX2-1 NK2 homeobox 1 Down Regulated at Nucleus Transcriptional 48 hours activator TNF Tumor necrosis factor Up regulated at 48 Extracellular Pro-apoptotic (TNF superfamily, hours space member 2) TNFRSF1A Tumor necrosis factor Down Regulated at Plasma Pro-apoptotic receptor superfamily, 72 hours membrane member 1A VEGFA Vascular endothelial Up regulated at 58 Cytoplasm Kinase growth factor A hours then down regulated
  • alpha PYGL Phosphorylase glycogen
  • liver (Hers Down regulated at 6 hours. disease, glycogen storage disease type VI) SREBF1 Sterol regulatory element binding Down regulated at 6 hours. transcription factor 1 STXBP2 Syntaxin binding protein 2 Down regulated at 6 hours. TNF Tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, Down regulated at 6 hours. member 2) TNFRSF1A Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, Down regulated at 6 and 24 member 1A hours. VEGFA Vascular endothelial growth factor A Down regulated at 6 hours.
  • the mRNA levels for a variety of insulin related proteins were modulated in both directions.
  • Q10 has an impact on regulation of cellular metabolism, and thus influences metabolic disregluation diseases such as diabetes.
  • Two proteins that were significantly modulated are further discussed below.
  • Mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK14): Mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK14) is a member of the MAP kinase family. MAP kinases act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals, and are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation and development. Results from this experiment show that the MAPK14 was significantly down-regulated.
  • Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4A): HNF4 (Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4) is a nuclear receptor protein mostly expressed in the liver, gut, kidney, and pancreatic beta cells that is critical for liver development. In humans, there are two isoforms of NHF4, alpha and gamma encoded by two separate genes HNF4A and HNF4G respectively. (See, e.g., Chartier F L, Bossu J P, Laudet V, Fruchart J C, Laine B (1994). “Cloning and sequencing of cDNAs encoding the human hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 indicate the presence of two isoforms in human liver”. Gene 147 (2): 269-72.)
  • HNF4 was originally classified as an orphan receptor. However HNF4 was found later to be constitutively active by virtue of being continuously bound to a variety of fatty acids. (See, e.g., Sladek F (2002). “Desperately seeking . . . something”. Mol Cell 10 (2): 219-221 and Jump D B, Botolin D, Wang Y, Xu J, Christian B, Demeure O (2005). “Fatty acid regulation of hepatic gene transcription”. J Nutr 135 (11)).
  • Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 is a transcription factor that constitutively binds fatty acids. Structure 10 (9): 1225-34 and Dhe-Paganon S, Duda K, Iwamoto M, Chi Y I, Shoelson S E (2002).
  • HNF4-a gene has been linked to maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY). (See, e.g., Fajans S S, Bell G I, Polonsky K S (2001). “Molecular mechanisms and clinical pathophysiology of maturity-onset diabetes of the young”. N Engl J Med 345 (13): 971-80.)
  • Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 is a tissue-specific transcription factor known to regulate a large number of genes in hepatocytes and pancreatic cells. Although HNF4 is highly expressed in some sections of the kidney, little is known about its role in this organ and about HNF4-regulated genes in the kidney cells. The abundance and activity of HNF4 are frequently reduced in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) indicating some tumor suppressing function of HNF4 in renal cells. Interestingly, many of the genes regulated by HNF4 have been shown to be deregulated in RCC microarray studies.
  • RCC renal cell carcinoma
  • genes (ACY1, WT1, SELENBP1, COBL, EFHD1, AGXT2L1, ALDH5A1, THEM2, ABCB1, FLJ14146, CSPG2, TRIM9 and HEY1) are good candidates for genes whose activity is changed upon the decrease of HNF4 in RCC.
  • the hydrophobic tail would extend out of the internal cavity and would then interact with the elongated helix 10.
  • this interaction could potential alter the conformation of the helix 10/12 group. This may then alter the activation/inactivation equilibrium of the transcription factor activity.
  • the evaluation of protein concentration due to the presence of Q10 was evaluated through the utilization of antibody microarray methods.
  • the microarray contained antibodies for over 700 proteins, sampling a broad range of protein types and potential pathway markers.
  • an antibody micro array (Panorama XP725 Antibody Array, Sigma) was utilized to screen over 700 protein antibodies to assess changes at the protein concentration level in SK-MEL-28 cells treated for 24 hours with 50 ⁇ M Q10.
  • An antibody micro array (Panorama XP725 Antibody Array, Sigma) was utilized to screen over 700 protein antibodies to assess changes at the protein concentration level in SK-MEL-28 cells treated for 24 hours with 50 ⁇ M Q10.
  • Bcl-xl (“Basal cell lymphoma-extra large”) is a transmembrane molecule in the mitochondria. It is involved in the signal transduction pathway of the FAS-L and is one of several anti-apoptotic proteins which are members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins. It has been implicated in the survival of cancer cells.
  • alternative splicing of human Bcl-x mRNA may result in at least two distinct Bcl-x mRNA species, Bcl-xL and Bcl-xS.
  • the predominant protein product (233 amino acids) is the larger Bcl-x mRNA, Bcl-xL, which inhibits cell death upon growth factor withdrawal (Boise et al., 1993. Cell 74, 597-608).
  • Bcl-xS inhibits the ability of Bcl-2 to inhibit cell death and renders cells more susceptible to apoptotic cell death.
  • the first experiment processed and evaluated by Western blot and 2-D gel electrophoresis was carried out on the skin cancer cell line SKMEL-28.
  • This experimental set involved SK-MEL-28 cells treated at 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours with 50 or 100 ⁇ M Q10.
  • FIGS. 16-21 A variety of cell types were evaluated by Western blot analysis against an antibody for Bcl-xL ( FIG. 14 ), an antibody for Vimentin ( FIG. 15 ), a series of antibodies for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation function ( FIGS. 16-21 ) and against a series of antibodies related to mitochondrial membrane integrity ( FIGS. 22-27 ). The results from these experiments demonstrated that several of the examined proteins were upregulated or downregulated as a result of cell treatment with Q10.
  • Angiogenesis Related Genes Identified as being Modulated at the mRNA Level by Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer Cells (PaCa2) with 100 ⁇ M Q10
  • Angiogenesis arrays were run for samples treated with 100 uM Q10 at various times after treatment. Experiments were carried out essentially as described above. The various genes found to be modulated upon Q10 treatment are summarized in Table 24 below. The results showed that the following genes are modulated by Q10 treatment: AKT1, ANGPTL4, ANGPEP, CCL2, CDH4, CXCL1, EDG1, EFNA3, EFNB2, EGF, FGF1, ID3, IL1B, 1L8, KDR, NRP1, PECAM1, PROK2, SERPINF1, SPHK1, STAB1, TGFB1, VEGFA and VEGFB.
  • Apoptosis arrays were run for samples treated with 100 uM Q10 at various times after treatment. Experiments were carried out essentially as described above. The various genes found to be modulated upon Q10 treatment are summarized in Table 25 below. The results showed that the following genes are modulated by Q10 treatment: ABL1, AKT1, Bcl2L1, BclAF1, CASP1, CASP2, CASP6, CIDEA, FADD, LTA, TNF, TNFSF10A and TNFSF10.
  • HepG2 (liver cancer) cells were treated with either the vehicle for 24 hours or 100 ⁇ M Q10 for different times. The treatment was initiated on 1 ⁇ 10 5 cells per well, following the procedure utilized in the PaCa2 cells (above, Examples 9-11). However, the total amount of RNA that was extracted from these samples was lower than expected. Reverse transcription is normally done using 1 ⁇ g of total RNA (determined by measurement at 260 nm). The maximum volume that can be used per reverse transcription is 8 ⁇ l. Since the RNA concentration was low, the RT-PCR array analysis using the vehicle, and Q10 treated samples from 16 hours and 48 hours was performed using 0.44 ⁇ g of RNA.
  • the arrays provided an initial analysis of trends and patterns in HepG2 gene regulation with 100 ⁇ M Q10 treatment, as summarized in Table 26 below.
  • the results showed that each of the genes PPARGC1A, PRKAA1 and SNAP25 were downregulated at 16 hours following treatment (by approximately 20 fold, 6 fold and 5 fold, respectively).
  • PPARGC1A and PRKAA1 had normalized or were slightly upregulated, while SNAP25 was downregulated by approximately 2 fold.
  • HepG2 (liver cancer) cells were treated with either the vehicle for 24 hours or 100 ⁇ M Q10 for different times. The treatment was initiated on 1 ⁇ 10 5 cells per well, following the procedure utilized in the PaCa2 cells (above Examples 9-11). However, the total amount of RNA that was extracted from these samples was lower than expected. Reverse transcription is normally done using 1 ⁇ g of total RNA (determined by measurement at 260 nm). The maximum volume that can be used per reverse transcription is 8 ⁇ l. Since the RNA concentration was low, the RT-PCR array analysis using the vehicle, and Q10 treated samples from 16 hours and 48 hours was performed using 0.44 ⁇ g of RNA.
  • the arrays provided an initial analysis of trends and patterns in HepG2 gene regulation with 100 ⁇ M Q10 treatment, as summarized in Table 27 below.
  • the various genes found to be modulated upon Q10 treatment are summarized in Table 27 below.
  • the results showed that each of the genes ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, CXCL1, CXCL3, CXCL5, ENG, MMP2 and TIMP3 were upregulated at 16 hours following treatment (by approximately 5.5, 3, 3, 3.2, 3, 3, 1 and 6.5 fold, 6 fold and 5 fold, respectively, over that of control).
  • ID3 was downregulated at 16 hours following Q10 treatment, by approximately 5 fold over control.
  • ANGPTL3, CXCL1, CXCL3, ENG and TIMP3 were still upregulated (by approximately 3.5, 1.5, 3.175, 2 and 3 fold, respectively, over control), while ANGPTL4, CXCL5, ID3 and MMP2 were downregulated by approximately 1, 1, 2 and 18 fold, respectively, over control.
  • CXCL1 chemokine (C—X—C motif) Role in cell proliferation and migration ligand 1 (melanoma growth stimulating activity, alpha) CXCL3 chemokine (C—X—C motif) Chemokine activation, hepatic stellar cell ligand 3 activation, migration, proliferation.
  • CXCL5 chemokine (C—X—C motif) Produced along with IL8 when stimulated ligand 5 with IL1 or TNFA. Role in chemotaxis, migration, proliferation. ENG endoglin Binds to TGFBR and is involved in migration, proliferation, attachment and invasion.
  • ID3 inhibitor of DNA binding 3 Regulates MMP2, Regulated by TGFB1, dominant negative helix- Vitamin D3, Retinoic acid, VEGFA, loop-helix protein involved in apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation, migration.
  • MMP2 matrix metallopeptidase 2 Hepatic stellate cell activation, HIF (gelatinase A, 72 kDa signaling, binds to TIMP3, involved in gelatinase, 72 kDa type IV tumorigenesis, apoptosis, proliferation, collagenase) invasiveness, migration and chemotaxis.
  • TIMP3 TIMP metallopeptidase Regulates MMP2, ICAM1. Regulated by inhibitor 3 TGFB, EGF, TNF, FGF and TP53. Involved in apoptosis, cell-cell adhesion and malignancy.
  • Proteins known to be involved in the process of angiogenesis were components in the RT-PCR array. Angiogenesis is a critical process by which cancer cells become malignant. Some of these proteins are also implicated in diabetes.
  • ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 The literature related to ANGPTL3 connects this protein to the regulation of lipid metabolism. In particular, the literature (Li, C. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2006 April; 17(2):152-6) teaches that both angiopoietins and angiopoietin-like proteins share similar domain structures.
  • ANGPTL3 and 4 are the only two members of this superfamily that inhibit lipoprotein lipase activity. However, ANGPTL3 and 4 are differentially regulated at multiple levels, suggesting non-redundant functions in vivo. ANGPTL3 and 4 are proteolytically processed into two halves and are differentially regulated by nuclear receptors.
  • ANGPTL4 Transgenic overexpression of ANGPTL4 as well as knockout of ANGPTL3 or 4 demonstrate that these two proteins play essential roles in lipoprotein metabolism: liver-derived ANGPTL3 inhibits lipoprotein lipase activity primarily in the fed state, while ANGPTL4 plays important roles in both fed and fasted states.
  • ANGPTL4 regulates the tissue-specific delivery of lipoprotein-derived fatty acids. ANGPTL4 is thus an endocrine or autocrine/paracarine inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase depending on its sites of expression.
  • Lipoprotein lipase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes lipids in lipoproteins, such as those found in chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), into three free fatty acids and one glycerol molecule.
  • Lipoprotein lipase activity in a given tissue is the rate limiting step for the uptake of triglyceride-derived fatty acids. Imbalances in the partitioning of fatty acids have major metabolic consequences. High-fat diets have been shown to cause tissue-specific overexpression of LPL, which has been implicated in tissue-specific insulin resistance and consequent development of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  • ANGPTL3/ANGPTL4 have been implicated to play a role in the following pathways: Akt, cholesterol, fatty acid, HDL-cholesterol, HNF1A, ITGA5, ITGA5, ITGAV, ITG83, L-trilodothynonine, LIPG, LPL, Mapk, Nrth, NR1H3, PPARD, PTK2, RXRA, triacylglerol and 9-cis-retinoic acid.
  • Apoptosis arrays were run for samples treated with 100 uM Q10 for 16 and 48 hours as described above. However, the array for 48 hours was run choosing FAM as the fluorophore instead of SYBR. Both FAM and SYBR fluoresce at the same wavelength.
  • CASP9 was upregulated at 16 hours following Q10 treatment, by approximately 61 fold over control, while BAG1 and TNFRSF1A were downregulated at 16 hours following treatment by approximately 6 and 4 fold, respectively, over that of control.
  • CASP9, BAG1 and TNFRSF1A were upregulated by approximately 55, 1 and 1 fold, respectively, over control.
  • MIM or Epi-shifter e.g., CoQ10
  • an oncological disorder e.g., melanoma
  • a murine model The ability of a selected MIM or Epi-shifter, e.g., CoQ10, to treat an oncological disorder, e.g., melanoma, is evaluated in a murine model.
  • Melanoma tumors are induced in mice by SK-MEL28 injection into the subcutaneous layer.
  • the animal study consists of both a control and treatment group each containing four mice. The mice are inoculated with two tumors.
  • a topical formulation of the MIM or Epi-shifter is applied to the tumors in the treatment group daily for a period of 30 days, after which, the tumors are excised and the mass is determined.
  • a MIM or Epi-shifter is identified as effective in treating the tumor when the difference in the overall mean mass of the treatment group is significant compared to the control.
  • the selected candidate MIM is exogenously added to a panel of cell lines, including both diseased (cancer) cell lines and normal control cell lines, and the changes induced to the cellular microenvironment profile for each cell line in the panel are assessed. Changes to cell morphology, physiology, and/or to cell composition, including for example, mRNA and protein levels, are evaluated and compared for the diseased cells as compared to normal cells.
  • a candidate molecule e.g., environmental influencer
  • Changes to cell morphology/physiology are evaluated by examining the sensitivy and apoptotic response of cells to the candidate MIM. These experiments are carried out as described in detail in Example 3. Briefly, a panel of cell lines consisting of at least one control cell line and at least one cancer cell line are treated with various concentrations of the candidate MIM. The sensitivity of the cell lines to the potential MIM are evaluated by monitoring cell survival at various times, and over the range of applied concentrations. The apoptoic response of the cell lines to the potential MIM are evaluated by using, for example, Nexin reagent in combination with flow cytometry methodologies.
  • Nexin reagent contains a combination of two dyes, 7AAD and Annexin-V-PE, and allows quantification of the population of cells in early and late apoptosis.
  • An additional apoptosis assay that measures single-stranded DNA may be used, using for example ApostrandTM ELISA methodologies.
  • the sensitivity and apoptotic response of the disease and control cell lines are evaluated and compared.
  • a molecule that displays differential cytotoxicity and/or that differentially induces the apoptotic response in the diseased cells as compared to the normal cells is identified as a MIM.
  • the candidate MIM is exogenously added to one or more cell lines including, for example a diseased cell and a normal control cell line, and mRNA is extracted from the cells at various times following treatment.
  • the level of mRNAs for genes involved in specific pathways are evaluated by using targeted pathway arrays, including, for example, arrays specific for apoptosis, oxidative stress and antioxidate defense, angiogenesis, heat shock or diabetes.
  • the genes that are altered in their mRNA transcription by a two-fold level or greater are identified and evaluated.
  • a molecule that induces changes in mRNA levels in cells and/or that induces differential changes in the level of one or more mRNAs in the diseased cells as compared to the normal cells is identified as a MIM.
  • the candidate MIM is exogenously added to one or more cell lines, including, for example a diseased cell and a normal control cell line, and soluble protein is extracted from the cells at various times, e.g., 6 hours or 24 hours, following treatment. Changes induced to protein levels by the candidate MIM are evaluated by using an antibody microarray containing antibodies for over 700 proteins, sampling a broad range of protein types and potential pathway markers.
  • Further complementary proteomic analysis can be carried by employing 2-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry methodologies.
  • the candidate MIM is exogenously added to one or more cell lines, including, for example a diseased cell and a normal control cell line, and cell pellets are lysed and subjected to 2-D gel electrophoresis.
  • the gels are analyzed to identify changes in protein levels in treated samples relative to control, untreated samples.
  • the gels are analyzed for the identification of spot changes over the time course of treatment due to increased levels, decreased levels or post-translational modification. Spots exhibiting statistically significant changes are excised and submitted for protein identification by trypsin digestion and mass spectrometry characterization.
  • the characterized peptides are searched against protein databases with, for example, Mascot and MSRAT software analysis to identify the proteins.
  • potential changes to levels of specific proteins induced by the candidate MIM may be evaluated by Western blot analysis.
  • proteins with increased or decreased levels in the various cell lines are identified and evaluated.
  • a molecule that induces changes in protein levels in cells and/or that induces differential changes in the level of one or more proteins in the diseased cells as compared to the normal cells is identified as a MIM.
  • Genes found to be modulated by treatment with a candidate MIM from the foregoing experiments are subjected to cellular and biochemical pathway analysis and can thereby be categorized into various cellular pathways, including, for example apoptosis, cancer biology and cell growth, glycolysis and metabolism, molecular transport, and cellular signaling.
  • Experiments are carried out to confirm the entry of a candidate MIM into cells, to determine if the candidate MIM becomes localized within the cell, and to determine the level and form of the candidate MIM present in the cells. These experiments are carried out, for example, as described in detail in Example 5.
  • mitochondrial enriched preparations from cells treated with the candidate MIM are prepared and analyzed.
  • the level of the candidate MIM present in the mitochondria can thereby be confirmed to increase in a time and dose dependent manner with the addition of exogenous candidate MIM.
  • changes in levels of proteins from mitochondria enriched samples are analyzed by using 2-D gel electrophoresis and protein identification by mass spectrometry characterization, as described above for total cell protein samples.
  • Candidate MIMs that are found to enter the cell and to be present at increased levels, e.g., in the mitochondria, are identified as a MIM.
  • the levels of the candidate MIM in the cell, or, for example, specifically in the mitochondria, over the time course examined can be correlated with other observed cellular changes, as evidenced by, for example, the modulation of mRNA and protein levels for specific proteins.
  • Candidate MIMs observed to induce changes in cell composition are identified as a MIM.
  • Candidate MIMs observed to induce differential changes in cell morphology, physiology or cell composition e.g., differential changes in gene expression at the mRNA or protein level
  • a disease state e.g., cancer
  • a normal (e.g., non-cancerous) state are identified as a MIM and, in particular, as having multidimensional character.
  • Candidate MIMs found to be capable of entering a cell are identified as a MIM and, in particular, as having multidimensional character since the candidate MIM thereby exhibits a carrier effect in addition to a therapeutic effect.
  • a panel of skin cell lines consisting of a control cell lines (primary culture of keratinocytes and melanocytes) and several skin cancers cell lines (SK-MEL-28, a non-metastatic skin melanoma; SK-MEL-2, a metastatic skin melanoma; or SCC, a squamous cell carcinoma; PaCa2, a pancreatic cancer cell line; or HEP-G2, a liver cancer cell line) were treated with various levels of Coenzyme Q10.
  • the cancer cell lines exhibited an altered dose dependent response when compared to the control cell lines, with an induction of apoptosis and cell death in the cancer cells only.
  • Detailed exemplary experiments are presented in, e.g., Example 3 herein.
  • TAL transaldolase 1
  • Coenzyme Q10 is an essential cofactor for exidative phosphorylation processes in the mitochondria for energy production.
  • the level of Coenzyme Q10, as well as the form of CoQ10, present in the mitochondria was determined by analyzing mitochondrial enriched preparations from cells treated with CoQ10.
  • the level of Coenzyme Q10 present in the mitochondria was confirmed to increase in a time and dose dependent manner with the addition of exogenous Q10.
  • the time course correlated with a wide variety of cellular changes as observed in modulation of mRNA and protein levels for specific proteins related to metabolic and apoptotic pathways.
  • Detailed exemplary experiments are presented in, e.g., Example 5 herein.
  • the results described herein identified the endogenous molecule CoQ10 as an epi-shifter.
  • the results identified CoQ10 as inducing a shift in the metabolic state, and partially restoration of mitochondrial function, in cells.
  • Q10 is known to be synthesized, actively transported to, enriched in, and utilized in the mitochondrial inner membrane.
  • Q10 is also known to be an essential cofactor for oxidative phosphorylation processes in the mitochondrial for energy production.
  • most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by glycolysis followed by lactic acid fermentation in the cytosol, rather than by oxidation of pyruvate in mitochondria like most normal cells.
  • the oxidative phosphorylation involves the electron transport complexes and cytochrome c.
  • Apoptosis involves the disruption of the mitochondria, with permeabilization of the inter mitochondrial membrane by pro-apoptitic factors. By utilizing a different metabolic energy synthesis pathway, cancer cells are able to mitigate the normal apoptosis response to abnormalities in the cell.
  • Q10 is functioning by upregulating the oxidative phosphorylation pathway proteins, thus switching the mitochondrial function back to a state that would recognize the oncogenic defects and trigger apoptosis.
  • Q10 is acting as an Epi-shifter by shifting the metabolic state of a cell.
  • a panel of skin cell lines consisting of control cell lines (e.g., primary culture of keratinocytes and melanocytes) and cancer cell lines (e.g., SK-MEL-28, a non-metastatic skin melanoma; SK-MEL-2, a metastatic skin melanoma; or SCC, a squamous cell carcinoma; PaCa2, a pancreatic cancer cell line; or HEP-G2, a liver cancer cell line) are treated with various levels of a candidate Epi-shifter. Changes to cell morphology/physiology are evaluated by examining the sensitivy and apoptotic response of cells to the candidate Epi-shifter. These experiments are carried out as described in detail in Example 3.
  • control cell lines e.g., primary culture of keratinocytes and melanocytes
  • cancer cell lines e.g., SK-MEL-28, a non-metastatic skin melanoma; SK-MEL-2, a meta
  • the sensitivity of the cell lines to the candidate Epi-shifter are evaluated by monitoring cell survival at various times, and over a range of applied concentrations.
  • the apoptoic response of the cell lines to the candidate Epi-shifter are evaluated by using, for example, Nexin reagent in combination with flow cytometry methodologies.
  • Nexin reagent contains a combination of two dyes, 7AAD and Annexin-V-PE, and allows quantification of the population of cells in early and late apoptosis.
  • An additional apoptosis assay that measures single-stranded DNA may be used, using for example ApostrandTM ELISA methodologies.
  • the sensitivity and apoptotic response of the disease and control cell lines are evaluated and compared.
  • Candidate Epi-shifters are evaluated based on their ability to inhibit cell growth preferentially or selectively in cancer cells as compared to normal or control cells. Candidate Epi-shifters are further evaluated based on their ability to preferentially or selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cells as compared to normal or control cells.
  • Assays are employed to assess changes in the mRNA and protein level composition of the above-identified cells following treatment with the candidate Epi-shifter. Changes in mRNA levels are analyzed using real-time PCR microarrays. These experiments are carried out as described in detail in Examples 6 and 9-13. Briefly, mRNA is extracted from the cells at various times following treatment. The level of mRNAs for genes involved in specific pathways are evaluated by using targeted pathway arrays, including, arrays specific for apoptosis, oxidative stress and antioxidate defense, angiogenesis, heat shock or diabetes. The genes that are altered in their mRNA transcription by a two-fold level or greater are identified and evaluated.
  • Changes in protein expression are analyzed using antibody microarray analysis, 2-D gel electrophoresis analysis coupled with mass spectrometry characterization, and western blot analysis. These experiments are carried out as described in detail in Examples 7, 4 and 8, respectively. Briefly, soluble protein is extracted from the cells at various times, e.g., 6 hours or 24 hours, following treatment with the candidate Epi-shifter. Changes induced to protein levels by the candidate Epi-shifter are evaluated by using an antibody microarray containing antibodies for over 700 proteins, sampling a broad range of protein types and potential pathway markers. Further complementary proteomic analysis can be carried out by employing 2-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry methodologies.
  • the candidate Epi-shifter is exogenously added to the cell lines and cell pellets are lysed and subjected to 2-D gel electrophoresis.
  • the gels are analyzed to identify changes in protein levels in treated samples relative to control, untreated samples.
  • the gels are analyzed for the identification of spot changes over the time course of treatment due to increased levels, decreased levels or post-translational modification. Spots exhibiting statistically significant changes are excised and submitted for protein identification by trypsin digestion and mass spectrometry characterization.
  • the characterized peptides are searched against protein databases with, for example, Mascot and MSRAT software analysis to identify the proteins.
  • potential changes to levels of specific proteins induced by the candidate MIM may be evaluated by Western blot analysis.
  • proteins with increased or decreased levels in the various cell lines are identified and evaluated.
  • Candidate Epi-shifters are evaluated based on changes induced to gene expression, at the mRNA and/or protein levels, in the cell lines due to the addition of the candidate Epi-shifter.
  • candidate Epi-shifters are evaluated based on their ability to modulate genes known to be associated with or involved in cellular metabolic processes.
  • candidate Epi-shifters are evaluated based on their ability to modulate genes known to be associated with, for example, apoptosis, cancer biology and cell growth.
  • the level of the candidate Epi-shifter, as well as the form of the candidate Epi-shifter, present in the cell or a particular cell location is determined using routine methods known to the skilled artisan.
  • the level of the candidate Epi-shifter in mitochondria over time and over a range of doses is determined by analyzing mitochondrial enriched preparations from cells treated with the candidate Epi-shifter.
  • the levels of the candidate Epi-shifter in the mitochondria over the time course can be compared and correlated with other cellular changes observed, such as modulation of mRNA and protein levels for specific proteins related to metabolic and apoptotic pathways.
  • Epi-shifters observed to induce a shift in the metabolic state of a cell based on the results obtained from the foregoing experiments are identified as Epi-shifters.
  • a candidate Epi-shifter that displays cytotoxicity and/or that induces apoptosis in a cell is identified as an Epi-shifter.
  • a candidate Epi-shifter that displays differential cytotoxicity and/or that differentially induces the apoptotic response in diseased (cancer) cells as compared to normal cells e.g., Epi-shifters that differentially modulate expression of proteins involved in apoptosis in cancer cells as compared to normal cells is identified as an Epi-shifter.
  • Vitamin D3 or 1 ⁇ , 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (also known as calcitriol), is a vitamine D metabolite that is synthesized from vitamin D by a two-step enzymatic process.
  • Vitamin D3 interacts with its ubiquitous nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR) to regulate the transcription of a wide spectrum of genes involved in calcium and phosphate homeostasis as well as in cell division and differentiation.
  • VDR ubiquitous nuclear vitamin D receptor
  • Vitamin D3 has been reported to have anticancer effects in numerous model systems, including squamous cell carcinoma, prostate adenocarcinoma, cancers of the ovary, breast and lung (reviewed in Deeb et al. 2007 Nature Reviews Cancer 7:684-700).
  • vitamin D3 The anticancer effects of vitamin D3 are reported to involve multiple mechanisms, including growth arrest at the G1 phase of the cell cycle, apoptosis, tumor cell differentiation, disruption of growth factor-mediated cell survival signals, and inhibition of angiogenesis and cell adhesion (reviewed in Deeb et al. 2007 Nature Reviews Cancer 7:684-700).
  • Vitamin D3 has been reported to induce apoptosis by regulating key mediators of apoptosis, such as repressing the expression of the anti-apoptotic, pro-survival proteins BCL2 and BCL-XL, or inducing the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins (e.g., BAX, BAK and BAD) (Deeb et al. 2007).
  • pro-apoptotic proteins e.g., BAX, BAK and BAD
  • angiogenesis Vitamin D3 has been reported to inhibit the proliferation of some tumor-derived endothelial cells and to inhibit the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that induces angiogenesis in tumors (reviewed in Masuda and Jones, 2006 Mol.
  • VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
  • Vitamin D3 has been reported to induce gene transcription of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAFI/CIPI and to induce the synthesis and/or stabilization of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27KIPI protein, both of which are critical for induction of G1 arrest. (Deeb et al. 2007).
  • Vitamin D3 is identified as an Epi-shifter, i.e., owing to its ability to shift the metabolic state of a cell.
  • Vitamin D3 is an Epi-shifter owing to its ability to induce apoptosis in a cell and, in particular, based on its ability to differentially inhibit cell growth and induce the apoptotic response in diseased (cancer) cells as compared to normal cells (e.g., differentially modulate expression of proteins, such as BCL-2, BCL-XL, and BAX, involved in apoptosis in cancer cells as compared to normal cells).
  • Coenzyme Q10 treatment was examined and compared.
  • the sensitivity of cells to Coenzyme Q10 was assessed by monitoring induction of apoptosis.
  • CoQ10 treatment of cells was carried out as described in detail below in the Materials and Methods.
  • Induction of apoptosis was assessed in the treated cells by monitoring indicators of early apoptosis (e.g., Bcl-2 expression, caspase activation and by using annexin V assays) as described below. From these studies, the minimal CoQ10 dosage, e.g., concentration of CoQ10 and time of treatment, required to induce apoptosis in the panel of cell lines was determined.
  • Coenzyme Q10 on gene regulatory and protein mechanisms in cancer is different in a normal cell.
  • Key cellular machinery and components such as membrane fluidity, transport mechanisms, immunomodulation, angiogenesis, cell cycle control, genomic stability, oxidative control, glycolytic flux, metabolic control and integrity of extracellular matrix proteins, are dysregulated and thus the genetic and molecular fingerprint of the cell is altered.
  • the disease environment favors governance of cellular control processes.
  • CoQ10 exerts a greater level of efficacy (e.g., in cancer cells vs. normal cells, and in cells of a more aggressive cancer state as compared to cells of a less aggressive or non-aggressive cancer state) by normalizing some of the key aforementioned processes in a manner that allows for restored apoptotic potential.
  • Cells were cultured in T-75 flasks with relevant medium supplemented with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), 1% PSA (penicillin, streptomycin, amphotericin B) (Invitrogen and Cellgro) in a 37° C. incubator with 5% CO 2 levels until 70-80% confluence was reached.
  • FBS Fetal Bovine Serum
  • PSA penicillin, streptomycin, amphotericin B
  • Invitrogen and Cellgro Fetal Bovine Serum
  • flasks were primed with 1 mL Trypsin, aspirated, trypsinized with an additional 3 mL, and incubated at 37° C. for 3-5 minutes. Cells were then neutralized with an equal volume of media and the subsequent solution was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 8 minutes.
  • the supernatant was aspirated and the cells were resuspended with 8.5 ml of media.
  • the volume of sample to load per well was determined using the raw mean concentration of protein obtained from the BCA protein assay. Approximately 30-60 ⁇ g of protein were loaded for each treatment time point. Proteins were run in triplicate on 12% Tris-HCl ready gels (Bio-Rad) or hand cast gels in 1 ⁇ running buffer at 85 and 100 volts. Proteins were then transferred onto nitrocellulose paper for an hour at 100 volts, and blocked for another hour in a 5% milk solution. Membranes were placed in primary antibody (1 uL Ab:1000 uL TBST) (Cell Signaling) overnight at ⁇ 4° C.
  • membranes were washed three times for ten minutes each with Tris-Buffered Saline Tween-20 (TBST), and secondary antibody (anti-rabbit; 1 uL Ab: 1000 uL TBST) was applied for an hour at ⁇ 4° C.
  • TBST Tris-Buffered Saline Tween-20
  • secondary antibody anti-rabbit; 1 uL Ab: 1000 uL TBST
  • Membranes were washed again three times for ten minutes with TBST and chemoluminescence using Pico or Femto substrate was completed (Pierce). Membranes were then developed at time intervals that produced the best visual results. After developing, membranes were kept in TBST at ⁇ 4° C. until Actin levels could be measured.
  • Membranes were placed in primary Actin antibody (1 uL Ab:5000 uL TBST) (cell signaling) for 1 hour at ⁇ 4° C., washed three times for ten minutes each with TBST, and secondary antibody (anti-mouse; 1 uL Ab: 1000 uL TBST) was applied for an hour at ⁇ 4° C. Membranes were washed again three times for ten minutes each with TBST and chemoluminescence using Pico substrate was completed (Pierce). Membranes were then developed at time intervals that produced the best visual results.
  • Binding Buffer 0.1 M HEPES, pH 7.4; 1.4 M NaCl; 25 mM CaCl2. Samples of 100 ⁇ l were added to a culture tube with 5 ⁇ l of annexin-PE dye or 7-ADD. The cells were mixed and incubated without light at room temperature for 15 minutes. After which, 400 ⁇ l of 1 ⁇ Binding Buffer was added to each sample and they were subjected to analysis by flow cytometry.
  • Examples 21-25 are herein taken from International Application WO 2008/116135. The contents of which are herein incorporated in its entirety.
  • a concentrate was produced with CoQ10 as the lipophilic bioactive agent.
  • About 10 kilograms (kg) of polysorbate 80 was placed in a vacuum kettle and heated to a temperature of from about 50° C. to about 65° C.
  • About 8.8 kg of CoQ10 was added to the polysorbate 80 and vacuum was applied with the temperature maintained at from about 50° C. to about 65° C., and the contents mixed for about 15 minutes.
  • the resulting material may be referred to herein as the CoQ10 phase or the first phase.
  • the CoQ10 was dissolved in the polysorbate 80 with the vacuum kettle sealed, vacuum on, and temperature of the mix of polysorbate/CoQ10 from about 50° C. to about 55° C.
  • a Silverson in-line production scale homogenizer similar to the Silverson L4RT model used for laboratory scale batches, was utilized to combine the two phases described above, (i.e., the CoQ10 phase and the water phase). Homogenization occurred using the Silverson standard emulsion head screen by mixing at full capacity (from about 7000 rpm to about 10,000 rpm) for a total of about 5 minutes through a closed recirculating loop and under vacuum (from about 18 mm to about 20 mm Hg) at temperatures of from about 50° C. to about 55° C. with sweep agitation until the solubilized CoQ10 was completely encapsulated and uniformly dispersed thereby creating a thick, uniform liposomal dispersion.
  • the resulting CoQ10 concentrate possessed CoQ10 at a concentration of about 22% by weight.
  • the PHOSPHOLIPON® 85G concentration was about 8% by weight of the total composition, that is, of the combination of the two phases described above.
  • the CoQ10 concentrate formula and process described above was capable of producing liposomes with an average diameter of 107 nm and a particle distribution that included 85% of all liposomes produced within a size of from about 59 nm to about 279 nm.
  • a short process time (about 5 minutes) produced a liposome dispersion of CoQ10 just as efficiently as a long process time (about 45 minutes).
  • optimal liposome particles were obtained where the CoQ10 was not exposed to temperatures above about 55° C.
  • a cross linked acrylic acid polymer dispersion was prepared for use as a viscosity agent in a cream composition.
  • the acrylic acid utilized, CARBOMER 940, was prepared in a 2% dispersion with the following components set forth below in Table 31:
  • phase 2 The manufacturing process was conducted as follows. The equipment was first cleaned and sanitized. On a benchtop, the phase 1 ingredients were mixed until clear and uniform. The required amount of water (phase 2) was weighed and added to a phase vessel kettle of the homogenizer described above in Example 1. The water was heated with a hot water/steam jacket to a temperature of from about 60° C. to about 65° C. Phase 1 was then added to the phase 2 water with moderate agitation until clear and uniform. The phase 1 container was rinsed with process water and the temperature was maintained at from about 60° C. to about 65° C. The agitator was then turned on high and CARBOMER 940 powder (phase 3) was added.
  • phase 3 The required amount of water (phase 2) was weighed and added to a phase vessel kettle of the homogenizer described above in Example 1. The water was heated with a hot water/steam jacket to a temperature of from about 60° C. to about 65° C. Phase 1 was then added to the phase 2 water with moderate agitation until clear and uniform. The
  • the temperature was maintained at from about 60° C. to about 65° C. and mixing continued at medium-high speed of from about 500 rpm to about 800 rpm until all the CARBOMER 940 powder was added.
  • the CARBOMER powder was added slowly to the vortex of the mixture of phases 1 and 2. The powder was hand sifted slowly so that the total amount of CARBOMER was added in no less than about 10 minutes.
  • the batch was cooled to from about 25° C. to about 30° C. with chilled water through a jacket and mixing continued with medium-high agitation. Samples were taken to determine microquality, pH, specific gravity and viscosity.
  • a cream emulsion base was formed utilizing several phases for combination with the CoQ10 concentrate possessing liposomes of Example 1. Phases A, B, C and D were combined to form the base cream. Phase E was the CoQ10 22% concentrate of Example 1 (22% w/w CoQ10). Details of the preparation of the cream emulsion base and the subsequent addition of the CoQ10 22% concentrate of Example 1 are set forth below.
  • Phase A included C 12-15 alkyl benzoates, which are light esters added for emolliency and spreadability.
  • the cetyl alcohol and stearyl alcohol were waxes added to impart body or texture to the cream and the glyceryl stearate and PEG-100 stearate mixture was a primary emulsifier included to form an oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion.
  • the Phase A ingredients were weighed in a vacuum kettle and heated to from about 70° C. to about 75° C. in water bath.
  • Phase B (the “Water Phase”), contained glycerine for skin moisturization and humectancy; propylene glycol for humectancy, to aid in skin penetration and to improve the microbiological preservation profile; ethoxydiglycol to enhance CoQ10 skin penetration of the liposomes; phenoxyethanol for microbiological preservation; purified water as the phase solvent, and CARBOMER 940 dispersion of Example 2 above to control the rheological properties of the cream formulas and to add stability to the primary emulsion.
  • Phase B ingredients were placed in a separate mixing kettle. The ingredients were mixed with moderate sweep mixing while heating to from about 70° C. to about 75° C. (no vacuum). When the Phase B ingredients reached from about 70° C. to about 75° C., Phase A ingredients were added at from about 70° C. to about 75° C. with moderate sweep mixing. The mixture of Phases A and B was recirculated through a Silverson homogenizer as described above in Example 1 (standard head) and continued to the next part of the process.
  • Phase C the “Neutralization and Buffer Phase”
  • purified water acted as a solvent and a diluent for the other ingredients in this phase.
  • Triethanolamine was the primary neutralizer of the CARBOMER acrylic acid copolymer in the water phase (Phase B); sodium lactate solution (60% w/w in water) and lactic acid were added as a buffer system to adjust and maintain the final pH of the cream from about 5 to about 5.5, which is within the natural pH range of the skin.
  • Phase C ingredients were weighed and mixed until uniform and heated to from about 60° C. to about 65° C. The Phase C mixture was then added to the vacuum mixing kettle containing Phases A and B with sweep mixer on medium-high.
  • Phase D (the “Pigment Phase”).
  • a water-dispersible grade of Titanium Dioxide powder was used in the formula solely for the purpose of lightening the color of the final cream color.
  • the yellow-orange color of the cream, imparted by CoQ10, was substantially reduced and cosmetically improved by the addition of about 1% w/w Titanium Dioxide.
  • Phase D of the process weighed TiO 2 was added to the batch (Phases A, B and C) and mixed and recirculated through the Silverson homogenizer (high shear head) for about 10 minutes or until completely uniform and fully extended (color was checked to confirm).
  • the batch was cooled to from about 35° C. to about 45° C. with mixing at about 60 rpm and the application of a vacuum.
  • the resulting material was placed into holding containers.
  • a similar cream was prepared by using the CoQ10 22% concentrate from Example 1 in an amount of about 25% by weight to create a cream having CoQ10 22% concentrate at a concentration of about 5% by weight.
  • CoQ10 creams having 1.5% CoQ10 by weight, 3% CoQ10 by weight, and 5% CoQ10 by weight are set forth below in Tables 42, 43 and 44 respectively. Note that in all the formulation examples given above and below for CoQ10 creams, the amount of CoQ10 22% concentrate used would actually yield a final theoretical concentration of CoQ10 22% concentrate of about 5% above the target concentration. So, for “CoQ10 Cream 1.5%”, the actual batch amount used was 7.5% by weight of a CoQ10 22% concentrate that yielded 1.58% w/w CoQ10. The “CoQ10 Cream 3%” was made with 15% by weight of the CoQ10 22% concentrate that yielded a theoretical content of 3.15% CoQ10 by weight. The 5% excess drug was added to extend the overall shelf life of the product and maintain the drug content from about 90% to about 110% of the label or expected drug content.
  • Creams possessing CoQ10 produced in Example 3 were applied to porcine skin.
  • the topical dose study was conducted on two pigs each, one male and one female. Each animal had 6 test areas; three test areas on each side. For each pig, one side (3 sites) was dosed once per day for 7 days, while the opposite test side (3 test areas) for each pig was dosed only one time on day 1.
  • the female animals received 3 test formulas that contained the same ingredients as the samples produced in Example 3 above, except they contained 5% 1,3-butylene glycol instead of 5% ethoxydiglycol. Details of these formulations made with 1,3-butylene glycol, which possessed 1.5% CoQ10 22% concentrate by weight, 3% CoQ10 22% concentrate by weight and 5% CoQ10 22% concentrate by weight, are set forth below in Tables 45, 46, and 47 respectively.
  • skin samples were obtained and analyzed as follows.
  • the skin test area was gently washed with a mild soap and water mixture (e.g., 1% Ivory Soap in water or equivalent) to remove any residual topical test formulation. If the area to be excised was larger than the dosed area, the dosed area was demarked with indelible ink to delineate the skin area that was dosed.
  • a full thickness skin section was removed by scalpel with a size approximating 10 cm ⁇ 10 cm, to the depth and including the adipose layer.
  • the skin section was laid flat and wrapped in two layers of plastic wrap (SARAN WRAPTM or equivalent), and frozen to about ⁇ 70° C. or colder in a timely manner. Each skin section was identified as appropriate (e.g. animal identification, study number, date, etc.). Samples were maintained at about ⁇ 70° C. or lower until examined.
  • each skin section was placed in a watertight plastic bag and thawed in from about 30° C. to about 35° C. water baths. Once thawed, each skin section was gently rinsed with distilled deionized water to remove any residual surface dose and blood. All subcutaneous tissue (e.g. adipose) was removed by scalpel to the level of the papular dermis.
  • adipose subcutaneous tissue
  • Each skin section was then tape stripped (TRANSPORETM, from 3M) from about 10 to about 20 times until approximately 10-25% surface glistening was observed. This process removed the stratum corneum and any residual surface dose.
  • Each skin section was placed in a watertight plastic bag and immersed in a .about.65° C. (.+/ ⁇ 0.3° C.) water bath to initiate the separation process of the epidermis from the dermis.
  • the test sites were then excised from the skin sheet by punch, and the epidermis removed from the dermis by forceps.
  • the individual skin sections were weighed and the weight recorded.
  • the individual skin sections were minced with a scalpel, placed into pre-labeled tubes, and saved for subsequent analysis.
  • the skin samples were extracted in isopropanol (IPA) on a shaker for about 47 hours, then stored at about ⁇ 20° C. until further processed. The samples were then centrifuged at about 13,500 rpm for about 10 minutes and the supernatant was collected into 2 mL amber vials.
  • IPA isopropanol
  • HPLC-UV High Performance Liquid Chromatography
  • HPLC was conducted on a Hewlett-Packard 1100 Series HPLC system with an Agilent 1100 Series LC/MSD.
  • a solvent system including about 65% Ethanol and about 35% Methanol was run through an Aquasil C18 column (about 3 mm times.about 100 mm, 5.mu.) at a flow rate of about 1 mL/min
  • Peak areas were quantified to concentration using an external standard curve prepared from the neat standard. The curve was spiked into IPA due to solubility issues of CoQ10 in water.
  • a single application of the CoQ10 cream formulation delivered an average of 12%, 17%, or 70% of the applied dose for the respective 5%, 3%, and 1.5% CoQ10 cream formulations.
  • the 1.5% cream and 3% cream also successfully completed 9 weeks accelerated testing (storage at about 35° C. and about 50° C.); passed 5 freeze-thaw cycles packaged in both plastic jar and metal tube packaging; and passed USP microbiological challenge testing. Results were confirmed for the same system with multiple development batches and at 1.5%, 3% and 5% by weight concentrations of CoQ10 in the cream prototype formulation base.
  • Creams were produced as described in Example 3 above, except propylene glycol was utilized instead of pentylene glycol (1,2-pentane diol; Hydrolite-5, Symrise).
  • a concentrate was first produced as described in Example 1 above, with the components listed below in Table 52:
  • the resulting CoQ10 concentrate (CoQ10 21% concentrate) possessed CoQ10 at a concentration of about 21% by weight.
  • a CARBOMER dispersion was prepared as described in Example 2 above for use in forming the cream with the components listed below in Table 53:
  • a cream having 1.5% by weight CoQ10 21% concentrate and another cream having 3% by weight CoQ10 21% concentrate were prepared as described above in Example 3, with the components listed below in Tables 54 and 55:
  • a CoQ10 21% concentrate composition was prepared by combining phases A and B as described below.
  • Phase A included Ubidecarenone USP (CoQ10) at 21% w/w and polysorbate 80 NF at 25% w/w.
  • Phase B included propylene glycol USP at 10.00% w/w, phenoxyethanol NF at 0.50% w/w, lecithin NF (PHOSPHOLIPON 85G) at 8.00% w/w and purified water USP at 35.50% w/w. All weight percentages are relative to the weight of the entire CoQ10 21% concentrate composition. The percentages and further details are listed in the following table.
  • the phenoxyethanol and propylene glycol were placed in a suitable container and mixed until clear.
  • the required amount of water was added to a second container (Mix Tank 1).
  • Mix Tank 1 was heated to between 45 and 55° C. while being mixed.
  • the phenoxyethanol/propylene glycol solution was added to the water and mixed until it was clear and uniform.
  • Phospholipon G was added with low to moderate mixing. While avoiding any foaming, the contents of Mix Tank 1 was mixed until the Phospholipon 85G was uniformly dispersed.
  • the polysorbate 89 was added to a suitable container (Mix Tank 2) and heated to between 50 and 60° C.
  • the Ubidecarenone was then added to Mix Tank 2. While maintaining the temperature at between 50 and 60° C. Mix Tank 2 was mixed until all the Ubidecarenone was dissolved. After all the Ubidecarenone had been dissolved, the water phase was slowly transferred to Mix Tank 2. When all materials have been combined, the contents were homogenized until dispersion is smooth and uniform. While being careful not to overheat, the temperature was maintained at between 50 and 60° C. The homogenization was then stopped and the contents of Mix Tank 2 were transferred to a suitable container for storage.
  • Phase A included Ubidecarenone USP (CoQ10) at 21% w/w and polysorbate 80 NF at 25% w/w.
  • Phase B included propylene glycol USP at 10.00% w/w, phenoxyethanol NF at 0.50% w/w, lecithin NF (PHOSPHOLIPON 85G) at 8.00% w/w and purified water USP at 35.50% w/w. All weight percentages are relative to the weight of the entire CoQ10 cream 21% concentrate composition. The percentages, amounts and further details are listed above in the following table.
  • Polysorbate 80 was directly weighed in PK-2 kettle and heat in vacuum kettle PK-2 to 50-55° C.
  • the Ubidecarenone USP was weighed on benchtop and the weight double checked by adding to tared PK-2 vessel (agitators off).
  • the PK-2 was closed and sealed.
  • the closed and sealed PK-2 was mixed with sweep mixers on low while maintaining 50-55° C. temperature and vacuum on for 15 minutes.
  • the Phase was examined to insure all powder has dissolved in polysorbate before moving to the next step.
  • PK-1 the required amount of water was added and heated to 50-55° C.
  • phenoxyethanol and Hydrolite-5 were weighed and mixed until clear and uniform and water was added with moderate mixing until clear and uniform.
  • Phase A included polysorbate 80 NF at 25.00% w/w and Ubidecarenone USP at 21.00% w/w.
  • Phase B included propylene glycol USP at 10.00% w/w and phenoxyethanol NF at 0.50% w/w.
  • Phase C included purified water USP at 35.50% w/w and lecithin NF at 8.00% w/w. The percentages, amounts and further details are presented in the following table.
  • Phase B To prepare Phase B, two thousand grams (2,000 gm) of propylene glycol was weighed and placed into a clean 2-L SS beaker. Further, 2000 gm of purified water was weighed and placed into a clean container labeled “water for rinsing.”
  • the pre-weighed 100 gm phenoxyethanol was added to the 2-L SS beaker containing the pre-weighed 2,000 gm propylene glycol.
  • the beaker that contained the phenoxyethanol was rinsed into the 2-L beaker with 1 ⁇ 3 of the water for rinsing.
  • the contents of the 2-L beaker was mixed with a spatula until clear and uniform and was labeled as Phase B.
  • Phase A 5,000 gm of polysorbate 80 was weighed and placed into a clean container while 4,200 gm of Ubidecarenone USP was weighed.
  • the equipment included a Lee Vacuum Tank (PK-2), a Silverson Homogenizer (P-2) and a Waukesha Pump (P-1). First, it was confirmed that the bottom valve of the PK-2 was closed. The pre-weighed 5,000 gm of polysorbate 80 was then added into the PK-2 through the sight glass portal. The sight glass was replaced on the PK-2 after the addition was complete.
  • PK-2 Lee Vacuum Tank
  • P-2 Silverson Homogenizer
  • P-1 Waukesha Pump
  • the PK-2 agitator was then turned on and the polysorbate 80 was manually heated in the PK-2 to 50-55° C.
  • the 4,200 gm of pre-weighed Ubidecarenone USP was added through the access portal on the PK-2.
  • a spatula was use to remove any Ubidecarenone which was caked on the agitator blades during addition.
  • the sight glass was replaced.
  • the temperature was manually maintained at between 50-55° C. and mixed for 15 minutes.
  • the contents of the PK-2 was inspected through the sight glass portal to evaluate if the Ubidecarenone was dissolved in the polysorbate 80.
  • the PK-1 agitator (A-1) was then turned off.
  • the contents of the PK-1 were added to the PK-2.
  • the PK-1 was then rinsed with the remaining “water for rinsing.”
  • the PK-2 was manually heated to 50-55° C.
  • the contents of the PK-2 were then recirculated through the P-1 and P-2 with the Silverson high shear screen in P-2 at maximum rpm for 5-10 minutes.
  • the vacuum was turned on and was maintained at maximum to prevent foaming.
  • the temperature was manually maintained at 50-55° C.
  • Phase A included alkyl C 12-15 benzoate NF at 5.000% w/w, cetyl alcohol NF at 2.000% w/w, glyceryl stearate/PEG-100 stearate at 4.5% w/w and stearyl alcohol NF at 1.5% w/w.
  • the percentages and amounts are reflected in the following table.
  • Phase B included diethylene glycol monoethyl ether NF at 5.000% w/w, glycerin USP at 2.000% w/w, propylene glycol USP at 1.750% w/w, phenoxyethanol NF at 0.463% w/w, purified water USP at 11.377% w/w and carbomer dispersion 2% at 50% w/w.
  • the percentages and amounts are reflected in the following table.
  • Phase C included lactic acid USP at 0.400% w/w, sodium lactate solution USP at 2.000% w/w, trolamine NF at 1.300% w/w and purified water USP at 4.210% w/w. The percentages and amounts are reflected in the following table.
  • Phase D included titanium dioxide USP at 1.000% w/w. While Phase E included CoQ10 21% concentrate, 21% at 7.500% w/w. All weight percentages are relative to the weight of the entire 1.5% CoQ10 cream composition. The percentages, amounts and further details are reflected in the following tables.
  • Phase A ingredients were added to a suitable container and heated to between 70 and 80° C. in a water bath.
  • Phase B ingredients, excluding the Carbomer Dispersion, were added to a PK-2 Kettle and mixed with moderate sweep mixing while heating to between 70 and 80° C.
  • the Phase C ingredients were added to a suitable container and heated to between 70 and 80° C. in a water bath.
  • the Phase E CoQ10 concentrate was placed in a suitable container and melted between 50 and 60° C. using a water bath, while mixing as necessary to assure uniformity.
  • the Carbomer Dispersion was added to a suitable container (Mix Tank) and heated to between 70 and 80° C. while mixing.
  • Phase B ingredients were added to the heated Carbomer Dispersion in the Mix Tank while maintaining the temperature.
  • Phase C ingredients were added to the contents of the Mix Tank while maintaining the temperature.
  • the Mix Tank was continually mixed and homogenized.
  • the mixer was then turned off but homogenization continued while adding the Phase D ingredient to the Mix Tank.
  • the mixer was then turned on and the ingredients was mixed and homogenized until completely uniform and fully extended (check color). Homogenization was then stopped and the batch was cooled to between 50 and 60° C.
  • the mixer was then turned off and the melted CoQ10 concentrate was added to the Mix Tank.
  • the mixer was then turned on and the contents mixed/recirculated until dispersion was smooth and uniform.
  • the contents of the Mix Tank was then cooled to between 45 and 50° C.
  • the cooled contents were then transferred to a suitable container for storage until packaging.
  • Phase A included alkyl C 12-15 benzoate NF at 5.000% w/w, cetyl alcohol NF at 2.000% w/w, glyceryl stearate/PEG-100 stearate at 4.5% w/w and stearyl alcohol NF at 1.5% w/w.
  • alkyl C 12-15 benzoate NF at 5.000% w/w
  • cetyl alcohol NF at 2.000% w/w
  • glyceryl stearate/PEG-100 stearate at 4.5% w/w
  • stearyl alcohol NF at 1.5% w/w.
  • Phase B included diethylene glycol monoethyl ether NF at 5.000% w/w, glycerin USP at 2.000% w/w, propylene glycol USP at 1.750% w/w, phenoxyethanol NF at 0.463% w/w, purified water USP at 11.377% w/w and carbomer dispersion 2% at 50% w/w.
  • the percentages, amounts and further details are reflected in the following table.
  • Phase C included lactic acid USP at 0.400% w/w, sodium lactate solution USP at 2.000% w/w, triethanolamine NF at 1.300% w/w and purified water USP at 4.210% w/w.
  • the percentages, amounts and further details are reflected in the following table.
  • Phase D included titanium dioxide USP at 1.000% w/w. While Phase E included CoQ10 concentrate, 21% at 7.500% w/w. All weight percentages are relative to the weight of the entire 1.5% CoQ10 cream composition. The percentages, amounts and further details are reflected in the following table.
  • Phase A In preparing the 1.5% CoQ10 cream composition, the Phase A ingredients were weighed and heated to between 70-75° C. in a water bath. Phase B ingredients were added to a PK-2 Kettle and mixed with moderate sweep mixing while heating to between 70-75° C. When Phase B reaches 70-75° C. Phase A was added at 70-75° C. with moderate sweep mixing. Phase A and B were then recirculated through Silverson. The Phase C ingredients were weighed, mixed until uniform and heated to 60-65° C. Phase C ingredients were then added to the PK-2 kettle with sweep mixer on medium-high. While continuing to mix, Phase D was added to the batch in the PK-2 kettle. The batch was continually mixed and recirculated through the Silverson for 10 minutes or until completely uniform and fully extended.
  • the circulation was discontinued and the batch was cooled to between 50-55° C. with sweep mixer on medium. After warming the Phase E ingredients to between 45 and 50° C., they were added to the batch and the batch was mixed with vacuum at moderate speed until uniform. The temperature was maintained at 50° C. The batch was then cooled to 30-35° C. with low-moderate mixing and vacuum. The batch was then pumped to a holding container.
  • a 20 kg batch of CoQ10 Cream 1.5% composition was prepared by combining the ingredients of Phases A-E.
  • the weight percentages, amounts and further details of the ingredients for each phase are presented in the following table.
  • Phase A 1000 gm of Capric/Caprylic Triglyceride, 400 gm of cetyl alcohol NF, 300 gm of stearyl alcohol NF, and 900 gm of glyceryl stearate/PEG-100 were weighed. These pre-weighed Phase A ingredients were then added to a 4-L SS beaker and the container labeled as Phase A. Note that this pre-mix must be used within 24 hours. The Phase A container was then covered and put aside for later use.
  • Phase B 10,000 gm of Carbomer Dispersion 2%, as in example 11A, was weighed. Further, 400 gm of glycerin USP, 350 gm of propylene glycol, 1,000 gm of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether NF and 93 gm phenoxyethanol NF were weighed. 1675 gm of purified water was weighed and the container was labeled as “purified water for Phase B”. These pre-weighed Phase B ingredients were added to a 10-L SS beaker and labeled as Phase B. Note that this pre-mix must be used within 24 hours. The contents of the Phase B container were manually mixed with a spatula until clear and uniform. The Phase B container was then covered and put aside for later use.
  • Phase C 260 gm of triethanolamine NF, 400 gm of sodium lactate solution USP, 60%, 842 gm of purified water (labeled as “purified water for Phase C”), and 80 gm of lactic acid USP were weighed. These pre-weighed Phase C ingredients were then added to a 2-L SS beaker in the following order: (1) 260 gm of triethanolamine, (2) 400 gm sodium lactate solution, 60%, (3) 842 gm purified water USP for Phase C and (4) 80 gm lactic acid USP. Note that this pre-mix must be used within 24 hours. The contents of the Phase C container were then manually mixed with a spatula until clear and uniform. The Phase C container was then covered and put aside for later use.
  • Phase E 1500 gm of CoQ10 21% Concentrate was weighed and covered in a Phase E container and put aside for later use.
  • Phase A beaker was placed into a water bath set to 70-75° C. and the contents were mixed manually with a spatula until clear and uniform.
  • the Phase C beaker was then placed into a water bath set at 60-65° C. and the contents of the Phase C beaker were mixed manually with a spatula until clear and uniform.
  • the Phase E beaker was placed into a water bath and set to 50-55° C. The contents of the Phase E container were mixed manually with a spatula until clear and uniform.
  • E-1 water bath
  • PK-2 Lee vacuum Tank
  • P-1 Waukesha Pump
  • the sight glass was then removed from the PK-2 and Phase B, from the SS beaker, was slowly added into PK-2 through the sight glass portal.
  • the Phase B container was then rinsed with the “water for rinsing Phase B.”
  • the rinsate was added into the PK-2 through the sight glass portal.
  • Phase A was then slowly added to the PK-2.
  • a spatula was used to transfer any Phase A from the walls of the SS beaker. Note that the Phase A temperature must be between 70-80° C. when added to the PK-2.
  • the bottom valve from the PK-2 was then opened.
  • the P-1 (Waukesha Pump) and the P-2 (Silverson Homogenizer) were turned on and the contents of the PK-2 (Vacuum Tank) were homogenized.
  • Phase C was slowly added to the PK-2 through the access port. Note that the temperature must be between 70-80° C. when added to the PK-2. It was then ensured that the Homogenization was for greater than 5 minutes then the A-2 (agitator) was turned off. The pre-weighed 200.0 gm titanium dioxide of Phase D was then slowly sifted through a 100 mesh screen into the PK-2. A spatula was used to dislodge any titanium dioxide which sticks to the blades of the PK-2.
  • the sight glass was then replaced and A-2 was turned on.
  • the contents were continued to be mixed while recirculating through P-1 (Waukesha Pump) and P-2.
  • the contents were homogenized for 10 minutes or until completely uniform and fully extended (check color).
  • P-2 was stopped after 10 minutes.
  • the contents of the PK-2 were cooled to 50-60° C.
  • the sight glass was removed and the melted CoQ10 21% Concentrate (Phase E, as in Example 7A) was slowly added to the PK-2. The sight glass was then replaced.
  • the contents of the PK-2 were mixed until uniform and recirculated through P-1.
  • the temperature was maintained at 50-60° C.
  • the nitrogen NF flow was started and then the C-2 (vacuum pump) was turned on. Note that it is best to avoid foam up of the product.
  • the batch was then cooled to 45-50° C. and both the vacuum and the nitrogen NF were turned on.
  • the C-2 was turned off and any vacuum with the nitrogen NF was relieved.
  • the nitrogen NF flow remained on.
  • the outlet valve was then purged with product before collecting samples or packaging the product.
  • the product was transferred into pre-weighed, clean, HDPE closed-top containers.
  • the A-2, P-1 and nitrogen NF flow were turned off and the batch was completed and indicated on the TIC-2 chart.
  • Phase A included propylene glycol USP at 0.50% w/w and phenoxyethanol NF at 5.00% w/w.
  • Phase B included purified water USP at 92.50% w/w while Phase C included Carbomer 940 NF at 2.00% w/w. All weight percentages are relative to the weight of the entire CoQ10 cream 2.0% composition. The percentages and amounts of the ingredients are listed in the following table.
  • Phase A ingredients were mixed until clear and uniform.
  • a second container (Mix Tank) the purified water of Phase B was added. A portion of the purified water (“water for rinse”) was retained for rinsing the Phase A container. The water in the second container was heated to between 60 and 65° C. The Phase A ingredients were added to the water of Phase B and the “water for rinse” was used to rinse the Phase A container. The contents of the Phase A container were then mixed until clear and uniform. The mixer speed was increased while slowly adding (sprinkle) the Carbomer 940 of Phase C to the Mix Tank. Mixing was continued until all powder had been thoroughly dispersed and no “fish-eyes” were present. The temperature was maintained between 60 to 65° C. The contents were then transferred to a suitable container for storage.
  • Phase A included propylene glycol USP at 5.00% w/w and phenoxyethanol NF at 0.50% w/w.
  • Phase B included purified water USP at 92.50% w/w while Phase C included Carbomer 940 NF at 2.00% w/w. All weight percentages are relative to the weight of the entire CoQ10 cream 2.0% composition. The percentages, amounts and further details are listed in the following table.
  • phase A ingredients were mixed until clear and uniform.
  • the required amount of water was weighed and added to Kettle PK-1 (phase vessel).
  • the water in PK-1 was heated with hot water/steam jacket to 60-65° C.
  • Phase A was added to Phase B water with moderate agitation until clear and uniform.
  • Phase A container was rinsed with process water phase while maintaining the temperature at 60-65° C. Mixing was continued at medium-high agitation until all powder had been thoroughly dispersed and no “fish-eyes” were present.
  • the contents were sampled for micro quality, pH, specific gravity and viscosity.
  • the batch was then pumped into a clean & sanitized 5 gallon closed top carboy based on pH, specific gravity and viscosity within specifications.
  • Phase A included phenoxyethanol NF at 0.5o % w/w, propylene glycol USP at 5.00% w/w, purified water USP at 92.50% w/w and Carbomer 940 NF at 2.00% w/w.
  • the equipment used in this batch preparation included a Sartorius Balance, a Mettler Balance, a Chart Recorder, a Lee Phase Tank and a 2-L stainless steel (SS) beaker.
  • Phase A was prepared by weighing 90 gms of phenoxyethanol into a beaker. 900 gms of propylene glycol USP was then weighed into a 2-L SS beaker. The pre-weighed phenoxyethanol NF was then added to the 2-L SS beaker containing the pre-weighed propylene glycol. Phenoxyethanol residue remaining in the beaker was rinsed with approximately 1 ⁇ 3 of the “water for rinsing.” The container was then labeled as Phase A. Note that the pre-mix must be used within 24 hours.
  • Phase A was mixed with a spatula until clear and uniform. The spatula was removed while rinsing with 1/3 of the “water for rinsing.”
  • Phase A the dispersion was compounded using a Lee Phase Tank (PK-1).
  • PK-1 Lee Phase Tank
  • An appropriate labeled chart was placed in the TIC-1 (temperature recorder).
  • the TIC-1 Heneywell Temperature Recorder
  • the pre-weighed purified water USP was added to the PK-1.
  • the SS beaker was rinsed into the PK-1 with the remaining “water for rinsing.”
  • the agitator was turned on to moderate and the contents of the PK-1 were heated with the hot water/steam jacket to 60-65° C. Acceptable ranges also includes 55-70° C.
  • the agitator was set to the highest speed without causing splashing.
  • the pre-weighed Carbomer 940 NF was evenly sifted through a 50 mesh screen into PK-1 over a period of at least 15 minutes but not more than 20 minutes.
  • the targeted temperature was 60-65° C., however the acceptable range was 55-70° C.
  • the agitator was then turned on to high. Mixing continued for at least 1 hour at high agitation until all powder had been thoroughly dispersed and no “fish-eyes” were present. A spatula was used to disperse any powder that was caught on the edge into the vortex.
  • Phase A included alkyl C 12-15 benzoate NF at 4.00% w/w, cetyl alcohol NF at 2.00% w/w, glyceryl stearate/PEG-100 stearate at 4.50% w/w and stearyl alcohol NF at 1.5% w/w.
  • Phase A included alkyl C 12-15 benzoate NF at 4.00% w/w, cetyl alcohol NF at 2.00% w/w, glyceryl stearate/PEG-100 stearate at 4.50% w/w and stearyl alcohol NF at 1.5% w/w.
  • the percentages, amounts and further details are listed in the following table.
  • Phase B included diethylene glycol monoethyl ether NF at 5.00% w/w, glycerin USP at 2.00% w/w, propylene glycol USP at 1.50% w/w, phenoxyethanol NF at 0.475% w/w, purified water USP at 16.725% w/w and Carbomer Dispersion, 2% at 40% w/w.
  • the percentages and amounts of the ingredients are listed in the following table.
  • Phase C included lactic acid USP at 0.50% w/w, sodium lactate solution USP at 2.00% w/w, Triethanolamine NF at 1.30% w/w and purified water USP at 2.50% w/w.
  • the percentages and amounts of the ingredients are listed in the following table.
  • Phase D included titanium dioxide USP at 1.00% w/w while Phase E included CoQ10 21% concentrate, at 15.00% w/w.
  • the percentages and amounts of the ingredients are listed in the following table.
  • the Phase A ingredients were added to a suitable container and heated to between 70 and 80° C. in a water bath.
  • the Phase B ingredients, not including the Carbomer Dispersion, were added to a suitable container and mixed.
  • the Phase C ingredients were also added to a suitable container and then heated to between 70 and 80° C. in a water bath.
  • the CoQ10 concentrate of Phase E was placed in a suitable container and melted between 50 and 60° C. using a water bath. The ingredients were mixed as necessary to assure uniformity.
  • the Carbomer Dispersion was then added to a suitable container (Mix Tank) and heated to between 70 and 80° C. while being mixed. While the ingredients were being mixed, the Phase B ingredients were added to the contents of the Mix Tank while maintaining the temperature.
  • the contents were continually mixed and homogenized. The mixer was then turned off, however, homogenization was sustained. While the homogenization continued, the titanium dioxide of Phase D was added to the Mix Tank. The mixer was then turned on and the contents were mixed and further homogenized until completely uniform and fully extended (check color). Homogenization was then stopped and the batch was cooled to between 50 and 60° C. The mixer was then turned off and the melted CoQ10 concentrated was added to the Mix Tank. The mixer was subsequently turned on and the contents mixed/recirculated until dispersion was smooth and uniform. The contents of the Mix Tank were then cooled to between 45 and 50° C. The contents were then transferred to a suitable container for storage until unpacking.
  • Phase A included C 12-15 alkyl benzoate at 4.00% w/w, cetyl alcohol NF at 2.00% w/w, glyceryl stearate/PEG-100 stearate at 4.50% w/w and stearyl alcohol NF at 1.5% w/w.
  • Phase A included C 12-15 alkyl benzoate at 4.00% w/w, cetyl alcohol NF at 2.00% w/w, glyceryl stearate/PEG-100 stearate at 4.50% w/w and stearyl alcohol NF at 1.5% w/w.
  • the percentages and amounts are listed in the following table.
  • Phase B included diethylene glycol monoethyl ether NF at 5.00% w/w, glycerin USP at 2.00% w/w, propylene glycol USP at 1.50% w/w, phenoxyethanol NF at 0.475% w/w, purified water USP at 16.725% w/w and Carbomer Dispersion, 2% at 40% w/w.
  • the percentages and amounts are listed in the corresponding phase table below.
  • Phase C included lactic acid USP at 0.50% w/w, sodium lactate solution USP at 2.00% w/w, triethanolamine NF at 1.30% w/w and purified water USP at 2.50% w/w.
  • the percentages, amounts and further details are listed in the following table.
  • Phase D included titanium dioxide USP at 1.00% w/w while Phase E included CoQ10 21% concentrate at 15.00% w/w.
  • the percentages, amounts and further details are listed in the following table.
  • the Phase A ingredients were added to a suitable container and heated to between 70 and 80° C. in a water bath.
  • the Phase B ingredients, not including the Carbomer Dispersion, were added to a suitable container and mixed.
  • the Phase C ingredients were also added to a suitable container and then heated to between 70 and 80° C. in a water bath.
  • the CoQ10 21% concentrate of Phase E was placed in a suitable container and melted between 50 and 60° C. using a water bath. The ingredients were mixed as necessary to assure uniformity.
  • the Carbomer Dispersion was then added to a suitable container (Mix Tank) and heated to between 70 and 80° C. while being mixed. While the ingredients were being mixed, the Phase B ingredients were added to the contents of the Mix Tank while maintaining the temperature.
  • the contents were continually mixed and homogenized. The mixer was then turned off, however, homogenization was sustained. While the homogenization continued, the titanium dioxide of Phase D was added to the Mix Tank. The mixer was then turned on and the contents were mixed and further homogenized until completely uniform and fully extended (check color). Homogenization was then stopped and the batch was cooled to between 50 and 60° C. The mixer was then turned off and the melted CoQ10 21% concentrated was added to the Mix Tank. The mixer was subsequently turned on and the contents mixed/recirculated until dispersion was smooth and uniform. The contents of the Mix Tank were then cooled to between 45 and 50° C. The contents were then transferred to a suitable container for storage until unpacking.
  • Phase A included Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride at 4.00% w/w, cetyl alcohol NF at 2.00% w/w, glyceryl stearate/PEG-100 stearate at 4.50% w/w and stearyl alcohol NF at 1.5% w/w.
  • Phase A included Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride at 4.00% w/w, cetyl alcohol NF at 2.00% w/w, glyceryl stearate/PEG-100 stearate at 4.50% w/w and stearyl alcohol NF at 1.5% w/w.
  • the percentages and amounts are listed in the following table.
  • Phase B included diethylene glycol monoethyl ether NF at 5.00% w/w, glycerin USP at 2.00% w/w, propylene glycol USP at 1.50% w/w, phenoxyethanol NF at 0.475% w/w, purified water USP at 16.725% w/w and Carbomer Dispersion, 2% at 40% w/w.
  • the percentages and amounts are listed in the corresponding phase table below.
  • Phase C included lactic acid USP at 0.50% w/w, sodium lactate solution USP at 2.00% w/w, triethanolamine NF at 1.30% w/w and purified water USP at 2.50% w/w.
  • the percentages, amounts and further details are listed in the following table.
  • Phase D included titanium dioxide USP at 1.00% w/w while Phase E included CoQ10 21% concentrate at 15.00% w/w.
  • the percentages, amounts and further details are listed in the following tables.
  • the Phase A ingredients were added to a suitable container and heated to between 70 and 80° C. in a water bath.
  • the Phase B ingredients, not including the Carbomer Dispersion, were added to a suitable container and mixed.
  • the Phase C ingredients were also added to a suitable container and then heated to between 70 and 80° C. in a water bath.
  • the CoQ10 21% concentrate of Phase E was placed in a suitable container and melted between 50 and 60° C. using a water bath. The ingredients were mixed as necessary to assure uniformity.
  • the Carbomer Dispersion was then added to a suitable container (Mix Tank) and heated to between 70 and 80° C. while being mixed. While the ingredients were being mixed, the Phase B ingredients were added to the contents of the Mix Tank while maintaining the temperature.
  • the contents were continually mixed and homogenized. The mixer was then turned off, however, homogenization was sustained. While the homogenization continued, the titanium dioxide of Phase D was added to the Mix Tank. The mixer was then turned on and the contents were mixed and further homogenized until completely uniform and fully extended (check color). Homogenization was then stopped and the batch was cooled to between 50 and 60° C. The mixer was then turned off and the melted CoQ10 21% concentrated was added to the Mix Tank. The mixer was subsequently turned on and the contents mixed/recirculated until dispersion was smooth and uniform. The contents of the Mix Tank were then cooled to between 45 and 50° C. The contents were then transferred to a suitable container for storage until unpacking.
  • a 20 kg batch of CoQ10 Cream 3.0% composition was prepared by combining the ingredients of Phases A-E.
  • the weight percentages, amounts and further details of the ingredients for each phase are presented in the following table.
  • Phase D titanium dioxide USP
  • water for rinsing-Phase B purified water
  • Phase A 800 gm of Capric/Caprylic Triglyceride, 400 gm of cetyl alcohol NF, 300 gm of stearyl alcohol NF, 900 gm of glyceryl stearate/PEG-100 stearate were weighed. These pre-weighed Phase A ingredients were added to a 4-L SS beaker and labeled as Phase A. Note that this premix must be used within 24 hours. The Phase A container is then covered and put aside for later use.
  • Phase B 8,000 gm of Carbomer Dispersion 2.0%, 400 gm of glycerin USP, 300 gm of propylene glycol, 1,000 gm diethylene glycol monoethyl Ether NF, 95 gm of phenoxyethanol NF, and 2,745 gm purified water USP (labeled “Purified Water for Phase B”) were weighed. These pre-weighed Phase B ingredients were then added to a 10-L SS beaker. Note that this pre-mix must be used within 24 hours. The contents of the Phase B container were manually mixed using a spatula until clear and uniform. The Phase B container was then covered and put aside for later use.
  • Phase C 260 gm of triethanolamine NF, 400 gm of sodium lactate solution USP, 60%, 500 gm of purified water (labeled “Purified Water for Phase C”), and 100 gm of lactic acid USP were weighed. These Phase C ingredients were then added to a 2-L SS beaker in the following order: (1) 260 gm of trolamine, (2) 400 gm of sodium lactate solution, 60%, (3) 500 gm of purified water for Phase C, and (4) 100 gm of lactic acid USP. The container was labeled Phase C. Note that this premix must be used within 24 hours. The contents of the Phase C container were then manually mixed with a spatula until clear and uniform. The Phase C container was then covered and put aside for later use.
  • Phase E 3,000 gm of CoQ10 21% Concentrate was weighed and placed in a container labeled Phase E. The Phase E container was covered and put aside for later use.
  • Phases A, C and E For compounding the CoQ10 Cream 3%, 2 water baths were used to heat Phases A, C and E.
  • the Phase A beaker was placed into a water bath set to 70-75° C. and the contents were mixed manually with a spatula until clear and uniform.
  • the Phase C beaker was placed into a water bath that was set to 60-65° C. The contents of the Phase C beaker were manually mixed with a spatula until clear and uniform.
  • the Phase E beaker was placed into a water bath and was set to a temperature of 50-55° C. The contents of the Phase E beaker were manually mixed with a spatula until clear and uniform.
  • a water bath E-1
  • a Lee Vacuum Tank PK-2
  • a Waukesha Pump P-1
  • a square hole high shear screen for Silverson Homogenizer were used.
  • the agitator (A-2) for the PK-2 was turned on and the Carbomer Dispersion 2.0% was heated with the steam jacket to 70-80° C.
  • the sight glass was then removed from the PK-2 and Phase B was slowly added, from the SS beaker to the PK-2, through the sight glass portal.
  • the Phase B container was then rinsed with the “water for rinsing-Phase B.” This rinsate was then added to the PK-2 through the sight glass portal.
  • Phase A was then slowly added to the PK-2.
  • a spatula was used to transfer any Phase A remaining on the walls of the SS beaker. Note that the temperature of the Phase A must be between 70-80° C. when added to the PK-2.
  • the bottom valve of the PK-2 was then opened and the P-1 pump and P-2 (Silverson homogenizer) were turned on. The contents of the PK-2 were homogenized.
  • Phase C was then slowly added to the PK-2 through the access port. Note that the temperature must be between 70-80° C. when added. It was ensured the homogenization endured for at least 5 minutes, then the A-2 agitator was turned off. The pre-weighed 200 gm titanium dioxide USP was then slowly sifted through a 100 mesh screen to the PK-2. A spatula was used to dislodge any titanium dioxide that had been stuck to the blades of the PK-2.
  • the sight glass was then replaced and the A-2 agitator turned on. The contents were continued to be mixed while recirculating through P-1 and P-2. Homogenization was allowed to continue for 10 minutes or until completely uniform and fully extended. After 10 minutes P-2 was stopped. The contents of PK-2 were then cooled to 50-60° C. The sight glass was then removed, and the melted CoQ10 21% concentrate of Phase E was slowly added through the access port. The sight glass was then replaced.
  • the contents of the PK-2 were then mixed with A-2 until uniform.
  • the temperature was maintained at 50-60° C. and the contents were recirculated through the P-1.
  • the nitrogen NF flow was then started and the C-2 vacuum pump turned on. Note that avoidance of foam up of the product is preferred.
  • the batch was then cooled to 45-50° C. then both the vacuum and the nitrogen were turned on.
  • C-2 vacuum pump
  • the outlet valve was purged with product before collecting samples or packaging the product.
  • the product was then transferred into pre-weighed, clean, HDPE closed-top containers.
  • the A-2 agitator, P-1 Waukesha pump and the nitrogen NF flow were turned off.
  • the batch was completed and indicated on the TIC-2 chart.
  • a CoQ10 cream 3.0% composition as described above (e.g., examples 15 and 16), was topically applied to in situ cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCIS). Thirty five (35) subjects were topically treated with a 3.0% CoQ10 water-in-oil emulsion cream base medication. The medication was shipped and stored at room temperature in light-resistant containers.
  • SCCIS in situ cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas
  • the analysis populations were defined as (1) Intent-to-Treat (ITT) Population, (2) Safety Population and (3) Per Protocol (PP) population.
  • ITT Intent-to-Treat
  • PP Per Protocol
  • the ITT population included all subjects who were dispensed the investigational drug (CoQ10 3%).
  • the Safety population included all subjects who took at least one dose of the investigational product.
  • the PP population included all subjects who had SCCIS confirmed via histological results at baseline, had a Week 6 histological examination and did not miss any interim visits.
  • the subjects were otherwise healthy male or female adults with at least one histologically confirmed non-facial SCCIS lesion.
  • the SCCIS lesions which were suitable for excision, had a minimum area of 0.5 cm 2 and a maximum diameter of 2.0 cm, and were in a location that could be protected from sunlight by clothing during the study.
  • the subject washed the lesion site then dispensed a small pea sized (50-100 mg) amount of the topical cream medication onto a piece of wax paper or applicator.
  • the subject then applied the appropriate amount of cream to the lesion and surrounding area using a cotton swab or applicator stick.
  • the treated area was not washed for at least 8 hours following application.
  • the procedure was repeated.
  • the lesion and surrounding area was protected from sunlight with clothing.
  • the lesions' diameters were also measured and the areas calculated to evaluate the efficacy of the CoQ10 3% treatment.
  • a discontinuation visit where a record was taken of the vital signs and the clinical signs/symptoms were graded.
  • a physical examination was also performed at the 6 week discontinuation visit.
  • fasting blood samples were also collected within 3 hours of the final cream application to determine CoQ10 plasma concentrations. The lesions were photographed, the diameters were measured and the area was calculated.
  • results of the topical treatment of SCCIS with CoQ10 cream 3% showed efficacy as depicted in the before and after photographs of FIGS. 4-9 .
  • the primary efficacy endpoint was the percentage of subjects with a complete response defined as a negative histology assessment of the target lesion at Week 6.
  • Secondary efficacy endpoints are reflected in the percentage of subjects with a partial response, defined as at least a 50% decrease in the area (the product of the two principal diameters) of the treated lesion at Week 6.
  • the results showed that 23.5% of the ITT population had a complete response at Week 6 while 18.5% of the PP Population had a complete response at Week 6.
  • the ITT Population had a 26.5% partial 50% response and 2.9% had a 75% partial response at Week 6.
  • a partial response was observed as early as Week 1 in 2 subjects and Week 2 in 8 subjects. The highest partial response rates occurred at Weeks 4 and 5.
  • 4 subjects did not have a partial response based on visual inspection, and none had a 75% response.
  • 22.2% had a 50% partial response while 0% had a 75% partial response.
  • the mean change and mean percentage change in lesion area were ⁇ 0.3 cm 2 and ⁇ 26.1% respectively, in the ITT Population at Week 6 and ⁇ 0.3 cm 2 and ⁇ 23.4% respectively in the PP Population.
  • Basal cell carcinoma is the most common form of cutaneous malignancy, and overall the most common form of cancer in the United States.
  • the American Cancer Society estimates that over 800,000 new cases of basal cell carcinoma are diagnosed each year.
  • Superficial basal cell carcinoma (sBCC) rarely metastasizes and is usually curable through surgical excision or topical agents.
  • sBCC superficial basal cell carcinoma
  • the sBCC lesion was non-facial and was capable of being protected from sunlight during the study.
  • This study was a randomized, double-blind vehicle-controlled, parallel study. Each subject was randomized to one of four (4) study arms: 1.5% CoQ10 cream qd (once daily) plus vehicle cream qd (once daily), 3.0% CoQ10 cream qd (once daily) plus vehicle cream qd (once daily), 3.0% CoQ10 cream bid (twice daily), or vehicle cream bid (twice daily). Each arm had 40 patients.
  • the lesion diameters were measured and the area calculated. The area is determined by measuring the two largest perpendicular diameters and multiplying for a result in cm 2 .
  • the subjects' vital signs were taken and recorded and a physical examination was performed.
  • Fasting blood samples were collected and a complete blood count (CBC) test was performed as well as a clinical chemistry with lipid panel test.
  • Blood samples were collected for determination of baseline CoQ10 plasma concentrations, duplicate samples were collected and packaged.
  • Urinalysis was also performed and for women of childbearing potential a urine pregnancy test was performed. The subjects were then graded for the following clinical signs/symptoms of cutaneous irritation: erythema, peeling, dryness, itching and burning/stinging.
  • the dosing regimen consisted of washing the lesion site at approximately the same time each morning, dispensing a small pea sized (50-100 mg) amount of topical cream from the AM tub onto a piece of wax paper or applicator. The subject then applied the appropriate amount of cream to the lesion and surrounding area using a Q-tip or applicator stick. The treated area was not washed for at least 8 hours. At approximately the same time each evening, the procedure was repeated using topical cream from the PM tube.
  • the vital signs were recorded as at the initial treatment visit and the clinical signs/symptoms were graded.
  • the lesion diameter was measured and the area was calculated.
  • a physical examination was also performed.
  • Fasting blood samples were also collected after the final cream application. Blood samples were collected no more than 3 hours after the final cream application for determination of CoQ10 plasma concentrations.
  • a complete blood count (CBC) test was performed and a clinical chemistry with lipid panel test was performed.
  • Treatment results showed, after reviewing the pathology of 110 subjects, that at least 20% of the patients who were topically treated with the CoQ10 cream 3% demonstrated diminishment of symptoms as measured by an art recognized endpoint. In particular, 24 out the 110 subjects had no evidence of sBCC based on biopsy of the lesion site at 8 weeks.
  • mice Seventy-two BALB/c mice were randomly divided into nine groups of eight mice each (Groups I-IX). Group I was untreated. On day 0, groups II-VIII were topically treated with 0.1 g of the test article (an oil-in-water cream emulsion containing 3% w/w CoQ10 cream spiked with C-14 radiolabeled API 31510) at a rate of 5 mg/cm 2 .
  • the radioactive API 31510 was added to the 3% cream batch to yield an experimental cream formulation with a specific activity of approximately 50 ⁇ Ci/g of product or 5 ⁇ Ci/application dose.
  • the test article was topically applied to the skin of the back of each mouse in Groups II-IX with a glass rod Immediately following dosing the group II animals were sacrificed and a measured amount of blood, urine, feces and the target organs (liver, pancreas and spleen) were collected and weighed. The blood was processed for serum and each organ was homogenized. Groups III-VIII were sacrificed at 2, 4, 8, 12, 18 and 24 hours following dosing, respectively, and the same samples were collected. Group IX was treated topically with 0.1 g of the test article for seven days (Days 0-6). On day 7, 24 hours following the final application of the test article on Day 6, groups I and IX were sacrificed and the same samples collected as for the previous groups. Each sample was measured for disintegrations per minute (DPM) and the mean DPM/sample type was calculated for each group.
  • DPM disintegrations per minute
  • Evaluation was based on the measurement of levels of radioactivity of serum, urine, feces and target organs (liver, pancreas and spleen) at the various time points with the objective of determining relative levels of percutaneous penetration of the test article over 24 hours and determining where the drug accumulates with the method of application.
  • Disintegrations per minute are presented in Table 63 and were measured on a scintillation counter for each type of tissue sample from each animal. The average DPM for each sample type was calculated. After the results were converted to 1 mL amounts, the averages were then divided by average organ weights to obtain the DPM per tissue gram result. The control (Group I) results were then subtracted from each of the other group results to remove background radiation amounts and obtain the actual number of average DPM per tissue gram for each sample in the group. By dividing by a constant of 2,220,000, the results were converted to microcuries per tissue gram. The final results represent picocuries (microcuries ⁇ 1000) per tissue gram. The results for the organs were presented in the chart below and in FIG. 41 . Please note that the present application does not contain a Table 94.
  • the data reflects that the test article accumulated substantially in the pancreas at approximately eight (8) hours after dosing and also, in lesser amounts, in the liver at eight hours after dosing.
  • the amount of picocuries per tissue gram in the spleen and pancreas decreased to nearly zero by 18 hours after dosing.
  • the Hour 0 liver results were abnormal because of a single animal with an exceptionally high amount of DPM at zero hours after dosing.
  • One possible explanation for this abnormally high result is that the animal managed to ingest the test article directly, either by licking its own skin or licking its paws after rubbing the dose site. That possibility would send the test article to the liver much quicker than percutaneous absorption.
  • the liver amounts decreased slightly at 12 hours but then increased slightly at 18 hours and remained consistent through 24 hours.
  • Groups II-VIII were dosed with 4.112 microcuries of test article.
  • the chart below presents the amount of microcuries in each target organ at each time period.
  • the average percentage of test article in microcuries that reached the target organs is 0.03%, 0.07% and 0.01% for the pancreas, liver and spleen, respectively.
  • test article accumulated substantially in the feces at eight hours after dosing, continued to be present at 12 hours after dosing but was substantially lower by 18 hours after dosing. There was no indication that the test article accumulated in the urine at any point during the study.
  • test article did not accumulate in the blood; with the exception that test article may have been present in the blood at 18 hours after dosing. It is an oddity that there was no significant amounts of test article found in the blood, especially since test article was observed in the liver and pancreas.
  • One explanation is percutaneous absorption of the test article through the skin directly to the organs; however, it is unlikely that the test article would not enter the blood after penetrating the skin.
  • Another possibility is that the blood immediately recognized a foreign substance and deposited the test material in the liver. The last dosing for Group II was at 10:23 am and the first sacrificed for Group II was at 10:45 am. Twenty-two minutes may have been enough time for the blood to rid itself of the foreign material.
  • Group IX data was calculated separately as the animals in Group IX were dosed repeatedly instead of once and were allowed 7 days to absorb the test article.
  • Group IX data is presented in the charts below.
  • Average picocuries per tissue gram for Groups II-VIII were 1.24, 2.83 and 0.38 for the pancreas, liver and spleen respectively.
  • Group IX results for the organs were lower than average for the pancreas, close to average for the liver and higher than average for the spleen.
  • the data indicates that there were increasing amounts of test article in the spleen by Day 7 and that the amounts of test article in the liver at Day 7 were comparable to the same amounts found in the liver at 18 and 24 hours after dosing.
  • Group IX blood results indicate that the test article was not present in the blood.
  • test article could have been ingested directly by the animals, either by licking the dose itself or licking paws that had rubbed on the dose site.
  • ROS reactive oxygen species
  • a progressive shift of energy generation from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis would be essential for a cell to maintain energy production to maintain physiological functions and could be associated with the progression of a normal cell phenotype to that of a cancer cell.
  • the progressive shift in cellular energy (bioenergetic) profile in tandem with accumulated alteration (mutations) in mitochondrial genetic make-up alters the cellular metabolome. Changes in the whole cell metabolomic profile as a consequence of mitochondrial phosphorylation to glycolysis transition corresponds to an abnormal bioenergetic induced metabolomic profile and is the underlying cause supporting carcinogenesis.
  • Targeted intervention using an endogenous molecule to elicit a cellular metabolomic shift towards conditions of a non-cancerous normal mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation associated cellular bioenergetic state represents a therapeutic endpoint in the treatment of cancer.

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