US20070299014A1 - Casein hydrolyzate, process for producing the same and use thereof - Google Patents

Casein hydrolyzate, process for producing the same and use thereof Download PDF

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US20070299014A1
US20070299014A1 US10/565,497 US56549704A US2007299014A1 US 20070299014 A1 US20070299014 A1 US 20070299014A1 US 56549704 A US56549704 A US 56549704A US 2007299014 A1 US2007299014 A1 US 2007299014A1
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pro
casein
enzymes
hydrolysate
peptides
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Naoyuki Yamamoto
Seiichi Mizuno
Shingo Nishimura
Hideo Nishimura
Takanobu Gotou
Keiichi Matsuura
Tadashi Shinoda
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Asahi Soft Drinks Co Ltd
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Calpis Co Ltd
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Assigned to CALPIS CO., LTD. reassignment CALPIS CO., LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GOTOU, TAKANOBU, MATSUURA, KEIICHI, MIZUNO, SEIICHI, NISHIMURA, HIDEO, LEGAL REPRESENTATIVE OF SHINGO NISHIMURA (DECEASED), SHINODA, TADASHI, YAMAMOTO, NAOYUKI
Publication of US20070299014A1 publication Critical patent/US20070299014A1/en
Priority to US12/873,500 priority Critical patent/US8580557B2/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
    • C07K5/06—Dipeptides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
    • C07K5/06—Dipeptides
    • C07K5/06104—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being acidic
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
    • A23L33/17—Amino acids, peptides or proteins
    • A23L33/18—Peptides; Protein hydrolysates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/12—Antihypertensives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
    • C07K5/06—Dipeptides
    • C07K5/06008—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
    • C07K5/06017—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
    • C07K5/06—Dipeptides
    • C07K5/06008—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
    • C07K5/06017—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic
    • C07K5/06034—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic the side chain containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
    • C07K5/06—Dipeptides
    • C07K5/06086—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being basic
    • C07K5/06095—Arg-amino acid
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
    • C07K5/08—Tripeptides
    • C07K5/0802—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
    • C07K5/0804—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic
    • C07K5/081—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic the side chain containing O or S as heteroatoms, e.g. Cys, Ser
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to casein hydrolysate which is obtained by hydrolysis of animal milk casein, is expected to exhibit various functions including angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory activity and hypotensive effect, and is useful for various food and medicine, as well as to a method for preparing such casein hydrolysate, and use thereof.
  • a variety of peptides have been reported having various functions, such as hypotensive effect, anti-bacterial activity, calcium solubilizing effect, and immunomodulating effect, and these peptides are in use in food and medicine.
  • hypotensive peptides have been proposed, many of which have angiotensin converting enzyme (abbreviated as ACE hereinbelow) inhibitory activity.
  • ACE converts a precursor, angiotensin I, to angiotensin II having vasoconstrictive activity in living organism, to thereby raise the blood pressure.
  • peptides having ACE inhibitory activity are expected to exhibit hypotensive effect by inhibiting ACE to suppress production of angiotensin II in living organism.
  • hypotensive peptides researches are usually directed first to peptides having ACE inhibitory activity, so that hypotensive effect of the proposed peptides are mainly indicated by ACE inhibitory effect as reference index.
  • a great number of agents having hypotensive effect evaluated by the ACE inhibitory activity as reference index have been proposed to date, and are in use for prevention and treatment of hypertension.
  • in vivo indigestible peptides are expected to be advantageous that have high absorbability and digestion resistance against various digestive enzymes in living organism.
  • development of enzymatic digestion products for food or medicine and methods for producing such products are desired, which products have high in vivo digestion resistance, and can effectively express their desired functions without undergoing complicated processes such as concentration, purification, or isolation after the enzymatic digestion.
  • Patent Publication 1 discloses a method for producing a low molecular weight peptide mixture mainly composed of dipeptides and tripeptides, having an average chain length of not longer than 3, and having excellent intestinal absorbability.
  • the peptide mixture is prepared from soybean protein by simultaneous or sequential action of two or more enzymes having endoprotease activity but substantially no exoprotease activity, with not higher than 5% free amino acids being generated.
  • Patent Publication 2 discloses functional food utilizing soybean protein digestion products and method for producing the same.
  • the digestion products contain as active ingredients a dipeptide and tripeptides consisting of Ala-Tyr, Gly-Tyr-Tyr, Ala-Asp-Phe, and Ser-Asp-Phe, prepared by digesting heat denatured soybean protein with enzymes such as proteases derived from Aspergillus oryzae .
  • the digestion products preferably have an average peptide chain length of 2 to 4, and contain 20 to 30 wt % free amino acids.
  • Patent Publications 3 and 4 propose methods for preparing peptides having various functions by digesting animal milk casein with enzymes such as proteases and peptidases, and particular functional peptides obtained by the methods.
  • Patent Publication 1 JP-5-252979-A
  • Patent Publication 2 JP-2003-210138-A
  • Patent Publication 3 JP-6-128287-A
  • Patent Publication 4 JP-2001-136995-A
  • the present inventors have made intensive researches for achieving the above objects, to find out that, by hydrolyzing animal milk casein to have an average chain length of not longer than 2.1 in terms of the number of amino acid residues, a casein hydrolysate containing free amino acids and low molecular weight peptides, such as tripeptides and dipeptides, may be obtained, wherein free amino acids and in vivo indigestible peptide molecules having a residue Pro at the carboxyl terminal are efficiently formed.
  • the present inventors have also found out that the in vivo indigestible peptides having a residue Pro at the carboxyl terminal are expected to have high digestion resistance against in vivo peptidases, so that it is quite possible for such indigestible peptides to fully exhibit their functions in living organism, and that the casein hydrolysate has a high content of peptides having good in vivo absorbability, such as dipeptides and tripeptides, so that the casein hydrolysate is capable of fully exhibiting various functions, such as hypotensive effect, in living organism, to thereby completing the present invention.
  • the present inventors have made researches for enzymes that efficiently produce the case in hydrolysate of the present invention from various known enzymes to find out that a particular class of enzymes is particularly capable of efficiently producing the casein hydrolysate of the present invention.
  • a casein hydrolysate comprising free amino acids and peptides obtained by hydrolyzing animal milk casein to have an average chain length of not longer than 2.1 in terms of the number of amino acid residues. More specifically, the present invention provides the casein hydrolysate mentioned above wherein the peptides comprises in vivo indigestible peptides consisting of dipeptides having a sequence Xaa-Pro and tripeptides having a sequence Xaa-Pro-Pro, and wherein a content of the dipeptides having a sequence Xaa-Pro is not lower than 5 wt % of a total amount of the peptides and the free amino acids in the hydrolysate, and a content of the tripeptides having a sequence Xaa-Pro-Pro is not lower than 1 wt % of a total amount of the peptides and the free amino acids in the hydrolysate.
  • Xaa may be any amino acid.
  • a method for preparing the casein hydrolysate mentioned above comprising the step of (A) hydrolyzing animal milk casein to have an average chain length of not longer than 2.1 with a group of enzymes capable of digesting animal milk casein into a casein hydrolysate having an average chain length of not longer than 2.1 in terms of the number of amino acid residues.
  • an agent having ACE inhibitory activity or hypotensive effect comprising the above casein hydrolysate as an active ingredient.
  • the casein hydrolysate of the present invention contains free amino acids and low molecular weight peptides such as in vivo indigestible peptides, obtained by hydrolyzing animal milk casein to have an average chain length of not longer than 2.1 in terms of the number of amino acid residues.
  • the present casein hydrolysate is expected to exhibit, by oral administration, excellent in vivo absorbability and various functions in living organism, and to be useful for various functional food, medicine, and food additives.
  • the present casein hydrolysate is expected to be used in an agent having ACE inhibitory activity or hypotensive effect containing the present hydrolysate as an active ingredient.
  • the present method includes the step (A) of hydrolyzing animal milk casein to have an average chain length of not longer than 2.1 with a group of enzymes capable of digesting animal milk casein into a casein hydrolysate having an average chain length of not longer than 2.1 in terms of the number of amino acid residues.
  • the method allows easy and efficient production of the casein hydrolysate of the present invention. Accordingly, the present method is advantageous in industrial production of the casein hydrolysate of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing the results of evaluation of in vivo absorbability and digestion resistance of Xaa-Pro and Xaa-Pro-Pro performed in Example 1.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing the results of experiment for determining dose-dependent hypotensive effect of the casein hydrolysate powders prepared in Example 1.
  • FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the elution pattern of bound protein with a linear gradient of 0 to 0.6 M NaCl and the proteolytic activity in Analysis Example 1.
  • FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the digestion time of casein with the group of enzymes and the ACE inhibitory activity of the resulting casein hydrolysate in Example 3.
  • FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between the average chain length and the ACE inhibitory activity of the casein hydrolysate obtained by hydrolysis of casein with the group of enzymes in Example 3.
  • the casein hydrolysate of the present invention contains free amino acids and peptides obtained by hydrolyzing animal milk casein to have a particular range of average chain length in terms of the number of amino acid residues.
  • the amount of the free amino acids and the peptides is preferably not less than 80 wt %, more preferably 80 to 90 wt % of the total amount of the casein hydrolysate. It is particularly preferred that the hydrolysate has a particular content of in vivo indigestible peptides as the peptides, composed of dipeptides having the sequence Xaa-Pro and tripeptides having the sequence Xaa-Pro-Pro.
  • the peptides may be peptide salts.
  • the average chain length may be expressed as a ratio of the total number of moles of the peptides and the free amino acids generated by hydrolysis of animal milk casein with respect to the number of moles of all the amino acids in the casein acid hydrolysate of the same weight.
  • the casein acid hydrolysate is obtained by digesting casein protein into single amino acids.
  • OPA o-phthalaldehyde
  • the in vivo indigestible peptides mean dipeptides Xaa-Pro and tripeptides Xaa-Pro-Pro having Pro at the carboxyl terminal, which have high digestion resistance against in vivo peptidases when absorbed intestinally in living organism.
  • the average chain length of the hydrolysate obtained by hydrolyzing animal milk casein is not longer than 2.1, preferably 1.1 to 2.1, more preferably 1.3 to 2.1, in terms of the number of amino acid residues.
  • the average chain length of longer than 2.1 the contents of the desired dipeptides and tripeptides as well as the free amino acids are low, and thus the content of the desired in vivo absorbable and in vivo indigestible peptides is low.
  • the content of the dipeptides having the sequence Xaa-Pro in the casein hydrolysate of the present invention is usually not lower than 5 wt %, preferably 5 to 25 wt % of the total amount of the peptides and the free amino acids in the hydrolysate. At less than 5 wt %, desired in vivo absorbability is lowered and the expression of the functions is insufficient.
  • the content of the tripeptides having the sequence Xaa-Pro-Pro in the casein hydrolysate of the present invention is usually not lower than 1 wt %, preferably 1 to 5 wt % of the total amount of the peptides and the free amino acids in the hydrolysate. At less than 1 wt %, desired in vivo absorbability is lowered and the expression of the functions is insufficient.
  • Xaa in the dipeptides having the sequence Xaa-Pro and in the tripeptides having the sequence Xaa-Pro-Pro may be any amino acid.
  • the casein hydrolysate of the present invention may preferably contain Ile-Pro, Glu-Pro, Arg-Pro, Gln-Pro, Met-Pro, and Tyr-Pro as the dipeptides having the sequence Xaa-Pro, and Ser-Pro-Pro, Ile-Pro-Pro, and Val-Pro-Pro as the tripeptides having the sequence Xaa-Pro-Pro.
  • the casein hydrolysate of the present invention contains free amino acids in addition to the peptides.
  • the content of the free amino acids is usually 35 to 50 wt %, preferably 40 to 45 wt % of the total amount of the peptides and the free amino acids in the hydrolysate.
  • the casein hydrolysate of the present invention may optionally contain, in addition to the peptides and the free amino acids, for example, lipid, ash, carbohydrate, dietary fibers, and water, which are usually contained in commercially available animal milk casein, in an amount of about 10 to 20 wt %. Some or all of these ingredients may be removed as desired.
  • the casein hydrolysate of the present invention may be prepared, for example, by the method of the present invention including the step of (A) hydrolyzing animal milk casein to have an average chain length of not longer than 2.1 with a group of enzymes capable of digesting animal milk casein into a hydrolysate having an average chain length of not longer than 2.1 in terms of the number of amino acid residues.
  • the animal milk casein is a protein having a high Pro content and confirmed safety for use in food and the like, and may be, for example, casein from cow's milk, horse's milk, goat's milk, and sheep's milk, with cow's milk casein being particularly preferred.
  • the casein concentration in hydrolyzing animal milk casein is not particularly limited, and may preferably be 3 to 19 wt % for efficient production of the hydrolysate of the present invention.
  • the group of enzymes used in the method of the present invention may be any group of enzymes wherein enzymes capable of digesting animal milk casein into a hydrolysate having an average chain length of not longer than 2.1 in terms of the number of amino acid residues are suitably selected and combined.
  • a group of enzymes (X) containing peptidases capable of cleaving the peptide bond Pro-Xaa in the carboxyl terminal of Xaa-Pro-Xaa or Xaa-Pro-Pro-Xaa may preferably be used.
  • the group of enzymes (X) may preferably contain serine proteinases having serine at the active center, or metalloproteinases having a metal at the active center.
  • the metalloproteinases may be neutral protease I, neutral protease II, or leucine amino peptidase. With at least one of these metalloproteinases, the objective hydrolysate may be obtained efficiently in a short time, and even in a one-step reaction, thus being preferred.
  • the peptidases capable of cleaving the peptide bond Pro-Xaa may preferably be enzymes having isoelectric points in the acid region.
  • the group of enzymes or the group of enzymes (X) may be, for example, a group of extracellular enzymes derived from koji mold such as Aspergillus oryzae .
  • a group of extracellular enzymes may be those obtained by culturing cell body in an appropriate medium, and water-extracting the enzymes produced extracellularly.
  • a group of extracellular enzymes derived from Aspergillus oryzae having isoelectric points in the acid region are particularly preferred.
  • the group of extracellular enzymes derived from Aspergillus oryzae may be a commercial product, such as SUMIZYME FP, LP, or MP (all registered trademarks, manufactured by SHIN NIHON CHEMICAL CO., LTD.), UMAMIZYME (registered trademark, manufactured by AMANO ENZYME, INC.), Sternzyme B11024 and PROHIDROXY AMPL (both trade names, manufactured by HIGUCHI INC.), ORIENTASE ONS (registered trademark, manufactured by HANKYU BIOINDUSTRY CO.), and DENAZYME AP (registered trademark, manufactured by NAGASE SEIKAGAKU), with SUMIZYME FP (registered trademark, manufactured by SHIN NIHON CHEMICAL CO., LTD.) being particularly preferred.
  • SUMIZYME FP registered trademark, manufactured by SHIN NIHON CHEMICAL CO., LTD.
  • MP all registered trademarks, manufactured by SHIN NIHON CHEM
  • Such commercially available enzymes usually have specific optimum conditions.
  • the conditions such as the amount of enzymes used and the reaction time, may suitably be adjusted depending on the group of enzymes used so that the casein hydrolysate of the present invention may be obtained.
  • the group of enzymes may be, for example, added to an aqueous solution of animal milk casein at a group of enzymes/animal milk casein ratio of not lower than 1/1000, preferably 1/10 to 1/1000, more preferably 1/10 to 1/100, most preferably 1/10 to 1/40, by weight.
  • the reaction conditions may suitably be selected depending on the group of enzymes used so that the objective casein hydrolysate is obtained.
  • the reaction may usually be effected at 25 to 60° C., preferably 45 to 55° C., at pH 3 to 10, preferably 5 to 9, more preferably 5 to 8.
  • the enzyme reaction time is usually 2 to 48 hours, preferably 7 to 15 hours.
  • the enzyme reaction may be terminated by inactivating the enzymes. Usually, the enzymes are inactivated at 60 to 110° C. to terminate the reaction.
  • the resulting precipitate may preferably be removed by centrifugation or through various filters, as desired.
  • the obtained hydrolysate may be subjected to removal of peptides having bitter taste or odor, which may be effected using activated carbon, a hydrophobic resin, or the like.
  • activated carbon a hydrophobic resin, or the like.
  • 1 to 20 wt % of activated carbon with respect to the amount of casein used may be added to the hydrolysate, and reacted for 1 to 10 hours to remove such bitter and odorous components.
  • the activated carbon used may be removed by a conventional method, such as centrifugation or membrane filtration.
  • the reaction liquid containing the casein hydrolysate obtained by step (A) may be added as it is to liquid products such as beverages.
  • the reaction liquid may preferably be concentrated and dried into powders.
  • Such powders may be used as various functional food, additives therefor, medicine, and an active ingredient thereof.
  • the powders may optionally be mixed with various auxiliary additives for improving the nutritional balance or flavor.
  • auxiliary additives may include various carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, minerals, sweeteners, flavoring agents, pigments, and texture improvers.
  • the powders containing the casein hydrolysate of the present invention may be used by adding to, for example, beverages, yogurt, liquid food, jelly, candies, retort food, tablet candies, cookies, sponge cakes, bread, biscuits, chocolate, and the like, or by formulating into capsules, tablets, and the like.
  • hydrolysate of the present invention may be used in the above mentioned manner, the present hydrolysate may effectively be used in the manufacture of functional food such as various isotonic drinks, general beverages, general foods, dietary supplements, nutritional functional food, having health benefit incorporated therein, or in the manufacture of medicine.
  • functional food such as various isotonic drinks, general beverages, general foods, dietary supplements, nutritional functional food, having health benefit incorporated therein, or in the manufacture of medicine.
  • hydrolysate of the present invention has been confirmed to have ACE inhibitory activity and hypotensive effect in the Examples to be discussed later, so that the present hydrolysate may be used, for example, as an agent for the manufacture of functional food having such activity and effect, or as an agent for the manufacture of medicine.
  • a preferred dose of the agent for oral administration to human is usually such as to allow ingestion of 0.1 to 100 mg/kg, preferably 1 to 20 mg/kg of the peptides and the free amino acids in the casein hydrolysate per administration.
  • the amount of the casein hydrolysate of the present invention or the agent having ACE inhibitory activity and hypotensive effect, when used by adding in various beverages, food, or medicine, may suitably be selected in view of the above dose.
  • Xaa-Pro-Pro contained in the animal milk casein, in particular Ile-Pro-Pro and/or Val-Pro-Pro, of which various functions including hypotensive effect and anti-stress effect have been confirmed may be obtained at a higher yield closer to the theoretical recovery, such as not lower than 60%, preferably not lower than 70%, compared to the conventional methods.
  • this method is not only a method for preparing a casein hydrolysate of the present invention, but also an effective method for producing digested products containing a considerable amount of objective Xaa-Pro-Pro, or purified products thereof, from animal milk casein of food protein having a high Xaa-Pro-Pro content.
  • casein derived from cow's milk (manufactured by NIPPON NZMP) was added to 99 g of distilled water at about 80° C. and thoroughly mixed.
  • a 1N sodium hydroxide (manufactured by WAKO PURE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, LTD.) solution was added to the mixture to adjust the pH to 7.0. The temperature was adjusted to 20° C., to prepare a substrate solution.
  • each of the various enzymes shown in Table 1 was added so that the enzyme/casein ratio was 1/25 by weight.
  • the mixture was reacted at 50° C. for 14 hours, and then subjected to autoclaving at 110° C. for 10 minutes to inactivate the enzymes, to thereby obtain a solution of enzymatic digestion products of casein.
  • the obtained solution of enzymatic digestion products was spray-dried, to prepare powders.
  • the powders thus obtained were subjected to analysis of ingredients.
  • Protein was determined by Kjeldahl method, and amino acids with an amino acid analyzer. The amount obtained by subtracting the amount of amino acids from the amount of protein was taken as the amount of peptides. Further, the amount of lipids was determined by the method with acid hydrolysis, ash by direct ignition, and water by the air oven method. The amount of each ingredient was subtracted from 100%, of which balance was taken as the amount of carbohydrate.
  • the powders were determined to contain 35.8 wt % aminoacids, 45.7 wt % peptides, 6.6 wt % water, 0.2 wt % lipid, 4.1 wt % ash, and 7.6 wt % carbohydrate.
  • the average chain length of the amino acids and the peptides contained in the obtained powders was determined by measuring the number of moles using an OPA reagent, which reacts with amino groups of the free amino acids and the peptides in the powders, similarly measuring the number of moles of a casein acid hydrolysate, and evaluating the ratio of these two. The results are shown in Table 1.
  • o-phthalaldehyde (guaranteed reagent for fluorescence analysis, manufactured by NACALAI TESQUE, INC.) was dissolved in 1 ml of methanol, and 100 ⁇ l of ⁇ -mercaptoethanol was added.
  • the o-phthalaldehyde solution was diluted to 25 ml with 25 ml of a 100 mM sodium tetraborate solution previously mixed with 2.5 ml of 20% dodecyl sodium sulfate, and further to 50 ml with distilled water, to prepare an OPA reagent.
  • a 1% casein acid hydrolysate was prepared, properly diluted, and subjected to the same measurement to obtain a calibration curve, from which the relationship between absorbance and molar concentration was determined.
  • Example 2 The powders prepared in Example 1 were dissolved in a suitable amount of distilled water, and analyzed using an automatic peptide analyzer (trade name PPSQ-10, manufactured by SHIMADZU CORPORATION) to determine the amino acid residues from the N-terminal in the powders. The results are shown in Table 2. Incidentally, the automatic peptide analyzer does not detect free amino acids.
  • the total amount of the fifth amino acid residues was 120 pmol, and the total amount of the sixth amino acid residues was 100 pmol. From these results, it was found that most of the peptides contained in the powders were dipeptides and tripeptides. It was also found that the percentage of peptides having Pro at the second residue was 49.5%, which was remarkably high, and the percentage of peptides having Pro at the third residue was 29.8%, which was also high.
  • the powders contain a considerable amount of Xaa-Pro and Xaa-Pro-Pro, which are highly resistant against the enzymatic digestion with in vivo proteases, so that these peptides are optimal for use as functional peptides.
  • casein hydrolysate powders prepared in Example and Comparative Examples shown in Table 1 were administered orally to five 27-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) (male) at a dose of 32 mg/kg body weight. Blood pressure was measured before the administration and 5 hours after the administration by tail-cuff method with Tail-cuff PB-98 (manufacture by SOFTRON) to evaluate the change in blood pressure. As a control, casein was administered instead of the powders, and the same evaluation was made. Before the measurement of blood pressure, rats were warmed in a preheat box (manufactured by CSI JAPAN) at 45° C. for 8 minutes. The results are shown in Table 3.
  • ACE derived from bovine lung (manufactured by WAKO PURE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, LTD.) was dissolved in a 0.1M borate buffer at pH 8.3 in an amount of 0.1 U, to obtain an ACE solution.
  • 80 ⁇ l of a diluted enzyme hydrolysate solution prepared by diluting powders of each enzyme hydrolysate shown in Table 1 by 50-fold with distilled water, 200 ⁇ l of a 5 mM hippuryl-histidyl-leucine solution (manufactured by SIGMA), and 20 ⁇ l of the ACE solution prepared above were introduced into a tube, and reacted at 37° C. for 30 minutes.
  • the reaction was terminated by adding 250 ⁇ l of 1N hydrochloric acid. 1.7 ml of ethyl acetate was then added, and stirred. 1.4 ml of the ethyl acetate layer was taken, placed in another tube, and evaporated at 120° C. for about 60 minutes to obtain a dried product. The dried product was dissolved in 1 ml of distilled water, and the absorbance at 228 nm of hippuric acid extracted with ethyl acetate was measured. As controls, absorbance was measured of a solution without the diluted enzyme hydrolysate solution and a solution without the diluted enzyme hydrolysate solution and the ACE solution.
  • ACE inhibitory activity was calculated in accordance with the following formula. The results are shown in Table 3.
  • ACE inhibitory activity (%) [( A ⁇ B )/ A] ⁇ 100 A: (Absorbance of solution without diluted enzyme hydrolysate solution but with ACE solution) ⁇ (Absorbance of solution without diluted enzyme hydrolysate solution and ACE solution)
  • the powders of the enzyme hydrolysate of Example 1 shown in Table 1 were dissolved in distilled water at a concentration of 10 mg/ml.
  • 25 ⁇ g/ml, 50 ⁇ g/ml and 100 ⁇ g/ml solutions of each chemically synthesized standard peptide having the sequence shown in Table 5 were prepared. These solutions were analyzed by LC/MS under the conditions below. Among the peaks indicated in the analysis of the powder solution, peaks corresponding to the molecular weights and the retention times identical with those of standard peptides were identified as representing the same sequences as the standard peptides. The peaks of the powder solution were compared to those of the standard peptides, to determine the content of each peptide shown in Table 4 in the powder solution. The results are shown in Table 5.
  • the amount of the peptides and the free amino acids in the solution prepared by dissolving the powders with distilled water was 8.15 mg/ml
  • the amount of peptides was 4.57 mg/ml
  • the amount of Xaa-Pro in the peptides was 514.5 ⁇ g, so that the percentage of Xaa-Pro with respect to the total amount of the peptides and the free amino acids in the powders was 6.3 wt %.
  • the amount of Xaa-Pro-Pro in the peptides was 116.5 ⁇ g, so that the percentage of Xaa-Pro-Pro with respect to the total amount of the peptides and the free amino acids in the powders was 1.4 wt %.
  • High performance liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer LCMS-2010; System controller: SCL-10Advp; Automatic injector: SIL-10Advp; Solvent delivery pump: LC-10Advp ⁇ 2; Column oven: CT0-10Avp; Photodiode array detector: SPD-M10AVP, Online degasser: DGU-14A (all trade names, manufactured by SHIMADZU CORPORATION); Column: Develosil C30-UG-3 (2.0 mmI.D. ⁇ 150 mmL) (manufactured by NOMURA CHEMICAL CO., LTD.)
  • Mobile phase A aqueous solution of 0.1 wt % formic acid
  • the column was thoroughly washed with a 50 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.2 in an amount 10 times the volume of the gel, and eluted with 200 ml of a 50 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.2 containing a linear gradient of NaCl (0 to 600 mM).
  • the eluate was fractionated into 100 fractions of 5 ml each.
  • the absorbance at 280 nm, the proteinase activity, and the ACE inhibitory activity were measured for each fraction.
  • FITC-casein fluorescent casein
  • FIG. 3 shows the elution pattern of the bound protein with a linear gradient of 0 to 0.6 M NaCl and the proteolytic activity.
  • Fractions 21 to 60 contained a particularly large amount of proteins eluted therein. Further, the eluted enzyme solution of each fraction was evaluated for the activity to generate ACE inhibitory components in hydrolyzing casein. As a result, fractions 20 to 60 were mainly confirmed to have the activity to generate ACE inhibitory components.
  • the proteinase activity measured with the FITC-casein as the substrate was observed mainly in fractions 19 to 27 (at 0.1 M to 0.2 M NaCl), which indicates that the proteinase activity has an important function in generation of ACE inhibitory components. From these results, it was found that the proteinase activity plays an important role in the enzymatic activity for purifying the ACE inhibitory components from casein.
  • the gel was soaked in a Coomassie Brilliant Blue stain solution composed of 0.25% Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250, 50% methanol, and 7.5% acetic acid for 10 minutes, and infiltrated in a decolorant composed of 5% methanol and 7.5% acetic acid until the background was completely decolored.
  • the molecular weight was figured by calculation from the mobility of each protein band, using molecular weight markers (manufactured by AMERSHAM BIOSCIENCES K.K.).
  • fractions adsorbed on the anion exchange resin having the activity to generate ACE inhibitory components were subjected to gel filtration through Sephacryl S-300 resin, and the activity was observed in fractions corresponding to the molecular weight of about 45 kDa. These fractions were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in a 12.5% gel to observe a substantially single band at 44 kDa and 40 kDa. These bands were cut out, and subjected to analysis of the N-terminal sequences.
  • the band at 44 kDa had a sequence that was highly homologous to a known neutral protease I of koji mold (Aspergillus), and the band at 40 kDa had a sequence that was highly homologous to a known neutral protease II of koji mold (Aspergillus).
  • the proteinases adsorbed on the anion exchange resin that generated ACE inhibitory components for casein contained at least two proteinases, neutral protease I and neutral protease II.
  • peptidases which act on peptides, were analyzed in the following method.
  • Aminopeptidase activity was measured by the following method. Synthesized peptide Val-Val-Val-Pro-Pro was dissolved in a 50 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.2 at a concentration of 50 ⁇ g/ml to prepare a substrate solution. 45 ⁇ l of this substrate solution was mixed with 5 ⁇ l of the enzyme fraction, and reacted in an incubator at 55° C. for 30 minutes. The reaction was terminated by heating at 98° C. for 5 minutes. An appropriate amount of this reaction liquid was taken, and subjected to analysis in a high performance liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (manufactured by SHIMADZU CORPORATION) to evaluate the amount of Val-Pro-Pro generated.
  • the fractions adsorbed on the anion exchange resin having the activity to generate ACE inhibitory components were subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in a 10% gel, and the band at 32 kDa was cut out.
  • the major protein was extracted, and purified into a substantially single protein of 32 kDa.
  • the sequence in the N-terminal of the protein was analyzed to reveal that the sequence up to the tenth residue from the N-terminal was homologous to the sequence of known leucine aminopeptidase of koji mold ( Aspergillus ). It was concluded that the fractions having the confirmed activity to generate ACE inhibitory components contained leucine aminopeptidase.
  • the fractions adsorbed on the anion exchange resin having the activity to generate ACE inhibitory components contained at least leucine aminopeptidase having aminopeptidase activity, which played an important role in the activity to generate ACE inhibitory components.
  • Synthesized peptide Val-Pro-Pro-Phe-Leu was dissolved in a 50 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.2 at a concentration of 45 ⁇ g/ml to prepare a substrate solution. 50 ⁇ l of this substrate solution was mixed with 5 ⁇ l of each enzyme solution, and reacted in an incubator at 55° C. for 30 minutes. The reaction was terminated by heating at 98° C. for 5 minutes. An appropriate amount of this reaction liquid was taken, and subjected to analysis in a high performance liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (manufactured by SHIMADZU CORPORATION) to evaluate the concentration of Val-Pro-Pro generated.
  • the activity to generate ACE inhibitory components of the fractions adsorbed on the anion exchange resin of the extracellular enzyme derived from Aspergillus oryzae included four enzymatic activities, i.e., the proteinase activities including those of at least neutral proteases I and II, the aminopeptidase activity including that of leucine aminopeptidase, and the activity to cleave the carboxyl terminal at immediately after proline.
  • Fraction I having high proteinase activity fractions 1 to 35 in FIG. 3
  • Fraction II having high activity to cleave the carboxyl terminal at immediately after proline fractions 36 to 55 in FIG. 3
  • Fraction III thereafter fractions 56 to 100 in FIG. 3
  • non-adsorbed fractions having proteinase activity were provided.
  • each Fraction was added, alone or in combination as shown in Table 6, to 1 ml of a 1% solution of casein derived from cow's milk, reacted at 55° C. for 13 hours to prepare a casein hydrolysate. After the completion of the reaction, each of the obtained casein hydrolysates was measured for the ACE inhibitory activity and the average chain length in accordance with the method described in Example 1. As a control, the crude enzyme solution in 1/10000 the amount subjected to the purification was subjected to the same measurements. The results are shown in Table 6.
  • SUMIZYME FP (registered trademark, manufactured by SHIN NIHON CHEMICAL CO., LTD.), which is extracellular enzymes derived from Aspergillus oryzae , was added as the group of enzymes so that the enzyme/casein ratio was 1/25 by weight.
  • the mixture was reacted at 50° C. for 20 hours, while the reaction liquid was sampled at intervals to evaluate the ACE inhibitory activity and the average chain length against time in the same way as in Example 1. The results are shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 .
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