JP7089034B2 - ソリッドステート積層造形システムならびに材料組成および構造背景 - Google Patents
ソリッドステート積層造形システムならびに材料組成および構造背景 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7089034B2 JP7089034B2 JP2020536809A JP2020536809A JP7089034B2 JP 7089034 B2 JP7089034 B2 JP 7089034B2 JP 2020536809 A JP2020536809 A JP 2020536809A JP 2020536809 A JP2020536809 A JP 2020536809A JP 7089034 B2 JP7089034 B2 JP 7089034B2
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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- B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
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Description
本出願は、2017年10月31日に出願された米国仮出願第62/579,483号および2018年8月1日に出願された米国仮出願第62/713,275号の開示に依存し、それらの出願日の優先権および利益を主張するものであり、それらの開示は、その全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
本発明の実施形態は、図1Aに提示されるようなソリッドステート積層造形システムを提供する。実施形態によれば、図1Aのシステムは、提示された構成要素、すなわち、供給ユニット101、スピンドル102、ツール103、フィラー材料(原料)のための通路(スロート)104、工作物105、ガス供給106、外部エネルギー源(例えば、振動、電場、磁場、UV光、熱、超音波などのための源、またはそれらの組み合わせ)107、バッキングプレート(任意)108、プラットフォーム(工作物の支持テーブル)109、温度、圧力、トルク、並進および角速度、長さなどのための複数のセンサー110、制約111、環境チャンバー112、1つ以上の電源113、複数のモータ114、複数の制御ユニット115、複数の監視ユニット(例えば、カメラ)116、1つ以上の熱交換器117、複数の駆動ユニット118、ならびにフィラー材料(原料)119を含むが、これらに限定されない。
特定の実施形態では、フィラー材料および基材はそれぞれ、金属材料、金属マトリックス複合材(MMC)、ポリマー、セラミック、ポリオレフィン、ポリウレタン、テフロン型ポリマー、ポリエステル、ポリアクリレート、ポリメタクリレート、ポリアミド(ナイロン)、スチレン、エンジニアリングプラスチック(PSU、PEI、PEEK、PEAK)などのプラスチック組成物、または鋼、Al、Ni、Cr、Cu、Co、Au、Ag、Mg、Cd、Pb、Pt、Ti、Zn、Fe、Nb、Ta、Mo、W、もしくはこれらの金属のうちの1つ以上を構成する合金から独立して選択された金属であり得る。
いくつかの実施形態では、開示されたソリッドステート積層造形システムは、(3D印刷)3D部品を構築することができる。図4Aは、堆積させた層435を生じる、工作物405上へのフィラー材料419の堆積のプロセスの概略図である。ソリッドステート積層造形システムでは、3D印刷、コーティング、接合、修理、およびin situ表面機能化などのソリッドステート積層製造プロセスが可能である。プロセス中の1つ以上の外部エネルギー源407、例えば、電場、磁場、振動、熱、UV光などの使用は、任意である。
特定の実施形態では、ソリッドステート積層造形システムは、表面機能化、表面保護、表面コーティング、および/またはクラッディングに使用される。工作物上に特定のフィラー材料(複数可)を使用し、工作物(基材、部品)に良好な化学(冶金)結合を提供するコーティングのソリッドステート積層造形堆積は、工作物表面を機能化または保護する目的で行われる(図5A~E)。単なる一例として、工作物表面上の堆積コーティングは、抗菌コーティング、耐腐食性コーティング、耐スクラッチコーティング、難燃性コーティング、耐久性コーティング、耐摩耗性コーティング、電気絶縁コーティング、導電性コーティング、磁気コーティング、高い弾道抵抗性を有するコーティング、顕著な飛散防止性を有するコーティングなどである。
特定の実施形態では、ソリッドステート積層造形システムは、表面層の激しい撹拌による材料の高密度化および/または材料の微粒化に使用される。そのような緻密化された層は、改善された強度、微小硬度、およびより良い摩耗特性を示す。
航空宇宙、航空、船舶などのような多くの産業用途では、強度および延性を含む高温の機械的安定性が求められている。そのような特性は、超合金によって提供され、その中でも、ニッケルベースの超合金であるInconel 625が、幅広い産業用途を獲得している。この合金は、1000℃を超える温度で高い強度、良好な延性、および耐食性を提供するだけでなく、攻撃的な環境での耐酸化性の追加の利点を提供することが見出された。
別の例は、Ti-6Al-4V材料であり、これは、図11A~Cに示されるように、ソリッドステート積層造形システムでの堆積時に、母材よりも大幅な微粒化および改善された機械的特性を示す完全に高密度の組成を有した。材料のサイズは、約60~70μmであり、これはソリッドステート積層造形プロセス後に5~6μmに減少される(図11Aと11Bとを比較されたい)。図11Cに提示されるように、ソリッドステート積層造形で堆積させたTi-6Al-4V材料は、それぞれ23%および24%の極限の引張および降伏強度の両方において有意な増加を示した。
ソリッドステート積層造形プロセス前後のステンレス鋼316Lの微細構造が、それぞれ図12Aおよび12Bに示される。50~70μmのサイズを有する結晶粒は、ソリッドステート積層プロセス後に5~10μmに減少した。
別の例は、アルミニウム合金Al2139であり;ソリッドステート積層造形前の約400μmのサイズおよびソリッドステート積層造形後の5μmのサイズを有するその結晶粒は、それぞれ図13Aおよび13Bに提供される。
別の例は、異なる粉末をin situ配合し、それらを金属マトリックス複合材(MMC)または他の独自の組成として統合し、次いで、それらを結果として堆積できる供給材料として使用して、すべてのステップをソリッドステート積層造形システムを用いて迅速に実行した。Al-Mo、Al-W、およびAl-SiCのようなMMC材料は、最大30体積%の強化率で成功裏に実証されている。特定の例は、図6Cに示されるように、Alマトリックス内のMo粒子の比較的均一な分布を有するAl-Mo複合材である。激しい摩擦ならびに他の力、高温、および異なる材料間の密接な接触による厳しいプラスチック形成により、通常は非混和性材料で機械的に引き起こされる混合が生じる。例えば、Al-Moシステムでは、マトリックス-強化材界面にAl-Mo金属間相の層が形成され、これにより、接着性が向上し、界面の多孔性が防止されると予想される。マイクロX線コンピュータ断層撮影は、複合材が、空洞が観察されることなく完全に高密度であることを確認するが、機械的特性は、大幅に改善されると予想される。
特定の実施形態では、ソリッドステート積層造形システムは、摩擦撹拌溶接などの当技術分野で知られている他の方法による接合が困難である異種材料を接合するために使用される。フィラー材料は、異種材料で作製された2つの部品間の接合部に添加され、シーラントとして機能する。バッキングプレートの使用は、任意である。
いくつかの実施形態では、ソリッドステート積層造形システムは、任意の形状およびサイズの平面または曲面、管状、および他の工作物の欠陥および損傷を修理することができる。ソリッドステート積層造形システムは、バッキングプレートを使用するかどうかにかかわらず、フィラー材料を使用して穴/亀裂にフィラー材料を堆積させることによって、工作物中の穴または欠陥亀裂を充填することができる。単なる例として、ソリッドステート積層造形システムは、工作物のベース材料と同じ材料を使用して、その欠陥スポットを修理する。他の例では、ソリッドステート積層造形システムは、異種材料または強化材料を使用して、工作物を修理し、修理されたスポットにおける向上した強度を提供する。
Claims (25)
- ソリッドステート積層造形システムであって、
供給ユニット、スピンドル、ツール、モータ、駆動ユニット、制御ユニット、監視ユニット、複数の接触又は非接触センサー、電源、及びプロセス制御ソフトウェアを備え、
前記スピンドル及び前記ツールがそれぞれ、間接的又は直接的に互いに動作可能に連通する内部通路であって、フィラー材料が前記供給ユニットから前記スピンドル及び前記ツールの前記内部通路を通って工作物まで通過するための内部通路を有し、
前記駆動ユニット、前記制御ユニット、及び前記監視ユニットは、協働して又は単独で、
(i)使用中に、前記スピンドル、前記ツール、前記工作物、及び/又は工作物プラットフォームの協調運動を提供することが可能であり、
(ii)前記工作物上、バックプレート上、前記工作物の空洞中、及び/又は2つ以上の工作物間の隙間中に前記フィラー材料を分配することが可能であり、
(iii)前記ツールの回転及び/若しくは並進運動を起こすことが可能であり、
前記ツールの回転及び/若しくは並進運動は、
機械的撹拌、摩擦、摩擦加熱の一つ以上、及び/又は、
前記フィラー材料に適用されるひずみ、トルク、荷重、及び圧力から選択される1つ以上の適用された力を起こし、
前記制御ユニット、前記監視ユニット、及び前記複数の接触又は非接触センサーは、協働して、製造されている材料の温度の制御により、所望の微細構造を有する最終的な材料を提供することが可能である、ソリッドステート積層造形システム。 - ツールホルダーが、前記ツールに駆動力を与え、前記フィラー材料がそこを通過することを可能にする通路を備える、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 一つ又は複数のツールを交換するためのツールチェンジャーを備える、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記駆動ユニットが、複数の方向の一つ又はそれ以上において、前記スピンドル、前記ツール、ピン、及び/又は前記工作物プラットフォームの動きを制御することができる、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記駆動ユニットが、一つ又は複数の軸について回転を与えることができる、請求項4に記載のシステム。
- 前記スピンドル及び前記ツールが、前記工作物の上で、独立に、回転及び/又は移動することができる、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記ツールが、
2つ以上のフィラー材料が通過し得る複数の通路を有する本体、又は
平坦な肩部、若しくは特徴的な肩部、若しくはテーパ状の肩部、又は任意の組み合わせ、又は、
堆積させたフィラー材料及び/又は工作物表面の撹拌を提供する表面特徴を有する非消耗性肩部、又は
1つ以上の側面ツールカッター、又は
前記工作物上への前記フィラー材料の堆積前に添加剤を供給するために1つ以上の側面注入点、又は
1つ以上のナブを有する肩部であって、前記ナブのうちの1つ以上が、立方体、直方体、半球、円錐、部分円錐、部分正方形ベースの錐体、楕円体、円柱、四面体、及び/又は、涙形インペラ形状から選択される1つ以上の幾何学的構造である、肩部、又は
別のナブと同じ又は異なる高さを有する少なくとも1つのナブを有する肩部であって、前記ナブが、前記ツールの肩部上の様々な位置に位置する、肩部、又は
少なくとも1つの交換可能なナブを有する肩部、
のうち一つ以上を備える、請求項1に記載のシステム。 - バッキングプレートを備え、前記工作物プラットフォームが、互いに直行するx軸、y軸、及びz軸に沿って、x、y、及び/又はz方向の動きで移動する能力を有する基部を備える、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記基部は、前記x軸、前記y軸、及び前記z軸の一つ以上の周りを回転する能力を有する、請求項8に記載のシステム。
- 前記工作物プラットフォームが、i)一緒に接合する、ii)修理する、iii)コーティング若しくは表面改質、及び/又はiv)前記工作物のカスタマイズされた特徴を追加する間に1つ若しくは複数の工作物を支持するように構成される、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記フィラー材料、前記スピンドル、前記ツール、ピン、前記工作物プラットフォーム、及び/又は前記バッキングプレートの温度制御を提供するために1つ以上の加熱及び/又は冷却システムを備える、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記供給ユニットは、ロッド、ワイヤー、粉末充填管、ロッド様フィラー材料、粉末、ブロック、シート、顆粒、及び/若しくはスクラップ片、又はそれらの組み合わせなどの1つ以上の材料形態で1つ以上のフィラー材料の連続的又は不連続的な供給を行う、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記供給ユニットは、
前記堆積させた材料組成を制御するために、様々な材料、添加剤、及び/又は強化ドーパントを添加するための1つ、2つ、又はそれ以上の入口、又は
触媒、潤滑剤、及び/又は開始剤などの液体添加剤を前記フィラー材料に供給するための1つ又はいくつかの注入点、又は
ロッド型フィラー材料の連続的又は不連続的な供給を提供するための内部通路、又は
粉末フィラー材料の連続的又は不連続的な供給を提供するように構成されたオーガスクリュー構成を備える内部通路を有する本体、又は
粒状(ペレット)フィラー材料の連続的又は不連続的な供給を提供するように構成されたオーガスクリュー構成を備える内部通路を有する本体、又は
内部通路及び前記ロッド様フィラー材料を前記供給ユニットの前記内部通路に押し込む
ためのプレス駆動ユニット(アクチュエータ下向き力駆動装置)
を備える、請求項12に記載のシステム。 - 前記供給ユニットは、スクラップ材料及びスクラップ片の任意の形状及びサイズを受け入れ、それらを連続層として堆積させることができる、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 堆積プロセス中の遮断に必要な、及び/又は堆積させた材料層の最終的な組成及び/又は構造に必要なガス又はガス混合物を供給する一つ以上のガス供給ユニットを備える、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 制御された環境区画が、前記スピンドル、ツール、工作物、及び/又はプラットフォームの周りに覆われた空間を提供し、前記運転ゾーン中の制御されたガス環境を可能にする、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 電場、磁場、超音波、振動、及び/又は光を供給することができる1つ以上の外部エネルギー源を備える、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記プロセス制御ソフトウェアが、
摩擦力、
適用されたひずみ、トルク、荷重、及び/又は圧力から選択される一つ以上の適用された力、及び/又は
堆積、及び/又は
前記ツール又は前記工作物の回転及び/若しくは並進運動、又は温度を制御するためのコンピュータ実行可能命令を含む、請求項1に記載のシステム。 - 請求項1に記載のシステムを用いて3次元構造を製造する方法。
- 材料微細構造を制御する方法であって、
ソリッドステート積層造形システムによって1つ以上の第1の材料を堆積させることであって、前記堆積される第1の材料が、その融点(Tm)未満であり、前記第1の材料が、前記ソリッドステート積層造形システムにより生成された摩擦力及び/又は他の力により塑性変形した状態にある、ことと、
前記第1の材料の微細構造を微細化して最終的な材料微細構造を有する最終的な材料を得ることであって、前記最終的な材料微細構造は、スピンドル及び/又は前記積層造形システムのツールの角速度、前記スピンドル及び/又は前記ツールのトルク、前記スピンドル及び/又は前記ツールの速度、前記第1の材料及び/又は前記最終的な材料の温度の制御を用いて制御される、ことと、
を含む方法。 - 前記最終的な材料微細構造は、前記第1の材料の微細構造の粒子と比較して少なくとも1桁又は少なくとも5倍微細化されたサイズを有する粒子を備える、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 前記最終的な材料微細構造の形状、サイズ、及び組成が、ブローガス及び前記ブローガスの組成物によって制御される、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 前記最終的な材料微細構造が、添加剤によって制御される、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 前記最終的な材料の前記所望の微細構造は、前記フィラー材料又は前記工作物の微細構造の粒子と比較して少なくとも1桁又は少なくとも5倍微細化されたサイズを有する粒子を備える、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記最終的な材料は、アルミニウムを含み、前記最終的な材料の前記所望の微細構造は、前記フィラー材料又は前記工作物の微細構造の粒子と比較して少なくとも1桁又は少なくとも5倍微細化されたサイズを有する粒子を備える、請求項1に記載のシステム。
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WO2019089764A1 (en) | 2019-05-09 |
KR102273514B1 (ko) | 2021-07-06 |
US11311959B2 (en) | 2022-04-26 |
KR20200087172A (ko) | 2020-07-20 |
CN111655403A (zh) | 2020-09-11 |
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CA3081330A1 (en) | 2019-05-09 |
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