JP2015513180A - 構造化シリコン粒子 - Google Patents
構造化シリコン粒子 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2015513180A JP2015513180A JP2014559297A JP2014559297A JP2015513180A JP 2015513180 A JP2015513180 A JP 2015513180A JP 2014559297 A JP2014559297 A JP 2014559297A JP 2014559297 A JP2014559297 A JP 2014559297A JP 2015513180 A JP2015513180 A JP 2015513180A
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- composite
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Abstract
Description
(a)第1の粒子成分が本体部および表面部を備え、表面部が1つまたは複数の構造特徴および1つまたは複数のボイドを含み、表面部および本体部が、合わせて構造化粒子を画成し、
(b)第2の成分が除去可能なフィラーを含み、
(i)本体部および表面部のいずれかまたは両方が活物質を含み、(ii)フィラーが、第1の成分の表面部内に含まれる1つまたは複数のボイド内に含まれ、(iii)フィラーが少なくとも50℃の昇華または崩壊温度を有し、かつ/あるいはイオン液体または電解質溶液に可溶である、複合粒子を提供する。
第1の粒子成分の表面部は、粒子の体積領域内の構造特徴または最大多数の構造特徴を含む粒子の一部として定義することができる。表面部内にボイドが存在することより、第1の粒子成分に固有の多孔性が与えられる。
第1の粒子成分の表面上の構造特徴は、以下の式により得られる、構造化粒子の構造質量分率(SMF)により定義することができる。
SMF=[(粒子コアに付着する構造および粒子コアから延伸する構造の質量)/(構造化粒子の全質量)]×100%
SVF=[(粒子コアから延伸する構造の全体積)/(構造化粒子の全質量)]×100%
除去可能なフィラーは、完全にまたは部分的に、表面部内の1つまたは複数のボイドを占め得る。ボイドを完全に占めることは、フィラーを含むボイドが満たされているか、フィラーのメニスカスがボイド開口上に隆起していることを意味すると理解すべきである。ボイドを部分的に占めることは、フィラーがボイド壁の一部の薄い被膜をなす状態、フィラーが単にボイド壁の薄い被膜をなす状態、フィラーがボイド内のかなりの体積を占めるが、フィラーのメニスカスはボイドの壁の上に延びる状態、フィラーがほぼ平坦なメニスカスを有し、ボイド内のかなりの体積を占める状態を含むと理解すべきである。複合粒子が電池用途に用いられる場合、除去可能なフィラーは、複合電極の形成に用いられるまでまたは電池セルの形成が完了するまで定位置に留まると適切である。
<実施例1a>
ポリアクリル酸とポリエチレングリコールのエステル(MW=4000)を脱イオン水に溶解させた。最終溶液は、0.05wt%のポリアクリル酸/ポリエチレングリコールエステルを含有していた。
ペルフルオロオクタンスルホン酸エステルを水溶液に溶解させて、0.05wt%のペルフルオロオクタンスルホン酸エステルを含む最終溶液を得た。
3〜10μmの平均D50値を有するシリコンピラー付き粒子を、実施例1または2に記載したように溶液に加え、2〜3時間攪拌した。ろ過により、混合物の大部分から濡れた粒子を分離した。その後、被覆粒子を気流中で乾くまで乾燥させた。得られた粒子は、シュウ酸またはペルフルオロオクタンスルホン酸エステルのいずれかの存在により特徴づけられた。
液体担体としてのNMP内で、85重量部の球状合成黒鉛(D50=27μm)、3重量部のVGCF、9.2重量部の複合シリコン粒子(9部が実施例1で特定したシリコン粒子、0.005部がシュウ酸)、および2.8重量部の、PVdF(9200)バインダーをT25 IKA High Shear Mixer(R)15を用いて剪断混合することによりスラリーを生成した。スラリーの最終固体含有率は、30〜50%の範囲内である。スラリーの粘度は、1000〜4500mPa.sの範囲内である。得られたスラリーは、銅箔上で60g/cm2の厚さに流延された。
この工程をペルフルオロオクタンスルホン酸エステルを用いて繰り返し、ペルフルオロオクタンスルホン酸で被覆されたシリコン粒子を有する組成物を得た。
(電極および電池製造)
(アノード作製)
上述したように、脱イオン水中で、所望量の複合粒子をビーズ粉砕した炭素混合物に添加した。次に、得られた混合物をT25 IKA High Shear(R)オーバーヘッドミキサーを用い、1200rpmで約3時間処理した。この混合物に、所望量の、溶媒または水中のバインダーを添加した。混合物全体を最後にThinky(商標)ミキサーを用いて約15分間処理し、上の実施例3aおよび3bに記載した複合材料を得た。
試験電池に用いられたカソード材料は、市販の、ステンレス鋼集電体上のリチウムMMO電極材料(例えば、Li1+xNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2)であった。
すべての電池において用いられた電解質は、エチレンカーボネートとエチルメチルカーボネート(体積比3:7)の混合物(82%)、FEC(15wt%)、およびVC(3wt%)を含む溶媒中に溶解されたヘキサフルオロリン酸リチウムの1.2M溶液であった。電解質はまた、電池に配置する前に、溶解CO2ガスで飽和させた。
「スウェージロック」試験電池を以下のように作製した。
・直径12mmのアノードおよびカソードディスクを作製し、真空で一晩乾燥させた。
・アノードディスクは、スウェージロック(登録商標)取付部品から製造された2電極セル内に配置した。
・直径12.8mm、16μm厚の2つのTonenセパレータをアノードディスク上に配置した。
・40μLの電解質をセルに加えた。
・カソードディスクを湿潤させたセパレータ上に設置してセルを完成させた。
・次に、スプリングを含む直径12mmのプランジャをカソード上に設置し、最後にセルを密閉した。スプリング圧により、電極と電解質の間の緊密な界面が維持された。
・電解質は30分間、電極に浸入させた。
・ペルフルオロベンゼンスルホン酸エステルの被膜を含む構造化シリコン粒子は、セル形成時にその被膜材料を失ったことが確認された。
Claims (41)
- 第1の粒子成分および第2の粒子成分を含む複合粒子であって、
(a)前記第1の粒子成分が本体部および表面部を備え、前記表面部が1つまたは複数の構造特徴および1つまたは複数のボイドを含み、前記表面部および前記本体部が、合わせて構造化粒子を画成し、
(b)前記第2の成分が除去可能なフィラーを含み、
(i)前記本体部および前記表面部のいずれかまたは両方が活物質を含み、(ii)前記フィラーが、前記第1の成分の前記表面部内に含まれる1つまたは複数のボイド内に含まれ、(iii)前記フィラーが少なくとも50℃の昇華または崩壊温度を有し、かつ/あるいはイオン液体または電解質溶液に可溶である、複合粒子。 - 前記フィラーが、少なくとも0.7Mの塩濃度を有する電解質溶液に可溶である、請求項1に記載の複合粒子。
- 前記フィラーが、0.7M〜2Mの範囲内の塩濃度を有する電解質溶液に可溶である、請求項1または請求項2に記載の複合粒子。
- 前記フィラーが、N−メチルピロリドン、プロピレンカーボネート、エチレンカーボネート、ブチレンカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、γ−ブチロラクトン、1,2−ジメトキシエタン、2−メチルテトラヒドロフラン、ジメチルスルホキシド、1,3−ジオキソラン、ホルムアミド、ジメチルホルムアミド、アセトニトリル、ニトロメタン、蟻酸メチル、酢酸メチル、リン酸トリエステル、トリメトキシメタン、スルホラン、メチルスルホランおよび1,3−ジメチル−2−イミダゾリジノンを含む群から選択された溶液に可溶である、請求項1〜3のいずれか一に記載の複合粒子。
- 前記フィラーが、70℃〜200℃の範囲内の温度で昇華または分解される、請求項1〜4のいずれか一に記載の複合粒子。
- 前記フィラーが、70℃〜110℃の範囲内の温度で昇華または分解される、請求項5に記載の複合粒子。
- 前記一時フィラーが、o−クレゾールおよびp−クレゾール、3−ノナノール、1−メチルシクロヘキサノール、p−トルニトリル、2−メトキシフェノール、2−フェノール−2−プロパノール、2,3−ジメチルアニソール、フェノール、2,4−ジメチルフェノール、3,4,4−トリメチルペンタノール、ブタンジオール、シュウ酸、界面活性剤ならびに天然ワックスまたは12−ヒドロキシステアリン酸、低分子量ポリエチレン、パラフィンワックスなどの石油ワックス、およびマイクロクリスタリンワックスを含む群から選択された合成ワックスを含む群から選択される、請求項1〜6のいずれか一に記載の複合粒子。
- 前記第1の粒子成分が、ピラー付き粒子である、請求項1〜7のいずれか一に記載の複合粒子。
- 前記表面部が、本体部上に分布する1つまたは複数のピラーを含む、請求項8に記載の複合粒子。
- 前記表面部の前記ボイドが、本体部から粒子境界に延伸するチャネルを含む、請求項8または9に記載の複合粒子。
- 前記第1の粒子成分が、それを貫通して分布するボイドを有する多孔性粒子である、請求項1〜7のいずれか一に記載の複合粒子。
- 前記多孔性粒子が、小さい方の寸法が少なくとも10nmである、ファイバー、ワイヤ、スレッド、チューブ、フレーク、またはリボンである、請求項11に記載の複合粒子。
- 前記ボイドが前記粒子の表面に分布する、請求項11または12に記載の複合粒子。
- 前記第1の粒子成分が、多孔性粒子断片またはフラクタルである、請求項1〜7のいずれか一に記載の複合粒子。
- 前記第1の粒子成分が、骨格構造である、請求項1〜7のいずれか一に記載の複合粒子。
- 前記粒子の主要径が0.5μm〜10μmの範囲内である、請求項1〜15のいずれか一に記載の複合粒子。
- 前記本体部および前記表面部が一体形成され、前記本体部を含む前記活物質が、前記表面部の前記活物質と同一であるかまたは類似する、請求項1〜16のいずれか一に記載の複合粒子。
- 前記本体部の前記活物質が、前記表面部の前記活物質と異なる、請求項1〜16のいずれか一に記載の複合粒子。
- 前記活物質が電気活性材料である、請求項1〜18のいずれか一に記載の複合粒子。
- 前記本体部が、それを貫通して延在する1つまたは複数のボイドを含む、請求項1〜19のいずれか一に記載の複合粒子。
- 前記活物質が、シリコン、ゲルマニウム、ガリウム、鉛、アルミニウム、スズ、Se、Te、B、P、2成分系金属酸化物、BC、BSi、Si−C、SiGe、SiSn、GeSn、WC、SiOx、チタン酸リチウム、TiO2、BN、BAs、AlN、AlP、AlAs、AlSb、GaN、GaP、GaAs、GaSb、InN、InP、InAs、ZnO、ZnS、ZnSe、ZnTe、CdS、CdSe、CdTe、BeSe、BeTe、GeS、GeSe、GeTe、SnS、SnSe、SnTe、PbO、PbSe、PbTe、AgF、AgCl、AgBr、Agl、BeSiN2、ZnGeP2、CdSnAs2、ZnSnSb2、CuGeP3、CuSi2P3、Si3N4、Ge3N4、Al2O3、Al2COまたはその酸化物、窒化物、水素化物、フッ化物、混合物もしくは合金を含む群から選択された電気活性材料である、請求項1〜20のいずれか一に記載の複合粒子。
- 前記電気活性成分が、シリコン、ゲルマニウム、ガリウム、スズ、鉛、アルミニウム、ならびにその酸化物、窒化物、水素化物、フッ化物、合金および混合物を含む群から選択される、請求項19〜21のいずれか一に記載の複合粒子。
- 前記活物質が、シリコン、シリコン合金、または電気活性シリコン化合物である、請求項22に記載の複合粒子。
- 第1の粒子成分を液状のフィラーと混合する工程を備える、請求項1〜23のいずれか一に記載の複合粒子の形成方法。
- 前記フィラーが、溶液の形態で供給される、請求項24に記載の方法。
- 前記フィラーを、溶液の形態で供給することにより、前記フィラーの前記ボイドへの注入を促進し、溶媒を制御可能に除去する、請求項23または25に記載の方法。
- 前記溶媒が気化により除去される、請求項26に記載の方法。
- 請求項1〜23のいずれか一に記載の複合粒子およびバインダーを含む複合材料。
- 請求項1〜23のいずれか一で定義した複合粒子以外の電気活性炭素、導電性炭素および電気活性成分から選択された1つまたは複数の成分をさらに含む、請求項28に記載の複合材料。
- 電極組成物である、請求項28または請求項29に記載の複合材料。
- 請求項1〜23のいずれか一に記載の複合粒子または請求項28〜30のいずれか一に記載の複合材料の適切な溶媒内でスラリーを生成する工程と、前記スラリーを基板に塗布する工程と、前記溶媒を除去する工程とを備える、請求項28〜30のいずれか一に記載の複合材料の作製方法。
- 請求項1〜23のいずれか一に記載の複合粒子または請求項28〜30のいずれか一に記載の複合材料と、集電体とを含む電極。
- アノードである、請求項29に記載の電極。
- 請求項1〜23のいずれか一に記載の複合粒子または請求項28〜30のいずれか一に記載の複合材料の適切な溶媒内でスラリーを生成する工程と、前記スラリーを集電体に塗布する工程と、前記溶媒を除去する工程とを備える、請求項32または33に記載の電極の作製方法。
- 請求項29または30に記載の電極と、およびカソードとを備える、電気化学電池。
- 請求項35に記載の電気化学電池を備えるデバイス。
- 請求項1〜23のいずれか一に記載の複合粒子または請求項28〜30のいずれか一に記載の複合材料の安定懸濁液を液体担体中に含む組成物。
- 前記フィラーが界面活性剤を含むことにより、安定懸濁液内に前記複合粒子を維持する、請求項37に記載の組成物。
- 請求項1〜22のいずれか一に記載の複合粒子または請求項28〜30のいずれか一に記載の複合材料の貯蔵方法であって、前記複合粒子または前記複合材料の安定懸濁液を液体担体内で生成する工程を含む、方法。
- 輸送方法でもある、請求項37に記載の方法。
- 電気化学電池、金属イオン電池、燃料電池、熱電池、光起電力素子、太陽電池、フィルタ、センサ、電気キャパシタ、熱キャパシタ、ガス/蒸気センサ、熱または誘電体絶縁素子、光または他の形の電磁放射の伝達、吸収または反射を制御または変更するためのデバイス、クロマトグラフィーまたは創傷被覆材を含む群から選択された1つまたは複数のデバイスの作製における、請求項1〜23のいずれか一に記載の複合粒子または請求項28〜30のいずれか一に記載の複合材料の使用。
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GB2499984A (en) | 2013-09-11 |
US20140349183A1 (en) | 2014-11-27 |
EP2820703A2 (en) | 2015-01-07 |
WO2013128201A2 (en) | 2013-09-06 |
CN104137308A (zh) | 2014-11-05 |
JP6490965B2 (ja) | 2019-03-27 |
EP2820703B1 (en) | 2018-12-26 |
WO2013128201A3 (en) | 2013-11-28 |
TW201400410A (zh) | 2014-01-01 |
GB2499984B (en) | 2014-08-06 |
US10103379B2 (en) | 2018-10-16 |
CN104137308B (zh) | 2017-08-25 |
KR20140141590A (ko) | 2014-12-10 |
GB201203447D0 (en) | 2012-04-11 |
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