EP2305259A1 - Nouvelles formes posologiques comprenant des benzimidazoles substitués et des méthodes pour leur administration - Google Patents

Nouvelles formes posologiques comprenant des benzimidazoles substitués et des méthodes pour leur administration Download PDF

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EP2305259A1
EP2305259A1 EP10185571A EP10185571A EP2305259A1 EP 2305259 A1 EP2305259 A1 EP 2305259A1 EP 10185571 A EP10185571 A EP 10185571A EP 10185571 A EP10185571 A EP 10185571A EP 2305259 A1 EP2305259 A1 EP 2305259A1
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omeprazole
patients
sodium bicarbonate
gastric
pharmaceutical composition
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Jeffrey O Phillips
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University of Missouri Columbia
University of Missouri St Louis
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    • A61K9/0087—Galenical forms not covered by A61K9/02 - A61K9/7023
    • A61K9/0095—Drinks; Beverages; Syrups; Compositions for reconstitution thereof, e.g. powders or tablets to be dispersed in a glass of water; Veterinary drenches
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    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/4439—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. omeprazole
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    • A61K9/0056—Mouth soluble or dispersible forms; Suckable, eatable, chewable coherent forms; Forms rapidly disintegrating in the mouth; Lozenges; Lollipops; Bite capsules; Baked products; Baits or other oral forms for animals
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to pharmaceutical preparations comprising substituted benzimidazole proton pump inhibitors.
  • Omeprazole is a substituted benzimidazole, 5-methoxy-2-[ (4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl) methyl] sulfinyl]-1H-benzimidazole, that inhibits gastric acid secretion.
  • Omeprazole belongs to a class of antisecretory compounds called proton pump inhibitors ("PPIs") that do not exhibit anti-cholinergic or H 2 histamine antagonist properties. Drugs of this class suppress gastric acid secretion by the specific inhibition of the H + ,K + -ATPase enzyme system (proton pump) at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell.
  • PPIs proton pump inhibitors
  • omeprazole, lansoprazole and other proton pump inhibitors are formulated in an enteric-coated solid dosage form (as either a delayed-release capsule or tablet) or as an intravenous solution (or as a product for reconstitution), and are prescribed for short-term treatment of active duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), severe erosive esophagitis, poorly responsive systematic GERD, and pathological hypersecretory conditions such as Zollinger Ellison syndrome. These conditions are caused by an imbalance between acid and pepsin production, called aggressive factors, and mucous, bicarbonate, and prostaglandin production, called defensive factors. These above-listed conditions commonly arise in healthy or critically ill patients, and may be accompanied by significant upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
  • enteric-coated solid dosage form as either a delayed-release capsule or tablet
  • intravenous solution or as a product for reconstitution
  • pathological hypersecretory conditions such as Zollinger Ellison syndrome.
  • H 2 -antagonists are commonly administered to minimize the pain and the complications related to these conditions. These drugs have certain disadvantages associated with their use. Some of these drugs are not completely effective in the treatment of the aforementioned conditions and/or produce adverse side effects, such as mental confusion, constipation, diarrhea, and thrombocytopenia. H 2 -antagonists, such as ranitidine and cimetidine, are relatively costly modes of therapy, particularly in NPO patients, which frequently require the use of automated infusion pumps for continuous intravenous infusion of the drug.
  • Antacids, sucralfate, and H 2 -antagonists were all found to be superior to placebo and similar to one another in preventing upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Yet, prophylactic agents are withdrawn in fifteen to twenty percent of patients in which they are employed because of failure to prevent bleeding or control pH ( Ostro et al., Control of Gastric pH With Cimetidine Boluses Versus Primed Infusions, GASTROENTEROLOGY, 89: 532-537 (1985 ); Siepler, A Dosage Alternative for H-2 Receptor Antagonists, Continuous-Infusion, CLIN.
  • GASTROENTEROL 64: 560-562 (1989 ); Sax, Clinically Important Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions With H2-Receptor Antagonists: An Update, PHARMACOTHERAPY 7 (6 PT 2): 110S-115S (1987 ); Vial et al., Side Effects of Ranitidine, DRUG SAF, 6:94-117(1991 ); Cantu and Korek, Central Nervous System Reactions to Histamine-2 Receptor Blockers, ANN. INTERN MED., 114: 1027-1034 (1991 ); and Spychal and Wickham, Thrombocytopenia Associated With Ranitidine, BR. MED. J., 291: 1687 (1985 )).
  • sucralfate is possibly the ideal agent for stress ulcer prophylaxis ( Smythe and Zarowitz, Changing Perspectives of Stress Gastritis Prophylaxis, ANN PHARMACOTHER, 28: 1073-1084 (1994 )). Randomized, controlled studies support the use of sucralfate ( Borrero et al., Antacids vs. Sucralfate in Preventing Acute Gastrointestinal Tract Bleeding in Abdominal Aortic Aurgery, ARCH. SURG., 121: 810 - 812 (1986 ); Tryba, Risk of Acute Stress Bleeding and Nosocomial Pneumonia in Ventilated Intensive Care Patients. Sucralfate vs.
  • Antacids AM. J. MED., 87(3B): 117-124 (1987 ); Cioffi et al., Comparison of Acid Neutralizing and Non-acid Neutralizing Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis in Thermally Injured Patients. J. TRAUMA, 36: 541-547 (1994 ); and Driks et al., Nosocomial Pneumonia in Intubated Patients Given Sucralfate as Compared With Antacids or Histamine Type 2 Blockers, N. ENGL. J. MED., 317: 1376-1382 1987 )), but data on critical care patients with head injury, trauma, or burns are limited.
  • sucralfate and cimetidine plus antacids for stress ulcer prophylaxis reported clinically significant bleeding in three of forty-eight (6%) sucralfate-treated patients, one of whom required a gastrectomy ( Cioffi et al., Comparison of Acid Neutralizing and Non-acid Neutralizing Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis in Thermally Injured Patients, J. TRAUMA, 36: 541-547 (1994 )).
  • H 2 -antagonists fulfill many of the criteria for an ideal stress ulcer prophylaxis drug. Yet, clinically significant bleeds can occur during H 2 -antagonist prophylaxis ( Martin et al., Continuous Intravenous Cimetidine Decreases Stress-related Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Without Promoting Pneumonia, CRIT. CARE MED., 21: 19-39 (1993 ); Cook et al., Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis in the Critically Ill: A Meta-analysis, AM. J. MED., 91: 519-527 (1991 ); Schuman et al., Prophylactic Therapy for Acute Ulcer Bleeding: A Reappraisal, ANN INTERN.
  • H 2 -antagonists even in maximal doses, do not reliably or continuously increase intragastric pH above commonly targeted levels (3.5 to 4.5). This is true especially when used in fixed-dose bolus regimens ( Ostro et al., Control of Gastric pH With Cimetidine Boluses Versus Primed Infusions, GASTROENTEROLOGY, 89: 532-537 (1985 ); Siepler, A Dosage Alternative for H-2 Receptor Antagonists, Continuous-infusion, CLIN.
  • gastric pH levels tend to trend downward with time when using a continuous-infusion of H 2 -antagonists, which may be the result of tachyphylaxis ( Ostro et al., Control of Gastric pH With Cimetidine Boluses Versus Primed Infusions, GASTROENTEROLOGY, 89: 532-537 (1985 ); Wilder-Smith and Merki, Tolerance During Dosing With H2-receptor Antagonists. An Overview, SCAND. J. GASTROENTEROL 27(SUPPL. 193): 14-19 (1992 )).
  • the rate of pneumonia (12%) was not unexpected in this critical care population and compares with sucralfate, which does not significantly raise gastric pH ( Pickworth et al., Occurrence of Nasocomial Pneumonia in Mechanically Ventilated Trauma Patients: A Comparison of Sucralfate and Ranitidine, CRIT. CARE MED. , 12: 1856-1862 (1993 ); Ryan et al., Nasocomial Pneumonia During Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis With Cimetidine and Sucralfate, ARCH. SURG. , 128: 1353-1357 (1993 )).
  • Omeprazole (Prilosec ® , lansoprazole (Prevacid ® ) and other PPIs reduce gastric acid production by inhibiting H + , K + -ATPase of the parietal cell-the final common pathway for gastric acid secretion ( Fellenius et al., Substituted Benzimidazoles Inhibit Gastric Acid Secretion by Blocking H+,K+-ATPase, NATURE, 290: 159-161 (1981 ) ; Wallmark et al, The Relationship Between Gastric Acid Secretion and Gastric H+, K+-ATPase Activity, J.
  • PPIs contain a sulfinyl group in a bridge between substituted benzimidazole and pyridine rings, as illustrated below.
  • omeprazole, lansoprazole and other PPIs are chemically stable, lipid-soluble, weak bases that are devoid of inhibitory activity. These neutral weak bases reach parietal cells from the blood and diffuse into the secretory canaliculi, where the drugs become protonated and thereby trapped.
  • the protonated agent rearranges to form a sulfenic acid and a sulfenamide.
  • the sulfenamide interacts covalently with sulfhydryl groups at critical sites in the extracellular (luminal) domain of the membrane-spanning H + ,K + -ATPase ( Hardman et al., Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, p.
  • Omeprazole and lansoprazole are prodrugs that must be activated to be effective.
  • the specificity of the effects of PPIs is also dependent upon: (a) the selective distribution of H + ,K + -ATPase; (b) the requirement for acidic conditions to catalyze generation of the reactive inhibitor; and (c) the trapping of the protonated drug and the cationic sulfenamide within the acidic canaliculi and adjacent to the target enzyme. (Hardman et al., 1996)).
  • Omeprazole and lansoprazole are available for oral administration as enteric coated particles in gelatin capsules.
  • Other proton pump inhibitors such as rabeprazole and pantoprazole are supplied as enteric coated tablets.
  • the enteric dosage forms of the prior art have been employed because it is very important that these drugs not be exposed to gastric acid prior to absorption. Although these drugs are stable at alkaline pH, they are destroyed rapidly as pH falls (e.g., by gastric acid). Therefore, if the microencapsulation or the enteric coating is disrupted (e.g., trituration to compound a liquid, or chewing the capsule), the drug will be exposed to degradation by the gastric acid in the stomach.
  • Proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole represent an advantageous alternative to the use of H 2 -antagonists, antacids, and sucralfate as a treatment for complications related to stress-related mucosal damage.
  • proton pump inhibitors in their current form (capsules containing enteric-coated granules or enteric-coated tablets), proton pump inhibitors can be difficult or impossible to administer to patients who are either unwilling or unable to swallow tablets or capsules, such as critically ill patients, children, the elderly, and patients suffering from dysphagia. Therefore, it would be desirable to formulate a proton pump inhibitor solution or suspension which can be enterally delivered to a patient thereby providing the benefits of the proton pump inhibitor without. the drawbacks of the current enteric-coated solid dosage forms.
  • Omeprazole the first proton pump inhibitor introduced into use, has been formulated in many different embodiments such as in a mixture of polyethylene glycols, adeps solidus and sodium lauryl sulfate in a soluble, basic amino acid to yield a formulation designed for administration in the rectum as taught by United States Patent No. 5,219,870 to Kim .
  • United States Patent No. 5,395,323 to Berglund discloses a device for mixing a pharmaceutical from a solid supply into a parenterally acceptable liquid form for parenteral administration to a patient.
  • the '323 patent teaches the use of an omeprazole tablet which is placed in the device and dissolved by normal saline, and infused parenterally into the patient.
  • This device and method of parenteral infusion of omeprazole does not provide the omeprazole solution as an enteral product, nor is this omeprazole solution directly administered to the diseased or affected areas, namely the stomach and upper gastrointestinal tract, nor does this omeprazole formulation provide the immediate antacid effect of the present formulation.
  • United States Patent No. 4,786,505 to Lovgren et al discloses a pharmaceutical preparation containing omeprazole together with an alkaline reacting compound or an alkaline salt of omeprazole optionally together with an alkaline compound as a core material in a tablet formulation.
  • the use of the alkaline material which can be chosen from such substances as the sodium salt of carbonic acid, are used to form a "micro-pH" around each omeprazole particle to protect the omeprazole which is highly sensitive to acid pH.
  • the powder mixture is then formulated to small beads, pellets, tablets and may be loaded into capsules by conventional pharmaceutical procedures.
  • omeprazole does not provide an omeprazole dosage form which can be enterally administered to a patient who may be unable and/or unwilling to swallow capsules, tablets or pellets, nor does it teach a convenient form which can be used to make an omeprazole or other proton pump inhibitor solution or suspension.
  • omeprazole solutions described in these references were administered orally, and were given to healthy subjects who were able to ingest the oral dose.
  • omeprazole was suspended in a solution including sodium bicarbonate, as a pH buffer, in order to protect the acid sensitive omeprazole during administration.
  • repeated administration of sodium bicarbonate both prior to, during, and following omeprazole administration were required in order to prevent acid degradation of the omeprazole given via the oral route of administration.
  • as much as 48 mmoles of sodium bicarbonate in 300 ml of water must be ingested for a single dose of omeprazole to be orally administered.
  • the buffered omeprazole solutions of the above cited prior art require the ingestion of large amounts of sodium bicarbonate and large volumes of water by repeated administration. This has been considered necessary to prevent acid degradation of the omeprazole.
  • the administration of large amounts of sodium bicarbonate can produce at least six significant adverse effects, which can dramatically reduce the efficacy of the omeprazole in patients and reduce the overall health of the patients.
  • the fluid volumes of these dosing protocols would not be suitable for sick or critically ill patients who must receive multiple doses of omeprazole.
  • the large volumes would result in the distention of the stomach and increase the likelihood of complications in critically ill patients such as the aspiration of gastric contents.
  • antacid intake (such as sodium bicarbonate) can result in drug interactions that produce serious adverse effects.
  • antacids can alter rates of drug dissolution and absorption, bioavailability, and renal elimination (Brunton, supra).
  • Pilbrant et al. disclose an oral omeprazole administration protocol calling for the administration to a subject who has been fasting for at least ten hours, a solution of 8 mmoles of sodium bicarbonate in 50 ml of water. Five minutes later, the subject ingests a suspension of 60 mg of omeprazole in 50 ml of water that also contains 8 mmoles of sodium bicarbonate. This is rinsed down with another 50 ml of 8 mmoles sodium bicarbonate solution.
  • omeprazole suspension can be stored at refrigerator temperatures for a week and deep frozen for a year while still maintaining 99% of its initial potency. It would be desirable to have an omeprazole or other proton pump inhibitor solution or suspension that could be stored at room temperature or in a refrigerator for periods of time which exceed those of the prior art while still maintaining 99% of the initial potency.
  • omeprazole and bicarbonate which can be utilized to instantly make the omeprazole solution/suspension of the present invention which is supplied in a solid form which imparts the advantages of improved shelf-life at room temperature, lower cost to produce, less expensive shipping costs, and which is less expensive to store.
  • a proton pump inhibitor formulation which provides a cost-effective means for the treatment of the aforementioned conditions without the adverse effect profile of H 2 receptor antagonists, antacids, and sucralfate.
  • a proton pump inhibitor formulation which is convenient to prepare and administer to patients unable to ingest solid dosage forms such as tablets or capsules, which is rapidly absorbed, and can be orally or enterally delivered as a liquid form or solid form. It is desirable that the liquid formulation not clog indwelling tubes, such as nasogastric tubes or other similar tubes, and which acts as an antacid immediately upon delivery.
  • the intravenous dosage forms of PPIs of the prior art are often administered in larger doses than the oral forms.
  • the typical adult IV dose of omeprazole is greater than 100 mg/day whereas the adult oral dose is 20 to 40 mg/day.
  • Large IV doses are necessary to achieve the desired pharmacologic effect because, it is believed, many of the parietal cells are in a resting phase (mostly inactive) during an IV dose given to patients who are not taking oral substances by mouth (npo) and, therefore, there is little active (that which is inserted into the secretory canalicular membrane) H + ,K + -ATPase to inhibit. Because of the clear disparity in the amount of drug necessary for IV versus oral doses, it would be very advantageous to have compositions and methods for IV administration where significantly less drug is required.
  • the present invention provides an oral solution/suspension comprising a proton pump inhibitor and at least one buffering agent.
  • the PPI can be any substituted benzimidazole compound having H + ,K + -ATPase inhibiting activity and being unstable to acid.
  • Omeprazole and lansoprazole are the preferred PPIs for use in oral suspensions in concentrations of at least 1.2 mg/ml and 0.3 mg/ml, respectively.
  • the liquid oral compositions can be further comprised of parietal cell activators, anti-foaming agents and/or flavoring agents.
  • the inventive composition can alternatively be formulated as a powder, tablet, suspension tablet, chewable tablet, capsule, effervescent powder, effervescent tablet, pellets and granules.
  • dosage forms are advantageously devoid of any enteric coating or delayed or sustained-release delivery mechanisms, and comprise a PPI and at least one buffering agent to protect the PPI against acid degradation.
  • the dry forms can further include anti-foaming agents, parietal cell activators and flavoring agents.
  • Kits utilizing the inventive dry dosage forms are also disclosed herein to provide for the easy preparation of a liquid composition from the dry forms.
  • a method of treating gastric acid disorders by administering to a patient a pharmaceutical composition comprising a proton pump inhibitor in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and at least one buffering agent wherein the administering step comprises providing a patient with a single dose of the composition without requiring further administering of the buffering agent.
  • the present invention relates to a method for enhancing the pharmacological activity of an intravenously administered proton pump inhibitor in which at least one parietal cell activator is orally administered to the patient before, during and/or after the intravenous administration of the proton pump inhibitor.
  • the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a proton pump inhibitor and a buffering agent with or without one or more parietal cell activators. While the present invention may be embodied in many different forms, several specific embodiments are discussed herein with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered only as an exemplification of the principles of the invention, and it is not intended to limit the invention to the embodiments illustrated.
  • PPI proto pump inhibitor
  • omeprazole any substituted benzimidazole possessing pharmacological activity as an inhibitor of H + ,K + -ATPase, including, but not limited to, omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole, dontoprazole, perprazole (s-omeprazole magnesium), donprazole, ransoprazole, pariprazole, and leminoprazole in neutral form or a salt form, a single enantiomer or isomer or other derivative or an alkaline salt of an enantiomer of the same.
  • the inventive composition comprises dry formulations, solutions and/or suspensions of the proton pump inhibitors.
  • the terms "suspension” and “solution” are interchangeable with each other and mean solutions and/or suspensions of the substituted benzimidazoles.
  • the drug After absorption of the PPI (or administration intravenously) the drug is delivered via the bloodstream to various tissues and cells of the body including the parietal cells.
  • the PPI is in the form of a weak base and is non-ionized and thereby freely passes through physiologic membranes, including the cellular membranes of the parietal cell. It is believed that the non-ionized PPI moves into the acid-secreting portion of the parietal cell, the secretory canaliculus. Once in the acidic millieu of the secretory canaliculus, the PPI is apparently protonated (ionized) and converted to the active form of the drug.
  • ionized proton pump inhibitors are membrane impermeable and form disulfide covalent bonds with cysteine residues in the alpha subunit of the proton pump.
  • the inventive pharmaceutical composition comprising a proton pump inhibitor such as omeprazole, lansoprazole or other proton pump inhibitor and derivatives thereof can be used for the treatment or prevention of gastrointestinal conditions including, but not limited to, active duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), severe erosive esophagitis, poorly responsive systematic GERD, and pathological hypersecretory conditions such as Zollinger Ellison Syndrome. Treatment of these conditions is accomplished by administering to a patient an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention.
  • a proton pump inhibitor such as omeprazole, lansoprazole or other proton pump inhibitor and derivatives thereof
  • gastrointestinal conditions including, but not limited to, active duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), severe erosive esophagitis, poorly responsive systematic GERD, and pathological hypersecretory conditions such as Zollinger Ellison Syndrome. Treatment of these conditions is
  • the proton pump inhibitor is administered and dosed in accordance with good medical practice, taking into account the clinical condition of the individual patient, the site and method of administration, scheduling of administration, and other factors known to medical practitioners.
  • the term "effective amount” means, consistent with considerations known in the art, the amount of PPI or other agent effective to achieve a pharmacologic effect or therapeutic improvement without undue adverse side effects, including but not limited to, raising of gastric pH, reduced gastrointestinal bleeding, reduction in the need for blood transfusion, improved survival rate, more rapid recovery, parietal cell activation and H + ,K + -ATPase inhibition or improvement or elimination of symptoms, and other indicators as are selected as appropriate measures by those skilled in the art.
  • omeprazole or other proton pump inhibitors such as substituted benzimidazoles and derivatives thereof can range from approximately ⁇ 2 mg/day to approximately 300 mg/day.
  • the standard approximate daily oral dosage is typically 20 mg of omeprazole, 30 mg lansoprazole, 40 mg pantoprazole, 20 mg rabeprazole, and the pharmacologically equivalent doses of the following PPIs: donprazole, pariprazole, dontoprazole, ransoprazole, perprazole (s-omeprazole magnesium), and leminoprazole.
  • a pharmaceutical formulation of the proton pump inhibitors utilized in the present invention can be administered orally or enterally to the patient. This can be accomplished, for example, by administering the solution via a nasogastric (ng) tube or other indwelling tubes placed in the GI tract.
  • ng nasogastric
  • the PPI solution of the present invention is administered in a single dose which does not require any further administration of bicarbonate, or large amounts of bicarbonate, or other buffer following the administration of the PPI solution, nor does it require a large amount of bicarbonate or buffer in total.
  • the formulation of the present invention is given in a single dose which does not require administration of bicarbonate either before or after administration of the PPI.
  • the present invention eliminates the need to pre-or post-dose with additional volumes of water and sodium bicarbonate.
  • the amount of bicarbonate administered via the single dose administration of the present invention is less than the amount of bicarbonate administered as taught in the prior art references cited above.
  • the liquid oral pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is prepared by mixing omeprazole (Prilosec ® AstraZeneca) or other proton pump inhibitor or derivatives thereof with a solution including at least one buffering agent (with or without a parietal cell activator, as discussed below).
  • omeprazole or other proton pump inhibitor which can be obtained from a capsule or tablet or obtained from the solution for parenteral administration, is mixed with a sodium bicarbonate solution to achieve a desired final omeprazole (or other PPI) concentration.
  • concentration of omeprazole in the solution can range from approximately 0.4 mg/ml to approximately 10.0 mg/ml.
  • the preferred concentration for the omeprazole in the solution ranges from approximately 1.0 mg/ml to approximately 4.0 mg/ml, with 2.0 mg/ml being the standard concentration.
  • concentration can range from about 0.3 mg/ml to 10 mg/ml with the preferred concentration being about 3 mg/ml.
  • buffering agent shall mean any pharmaceutically appropriate weak base or strong base (and mixtures thereof) that, when formulated or delivered with (e.g., before, during and/or after) the PPI, functions to substantially prevent or inhibit the acid degradation of the PPI by gastric acid sufficient to preserve the bioavailability of the PPI administered.
  • the buffering agent is administered in an amount sufficient to substantially achieve the above functionality. Therefore, the buffering agent of the present invention, when in the presence of gastric acid, must only elevate the pH of the stomach sufficiently to achieve adequate bioavailability of the drug to effect therapeutic action.
  • buffering agents include, but are not limited to, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium lactate, magnesium glucomate, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide/ sodium bicarbonate coprecipitate, a mixture of an amino acid and a buffer, a mixture of aluminum glycinate and a buffer, a mixture of an acid salt of an amino acid and a buffer, and a mixture of an alkali salt of an amino acid and a buffer.
  • Additional buffering agents include sodium citrate, sodium tartarate, sodium acetate, sodium carbonate, sodium polyphosphate, potassium polyphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, potassium pyrophosphate, disodium hydrogenphosphate, dipotassium hydrogenphosphate, trisodium phosphate, tripotassium phosphate, sodium acetate, potassium metaphosphate, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, magnesium silicate, calcium acetate, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium cholride, calcium hydroxide, calcium lactate, calcium carbonate, calcium bicarbonate, and other calcium salts.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier of the oral liquid preferably comprises a bicarbonate salt of Group IA metal as buffering agent, and can be prepared by mixing the bicarbonate salt of the Group IA metal, preferably sodium bicarbonate, with water.
  • the concentration of the bicarbonate salt of the Group IA metal in the composition generally ranges from approximately 5.0 percent to approximately 60.0 percent.
  • the concentration of the bicarbonate salt of the Group IA metal ranges from approximately 7.5 percent to approximately 10.0 percent.
  • sodium bicarbonate is the preferred salt and is present in a concentration of approximately 8.4 percent.
  • the amount of sodium bicarbonate 8.4% used in the solution of the present invention is approximately 1 mEq (or mmole) sodium bicarbonate per 2 mg omeprazole, with a range of approximately 0.2 mEq (mmole) to 5 mEq (mmole) per 2 mg of omeprazole.
  • enterically-coated omeprazole particles are obtained from delayed release capsules (Prilosec ® AstraZeneca).
  • omeprazole powder can be used.
  • the enterically coated omeprazole particles are mixed with a sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) solution (8.4%), which dissolves the enteric coating and forms an omeprazole solution.
  • NaHCO 3 sodium bicarbonate
  • the omeprazole solution has pharmacokinetic advantages over standard time-released omeprazole capsules, including: (a) more rapid drug absorbance time (about 10 to 60 minutes) following administration for the omeprazole solution versus about 1 to 3 hours following administration for the enteric-coated pellets; (b) the NaHCO 3 solution protects the omeprazole from acid degradation prior to absorption; (c) the NaHCO 3 acts as an antacid while the omeprazole is being absorbed; and (d) the solution can be administered through an existing indwelling tube without clogging, for example, nasogastric or other feeding tubes (jejunal or duodenal), including small bore needle catheter feeding tubes.
  • additives can be incorporated into the inventive solution to enhance its stability, sterility and isotonicity.
  • antimicrobial preservatives, antioxidants, chelating agents, and additional buffers can be added, such as ambicin.
  • microbiological evidence shows that this formulation inherently possesses antimicrobial and antifungal activity.
  • antibacterial and antifungal agents such as, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, and the like can enhance prevention of the action of microorganisms.
  • isotonic agents for example, sugars, sodium chloride, and the like.
  • thickening agents such as methylcellulose are desirable to use in order to reduce the settling of the omeprazole or other PPI or derivatives thereof from the suspension.
  • the liquid oral solution may further comprise flavoring agents (e.g., chocolate, root beer or watermelon) or other flavorings stable at pH 7 to 9, anti-foaming agents (e.g., simethicone 80 mg, Mylicon ® ) and parietal cell activators (discussed below).
  • flavoring agents e.g., chocolate, root beer or watermelon
  • anti-foaming agents e.g., simethicone 80 mg, Mylicon ®
  • parietal cell activators discussed below.
  • the present invention further includes a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising omeprazole or other proton pump inhibitor and derivatives thereof and at least one buffering agent in a form convenient for storage, whereby when the composition is placed into an aqueous solution, the composition dissolves yielding a suspension suitable for enteral administration to a subject.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is in a solid form prior to dissolution or suspension in an aqueous solution.
  • the omeprazole or other PPIs and buffering agent can be formed into a tablet, capsule, pellets or granules, by methods well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the resultant omeprazole solution is stable at room temperature for several weeks and inhibits the growth of bacteria or fungi as shown in Example X below. Indeed, as established in Example XIII, the solution maintains greater than 90% of its potency for 12 months.
  • a pharmaceutical composition including omeprazole or other PPI with buffer in a solid form which can be later dissolved or suspended in a prescribed amount of aqueous solution to yield the desired concentration of omeprazole and buffer, the cost of production, shipping, and storage are greatly reduced as no liquids are shipped (reducing weight and cost), and there is no need to refrigerate the solid form of the composition or the solution.
  • the resultant solution can then be used to provide dosages for a single patient over a course of time, or for several patients.
  • the formulations of the present invention can also be manufactured in concentrated forms, such as tablets, suspension tablets and effervescent tablets or powders, such that upon reaction with water or other diluent, the aqueous form of the present invention is produced for oral, enteral or parenteral administration.
  • the present pharmaceutical tablets or other solid dosage forms disintegrate rapidly in aqueous media and form an aqueous solution of the PPI and buffering agent with minimal shaking or agitation. Such tablets utilize commonly available materials and achieve these and other desirable objectives.
  • the tablets or other solid dosage forms of this invention provide for precise dosing of a PPI that may be of low solubility in water. They are particularly useful for medicating children and the elderly and others in a way that is much more acceptable than swallowing or chewing a tablet.
  • the tablets that are produced have low friability, making them easily transportable.
  • suspension tablets refers to compressed tablets which rapidly disintegrate after they are placed in water, and are readily dispersible to form a suspension containing a precise dosage of the PPI.
  • the suspension tablets of this invention comprise, in combination, a therapeutic amount of a PPI, a buffering agent, and a disintegrant. More particularly, the suspension tablets comprise about 20 mg omeprazole and about 1-20 mEq of sodium bicarbonate.
  • Croscarmellose sodium is a known disintegrant for tablet formulations, and is available from FMC Corporation, Philadelphia, Pa. under the trademark Ac-Di-Sol ® . It is frequently blended in compressed tableting formulations either alone or in combination with microcrystalline cellulose to achieve rapid disintegration of the tablet.
  • Microcrystalline cellulose alone or coprocessed with other ingredients, is also a common additive for compressed tablets and is well known for its ability to improve compressibility of difficult to compress tablet materials. It is commercially available under the Avicel ® trademark. Two different Avicel ® products are utilized, Avicel ® PH which is microcrystalline cellulose, and Avicel ® AC-815, a coprocessed spray dried residue of microcrystalline cellulose and a calcium, sodium alginate complex in which the calcium to sodium ratio is in the range of about 0.40:1 to about 2.5:1.
  • AC-815 is comprised of 85% microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and 15% of a calcium, sodium alginate complex
  • MCC microcrystalline cellulose
  • this ratio may be varied from about 75% MCC to 25% alginate up to about 95% MCC to 5% alginate.
  • these two components may be present in approximately equal amounts or in unequal amounts, and either may comprise from about 10% to about 50% by weight of the tablet.
  • the suspension tablet composition may, in addition to the ingredients described above, contain other ingredients often used in pharmaceutical tablets, including flavoring agents, sweetening agents, flow aids, lubricants or other common tablet adjuvants, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
  • Other disintegrants such as crospovidone and sodium starch glycolate may be employed, although croscarmellose sodium is preferred.
  • the solid formulation of the present invention can be in the form of a powder, a tablet, a capsule, or other suitable solid dosage form (e.g., a pelleted form or an effervescing tablet, troche or powder), which creates the inventive solution in the presence of diluent or upon ingestion.
  • suitable solid dosage form e.g., a pelleted form or an effervescing tablet, troche or powder
  • the water in the stomach secretions or water which is used to swallow the solid dosage form can serve as the aqueous diluent.
  • Compressed tablets are solid dosage forms prepared by compacting a formulation containing an active ingredient and excipients selected to aid the processing and improve the properties of the product.
  • the term "compressed tablet” generally refers to a plain, uncoated tablet for oral ingestion, prepared by a single compression or by pre-compaction tapping followed by a final compression.
  • Tablet forms can include, for example, one or more of lactose, mannitol, corn starch, potato starch, microcrystalline cellulose, acacia, gelatin, colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, talc, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and other excipients, colorants, diluents, buffering agents, moistening agents, preservatives, flavoring agents, and pharmaceutically compatible carriers.
  • the manufacturing processes may employ one, or a combination of, four established methods: (1) dry mixing; (2) direct compression; (3) milling; and (4) non-aqueous granulation. Lachman et al., The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy (1986 ).
  • Such tablets may also comprise film coatings, which preferably dissolve upon oral ingestion or upon contact with diluent.
  • Non-limiting examples of buffering agents which could be utilized in such tablets include sodium bicarbonate, alkali earth metal salts such as calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, calcium lactate, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium acetate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium silicate, magnesium aluminate, aluminum hydroxide or aluminum magnesium hydroxide.
  • alkali earth metal salt useful for making an antacid tablet is calcium carbonate.
  • An example of a low density alkali earth metal salt useful for making the granules according to the present invention is extra light calcium carbonate available from Specialty Minerals Inc., Adams, Me.
  • the density of the extra light calcium carbonate, prior to being processed according to the present invention is about 0.37 gm/ml.
  • the granules used to make the tablets according to one embodiment of the present invention are made by either spray drying or pre-compacting the raw materials.
  • the density of the alkali earth metal salts useful in the present invention ranges from about 0.3 gm/ml to about 0.55 gm/ml, preferably about 0.35 gm/ml to about 0.45 gm/ml, even more preferably about 0.37 gm/ml to about 0.42 gm/ml.
  • the present invention can be manufactured by utilizing micronized compounds in place of the granules or powder.
  • Micronization is the process by which solid drug particles are reduced in size. Since the dissolution rate is directly proportional to the surface area of the solid, and reducing the particle size increases the surface area, reducing the particle size increases the dissolution rate. Although micronization results in increased surface area possibly causing particle aggregation, which can negate the benefit of micronization and is an expensive manufacturing step, it does have the significant benefit of increasing the dissolution rate of relatively water insoluble drugs, such as omeprazole and other proton pump inhibitors.
  • the present invention also relates to administration kits to ease mixing and administration.
  • a month's supply of powder or tablets for example, can be packaged with a separate month's supply of diluent, and a re-usable plastic dosing cup. More specifically, the package could contain thirty (30) suspension tablets containing 20 mg omeprazole each, 1 L sodium bicarbonate 8.4% solution, and a 30 ml dose cup. The user places the tablet in the empty dose cup, fills it to the 30 ml mark with the sodium bicarbonate, waits for it to dissolve (gentle stirring or agitation may be used), and then ingests the suspension.
  • Such kits may contain many different variations of the above components.
  • the diluent may be water, sodium bicarbonate, or other compatible diluent, and the dose cup can be larger than 30 ml in size.
  • kits can be packaged in unit dose form, or as weekly, monthly, or yearly kits, etc.
  • the tablets of this invention are primarily intended as a suspension dosage form
  • the granulations used to form the tablet may also be used to form rapidly disintegrating chewable tablets, lozenges, troches, or swallowable tablets. Therefore, the intermediate formulations as well as the process for preparing them provide additional novel aspects of the present invention.
  • Effervescent tablets and powders are also prepared in accordance with the present invention.
  • Effervescent salts have been used to disperse medicines in water for oral administration.
  • Effervescent salts are granules or coarse powders containing a medicinal agent in a dry mixture, usually composed of sodium bicarbonate, citric acid and tartaric acid. When the salts are added to water, the acids and the base react to liberate carbon dioxide gas, thereby causing "effervescence.”
  • the choice of ingredients for effervescent granules depends both upon the requirements of the manufacturing process and the necessity of making a preparation which dissolves readily in water.
  • the two required ingredients are at least one acid and at least one base.
  • the base releases carbon dioxide upon reaction with the acid.
  • acids include, but are not limited to, tartaric acid and citric acid.
  • the acid is a combination of both tartaric acid and citric acid.
  • bases include, but are not limited to, sodium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate and sodium bicarbonate.
  • the base is sodium bicarbonate
  • the effervescent combination has a pH of about 6.0 or higher.
  • Effervescent salts preferably include the following ingredients, which actually produce the effervescence: sodium bicarbonate, citric acid and tartaric acid. When added to water the acids and base react to liberate carbon dioxide, resulting in effervescence. It should be noted that any acid-base combination which results in the liberation of carbon dioxide could be used in place of the combination of sodium bicarbonate and citric and tartaric acids, as long as the ingredients were suitable for pharmaceutical use, and result in a pH of about 6.0 or higher.
  • Citric Acid:Tartaric Acid:Sodium Bicarbonate 1:2:3.44 (by weight). This ratio can be varied and continue to produce an effective release of carbon dioxide. For example, ratios of about 1:0:3 or 0:1:2 are also effective.
  • the method of preparation of the effervescent granules of the present invention employs three basic processes: wet and dry granulation, and fusion.
  • the fusion method is used for the preparation of most commercial effervescent powders. It should be noted that although these methods are intended for the preparation of granules, the formulations of effervescent salts of the present invention could also be prepared as tablets, according to well known prior art technology for tablet preparation.
  • wet granulation is the oldest method of granule preparation.
  • the individual steps in the wet granulation process of tablet preparation include milling and sieving of the ingredients; dry powder mixing; wet massing; granulation; and final grinding.
  • Dry granulation involves compressing a powder mixture into a rough tablet or "slug" on a heavy-duty rotary tablet press.
  • the slugs are then broken up into granular particles by a grinding operation, usually by passage through an oscillation granulator.
  • the individual steps include mixing of the powders; compressing (slugging); and grinding (slug reduction or granulation). No wet binder or moisture is involved in any of the steps.
  • the fusion method is the most preferred method for preparing the granules of the present invention.
  • the compressing (slugging) step of the dry granulation process is eliminated. Instead, the powders are heated in an oven or other suitable source of heat.
  • “parietal cell activator” shall mean any compound or mixture of compounds possessing such stimulatory effect including, but not limited to, chocolate, sodium bicarbonate, calcium (e.g., calcium carbonate, calcium gluconate, calcium hydroxide, calcium acetate and calcium glycerophosphate), peppermint oil, spearmint oil, coffee, tea and colas (even if decaffeinated), caffeine, theophylline, theobromine, and amino acids (particularly aromatic amino acids such as phenylalanine and tryptophan) and combinations thereof and the salts thereof.
  • chocolate, sodium bicarbonate calcium (e.g., calcium carbonate, calcium gluconate, calcium hydroxide, calcium acetate and calcium glycerophosphate), peppermint oil, spearmint oil, coffee, tea and colas (even if decaffeinated), caffeine, theophylline, theobromine, and amino acids (particularly aromatic amino acids such as phenylalanine and tryptophan) and combinations thereof and the
  • Such parietal cell activators are administered in an amount sufficient to produce the desired stimulatory effect without causing untoward side effects to patients.
  • chocolate as raw cocoa, is administered in an amount of about 5 mg to 2.5 g per 20 mg dose of omeprazole (or equivalent pharmacologic dose of other PPI).
  • the dose of activator administered to a mammal, particularly a human, in the context of the present invention should be sufficient to effect a therapeutic response (i.e., enhanced effect of PPI) over a reasonable time frame.
  • the dose will be determined by the strength of the particular compositions employed and the condition of the person, as well as the body weight of the person to be treated.
  • the size of the dose also will be determined by the existence, nature, and extent of any adverse side effects that might accompany the administration of a particular composition.
  • compositions of the present invention are well-known to those who are skilled in the art. The choice of carrier will be determined, in part, both by the particular composition and by the particular method used to administer the composition. Accordingly, there is a wide variety of suitable formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.
  • a fast disintegrating tablet is compounded as follows: Croscarmellose sodium 300 g is added to the vortex of a rapidly stirred beaker containing 3.0 kg of deionized water. This slurry is mixed for 10 minutes. Omeprazole 90 g (powdered) is placed in the bowl of a Hobart mixer. After mixing, the slurry of croscarmellose sodium is added slowly to the omeprazole in the mixer bowl, forming a granulation which is then placed in trays and dried at 70°C for three hours.
  • the dry granulation is then placed in a blender, and to it is added 1,500 g of Avicel° AC-815 (85% microcrystalline cellulose coprocessed with 15% of a calcium, sodium alginate complex) and 1,500 g of Avicel ® PH-302 (microcrystalline cellulose). After this mixture is thoroughly blended, 35 g of magnesium stearate is added and mixed for 5 minutes. The resulting mixture is compressed into tablets on a standard tablet press (Hata HS). These tablets have an average weight of about 1.5 g, and contain about 20 mg omeprazole. These tablets have low friability and rapid disintegration time. This formulation may be dissolved in an aqueous solution containing a buffering agent for immediate oral administration.
  • the suspension tablet may be swallowed whole with a solution of buffering agent.
  • the preferred solution is sodium bicarbonate 8.4%.
  • sodium bicarbonate powder (about 975 mg per 20 mg dose of omeprazole (or an equipotent amount of other PPI) is compounded directly into the tablet. Such tablets are then dissolved in water or sodium bicarbonate 8.4%, or swallowed whole with an aqueous diluent.
  • Omeprazole 20mg (or lansoprazole or pantoprazole or other PPI in an equipotent amount) Calcium lactate 175mg Calcium glycerophosphate 175mg Sodium bicarbonate 250mg Aspartame calcium (phenylalanine) 0.5mg Colloidal silicon dioxide 12mg Corn starch 15 mg Croscarmellose sodium 12 mg Dextrose 10mg Calcium hydroxide 10mg Peppermint 3mg Maltodextrin 3mg Mannitol 3mg Pregelatinized starch 3mg
  • Omeprazole 20mg (or lansoprazole or pantoprazole or other PPI in an equipotent amount) Calcium lactate 175mg Calcium glycerophosphate 175mg Sodium bicarbonate 500mg Calcium hydroxide 50mg Glycerine 200mg
  • Omeprazole 10mg (or lansoprazole or pantoprazole or other PPI in an equipotent amount) Calcium lactate 175mg Calcium glycerophosphate 175mg Sodium bicarbonate 250mg Polyethylene glycol 20mg Croscarmellose sodium 12 mg Peppermint 3mg Magnesium silicate 1mg Magnesium stearate 1mg
  • Omeprazole 10mg (or lansoprazole or pantoprazole or other PPI in an equipotent amount)
  • Calcium lactate 200mg Calcium glycerophosphate 200mg
  • Sodium bicarbonate 400mg Croscarmellose sodium 12 mg Pregelatinized starch 3mg
  • Tablets were also prepared by boring out the center of sodium bicarbonate USP 975 mg tablets with a knife. Most of the removed sodium bicarbonate powder was then triturated with the contents of a 20 mg Prilosec ® capsule and the resulting mixture was then packed into the hole in the tablet and sealed with glycerin.
  • Tablets are prepared in a two-step process. First, about 20 mg of omeprazole is formed into a tablet as is known in the art to be used as a central core. Second, about 975 mg sodium bicarbonate USP is used to uniformly surround the central core to form an outer protective cover of sodium bicarbonate. The central core and outer cover are both prepared using standard binders and other excipients to create a finished, pharmaceutically acceptable tablet.
  • Prilosec® capsule The granules of one 20mg Prilosec® capsule were emptied into a mortar and triturated with a pestle to a fine powder.
  • the omeprazole powder was then geometrically diluted with about 958 mg sodium bicarbonate USP, about 832 mg citric acid USP and about 312 mg potassium carbonate USP to form a homogeneous mixture of effervescent omeprazole powder. This powder was then added to about 60 ml of water whereupon the powder reacted with the water to create effervescence.
  • a bubbling solution resulted of omeprazole and principally the antacids sodium citrate and potassium citrate.
  • lansoprazole 30 mg (or an equipotent dose of other PPI) can be substituted for omeprazole.
  • the effervescent powder and tablets can alternatively be formulated by employing the above mixture but adding an additional 200 mg of sodium bicarbonate USP to create a resulting solution with a higher pH. Further, instead of the excess 200 mg of sodium bicarbonate, 100 mg of calcium glycerophosphate or 100 mg of calcium lactate can be employed. Combinations of the same can also added.
  • GSD gastroesophageal reflux disease
  • Many of these atypical symptoms are difficult to control with traditional drugs such as H 2 -antagonists, cisapride, or sucralfate.
  • PPIs are more effective in controlling gastric pH and the symptoms of GERD than other agents.
  • PPIs are not available in dosage forms that are easy to administer to young children.
  • Applicant performed a retrospective evaluation of children with GERD referred to the University of Missouri-Columbia from 1995 to 1998 who received treatment with the experimental omeprazole or lansoprazole Choco-Base suspension formulated in accordance with Formulation 1 stated below. Data were included on all patients with follow up information sufficient to draw conclusions about pre/post treatment (usually > 6 months). There were 25 patients who met the criteria for this evaluation. Age range was several weeks to greater than 5 years. Most patients had a history of numerous unsuccessful attempts at ameliorating the effects of GERD. Medication histories indicated many trials of various drugs.
  • Patient charts were reviewed in detail. Data noted were date of commencement of therapy, date of termination of therapy and any reason for termination other than response to treatment. Patient demographics were also recorded, as were any other medical illnesses. Medical illnesses were divided grossly into those that are associated with or exacerbate GERD and those that do not.
  • Patients were, in general, referral patients from local family practice clinics, pediatricians, or other pediatric health care professionals. Most patients were referred to ENT for upper airway problems, sinusitis, or recurrent/chronic otitis media that had been refractory to medical therapy as reported by the primary care physician. Symptoms and signs most commonly found in these patients were recorded and tallied. All signs and symptoms were broken down into six major categories: (1) nasal; (2) otologic; (3) respiratory; (4) gastrointestinal; (5) sleep-related; and (6) other. The most common problems fell into one or all of the first 3 categories (See Table 1 below).
  • the proton pump inhibitor suspension used in this group of patients was Choco-Base suspension of either lansoprazole or omeprazole.
  • the dosing was very uniform, with patients receiving doses of either 10 or 20 mg of omeprazole and 23 mg of lansoprazole.
  • 10 mg of omeprazole was used.
  • There were 3 patients in this early phase who were treated initially with 10 mg po qd of omeprazole. All three subsequently were increased to either 20 mg po qd of omeprazole or 23 mg po qd of lansoprazole.
  • GERD in the pediatric population is relatively common, affecting almost 50% of newborns. Even though most infants outgrow physiologic reflux, pathologic reflux still affects approximately 5% of all children throughout childhood. Recently considerable data has pointed to reflux as an etiologic factor in extra-esophageal areas. GERD has been attributed to sinusitis, dental caries, otitis media, asthma, apnea, arousal, pneumonia, bronchitis, and cough, among others. Despite the common nature of reflux, there seems to have been little improvement in therapy for reflux, especially in the non-surgical arena.
  • omeprazole An additional disadvantage of omeprazole is its taste which is quinine-like. Even when suspended in juice, applesauce or the like, the bitter nature of the medicine is easily tasted even if one granule is chewed. For this reason applicant eventually progressed to use lansoprazole in Choco-Base. Pantoprazole and rabeprazole are available as enteric-coated tablets only. Currently, none of the proton pump inhibitors available in the United States are approved for pediatric use. There is some controversy as to what the appropriate dosage should be in this group of patients. A recent review by Israel D., et al.
  • Choco-Base is a product which protects drugs which are acid labile, such as proton pump inhibitors, from acid degradation.
  • the first few pediatric patients with reflux prescribed Choco-Base were sicker patients. They had been on prior therapy and had been diagnosed both by pH probe and endoscopy.
  • Applicant's standard therapy was then either 20 mg of omeprazole or 23 mg of lansoprazole once daily.
  • the extra 3 mg of lansoprazole is related only to the fact that the final concentration was 2.25 mg/ml, and applicant desired to keep dosing simple, so he used a 10 ml suspension.
  • the patients that were treated represented a tertiary care center population, and they were inherently sicker and refractory to medical therapy in the past.
  • the overall 72% success rate is slightly lower than the 90% success rates of PPIs in the adult population, but this can be attributed to the refractory nature of their illness, most having failed prior non-PPI treatment.
  • the population in this study is not indicative of general practice populations.
  • PPI therapy is a beneficial therapeutic option in the treatment of reflux related symptoms in the pediatric population. Its once daily dosing and standard dosing scheme combined with a palatable formulation makes it an ideal pharmacologic agent.
  • TABLE 1 Symptoms Patient Numbers Nasal: 35 Sinusitis 7 Congestion 8 Nasal discharqe 16 Other 4 Otologic: 26 Otitis Media 17 Otorrhea 9 Respiratory: 34 Couqh 10 Wheeze 11 Respiratory Distress: 5 Pneumonia 2 Other 6 Gastrointestinal: 10 Abdominal Pain 1 Reflux/Vomitinq 4 Other 4 Sleep Disturbances: 11 Other 2 TABLE 2 Past Medical History Number of Patients Reflux Associated: 12 Premature 5 Pierre-Robin 2 Cerebral Palsy 2 Down Syndrome 1 Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1 Velocardiofacial Syndrome 1 Other Medical History 12 Cleft Palate 3 Asthma 3 Autism 2 Seizure Disorder 1 Diabetes Mellitus 1 Subqlottic Stenosis 1 Tracheostomy Dependent
  • the Choco-Base product is formulated as follows: FORMULATION 1 PART A INGREDIENTS AMOUNT (mg) Omeprazole 200 Sucrose 26000 Sodium Bicarbonate 9400 Cocoa 1800 Corn Syrup Solids 6000 Sodium Caseinate 1000 Soy Lecithin 150 Sodium Chloride 35 Tricalcium Phosphate 20 Dipotassium Phosphate 12 Silicon Dioxide 5 Sodium Stearoyl Lactylate 5 PART B INGREDIENTS AMOUNT (ml) Distilled Water 100 COMPOUNDING INSTRUCTIONS Add Part B to Part A to create a total volume of approximately 130 ml with an omeprazole concentration of about 1.5 mg/ml.
  • INGREDIENTS (mg) AMOUNT (mg) Sucrose 26000 Cocoa 1800 Corn Syrup Solids 6000 Sodium Caseinate 1000 Soy Lecithin 150 Sodium Chloride 35 Tricalcium Phosphate 20 Dipotassium Phosphate 12 Silicon Dioxide 5 Sodium Stearoyl Lactylate 5 PART B INGREDIENTS AMOUNT Distilled Water 100 ml Sodium Bicarbonate 8400 mg Omeprazole 200 mg COMPOUNDING INSTRUCTIONS Mix the constituents of Part B together thoroughly and then add to Part A. This results in a total volume of approximately 130 ml with an omeprazole concentration of about 1.5 mg/ml.
  • INGREDIENTS (mg) AMOUNT (mg) Sucrose 26000 Sodium Bicarbonate 9400 Cocoa 1800 Corn Syrup Solids 6000 Sodium Caseinate 1000 Soy Lecithin 150 Sodium Chloride 35 Tricalcium Phosphate 20 Dipotassium Phosphate 12 Silicon Dioxide 5 Sodium Stearoyl Lactylate 5 PART B INGREDIENTS AMOUNT Distilled Water 100 ml Omeprazole 200 mg COMPOUNDING INSTRUCTIONS This formulation is reconstituted at the time of use by a pharmacist. Part B is mixed first and is then uniformly mixed with the components of Part A.
  • a final volume of about 130 ml is created having an omeprazole concentration of about 1.5 mg/ml.
  • FORMULATION 4 PART A INGREDIENTS (mg) AMOUNT (mg) Sucrose 26000 Cocoa 1800 Corn Syrup Solids 6000 Sodium Caseinate 1000 Soy Lecithin 150 Sodium Chloride 35 Tricalcium Phosphate 20 Dipotassium Phosphate 12 Silicon Dioxide 5 Sodium Stearoyl Lactylate 5 PART B INGREDIENTS AMOUNT Distilled Water 100 ml Sodium Bicarbonate 8400 mg Omeprazole 200 mg COMPOUNDING INSTRUCTIONS This formulation is reconstituted at the time of use by a pharmacist. Part B is mixed first and is then uniformly mixed with the components of Part A.
  • a final volume of about 130 ml is created having an omeprazole concentration of about 1.5 mg/ml.
  • lansoprazole or other PPI can be substituted for omeprazole in equipotent amounts.
  • 300 mg of lansoprazole may be substituted for the 200 mg of omeprazole.
  • aspartame can be substituted for sucrose, and the following other ingredients can be employed as carriers, adjuvants and excipients: maltodextrin, vanilla, carragreenan, mono and diglycerides, and lactated monoglycerides.
  • maltodextrin maltodextrin
  • vanilla vanilla
  • carragreenan mono and diglycerides
  • lactated monoglycerides lactated monoglycerides
  • Omeprazole powder or enteric coated granules can be used in each formulation. If the enteric coated granules are used, the coating is either dissolved by the aqueous diluent or inactivated by trituration in the compounding process.
  • Applicant additionally analyzed the effects of a lansoprazole Choco-Base formulation on gastric pH using a pH meter (Fisher Scientific) in one adult patient versus lansoprazole alone.
  • the patient was first given a 30 mg oral capsule of Prevacid ® , and the patient's gastric pH was measured at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 hours post dose. The results are illustrated in Fig. 4 .
  • the Choco-Base product was compounded according to Formulation 1 above, except 300 mg of lansoprazole was used instead of omeprazole. A dose of 30 mg lansoprazole Choco-Base was orally administered at hour 18 post lansoprazole alone. Gastric pH was measured using a pH meter at hours 18, 19, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 48, 52, and 56 post lansoprazole alone dose.
  • Figure 4 illustrates the lansoprazole/cocoa combination resulted in higher pH s at hours 19-56 than lansoprazole alone at hours 4-18. Therefore, the combination of the lansoprazole with chocolate enhanced the pharmacologic activity of the lansoprazole.
  • the results establish that the sodium bicarbonate as well as chocolate flavoring and calcium were all able to stimulate the activation of the proton pumps, perhaps due to the release of gastrin.
  • Proton pump inhibitors work by functionally inhibiting the proton pump and effectively block activated proton pumps (primarily those inserted into the secretory canalicular membrane).
  • Tablets were compounded using known methods by forming an inner core of 10mg omeprazole powder mixed with 750 mg sodium bicarbonate, and an outer core of 10 mg omeprazole enteric-coated granules mixed with known binders and excipients. Upon ingestion of the whole tablet, the tablet dissolves and the inner core is dispersed in the stomach where it is absorbed for immediate therapeutic effect. The enteric-coated granules are later absorbed in the duodenum to provide symptomatic relief later in the dosing cycle. This tablet is particularly useful in patients who experience breakthrough gastritis between conventional doses, such as while sleeping or in the early morning hours.
  • SRMD mechanical ventilation, head injury, severe burn, sepsis, multiple trauma, adult respiratory distress syndrome, major surgery, acute renal failure, multiple operative procedures, coagulotherapy, significant hyportension, acid-base disorder, and hepatic failure
  • gastric pH of ⁇ 4 prior to study entry and no concomitant prophylaxis for SRMD.
  • the omeprazole solution was prepared by mixing 10 ml of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate with the contents of a 20 mg capsule of omeprazole (Merck & Co. Inc., West Point, PA) to yield a solution having a final omeprazole concentration of 2 mg/ml.
  • Nasogastric (ng) tubes were placed in the patients and an omeprazole dosage protocol of buffered 40 mg omeprazole solution (2 mg omeprazole/1 ml NaHCO 3 - 8.4%) followed by 40 mg of the same buffered omeprazole solution in eight hours, then 20 mg of the same buffered omeprazole solution per day, for five days. After each buffered omeprazole solution administration, nasogastric suction was turned off for thirty minutes.
  • This example illustrates the efficacy of the buffered omeprazole solution of the present invention based on the increase in gastric pH, safety and cost of the buffered omeprazole solution as a method for SRMD prophylaxis.
  • Example VII After preparing a total of 40 mg of buffered omeprazole solution, in the manner of Example VII, doses were administered into the stomach, usually, through a nasogastric (ng) tube. Nasogastric tubes from nine different institutions were gathered for an evaluation. Artificial gastric fluid (gf) was prepared according to the USP. pH recordings were made in triplicate using a Microcomputer Portable pH meter model 6007 (Jenco Electronics Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan).
  • the terminal portion (tp) of the nasogastric tubes was placed into a glass beaker containing the gastric fluid. A 5 ml aliquot of gastric fluid was aspirated through each tube and the pH recorded; this was called the "pre-omeprazole solution/suspension measurement.”
  • the terminal portion (tp) of each of the nasogastric tubes was removed from the beaker of gastric fluid and placed into an empty beaker. Twenty (20) mg of omeprazole solution was delivered through each of the nasogastric tubes and flushed with 10 ml of tap water. The terminal portion (tp) of each of the nasogastric tubes was placed back into the gastric fluid.
  • Table 1 illustrates the results of the pH measurements that were taken during the course of the experiment. These results illustrate that there were no statistically significant latent effects of omeprazole solution administration (per nasogastric tube) on the accuracy of subsequent pH measurements obtained through the same nasogastric tube.
  • omeprazole solution prepared as per Example VII and containing 40 mg of omeprazole
  • a second 20 ml dose six to eight hours later, then 10 ml (20 mg) daily.
  • Omeprazole solution according to the present invention was administered through a nasogastric tube, followed by 5-10 ml of tap water. The nasogastric tube was clamped for one to two hours after each administration.
  • the primary outcome measure was clinically significant gastrointestinal bleeding determined by endoscopic evaluation, nasogastric aspirate examination, or heme-positive coffee ground material that did not clear with lavage and was associated with a five percent decrease in hematocrit.
  • Secondary efficacy measures were gastric pH measured four hours after omeprazole was first administered, mean gastric pH after omeprazole was started, and the lowest gastric pH during omeprazole therapy.
  • Safety-related outcomes included the incidence of adverse events and the incidence of pneumonia. No patient experienced clinically significant upper gastrointestinal bleeding after receiving omeprazole suspension.
  • the four-hour post omeprazole gastric pH was 7.1 (mean), the mean gastric pH after starting omeprazole was 6.8 (mean) and the lowest pH after starting omeprazole was 5.6 (mean).
  • the incidence of pneumonia was twelve percent. No patient in this high-risk population experienced an adverse event or a drug interaction that was attributable to omeprazole.
  • Omeprazole solution prevented clinically significant upper gastrointestinal bleeding and maintained gastric pH above 5.5 in mechanically ventilated critical care patients without producing toxicity.
  • Sepsis was defined as the presence of invasive pathogenic organisms or their toxins in blood or tissues resulting in a systematic response that included two or more of the following: temperature greater than 38°C or less than 36°C, heart rate greater than 90 beats/minute, respiratory rate greater than 20 breaths/minute (or p O 2 less than 75 mm Hg), and white blood cell count greater than 12,000 or less than 4,000 cells/mm 3 or more than 10 percent bands ( Bone, Let's Agree on Terminology: Definitions of Sepsis, CRIT. CARE MED., 19: 27 (1991 )). Patients in whom H 2 -antagonist therapy had failed or who experienced an adverse event while receiving H 2 -antagonist therapy were also included.
  • Patients were excluded from the study if they were receiving azole antifungal agents through the nasogastric tube; were likely to swallow blood (e.g., facial and/or sinus fractures, oral lacerations); had severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count less than 30,000 cells/mm 3 ); were receiving enteral feedings through the nasogastric tube; or had a history of vagotomy, pyloroplasty, or gastroplasty. In addition, patients with a gastric pH above four for forty-eight hours after ICU admission (without prophylaxis) were not eligible for participation.
  • ICU admission without prophylaxis
  • Omeprazole solution was prepared immediately before administration by the patient's nurse using the following instructions: empty the contents of one or two 20 mg omeprazole capsule(s) into an empty 10 ml syringe (with 20 gauge needle in place) from which the plunger has been removed.
  • omeprazole solution was 40 mg, followed by a second 40 mg dose six to eight hours later, then a 20 mg daily dose administered at 8:00 AM.
  • Each dose was administered through the nasogastric tube.
  • the nasogastric tube was then flushed with 5-10 ml of tap water and clamped for at least one hour.
  • Omeprazole therapy was continued until there was no longer a need for stress ulcer prophylaxis (usually after the nasogastric tube was removed and the patient was taking water/food by mouth, or after the patient was removed from mechanical ventilation).
  • the primary outcome measure in this study was the rate of clinically significant stress-related mucosal bleeding defined as endoscopic evidence of stress-related mucosal bleeding or bright red blood per nasogastric tube that did not clear after a 5-minute lavage or persistent Gastroccult (SmithKline Diagnostics, Sunnyville, CA) positive coffee ground material for four consecutive hours that did not clear with lavage (at least 100 ml) and produced a 5% decrease in hematocrit.
  • the secondary efficacy measures were gastric pH measured four hours after omeprazole was administered, mean gastric pH after starting omeprazole and lowest gastric pH during omeprazole administration.
  • Gastric pH was measured immediately after aspirating gastric contents through the nasogastric tube.
  • pH paper pH paper (pHydrion improved pH papers, Microessential Laboratory, Brooklyn, NY) was used to measure gastric aspirate pH.
  • the pH range of the test strips was 1 to 11, in increments of one pH unit.
  • Gastric pH was measured before the initiation of omeprazole solution therapy, immediately before each dose, and every four hours between doses.
  • a patient who has pneumonia is one who has rales or dullness to percussion on physical examination of the chest or has a chest radiograph that shows new or progressive infiltrate(s), consolidation, cavitation, or pleural effusion and has at least two of the following present: new purulent sputum or changes in character of the sputum, an organism isolated from blood culture, fever or leukocytosis, or evidence of infection from a protective specimen brush or bronchoalveolar lavage.
  • COst of Care Analysis A pharmacoeconomic evaluation of stress ulcer prophylaxis using omeprazole solution was performed. The evaluation included total drug cost (acquisition and administration), actual costs associated with adverse events (e.g., psychiatry consultation for mental confusion), costs associated with clinically significant upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Total drug cost was calculated by adding the average institutional costs of omeprazole 20 mg capsules, 50 ml sodium bicarbonate vials, and 10 ml syringes with needle; nursing time (drug administration, pH monitoring); pharmacy time (drug preparation); and disposal costs.
  • Costs associated with clinically significant upper gastrointestinal bleeding included endoscopy charges and accompanying consultation fees, procedures required to stop the bleeding (e.g., surgery, hemostatic agents, endoscopic procedures), increased hospital length of stay (as assessed by the attending physician), and cost of drugs used to treat the gastrointestinal bleeding.
  • omeprazole enteric-coated pellets had not completely broken down prior to the administration of the first two doses, which produced an erratic effect on gastric pH.
  • the gastric pH increased to above six as soon as the patient was given a dose of omeprazole solution (in which the enteric coated pellets of omeprazole had been allowed to completely breakdown).
  • Gastric pH The mean ( ⁇ standard deviation) pre-omeprazole gastric pH was 3.5 ⁇ 1.9. Within four hours of omeprazole administration, the gastric pH rose to 7.1 ⁇ 1.1 (See Figure 3 ); this difference was significant (p ⁇ 0.001). The differences between pre-omeprazole gastric pH and the mean and lowest gastric pH measurements during omeprazole administration (6.8 ⁇ 0.6 and 5.6 ⁇ 1.3, respectively) were also statistically significant (p ⁇ 0.001).
  • Omeprazole solution was well tolerated in this group of critically ill patients. Only one patient with sepsis experienced an adverse event that may have been drug-related thrombocytopenia. However, the platelet count continued to fall after omeprazole was stopped. The platelet count then returned to normal despite reinstitution of omeprazole therapy. Of note, one patient on a jet ventilator continuously expelled all liquids placed in her stomach up and out through her mouth, and thus was unable to continue on omeprazole. No clinically significant drug interactions with omeprazole were noted during the study period. As stated above, metabolic alkalosis is a potential concern in patients receiving sodium bicarbonate. However, the amount of sodium bicarbonate in omeprazole solution was small ( 12 mEq/10 ml) and no electrolyte abnormalities were found.
  • Pneumonia developed in nine (12%) patients receiving omeprazole solution. Pneumonia was present in an additional five patients before the start of omeprazole therapy.
  • Omeprazole solution is a safe and effective therapy for the prevention of clinically significant stress-related mucosal bleeding in critical care patients.
  • the contribution of many risk factors to stress-related mucosal damage has been challenged recently. All of the patients in this study had at least one risk factor that has clearly been associated with stress-related mucosal damage - mechanical ventilation.
  • Previous trials and data from a recently published study show that stress ulcer prophylaxis is of proven benefit in patients at risk and, therefore, it was thought to be unethical to include a placebo group in this study. No clinically significant upper gastrointestinal bleeding occurred during omeprazole solution therapy. Gastric pH was maintained above 4 on omeprazole 20 mg/day in seventy-three of seventy-five patients.
  • Cost of care was calculated from these date Per Day Total OMEPRAZOLE (day 1) Product acquisition cost 40 mg load x 2 5.66/dose) 11.32 11.32 Ancillary product materials for solution preparation 0.41 0.41 Ancillary product syringe w/needle 0.20 0.40 Sterile preparation required no SOS preparation time (R.N.) 6 minutes 2.40 4.80 R.N.
  • omeprazole solution (2 mg/ml of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate) made according to the present invention was stored at room temperature for four weeks and then was analyzed for fungal and bacterial growth. Following four weeks of storage at room temperature, no bacterial or fungal growth was detected.
  • An omeprazole solution (2 mg/ml of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate) made in accordance with the present invention was stored at room temperature for twelve weeks and then was analyzed for fungal and bacterial growth. After twelve weeks of incubation at room temperature, no fungal or bacterial growth was detected.
  • omeprazole Healthy male and female study participants over the age of 18 will be randomized to receive omeprazole in the following forms:
  • healthy volunteers will be randomized to receive one of the following four regimens as randomly assigned by Latin Square. Each subject will be crossed to each regimen according to the randomization sequence until all subjects have received all four regimens (with one week separating each regimen).
  • Blood samples will be centrifuged within 2 hours of collection and the plasma will then separated and frozen at -10°C (or lower) until assayed.
  • Pharmacokinetic variables will include: time to peak concentration, mean peak concentration, AUC (0-t) and (0-infinity). Analysis of variance will be used to detect statistical difference. Bioavailability will be assessed by the 90% confidence interval of the two one-sided tests on the natural logarithm of AUC.
  • Omeprazole and internal standard (H168/24) will be used.
  • Omeprazole and internal standard will be measured by modification of the procedure described by Amantea and Narang. ( Amantea MA, Narang PK. Improved Procedure for Quantification of Omeprazole and Metabolites Using Reversed-Phased High Performance Liquid Chromotography. J. CHROMATOGRAPHY 426; 216-222. 1988 ).
  • omeprazole is eluted at approximately 5 minutes, and the internal standard at approximately 7.5 minutes.
  • the standard curve is linear over the concentration range 0-3 mg/ml (in previous work with SOS), and the between-day coefficient of variation has been ⁇ 8% at all concentrations.
  • the typical mean R2 for the standard curve has been 0.98 in prior work with SOS (omeprazole 2mg/ml NaHCO 3 8.4%).
  • pantoprazole Sixteen (16) normal, healthy male and female study subjects over the age of 18 will be randomized to receive pantoprazole as follows:
  • the subjects will receive a single dose of (a) or (b) above, and will be crossed-over to (a) and (b) in random fashion. Serum concentrations of pantoprazole versus time after administration data will be collected, as well as gastric pH control as measured with an indwelling pH probe.
  • parietal cell activator is substituted for the parietal cell activator sodium bicarbonate, and other PPIs are substituted for pantoprazole.
  • the parietal cell activator can be administered either within about 5 minutes before, during or within about 5 minutes after the IV dose of PPI.
  • administration kits of IV PPI and oral parietal cell activator can be packaged in many various forms for ease of administration and to optimize packing and shipping the product. Such kits can be in unit dose or multiple dose form.
  • a solution was prepared by mixing 8.4% sodium bicarbonate with omeprazole to produce a final concentration of 2 mg/ml to determine the stability of omeprazole solution after 12 months.
  • the resultant preparation was stored in clear glass at room temperature, refrigerated and frozen. Samples were drawn after thorough agitation from the stored preparations at the prescribed times. The samples were then stored at 70°C. Frozen samples remained frozen until they were analyzed. When the collection process was completed, the samples were shipped to a laboratory overnight on dry ice for analysis. Samples were agitated for 30 seconds and sample aliquots were analyzed by HPLC in triplicate according to well known methods. Omeprazole and the internal standard were measured by a modification of the procedure described by Amantea and Narang.
  • the 12 month sample showed stability at greater than 90% of the original concentration of 2 mg/ml. (i.e., 1.88 mg/ml, 1.94 mg/ml, 1.92 mg/ml).

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