CN1312928A - 射频识别系统的应用 - Google Patents
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
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- H01Q1/2208—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles associated with components used in interrogation type services, i.e. in systems for information exchange between an interrogator/reader and a tag/transponder, e.g. in Radio Frequency Identification [RFID] systems
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- G06K19/07767—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier the record carrier being capable of non-contact communication, e.g. constructional details of the antenna of a non-contact smart card comprising at least a second communication arrangement in addition to a first non-contact communication arrangement the first and second communication means being two different antennas types, e.g. dipole and coil type, or two antennas of the same kind but operating at different frequencies
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- G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
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- G06K19/07779—Antenna details the antenna being of the inductive type the inductive antenna being a coil
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- G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
- G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
- G06K19/077—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier
- G06K19/07749—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier the record carrier being capable of non-contact communication, e.g. constructional details of the antenna of a non-contact smart card
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- H01Q1/2225—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles associated with components used in interrogation type services, i.e. in systems for information exchange between an interrogator/reader and a tag/transponder, e.g. in Radio Frequency Identification [RFID] systems used in active tags, i.e. provided with its own power source or in passive tags, i.e. deriving power from RF signal
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Abstract
揭示了用于具有与感兴趣的物品相关的射频识别元件或标签的物品(1-26)的天线架带(310)。
Description
参考引用
本申请要求1998年8月14日以相同名称提交的序号为09/134,686的美国申请的优先权,这个申请已转让给本发明的受让人,在这里引用这个申请的内容作为参考。
技术领域
本发明涉及射频识别(RFID)系统的应用,尤其是这种系统在图书馆中的应用。
背景技术
电子物品监视(“EAS”)系统检测是否存在位于一物品上或其中或由有关的人携带的电子器件,这些系统经常用于零售或图书馆环境,以防止偷窃或其它未经许可移去物品。这些器件公知为标签或标志器(marker),过去,它们仅包含有关一物品是否存在的信息。可通过间歇或连续地以电子方式询问标签来获得该信息。几年来,已根据如何实施此询问发展了至少四种不同类型的EAS系统:磁性、磁力学、射频(RF)和微波。在这四种类型中,磁性系统在大多数应用中提供了最高的安全级。可容易地把磁性标签隐藏在一物体上或其中,它们难于检测(因为它们不太容易受到屏蔽、弯曲和加压的影响),且易于停用和重新启用,从而提供了高的安全度及与加标签物品的状态有关的一些信息。
EAS系统的许多用户想要知道的不仅仅是加标签的物体是否存在。例如,他们还想知道存在哪一个加标签的物体。一般,通过光学条形码把有关物体性质(诸如生产日期、存货状态和物主)的详细信息传送给自动处理和控制系统。虽然光学条形码系统便宜且有效,但它们有一些局限性。条形码必须是看得见的,这限制了可放置条形码的位置,且条形码容易因偶然或故意而变得模糊。可读出条形码的检测器的范围也比较小。而且还必须使条形码适当定位来进行检测。此外,由于条形码通常被曝光检测,所以条形码容易被破坏,从而可导致检测失败。最后,必须每次处理多个物品中的一个。条形码系统的这些约束使得它们在某些应用(诸如给图书馆媒体作标记)中是不想要的或无效的。
近来,已开发了解决光学条形码的局限性的电子识别(也叫做射频识别或RFID)技术。RFID系统已成功地提供了物体识别和跟踪,但它们在提供物体安全性方面是不足的,因为在大多数RFID系统的操作频率范围(~1MHz和以上)内标签是容易产生失败的。产生射频标签的安全性不足的原因在于,它们可通过例如用手或铝箔覆盖标签或甚至把标签置于书本中而被屏蔽。虽然射频标签的范围较佳且较难阻挡,但甚至是电池供电的射频标签也可被阻挡。因而,以RFID标签作标签的物体可能因疏忽或故意而漏检。这大大减小其作为安全装置的有效性。RFID标志器也叫做“智能卡”。在商业应用中接触和非接触式的智能卡都已出现。智能卡倾向于有关特定的人而不是作过标签的物体。涉及智能卡(或携带该卡的人)的安全性和跟踪的问题类似于以上对RFID标志器所讨论的。
有关RFID标志器的安全性问题类似于基于射频和微波的EAS标签这一领域中的技术人员所熟知的问题。在补救基于射频和微波的EAS标签的缺陷的尝试中已进行了大量努力。然而,这些标签的性能基本上都未提高到成为安全标签。名为“具有停用线圈的双频EAS标签”的5,517,195号美国专利(Narlow等人)描述了一种双频微波EAS标签,该标签包括具有一二极管的天线电路和停用电路。停用电路通过在天线电路的二极管中感应出电压而对一低能量交变磁场作响应,从而停用二极管和天线,继而停用标签。虽然在某些应用中是有用的,但Narlow等人所揭示的基于电容器的标签可能随时间而发生漏电,这可能引起标签的无意启用。
4,745,401号美国专利(Montean等人)中所揭示的这种类型的射频EAS标签包括磁性元件。磁性元件在被辅助装置适当地磁化时改变了标签的调谐,继而阻挡了标签的射频响应。虽然这些标签有某些用途,但它们仍旧解决不了增强安全性和识别的问题。
许多公司已开发了射频识别技术,包括Motorola/Indala(见5,378,880和5,565,846号美国专利)、Texas Instruments(见5,347,280和5,541,604号美国专利)、Mikron/Philips Semiconductors、Single Chip Systems(见4,442,507;4,796,074;5,095,362;5,296,722和5,407,851号美国专利)、CSIR(见0 494 114A2;0 585 132 A1;0 598 624 A1和0 615 285 A2号欧洲专利)、IBM(见5,528,222;5,550,547;5,521,601和5,682,143号美国专利)以及SensormaticElectronics(见5,626,341号美国专利)。这些标签都尝试提供远程识别而不需要电池。它们操作的频率范围从125KHz到2.45GHz。频率较低的标签(~125KHz)适度地抵抗屏蔽,但由于带宽的约束,所以它们只有有限的射频功能。尤其是,基于这些标志器的系统一般只能在每次只有单个标签处于询问区时才能可靠地操作。它们也相对笨重且制造起来较昂贵。在较高的频率下(通常为13.56MHz、915MHz和2.45GHz),可得以增加的带宽允许开发能在较短的时间周期内可靠地处理处于询问区内的多个标签的系统。这是许多产品应用非常想要的。此外,某些标签设计保持制造起来相对便宜的承诺,因此更吸引顾客。然而,这些频率较高的系统都不同程度地受到以上所讨论的屏蔽的影响。因而,它们不能提供在诸如图书馆等某些应用中所需的高的安全级。
从以上讨论中很清楚的是,RFID标签在识别作上标签的物品的身份(identity)是很重要的各种环境中有许多应用。例如,1999年2月4日公开并已转让给Checkpoint Systems,Inc.的WO 99/05660号PCT公开中描述了一种使用带RFID标签的物品的存货系统。这里所述的较佳实施例打算在图书馆资料中使用RFID标签,这样可通过询问RFID标签确定资料的身份来自动地借出(check out)资料。然而,许多重要或想要的图书馆或其它存货功能有所保留,在‘660公开中未描述或提及。
发明内容
本发明涉及RFID装置以及天线系统,该天线系统使RFID装置可询问位于天线系统附近的感兴趣的物品。结合与RFID标签相联系的物品以及(任选的)磁性安全元件来使用此RFID天线系统。特别参照诸如书本、期刊及磁性和光学媒体等图书馆资料来描述这些器件和应用。还可预想本发明的其它应用。
附图概述
参考附图更详细地描述本发明,图中相同的标号代表相同的结构,其中
图1A和1B是射频识别标签的示意图;
图2是射频识别标签第二实施例的示意图;
图3是组合标签的示意俯视图;
图4是与RFID标签交互的RFID询问系统的方框图;
图5、6、7和8是依据本发明的组合标签的视图;以及
图9和10是本发明的各实施例的视图。
本发明的较佳实施方式
这里所述的本发明的实施例利用RFID标签,且最好利用组合RFID/磁性安全标签。在1998年6月8日提交的名为“安全性增强的识别标签”的序号为09/093,120的美国申请中揭示了这种类型的标签,该申请已转让给本发明的受让人,在本发明要求优先权的美国申请中已通过参考引入了该申请。在以下的第Ⅰ节中对结合本发明的实施例而使用的磁性、RFID和组合标签进行了详细的描述,在以下的第Ⅱ节中详细地描述了本发明的实施例。
Ⅰ.本发明的实施例所使用的标签和元件
可把在以下的第Ⅱ节中所述的本发明实施例所使用的标签可在单个装置中结合物体识别和有效的安全性。它们最好包括响应于一磁性询问信号的元件以及响应于一射频询问信号的元件。在一个实施例中,磁性响应元件还提供用于射频响应元件的天线。在本发明的上下文中,术语“响应”指该元件在遭受适当询问场时提供可理解的信息。以下首先描述各元件,接着描述组合标签。将变得明显起来的是,在以下的第Ⅱ节中所述的本发明的实施例可仅包括RFID元件或包括RFID元件与磁性安全元件的组合。
A.磁性响应元件
磁性响应元件最好由矫顽磁力低而磁导率高的铁磁材料制成,诸如明尼苏达州St.Paul市的Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company以牌号为“TATTLE-TAPETM”的商标磁条(brand strip)所销售的磁条中所使用的材料。在几个转让给3M的专利中描述了这些磁条或标志器组件,这些专利包括5,331,313(Koning)和3,747,086(Peterson)号美国专利。示例的矫顽磁力低而磁导率高的铁磁材料包括坡莫合金(镍/铁合金)以及诸如纽约州Morristown市的AlliedSignal Company以牌号为Metglas 2705M和Metglas 2714A销售的那些材料等高性能无定形金属。
依据磁性响应元件所联系的物品的性质,该元件可以是单态也可以是双态。例如,不能把图书馆中的某些参考书从图书馆中移走,因而单态(不可停用)标志器总是指示这样的书本是否在询问区通过。诸如普通的图书馆资料或商品等其它物品可能需要双态标志器组件,从而在物品已作适当处理时,可适当地停用标志器以防止询问源的检测。一般通过在矫顽磁力低的磁性材料附近增加部分矫顽磁力较高的磁性材料来提供双态功能,这如下所述以及如以上通过参考引入的Peterson的专利中所述。
某些磁性响应元件能在通过低频交变磁场(例如,50Hz到100KHz)时快速地切换磁性取向,并能产生可被检测器的接收线圈所检测的预定特性的响应。由矫顽磁力高的元件或“保持器(keeper)元件”的磁化状态来控制标志器组件的切换功能。当这些保持器元件被磁化时,标志器在询问区的交变磁场内以磁性方式的来回切换的能力被改变,通常标志器不能被检测。当保持器元件被去磁时,标志器可再次执行切换功能,使得询问源能检测到标志器的存在。可以本领域内所公知的各种方式来提供保持器元件。
标志器组件还可包括位于其一侧或两侧上的粘合剂,以把标志器粘到书本或其它物品上。可用一可除去的衬垫覆盖粘合剂层,以防止在把标志器加到想要的表面前标志器被粘到其它不想要的表面上。在3,790,945(Fearon)、5,083,112(Piotrowski)和5,331,313(Koning)号美国专利中描述了标志器组件的这些和其它特征,所有这些专利都被引用如上。
由于难于屏蔽这种低频磁性元件的检测,所以在安全性很重要时,可把它们有效地用于各种物品。此外,与利用其它EAS技术的标志器相比,可更方便、彻底和重复地停用和重新启用这些元件,所以它们更适应于非常想要该特性的某些应用(诸如图书馆)中。
B.射频响应元件
RFID标签可以是有源的也可以是无源的。有源的标签在标签构成中结合了诸如电池等附加的能量源。此能量源允许有源RFID标签即使在询问射频场很弱的启用中也可产生和发送强的响应信号,继而可在较大的范围内检测有源RFID标签。然而,相对短的电池寿命限制了标签的使用寿命。此外,电池增加了标签的尺寸和成本。无源标签从询问射频场得到给标签供电所需的能量,并用该能量调制天线对询问场所呈现的阻抗,从而调制反射回读取器天线的信号,这样来发送响应代码。因而,其范围被限制得更多。由于无源标签对许多应用是最佳的,所以其余讨论将限于这类标签。然而,本领域内的技术人员将认识到,这两种类型的标签共享许多特征,且都可由本发明使用。
如图1所示,无源射频响应元件10通常包括两个部件:集成电路12和天线14。集成电路提供主要的识别功能。它包括永久地存储标签标识和其它想要的信息、响应于询问器对信息的请求解释和处理从询问硬件接收到的命令以及帮助该硬件解决由同时响应于询问的多个标签所产生的冲突的软件和电路。任选地,集成电路来更新存储在其存储器内的信息(读/写),而不仅仅是读出信息(只读)。适用于RFID标志器的集成电路包括尤其是Texas Instruments(其TIRIS或Tag-it系列产品)、Philips(其I-Code、Mifare及Hitag系列产品)、Motorola/Indala和Single Chip Systems等销售的集成电路。
天线的几何形状和特性与标签的RFID部分想要的操作频率有关。例如,2.45GHz(或类似的)的RFID标签通常包括诸如图1A所示的线性偶极天线4a等偶极天线或所示附于图1B中的射频响应元件10的折叠偶极天线14a。13.56MHz(或类似的)的RFID标签使用所示附于图2中的射频响应元件10b的螺旋或线圈天线14b。在任一种情况下,天线14截取询问源所辐射的射频能量。此信号能量携带了给标签的功率和命令。此天线使RF响应元件吸收足以对IC芯片供电的能量继而提供待检测的响应。因而,必须使天线的特性与装有该天线的系统匹配。在标签操作于高的兆赫到千兆赫范围内的情况下,最重要的特性是天线长度。通常,如此选择偶极天线的有效长度,从而它接近于询问信号的一个半波长或多个半波长。在标签操作于低到中等的兆赫区域(例如,13.56MHz)中的情况下(在此情况下,半波长天线因尺寸的限制而不实用),重要的特性是天线感抗以及天线线圈上的匝数。对于这两种天线类型,都需要好的电导率。通常,将使用诸如铜或铝等金属,但其它导体(比诸如坡莫合金等磁性金属)也是可接受的,且实际上,它们更适用于本发明的目的。另一个重要之处还在于,为了最大能量传输,选中IC芯片的输入阻抗与天线的阻抗匹配。例如,从诸如J.D.Kraus的“天线”(2d ed.1988,McGraw-Hill,Inc.,New York)等参考文献中,本领域内的技术人员可知道其它有关天线的信息。
如图2所示,通常包括一电容器16,以增加标志器的性能。当存在电容器16时,该电容器16把标签的操作频率调谐到特定值。这是获得最大操作范围并保证符合调整要求所想要的。如下所述,电容器可以是分立的部件或集成在天线中。在某些标签设计中,尤其是对于设计成在诸如2.45GHz等非常高的频率下操作的标签,不需要调谐电容器。如此选择电容器,从而在电容器耦合到天线所提供的电感时,该组合结构的谐振频率为: 这里C=电容(以法拉为单位)
L=电感(以亨利为单位)
该频率与RFID系统想要的操作频率紧密匹配。电容器还可以是如4,598,276(Tait等人)和4,578,654(Tait等人)号美国专利中所所述的分布式电容器,这两个专利已转让给3M。希望用分布式电容来减小标签尺寸(尤其是厚度)并把手工装配减到最少。
如图4所示,在操作中,EAS安全系统100询问射频响应标签110,EAS安全系统100通常位于标签将被监测的点附近。可通过在待监测的传送物品的传送装置附近,在已作上标签的物品所在的房间的出口处横向放置隔开的检测平面来建立询问区。也可使用手持式检测装置。把询问源102(通常包括驱动振荡器和放大器)耦合到用于在询问区中发送交变射频场或询问信号的天线104(有时被描述为场线圈)。系统100还包括用于接收信号的天线(所示的天线104,有时被描述为接收线圈)和用于处理标签在询问区中所产生的信号的检测器106。
询问源102发送一询问信号200,可在某些较佳的公知频带内选择该询问信号,因为这些频带不与其它应用发生干扰,且它们符合可适用的政府规范。在射频响应元件接收到一询问信号时,该元件发送它自己的响应代码信号202,该信号由天线104接收并发送给检测器106。检测器对此响应进行解码,识别此标签(通常根据存储在计算机或其它存储装置108中的信息),以及根据检测到的代码信号来采取行动。对所示系统的各种修改对本领域内的技术人员是公知的,这些修改包括例如替代所示的单个天线104,对询问源102和检测器106使用分开的天线。
现代的RFID标签还提供大量用户可访问的存储器,这些存储器有时采取只读存储器或写一次存储器的形式,但最好使用户能通过远距离改写存储器的内容来重复更新存储器。所提供的存储器的数量可变,且影响RFID标签的集成电路部分的尺寸和成本。通常,经济的是可提供128位和512位之间的总存储。例如,德克萨斯州Dallas市的Texas Instrumnets以牌号“Tag-it”所销售的RFID标签除了提供为诸如专有标签序号、版本和制造信息等项目所预备的128位存储器以外,还提供了256位的用户可编程存储器。类似地,荷兰Eindhoven市的PhilipsSemiconductors以牌号“I-Code”所销售的RFID标签提供了384位的用户存储器以及为上述类型的信息所预备的附加的128位。
可利用此用户可访问存储器,以增强例如在图书馆环境中所使用的物品识别系统的性能。目前,图书馆通过扫描光学条形码来识别物品。使用包含在此条形码中专有标识符来访问包括图书馆自动售货机(library automation vendors)所提供的软件(LAV软件)等流通数据库,在其中永久地保存了有关物品的更广泛的信息。虽然该系统已得到高度发展且适用于许多应用,但它有两个缺点。首先,为访问信息必须建立至流通数据库的连接。这限制了在物品的位置远离至该数据库的连接时信息的可获得性。其次,从流通数据库检索信息有时可能需要不可接受的长时间,尤其是在大量使用期间。通过把信息的某些重要项目存储在RFID标签上,能克服这两个局限性。
在置于RFID标签上时可提高图书馆识别系统的性能的信息的一个例子是图书馆识别号。然后,不必访问数据库,可通过简单地扫描RFID标签快速而方便地确定一物品的“起始(home)”图书馆。最好位于RFID标签上的信息的另一个例子是指示该物品是书本、录像带、录音带、CD还是某些其它物品的代码。例如,该代码可包括以3M标准交换协议所规定的媒体类型代码,该代码可从本发明的受让人处获得。通过立即知道媒体类型,图书馆的资料管理系统可保证适当地处理物品,而不引起咨询远程流通数据库的延迟和不便。适用于结合到RFID标签中的信息的其它例子将对本领域内的技术人员变得明显起来。
RFID系统提供超过基于条形码的系统的另一个领域在于识别多个物品。通过使用复杂的软件算法,RFID读取器和标志器协作来保证成功地识别读取器的询问区中的所有物品,而无需操作人员的干预。此能力使得可在基于条形码的识别系统可能难于实现的存货控制、物品跟踪和排序领域中开发各种有用的应用。
C.组合标签
如图3和5到8所示,组合标签20把磁性响应元件与RF响应元件相结合,以提供这两者的优点。因而,可把这两个元件同时加到有关物品上,从而减少成本。可给组合标签提供以可除去的衬垫覆盖的压敏粘合剂,该粘合剂使得在衬垫被除去时可把组合标签粘到物品的表面。在另一个实施例中,标签把磁性响应元件用作射频响应元件的天线。在被用作天线时,该磁性响应元件电气耦合到射频响应元件,且可能或可能不实际耦合到射频响应元件。
可以两种方式来询问依据本发明制造的组合标签。首先,RFID询问源将用射频信号来请求和接收来自集成电路的代码。例如,该信息将指示标签有关的物品的识别以及该物品是否经适当处理。其次,一磁性询问场将询问标签,以确定该标志器组件的磁性部分是否有效。如果该标志器组件是有效的,则询问源将产生一响应,诸如已作标记的物品还未被适当处理的通知。由于磁性询问比射频询问更能抵抗屏蔽,所以组合标签的磁性部分将提供增强的安全性。继而,把磁性和RF标签的特征组合在一起而成为单个组合标签。
在一较佳实施例中,组合标签包括磁性响应元件,该元件还起到射频响应元件电路中的天线的作用。为了服务于这两个功能,天线材料必须表现出低的矫顽磁力和非常高的磁导率(以用作有效的安全元件)以及中等到高的电导率(以用作有效的天线)。此外,天线的几何形状必须与这两种功能兼容。在本实施例中,例如,可以坡莫合金(镍与铁的合金)来制造天线。
在一个实施例中,可把3M“Tattle-TapeTM”商标安全磁条或其它等效的磁性元件用作操作于2.45GHz或类似高频的线性偶极天线。选择该磁条的长度、宽度和厚度与所使用的RFID芯片的特定操作频率和其它特性匹配。通常,磁条由坡莫合金(可从许多来源获得,包括商标名为“HyMu80”的Carpenter SpecialtyAlloys、Reading、PA)或无定形合金(诸如纽约州Morristown市的AlliedSignalCompany以牌号2705M所销售的合金)制成,其长度在6.35和16.5cm(2.5和6.5英寸)之间。集成电路的端子可实际连接到安全磁条的末端。对阻抗和功率增益的电气测量值已建立,这样的磁条提供了与通常由这种芯片所使用的铜或铝偶极天线相同的电学特性,因而它有希望令人满意地执行这两种功能。
在把磁性响应元件用作射频响应元件的天线的至少一部分时,这两者相互电气耦合。因多个元件之间存在实际连接(如图5所示)或在缺少实际连接时通过非接触的电磁耦合(如图6、7和8所示),所以可产生电气耦合。非接触耦合可包括寄生耦合、电容性耦合或电感性耦合,且该耦合把这样的天线部件用作寄生天线元件、反射器和导向器天线、八木宇田天线或其它适当的天线配置。
图3所示的组合标签包括由磁性材料制成的线圈匝。例如,该标签可以13.56MHz的标签,其天线结构为诸如其中磁通量收集器置于角落处以提高标签的磁性功能的14c。可提供其它类型的磁通量收集器。
图5所示的组合标签包括天线22(由磁性响应材料制成)与集成电路12之间的实际连接。还可把一个或多个保持器元件或如上所述的类型加到磁性响应材料中,从而它可被选择性地启用和停用,以提供双态标签。然而,图6所示的天线22a未实际连接到集成电路12或偶极天线23,尽管如此,它通过寄生的偶极耦合电气耦合到偶极天线,以提供组合标签20a。偶极天线23可包括磁性响应材料或非磁性响应材料。
图7和8示出不止一个天线22分别与天线23b和23c电气耦合的实施例。在图7所示的组合标签20b中,集成电路12包括偶极天线23b,它寄生地耦合到天线22b。天线22b由磁性响应材料制成,一个或多个天线23b可由磁性响应材料制成。在图8所示的组合标签20c中,图2所示类型的射频响应元件寄生地电气耦合到天线22c。天线22c由磁性响应材料制成,一个或多个天线23c可由磁性响应材料制成。可容易地设计这些实施例的其它变化。
组合标签的整个厚度应尽可能小,以把标签不引人注意地置于物品上或其中。例如,可用书页之间的粘合剂来加上标签,想要使标签足够薄,以防止通过观察书本的末端而容易地发现该标签。常规的IC可近似于0.5mm(0.02英寸)厚,标签的整个厚度最好小于0.635mm(0.025英寸)。
本发明的组合标签可以是卷筒状,以允许自动地依次把各标签加到物品上。例如,在WO 97/36270(DeVale等人)号PCT公开中描述了这种一般的系统。组合标签的一个或多个表面可由粘合剂覆盖(诸如压敏粘合剂),可把各标签从卷筒上移去并加到靠近其粘接处的两个书页之间。可提供有助于插入组合标签的分页器(page spreader),还可提供诸如检测各部件在系统中的位置的传感器等其它选项。
相信组合标签在处理图书馆资料中有特殊用途,但这不是排他的。可更容易地办理归还(check in)和借出(check out)具有这种RFID标签的图书馆资料,可不需要人工的帮助。即,在一特定顾客(可能有与其图书馆卡有关的RFID标签)通过适当的检测区时,可自动地办理借出该顾客的这些资料,并在该顾客携带这些资料重新进入图书馆时自动地核对归还这些资料。通过使图书馆的管理人员即时且连续地跟踪资料,本发明的标签还可有助于存货管理和分析。当然,针对诸如商店、仓库等地的资料管理等其它应用,可带来本发明的这些和其它特征。
在另一个实施例中,组合标签可通过磁性响应(指示已启用还是停用标签的磁性特征)以及通过射频响应(通过使用适当的软件来指示RFID芯片上的数据库或存储器是否示出物品已被适当处理)来提供双态标志器信息。
以下的例子提供了有关在以下的第Ⅱ节中所述本发明实施例中使用的标签的进一步信息。
例一
依据本发明来制造组合标签。把宾西法尼亚州Reading市的CarpenterTechnology Corporation以牌号“HyMu80”所销售的合金制成的坡莫磁条附加到加里福尼亚州San Diego市的Single Chip Systems(SCS)所制造的测试设备(fixture)上。被测磁条近似于1.6mm(0.625英寸)宽,0.0254mm(0.001英寸)厚,10.16cm(4英寸)长。测试设备由连接到LED二极管的标准SCS 2.45GHz的天线构成。如此设计该装置,从而在暴露于其强度足以给典型的SCS RFID标签供电的2.45GHz场时,LED将发光,从而提供对该装置功率接收部分的正常操作提供立即的可视确认。在以原型坡莫合金天线替换标准SCS天线时,LED以近似相同的场强度照明,从而确认原型的成功操作。
例二
图3示出相信可由于13.56MHz的RFID设计的天线的另一个实施例。在该频率下,线圈型天线几何形状是较佳的。通过蚀刻(物理或化学)、小片切割或通过掩模的淀积,由诸如坡莫合金等磁性合金来形成包括线圈的螺旋形匝。在此设计中,线圈的直“臂”部分还用作磁性响应元件。然而,此几何形状中金属元件长度的减少限制了该装置磁性安全部分的有效性。在图3所示的实施例中,已把角落处所提供的磁通量收集元件加到天线线圈上,以克服此限制。图3所示的结构最好包括如先前所述的电容器,以把天线的操作频率调谐到指定的询问频率。
把本例中所述天线的特性与公知天线的射频集成电路的特性相比较,由于这些特性是类似的,所以相信本例的天线足以在这样的应用中起作用。
以下所述的本发明的实施例可使用只有RFID元件的标签或组合标签,这两种标签都如上所述。
Ⅱ.用于RFID询问系统的天线系统
A.概述。本发明涉及许多感兴趣的物品所使用的天线系统,这些物品中的至少一些包括RFID元件。在一个较佳实施例中,天线系统包括位于物品附近的连续天线带,其中天线带永久或可分离连接到RFID询问源、用于处理天线带所获得的信息的软件以及启用该天线带的部分以使RFID询问源获得来自天线带的这部分的信息的控制器。将在以下更详细地描述本发明的这些和其它特征。虽然其它应用在本发明的范围内,但尤其方便的是把本发明用于对存储在架子上的图书馆物品执行盘库(inventory),本发明的描述在很大程度上针对该上下文。
B.系统部件。在本发明的某些应用中,本章所述的某些元件可以是任选的。
1.作上RFID标签的物品。本系统将从具有RFID元件的物品获得有关该物品的信息,可把此RFID元件结合到(或者也可叫做)RFID标签中。在某些实施例中,RFID标签或除了RFID标签以外还可使用上述类型的组合标签,在图书馆资料的情况下,RFID标签可位于物品上的任何地方,但较佳的是标签位于物品底部上方的预定距离处,从而RFID标签都将位于放在架子上的所有这些物品的同一位置处。较佳的RFID标签不必在RFID询问源的直接视线内,而是可附加到例如书本的装订处或其附近。由于给天线架带(shelf tape)供电且给标签中的RFID元件供电,所以可在RFID标签中使用较小的天线,从而减少它们的尺寸和成本。
2.RFID询问源。RFID询问源通常叫做“RFID读取器”或RFID装置,它适用于询问RFID标签以本领域内公知的方式从中获得信息。RFID读取器可以是固定的、便携式或甚至是手持式的,它适用于使用本发明的天线系统来询问RFID标签。在其它实施例中,读取器还具有一天线,以增大读取器的读取范围。许多制造商制造可读取各种不同标志器的RFID读取器。RFID读取器可由德克萨斯州Dallas市的Texas Instruments所制造的Commander32013.56MHz RFID读取器来构成。手持式读取器模块可以是I.D.Systems的牌号为“flx-msr”的产品,虽然其读取范围因功耗低而变得有限,但它仍旧适用于用作手持式读取器。另一种读取器单元是Phillips所销售的与Phillips的RFID标志器一起工作的发现工具包(discovery kit),但认为Phillips不能把此读取器商品化。在较高频率下操作的其它读取器包括Single ChipSystem的2.45GHz的系统以及Amtech的900MHz的系统。作为询问源的适当设计的天线架带可使用这些市售询问源中的任一个或现在公知或以后开发的其它询问源。由于这里所述的RFID读取器和天线带必须一起操作以成功地询问感兴趣的物品,所以待实现的特定天线带设计将与RFID读取器的询问频率(以及可能的其它特征)有关。因而,非常难于具体地说明普遍可接受的天线系统的设计参数。
3.软件。一旦RFID读取器从RFID标签获得信息,就使用软件以用户选中的方式来处理和存储该信息。使用此软件来询问读取器随后询问标签。该软件把来自主计算机的请求和命令发送到读取器,以从读取器获得操作参数和状态检查。读取器软件还具有验证来往于读取器发送的命令是有效命令或响应的防护装置。
在RFID装置读取了RFID标签后,该装置可把物品识别信息发送给具有图书馆自动售货机(library automation vendor)或LAV所提供的软件的计算机。在近似于50个当前的LAV软件系统中,有犹他州Provo市的AmeritechLibrary Services所销售的“Dynix”、科罗拉多州Denver市的CARLCorporation所销售的“Carl ILS”以及密苏里州St.Louis市的DRA所销售的“DRA”。LAV软件使图书馆可管理图书馆资料通过图书馆的流动,此LAV软件包括有关顾客、图书馆资料以及其状态和可获得性等的数据库。
4.天线。为了有助于对RFID标签的询问以及接收来自这些标签的信息,本发明包括一天线系统,该天线系统可以是连续的(继而叫做“RFID架带”、“天线架带”或仅仅是“架带”,但此架带不必象普通天线带一样有粘性)或不连续的,为了便于制造、应用和操作,通常连续的天线系统是较佳的。虽然可以分立的天线来实现本发明,但为了方便,将参考连续天线带来描述本发明。
在一个实施例中,具有RFID元件的标签位于感兴趣的给定区域中的一些或最好所有的物品中,而天线架带位于这些物品所在位置处或附近。最好以可获得的AC电流对天线架带供电。在RFID询问源(用于整个区域的单个源或多个源)RFID标签时,该源能快速地得到有关物品是否存在以及该物品身份(任选的与一数据库比较)的信息。因而,可频繁地或甚至连续地进行盘库,这在图书馆中特别有用。
图9中示出了天线架带,它可被安装在感兴趣的给定区域中的一个、不止一个或所有架子上。该天线架带可为RFID元件提供额外的功率,这减少了读取与图书馆资料相联系的标签中的RFID元件所需的整个功率。需要较少功率的读取器可较小,从而更便于操作。可使用天线带在一个操作中快速地读取或扫描一组物品,这样使用户可对物品进行连续地跟踪和盘库,而不是使用接连经过一个个物品的手持式扫描器。因而,操作人员可在其它东西中实时地确定存储或上架了哪些物品,这样可大大简化图书馆的盘库。
本发明的天线系统最好在各种连续的上架资料附近起作用。由木头或塑料构成的架子可能对天线带有影响,但可容易地使天线的设计适用于适当考虑如本领域内的技术人员所公知的加到天线的不同介电负载。例如,可把背面有粘合剂的天线带加到非金属架子的下侧。在某些图书馆和数据中心,将有金属排架。因此,把天线带设计成在金属排架附近工作。在把天线带用于金属架的应用中,可能需要适当的天线设计,包括例如添加介电间隔层。优化性能所需的特定设计将与对天线架带所选择的操作频率有关。例如,可通过把天线带与金属架子隔开来实现与金属架子的兼容,对于在约13.56MHz或以下的频率下操作的RFID系统来说,可能要隔开约1.27cm(0.5英寸)。在13.56MHz以上,排架本身可在天线设计中被有效地利用,且它成为天线系整体的一部分。金属架子的另一个设计是天线带越过架子上的书本而直接位于书本或其它图书馆资料上方。
如本领域内所公知的为了有效的操作,该组件中的各个天线都必须具有足够的Q值。此Q值描述了天线的质量因子,即天线的损耗、效率和带宽的测量。足够的Q值与系统的其它部件有关:标志器的Q值、与询问源相联系的任何询问天线的Q值以及询问电子元件所需的信号带宽。
在一个实施例中,本发明的天线带包括以天线带的特定启用部分使读取器协调其询问的控制电路。即,读取器询问与天线带特定的一段相联系的RFID标签,并从这些标签中获得信息,然后询问与天线带的另一段(最好是相邻的)相联系的RFID标签,依此类推。此特征叫做可寻址性,控制电路可包括多路复用器电路。可寻址性尤其有用于监测太大而不能被单个天线有效监测的区域,但它也可让一个大的天线系统立即询问感兴趣的所有物品。在这样的单天线系统的情况下,询问源不能确定物品的顺序,但询问源能确定在被监测区中是否存在物品以及存在哪些物品。
如以下参考图10更详细所述,控制器将把一地址发送到天线电路。然后,只有一个天线将被使能来读取RFID标签,这将利用读取器信号上的转播来实现。在读取一个天线后,多路复用器电路将移至天线带的下一指定的段继而启用该段。该天线将帮助RFID读取器询问与该段有关的RFID标签,依此类推。可能想要使相邻天线元件的范围重叠,从而例如第一节读取与物品1到10有关的位置,第二节读取与物品9到20有关的位置,第三节读取与物品19到30有关的位置,依此类推。此配置如图10所示,且将在以下作进一步详述。可通过软件来解决同一物品(以上例子中的9、10、19和20)被询问两次的冗余,并保证在天线元件之间的接合处适当地询问所有的物品。还可询问一天线带的特定段,而不需要多路复用电路通过例如手工地依次启用和停用天线的那些段。这可通过简单的切换来实现。
可寻址性尤其有用于确定被询问的物品的实际顺序,这是因为它把特定位置与特定物品相联系。可寻址性还可使每个天线元件的功率增加。如果在其它元件上没有开关,则电路将起到大的功率分配器的作用。这使得可把整个功率的一部分发送到每个元件,继而减少读取标签的几率。
天线带本身可包括连续的带子或分割成预定的段以用于特定的架子。连续带子的一个例子是具有可切割出连续天线网(web)的分界点,假设这些切割不切断天线元件也不破坏任何寻址电路。在分界点处,可通过至天线带的简单机械连接或电气连接(电容性耦合连接)来加上用于连接到读取器的电路。在带子的另一端,将有表示元件数目的端子。在首次利用该电路时,初始化状态将确定存在多少天线元件,将设定电路地址。如果利用特定长度的带子,则将设置多路复用电路以及至读取器电子元件的连接以备用。
在另一个实施例中,RF放大器为询问RFID标签提供了附加的信号强度。天线带为给标签赋能或使能这些标签而提供RF能量,最后读取器通过手持式装置或通过天线带本身经由该带子中的天线来读取这些标签。带子加上附加的RF能量,从而手持式或架带读取器单元可更有效地读取标签。放大的另一个实施例是与读取器信号线串联的基本RF放大器,以增加至带子上的天线的功率,并增强对返回信号的信号处理或放大,从而有助于对返回信号的破译。
5.系统集成。天线带将连到询问和控制电子元件,继而连到适当的LAV软件。RFID装置(询问源)使用的天线的尺寸和成本也可降低,这克服了目前由铜线天线(相对大且笨重,且制造起来昂贵)所引起的困难。连续天线带满足了便宜、容易安装并能以精细的分辨度(例如,对于13.56MHz的系统而言,近似于12cm(4英寸)或更小)来找到上架的物品的天线系统的需要。通过适当的硬件和软件,可完全自动地进行给定区域中物品的盘库和定位。
在一个实施例中,RFID资产盘库系统以13.56MHz的询问频率下操作,该频率是一个为工业、科学或医学应用所预留的频带。通过天线设计中的适当改变,可把本发明应用于广泛的频率和应用。询问幅度最好足够低,从而磁性媒体、商用(非硬化)半导体器件(包括存储装置)以及其它在此频带以外操作的电子设备将不会受到不利影响。该系统最好依照所有可适用的FCC和欧洲机构的电磁发射规范。
如以下参考图10进一步所述,RF读取器、控制电路和其它系统部件可与天线带的特定段或节相联系,或与可附加到天线带或可从天线带上分离的手持式或其它RFID装置相关联。在把单个天线带用于感兴趣的所有区域的实施例中,可能不需要这样的分离。在使用多个天线带的情况下,可把便携式读取器连到天线带的第一段并启用该读取器,然后断开连接并把该读取器连到天线带的后续段。在一使用大量天线带的完全自动的大型设备中,可能存在指派给一特定区域以读取该区域中的所有带子的读取器,即每个架子一个读取器。然后,中央计算机控制所有的读取器以及整个系统。在本发明的另一个实施例中,RFID装置可耦合到天线带系统,以询问该系统而无需物理连接。此非接触式的系统将包括手持式RFID装置,该装置与遍布于感兴趣的区域内的一个或多个耦合站电感耦合。这一效果与实际物理耦合相同,但还可提供包括减少系统的损坏以及增加与多个天线的耦合的速度等附加优点。
在图10中示出整个天线带和询问系统的一个实施例。把一些感兴趣的物品1到20安置在架子300上,每个物品包括与该物品相关的RFID元件。天线带310固定于架子300,且包括各个可寻址的天线元件312、314、316等。对于天线带可与系统的其余部分分离或可附加到其余部分的设备的应用,可设置一端口(诸如端口320)。应注意,根据需要,可与天线带分离的所示系统的部分(包括读取器330和控制电路340)可位于端口的上游或下游。读取器330最好在天线元件312、314和316的这些节被控制电路340启用时询问这些节。控制电路340最好包括多路复用器电路。如以上参考可寻址天线元件所述,在所示的实施例中,第一天线元件312可询问与物品1到10有关的位置,第二天线元件314可询问与物品9到20有关的位置,依此类推。
可通过适当的手段(包括无线或有线连接)把读取器330获得的信息传递给计算机350,该计算机350包括软件和数据库360。软件可以是LAV软件或其它软件,它最好与数据库交互以获得有关物品1到20的信息或把有关这些物品的信息发送到数据库。可在显示器370上向用户显示结果。
按以下的方式来描述设计和实现依据本发明的天线架带的一个方法。第一,制造包含想要数目的可寻址单个天线元件的柔性天线带的原型。沿着带子将这些单元放置成一行,且这些单元跨越所需的任何距离。较多的天线元件提供较高的分辨率(增加了使特定物品与特定位置相联系的能力);较少的天线元件提供较低的分辨率。要管理的两个重要参数是沿着带子获得和保持从第一天线到最后一个天线的适当阻抗匹配,并保持所有天线的功率相等从而实现相等的读取范围。这些参数是本领域内的技术人员容易管理的。
第二,开发询问电子元件接口、天线接口设计以及允许对电子上的各天线进行寻址的方法。第三,根据需要,编写允许从天线带获取数据的计算机软件。第四,通过例如以下步骤演示和评估原型设计在想要的环境中的性能:a)绘制各天线的辐射图形;b)确定各天线的最大读取范围;c)估计相邻天线之间的干扰;d)估算与读取器带相邻的排架、书本等对检测性能的影响;e)估计沿着带子的询问功率发送效率;以及f)使用来自这些调查的结果来确定最佳的天线间隔和几何形状。
RFID架带还可用于其它市场中的应用。例如,该系统可适用于在一堆上架的录像带、录音带、计算机磁盘或磁带或数据盒式磁带(诸如可在商业或政府的数据中心碰到的那些)中找到作上RF标签的特定物品。其它可能的应用包括存货管理、物品跟踪、后勤学以及资产分类。本领域内的技术人员将知道,对这里所揭示的具体发明的变化也在本发明的范围内。
Claims (23)
1.一种用于每个包括一RFID元件的物品的天线系统,其特征在于该天线系统包括多个天线,可选择这些天线中的至少一个以利于RFID装置对位于选中的一个或多个天线附近的RFID元件的询问。
2.如权利要求1所述的天线系统,其特征在于以纵向延伸的带子的形式来提供该天线系统。
3.如权利要求1所述的天线系统,其特征在于该系统包括与RFID询问源所提供的功率分开的功率源。
4.如权利要求1所述的天线系统,其特征在于天线系统还包括:
(c)用于选择性地启用一个或多个天线以进行询问的多路复用电路。
5.如权利要求2所述的天线系统,其特征在于天线沿带子的长度重叠。
6.如权利要求1所述的天线系统,其特征在于该系统包括至少一个线圈、螺旋形、偶极或微带接线天线。
7.如权利要求1所述的天线系统,其特征在于所述带子能使RFID系统确定物品的顺序。
8.如权利要求1所述的天线系统,其特征在于由一中央询问源基本上同时询问RFID标签。
9.如权利要求1所述的天线系统,其特征在于通过手持式单元对所述带子赋能和启用。
10.如权利要求2所述的天线系统,其特征在于天线带子可通过机械紧固件附加到一架子上。
11.如权利要求10所述的天线系统,其特征在于天线带子可机械附加到一金属架子上。
12.如权利要求10所述的天线系统,其特征在于天线带子具有一层附着到架子用的粘合剂。
13.如权利要求1所述的天线系统,其特征在于该系统包括RF放大器,以增加带子所产生的信号的功率。
14.如权利要求1所述的天线系统,其特征在于物品为图书馆资料。
15.如权利要求1所述的天线系统,其特征在于与用于处理从物品获得的信息的RFID询问源和软件相结合。
16.如权利要求15所述的天线系统,其特征在于所述软件包括用于确定被询问的物品是否按照预定顺序的算法。
17.一种用于询问某些物品的方法,每个物品包括一RFID元件,其特征在于所述方法包括以下步骤:
(a)提供具有多个天线的被供电的天线系统,可如此选择这些天线中的至少一个,从而提供与位于选中的一个或多个天线附近的物品有关的信息;
(b)选择第一天线;
(c)询问与位于第一天线附近的物品相关的RFID元件;以及
(d)从这些RFID元件中获得与位于第一天线附近的物品有关的信息。
18.如权利要求17所述的方法,其特征在于所述方法还包括以下步骤:
(e)使用在步骤(d)中获得的信息来更新具有有关物品的信息的数据库。
19.如权利要求17所述的方法,其特征在于在步骤(a)到(c)后,该方法还包括以下步骤:
(e)选择第二天线;
(f)询问与位于第二天线附近的物品相关的RFID元件;以及
(g)从这些RFID元件中获得与位于第二天线附近的物品有关的信息。
20.如权利要求19所述的方法,其特征在于由第一天线和第二天线来询问至少一个物品。
21.如权利要求17所述的方法,其特征在于该方法还包括以下步骤:
(e)确定物品是否属于第一天线附近的位置。
22.如权利要求19所述的方法,其特征在于连续地执行该方法,以提供有关与第一和第二天线位置相关的物品的实时信息。
23.如权利要求19所述的方法,其特征在于间歇地执行该方法,从而以想要的时间间隔提供有关与第一和第二天线位置相关的物品的信息。
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US13468798A | 1998-08-14 | 1998-08-14 | |
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CN (1) | CN1312928A (zh) |
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AU (1) | AU762495B2 (zh) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US7619529B2 (en) | 2009-11-17 |
US20020011967A1 (en) | 2002-01-31 |
US20030206107A1 (en) | 2003-11-06 |
WO2000010112A1 (en) | 2000-02-24 |
AU762495B2 (en) | 2003-06-26 |
DE69909301D1 (de) | 2003-08-07 |
EP1110163B1 (en) | 2003-07-02 |
CA2338134A1 (en) | 2000-02-24 |
EP1298573A2 (en) | 2003-04-02 |
DE69909301T2 (de) | 2004-04-22 |
CA2338134C (en) | 2007-11-06 |
JP2002522999A (ja) | 2002-07-23 |
EP1110163A1 (en) | 2001-06-27 |
BR9912929A (pt) | 2001-05-08 |
US6335686B1 (en) | 2002-01-01 |
KR20010072457A (ko) | 2001-07-31 |
ATE244427T1 (de) | 2003-07-15 |
ES2198938T3 (es) | 2004-02-01 |
US6600420B2 (en) | 2003-07-29 |
HK1037761A1 (en) | 2002-02-15 |
AU5394199A (en) | 2000-03-06 |
EP1298573A3 (en) | 2003-09-17 |
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