CN105517953B - 复合传导原材料、蓄电装置、导电性分散液、导电装置、导电性复合物及导热性复合物以及复合传导原材料的制造方法 - Google Patents
复合传导原材料、蓄电装置、导电性分散液、导电装置、导电性复合物及导热性复合物以及复合传导原材料的制造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- C04B35/63—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B using additives specially adapted for forming the products, e.g.. binder binders
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
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- C04B35/78—Ceramic products containing macroscopic reinforcing agents containing non-metallic materials
- C04B35/80—Fibres, filaments, whiskers, platelets, or the like
- C04B35/83—Carbon fibres in a carbon matrix
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- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
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- C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L23/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
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- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
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Abstract
本发明提供传导性优异的复合传导原材料。一种复合传导原材料,其特征在于,其为在母材中至少分散有自石墨系碳原材料剥离得到的类石墨烯石墨和传导原材料的复合传导原材料,前述石墨系碳原材料具有菱方晶系石墨层(3R)和六方晶系石墨层(2H),前述菱方晶系石墨层(3R)与前述六方晶系石墨层(2H)的由X射线衍射法得到的由以下(式1)定义的比例Rate(3R)为31%以上。Rate(3R)=P3/(P3+P4)×100····(式1)式1中,P3为菱方晶系石墨层(3R)的由X射线衍射法得到的(101)面的峰强度,P4为六方晶系石墨层(2H)的由X射线衍射法得到的(101)面的峰强度。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及复合传导原材料、蓄电装置、导电性分散液、导电装置、导电性复合物及导热性复合物以及复合传导原材料的制造方法。
背景技术
近年来,在各种领域中以小型轻量化等为目的而对各种纳米材料的添加进行了研究。尤其是,在环境、资源的问题中,作为非金属的纳米材料,石墨烯、CNT、富勒烯等碳原材料倍受关注。例如,现已实用化的锂离子电池正在通过改善活性物质自身而提高其容量。然而,其容量明显低于理论容量,期望进一步的提高。
因此,虽然一直以来作为锂离子电池的导电助剂使用乙炔黑,但近年来为了进一步确保导电性,研究了昭和电工株式会社制造的碳纳米纤维(VGCF(vapor grown carbonfiber;气相生长碳纤维):注册商标)等新型高传导体(专利文献1:日本特开2013-77475号公报)。
另外,研究了将正极活性物质直接涂布于导电体来改善电池的循环特性(重复性能)的方法;着眼于离子传导性来制作高容量/高输出功率的锂离子电池的方法(专利文献2:日本特表2013-513904号公报)、(专利文献3:国际公开第2014/115669号)。
另外,近年来还研究了锂离子电池的活性物质自身的纳米化(非专利文献5)。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本特开2013-77475号公报([0031]-[0039])
专利文献2:日本特表2013-513904号公报([0016])
专利文献3:国际公开第2014/115669号([0017]-[0018])
专利文献4:国际公开第2014/064432号(第19页第4行-第9行)
非专利文献
非专利文献1:石墨研磨所伴随的结构变化;著:稻垣道夫、麦岛久枝、细川健次;1973年2月1日(受理)
非专利文献2:碳加热处理所伴随的概率P1、PABA、PABC的变化;著:野田稻吉、岩附正明、稻垣道夫;1966年9月16日(受理)
非专利文献3:Spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction studies on fluiddeposited rhombohedral graphite from the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt,India;G.Parthasarathy,Current Science,Vol.90,No.7,10April 2006
非专利文献4:固体碳材料的分类和各自的结构特征;名古屋工业大学川崎晋司
非专利文献5:LiCoO2纳米颗粒的合成和向锂二次电池的应用进展(52),13-18,2009.HOSOKAWA POWDER TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE.(ISSN:04299051)
非专利文献6:National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science andTechnology具有近似钛的热导率的单层碳纳米管/碳纤维/橡胶复合材料(http://www.aist.go.jp/aist_j/press_release/pr2011/pr20111006/pr20111006.htm l)
发明内容
发明要解决的问题
然而,认为专利文献2、3、非专利文献5所示那样的方法未能针对容量获得根本性的对策,问题在于其他方面。为了使物质彼此传导电等,利用导电原材料进行搭桥即可,但通常在导体与导电原材料的接触部存在电阻。另外,曲面彼此接触面积少,常常变为点接触,成为接触电阻增大的一个原因。换言之,认为接点越多,电阻越高。
这些应用于锂离子电池的情况下,正极活性物质、乙炔黑、VGCF等导电助剂(导电体)为球状或带状,是曲面形状,并且为纳米~微米尺寸,因此在正极活性物质之间夹设有大量导电助剂,因而接点较多。换言之,认为由于接触电阻的原因而达不到理论容量。
如上所述,专利文献1-3、非专利文献5均达不到理论容量。
另一方面,对于导热,提出了通过将碳纤维与CNT复合而以低添加量获得高导热片的方案。(非专利文献6)。但是,该方法与上述同样地由于带状的物质彼此以点的方式接触,因此与导电同样地产生热阻,得不到那么高的效果。
于是,着眼于减少接触电阻、最大限度地引出导体的性能,使用作为导体、面状物质、且柔软的碳原材料的石墨烯而进行了研究。
通常,即使对天然石墨直接进行处理,剥离的石墨烯量也少,这成为问题。但是,深入研究的结果,通过对作为材料的石墨实施规定的处理,得到了能容易地剥离成石墨烯、高浓度或高分散的石墨系碳原材料(石墨烯前体)。
该石墨烯前体通过超声波、搅拌、混炼而使其一部分或全部剥离,成为自石墨烯前体至石墨烯之间的混合物“类石墨烯石墨”。类石墨烯石墨根据石墨烯前体的添加量、工艺时间等而尺寸、厚度等发生变化,因此没有限定,但优选更薄片化。
即换言之,利用现有的搅拌、混炼工艺或装置容易剥离/分散成类石墨烯石墨的石墨为石墨系碳原材料(石墨烯前体)。
发现该类石墨烯石墨由于传导性优异,因此若进行高分散,则用于例如锂离子2次电池的正极时能更接近理论容量。
本发明是着眼于这种问题而做出的,目的在于提供传导性优异的复合传导原材料、蓄电装置、导电性分散液、导电装置、导电性复合物及导热性复合物以及复合传导原材料的制造方法。
用于解决问题的方案
为了解决前述问题,本发明的复合传导原材料的特征在于,其为在母材中至少分散有自石墨系碳原材料剥离得到的类石墨烯石墨和传导原材料的复合传导原材料,
前述石墨系碳原材料具有菱方晶系石墨层(3R)和六方晶系石墨层(2H),前述菱方晶系石墨层(3R)与前述六方晶系石墨层(2H)的由X射线衍射法得到的由以下(式1)定义的比例Rate(3R)为31%以上。
Rate(3R)=P3/(P3+P4)×100····(式1)
式1中,
P3为菱方晶系石墨层(3R)的由X射线衍射法得到的(101)面的峰强度,
P4为六方晶系石墨层(2H)的由X射线衍射法得到的(101)面的峰强度。
根据该特征,复合原材料的传导性优异。推测这是因为,自石墨系碳原材料剥离得到的类石墨烯石墨以较薄的状态存在,因此,类石墨烯石墨在多个位置接触母材、传导原材料。另外,推测还因为,该接触由于类石墨烯石墨较薄且容易变形,因此形成基于面的接触。
其特征在于,前述传导原材料为带状、直链状、线状或鳞片状的微粒。
根据该特征,在微粒的周围存在类石墨烯石墨,因此能充分发挥微粒所具有的传导性。
其特征在于,前述微粒的长径比为5以上。
根据该特征,能进一步充分发挥微粒所具有的传导性。
其特征在于,前述石墨系碳原材料相对于前述传导原材料的重量比为1/50以上且低于10。
根据该特征,能高效地发挥微粒所具有的传导性。
其特征在于,前述母材为电池的活性物质。
根据该特征,能够得到充放电特性优异的电极。
其特征在于,前述活性物质为正极的活性物质。
根据该特征,能够得到充放电特性优异的正极。
其特征在于,前述母材为聚合物。
根据该特征,能够得到电、热、离子的传导性优异的复合传导原材料。
其特征在于,前述母材为通过气化等会消失的材料。
根据该特征,通过使用母材分散类石墨烯石墨,然后使母材消失,从而能够使类石墨烯石墨均匀地分散于传导原材料。
一次电池、二次电池、电容器等蓄电装置的特征在于,使用了前述复合传导原材料。
根据该特征,能够得到蓄电性优异的蓄电装置。
导电性墨、导电性糊剂、导电性浆料等导电性分散液的特征在于,使用了前述复合传导原材料。
根据该特征,能够得到导电性优异的导电性分散液。
透明电极、透明导电薄膜、导电电路、基板等导电装置的特征在于,使用前述导电性分散液进行了涂布或印刷。
根据该特征,能够得到导电性优异的导电装置。
抗起电、抗静电、阻断电磁波等的导电性复合物的特征在于,使用了前述复合传导原材料。
根据该特征,能够得到导电性优异的导电性复合物。
散热器、散热膏等导热性复合物的特征在于,使用了前述复合传导原材料。
根据该特征,能够得到导热特性优异的导热性复合物。
另外,其特征在于,其包括在母材中至少混炼石墨系碳原材料和传导原材料的步骤,
前述石墨系碳原材料具有菱方晶系石墨层(3R)和六方晶系石墨层(2H),前述菱方晶系石墨层(3R)与前述六方晶系石墨层(2H)的由X射线衍射法得到的由以下(式1)定义的比例Rate(3R)为31%以上,
Rate(3R)=P3/(P3+P4)×100····(式1)
式1中,
P3为菱方晶系石墨层(3R)的由X射线衍射法得到的(101)面的峰强度,
P4为六方晶系石墨层(2H)的由X射线衍射法得到的(101)面的峰强度。
附图说明
图1为示出石墨的晶体结构的图,图1的(a)为六方晶的晶体结构,图1的(b)为菱方晶的晶体结构。
图2为示出通常的天然石墨的X射线衍射图谱的图。
图3为对实施例1的使用了喷磨机(jet mill)和等离子体的制造装置A进行说明的图。
图4为对实施例1的使用了球磨机和磁控管的制造装置B进行说明的图,图4的(a)为对进行粉碎的状态进行说明的图,图4的(b)为对收集石墨系碳原材料(前体)的状态进行说明的图。
图5为示出实施例1的利用制造装置B制造的试样5的石墨系碳原材料的X射线衍射图谱的图。
图6为示出实施例1的利用制造装置A制造的试样6的石墨系碳原材料的X射线衍射图谱的图。
图7为示出表示比较例的试样1的石墨系碳原材料的X射线衍射图谱的图。
图8为示出使用石墨系碳原材料作为前体来制作分散液的分散液制作装置的图。
图9为示出使用表示比较例的试样1和实施例1的利用制造装置B制造的试样5的石墨系碳原材料来制作的分散液的分散状态的图。
图10为分散于分散液的石墨系碳原材料(石墨烯)的TEM拍摄图。
图11为示出分散于使用试样5的石墨系碳原材料(前体)制作的分散液的石墨系碳原材料的分布状态的图,图11的(a)为示出平均尺寸的分布的图,图11的(b)为示出层数的分布的图。
图12为示出分散于使用表示比较例的试样1的石墨系碳原材料制作的分散液的石墨系碳原材料的分布状态的图,图12的(a)为示出平均尺寸的分布的图,图12的(b)为示出层数的分布的图。
图13为示出分散于使用试样1-7作为前体来制作的分散液的石墨系碳原材料的层数的分布的图。
图14为示出相对于分散于分散液的菱方晶的含有率的、10层以下的石墨烯的比例的图。
图15为示出实施例2的改变使用试样5的石墨系碳原材料(前体)制作分散液的条件时的石墨的分布状态的图,图15的(a)为示出组合使用超声波处理和微波处理时的分布的图,图15的(b)为示出进行超声波处理时的层数的分布的图。
图16为示出使实施例3的石墨系碳原材料分散于导电性墨时的电阻值的图。
图17为示出将实施例4的石墨系碳原材料混炼到树脂中时的拉伸强度的图。
图18为示出将实施例5的石墨系碳原材料混炼到树脂中时的拉伸强度的图。
图19为用于补充说明实施例5中的分散状态、示出分散于N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)的分散液的石墨系碳原材料的分布状态的图,图19的(a)为示出试样12的分布状态的图,图19的(b)为示出试样2的分布状态的图。
图20为示出实施例6的锂离子二次电池的充放电特性的图表,图20的(a)为示出实施例6-1~6-3、比较例6-1~6-2的图表,图20的(b)为示出比较例6-3的图表。
图21为示出实施例6的锂离子二次电池的正极的示意图。
图22为石墨烯前体的SEM拍摄图(俯视图)。
图23为石墨烯前体的SEM拍摄图(侧视图)。
图24为示出实施例7的添加有碳纳米管时的、锂离子二次电池的充放电特性的图表。
图25为示出实施例8的改变了石墨烯前体的混合比率的锂离子二次电池的充放电特性的图表。
图26为分散有类石墨烯石墨的树脂的SEM拍摄图(截面图)。
图27为图26中的类石墨烯石墨的侧SEM拍摄图(侧视图)。
图28为用于说明实施例11的传导原材料的形状的示意图,图28的(a)为用于说明乙炔黑的形状的示意图,图28的(b)为用于说明碳纤维的形状的示意图,图28的(c)为用于说明金属颗粒的形状的示意图。
具体实施方式
本发明着眼于石墨的晶体结构,首先对其晶体结构的相关内容进行说明。已知天然石墨根据层的重叠方式而分为六方晶、菱方晶和无序这三种晶体结构。如图1所示,六方晶是层按照ABABAB··的顺序层叠而成的晶体结构,菱方晶是层按照ABCABCABC··的顺序层叠而成的晶体结构。
天然石墨在采掘出的阶段几乎不存在菱方晶,但由于在精制阶段会进行破碎等,因此通常的天然石墨系碳原材料中存在14%左右的菱方晶。另外已知,即便长时间进行精制时的破碎,菱方晶的比率也收敛于30%左右(非专利文献1、2)。
另外,除了破碎等物理力之外还已知通过加热使石墨膨胀而薄片化的方法,但是即使对石墨施加1600K(约1300摄氏度)的热来进行处理,菱方晶的比率也为25%左右(非专利文献3)。即使进一步施加超高温的3000摄氏度的热,最多也就达到30%左右为止(非专利文献2)。
如此,通过利用物理力、热对天然石墨进行处理,能够增加菱方晶的比率,但其上限为30%左右。
天然石墨中大量含有的六方晶(2H)非常稳定,其石墨烯彼此的层间的范德华力由(式3)表示(专利文献4)。通过施予超过该力的能量,石墨烯发生剥离。剥离所需的能量与厚度的三次方成反比例,因此在无数层重叠的较厚状态下,在非常微弱的超声波等弱物理力的作用下石墨烯发生剥离,但从薄至一定程度的石墨上剥离时需要非常大的能量。换言之,即使对石墨进行长时间处理,也仅有表面的较弱部分发生剥离,大部分会保持未剥离的状态。
Fvdw=H·A/(6π·t3)····(式3)
Fvdw:范德华力
H:Hamaker常数
A:石墨或石墨烯的表面积
t:石墨或石墨烯的厚度
本申请的发明人等通过对天然石墨实施下述所示那样的规定的处理,成功地使利用粉碎和/或加热至超高温的处理仅能增加至30%左右的菱方晶(3R)的比例增加至更高。作为实验/研究的结果,得到了如下见解:石墨系碳材料的菱方晶(3R)的含有率变得更多时、尤其是31%以上的含有率时,通过将该石墨系碳原材料用作前体,具有易于剥离成石墨烯的倾向,可以简单地得到高浓度、高分散度的石墨烯溶液等。认为这是因为,在对菱方晶(3R)施加剪切等的力时,在层间产生应变,即石墨的结构整体的应变增大,变得容易剥离,而不取决于范德华力。因此,本发明中,将通过对天然石墨实施规定的处理而容易剥离石墨烯、可使石墨烯为高浓度或高分散的石墨系碳原材料称作石墨烯前体,以下,在后述的实施例中,按照示出规定处理的石墨烯前体的制造方法、石墨烯前体的晶体结构、使用了石墨烯前体的石墨烯分散液的顺序进行说明。
此处,本说明书中,石墨烯是指属于平均尺寸为100nm以上的晶体而非平均尺寸为几nm~几十nm的微晶、且层数在10层以下的薄片状或片(sheet)状的石墨烯。
需要说明的是,石墨烯是平均尺寸为100nm以上的晶体,因此对于作为除天然石墨以外的非晶(微晶)碳原材料的人造石墨、炭黑而言,即便对它们进行处理,也得不到石墨烯(非专利文献4)。
另外,本说明书中,石墨烯复合体是指使用本发明的可用作石墨烯前体的石墨系碳原材料、即Rate(3R)为31%以上的石墨系碳原材料(例如后述的实施例1的试样2-7、实施例5的试样2、21···)制成的复合体。
以下,对用于实施本发明的复合传导原材料、蓄电装置、导电性分散液、导电装置、导电性复合物及导热性复合物的实施例进行说明。
实施例1
<关于可用作石墨烯前体的石墨系碳原材料的制造>
对于利用如图3所示的使用了喷磨机和等离子体的制造装置A来得到可用作石墨烯前体的石墨系碳原材料的方法进行说明。制造装置A中,将施加等离子体作为基于电磁力的处理并且使用喷磨机作为基于物理力的处理的情况作为例子。
图3中,符号1为5mm以下的颗粒的天然石墨材料(日本石墨工业制造的鳞片状石墨ACB-50);2是容纳天然石墨材料1的料斗;3是自料斗2喷射天然石墨材料1的文丘里喷嘴;4是使从压缩机5分八处加压输送来的空气喷射而使天然石墨材料随喷射流在腔室内发生碰撞的喷磨机;7是等离子体产生装置,使来自容器6的氧气、氩气、氮气、氢气等气体9从喷嘴8中喷射,并且由高压电源10对卷绕在喷嘴8外周的线圈11施加电压,在喷磨机4的腔室内产生等离子体,在腔室内的四个位置设置有该等离子体产生装置。13是连接喷磨机4和集尘器14的配管,14是集尘器,15是收集容器,16是石墨系碳原材料(石墨烯前体),17是鼓风机。
接着对制造方法进行说明。喷磨机和等离子体的条件如下所述。
喷磨机的条件如下所述。
压力:0.5MPa
风量:2.8m3/分钟
喷嘴内径:12mm
流速:约410m/秒
等离子体的条件如下所述。
输出功率:15W
电压:8kV
气体种类:Ar(纯度为99.999体积%)
气体流量:5L/分钟
认为,由文丘里喷嘴3投入喷磨机4的腔室内的天然石墨材料1在腔室内被加速至音速以上,通过天然石墨材料1彼此碰撞、与壁碰撞的冲击而被粉碎,与此同时,等离子体12对天然石墨材料1进行放电、激发,从而直接作用于原子(电子),增加晶体的应变而促进粉碎。天然石墨材料1形成微粉至一定程度的粒径(1~10μm左右)时,质量减轻,离心力变弱,由此从与腔室中心连接的配管13被抽出。
从配管13流入集尘器14的腔室的圆筒容器中的混有石墨系碳原材料(石墨烯前体)的气体形成旋流,使与容器内壁碰撞的石墨系碳原材料16落入下方的收集容器15中,同时利用腔室下方的锥形容器部而在腔室的中心产生上升气流,气体从鼓风机17被排出(所谓的旋风分离(cyclone)作用)。利用本实施例中的制造装置A,由作为原料的1kg天然石墨材料1得到约800g可用作石墨烯前体的石墨系碳原材料(石墨烯前体)16(回收效率:8成左右)。
接着,对于利用如图4所示的使用了球磨机和微波的制造装置B得到可用作石墨烯前体的石墨系碳原材料的方法进行说明。制造装置B中,将实施微波作为基于电磁力的处理并且使用球磨机作为基于物理力的处理的情况作为例子。
图4的(a)和图4的(b)中,符号20是球磨机、21是微波产生装置(磁控管)、22是波导管、23是微波流入口、24是介质、25是5mm以下的颗粒的天然石墨材料(日本石墨工业制造的鳞片状石墨ACB-50)、26是收集容器、27是过滤器、28是石墨系碳原材料(石墨烯前体)。
接着对制造方法进行说明。球磨机和微波产生装置的条件如下所述。
球磨机的条件如下所述。
转速:30rpm
介质尺寸:
介质种类:氧化锆球
粉碎时间:3小时
微波产生装置(磁控管)的条件如下所述。
输出功率:300W
频率:2.45GHz
照射方法:间歇
在球磨机20的腔室内投入1kg的天然石墨系碳原料25和800g的介质24,封闭腔室,以30rpm的转速处理3小时。在该处理中对腔室间歇地(每隔10分钟进行20秒)照射微波。认为通过该微波的照射,直接作用于原料的原子(电子),增加晶体的应变。处理后,通过利用过滤器27除去介质24,由此可以将10μm左右的粉体的石墨系碳原材料(前体)28收集在收集容器26中。
<关于石墨系碳原材料(前体)的X射线衍射图谱>
参照图5-图7,对于利用制造装置A、B制造的石墨系天然材料(试样6、试样5)和仅使用制造装置B的球磨机得到的10μm左右的粉体的石墨系天然材料(试样1:比较例)的X射线衍射图谱和晶体结构进行说明。
X射线衍射装置的测定条件如下所述。
线源:CuKα射线
扫描速度:20°/分钟
管电压:40kV
管电流:30mA
对于各试样而言,根据X射线衍射法(Rigaku株式会社制造的试样水平型多目的X射线衍射装置Ultima IV),分别在六方晶2H的面(100)、面(002)、面(101)、和菱方晶3R的面(101)显示峰强度P1、P2、P3、P4,由此对各试样进行说明。
此处,X射线衍射图谱的测定中,近年来不论国内外均使用所谓标准化的值。该Rigaku株式会社制造的试样水平型多目的X射线衍射装置Ultima IV是能够以JIS R 7651:2007“碳材料的晶格常数及微晶尺寸测定方法”为基准测定X射线衍射图谱的装置。需要说明的是,Rate(3R)是以Rate(3R)=P3/(P3+P4)×100求得的衍射强度的比,即使衍射强度发生变化,Rate(3R)的值也并不发生变化。换言之,衍射强度的比被标准化,通常用于避免以绝对值进行物质的鉴定,该值不依赖于测定装置。
利用实施基于球磨机的处理和微波处理的制造装置B而制造的试样5如图5和表1所示,峰强度P3、峰强度P1的强度的比例高,用表示P3相对于P3与P4之和的比例的(式1)定义的Rate(3R)为46%。另外,强度比P1/P2为0.012。
Rate(3R)=P3/(P3+P4)×100····(式1)
此处,
P1为六方晶系石墨层(2H)的由X射线衍射法得到的(100)面的峰强度,
P2为六方晶系石墨层(2H)的由X射线衍射法得到的(002)面的峰强度,
P3为菱方晶系石墨层(3R)的由X射线衍射法得到的(101)面的峰强度,
P4为六方晶系石墨层(2H)的由X射线衍射法得到的(101)面的峰强度。
表1
同样地,利用实施基于喷磨机的处理和基于等离子体的处理的制造装置A而制造的试样6如图6和表2所示,峰强度P3、峰强度P1的强度的比例高,Rate(3R)为51%。另外,强度比P1/P2为0.014。
表2
另外,仅利用球磨机制造的表示比较例的试样1如图7和表3所示,峰强度P3与试样5、6相比其比例较小,Rate(3R)为23%。另外,强度比P1/P2为0.008。
表3
如此,实施例1的利用制造装置B制造的试样5、实施例1的利用制造装置A制造的试样6显示出:Rate(3R)为46%、51%,与如图2所示的天然石墨、表示比较例的试样1相比,达到40%以上或50%以上。
接着,使用上述制造的石墨烯前体制作石墨烯分散液,对石墨烯的剥离容易度进行比较。
<关于石墨烯分散液>
参照图8对石墨烯分散液的制作方法进行说明。图8中,将在制作石墨烯分散液时在液体中组合使用超声波处理和微波处理的情况作为例子。
(1)在烧杯40中加入可用作石墨烯前体的石墨系碳原材料0.2g和作为分散液的N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)200ml。
(2)将烧杯40放入微波产生装置43的腔室42中,从上方将超声波变幅杆44的超声波的振子44A插入分散液41。
(3)运行超声波变幅杆44,连续地施予3小时的20kHz(100W)的超声波。
(4)在运行上述超声波变幅杆44的期间,运行微波产生装置43,间歇地(每隔5分钟照射10秒)施加微波2.45GHz(300W)。
图9是如上述那样制成的石墨烯分散液经过了24小时的状态。
确认到,使用了利用制造装置B制造的试样5的石墨烯分散液30尽管一部分发生沉淀,但整体呈黑色。认为这是用作石墨烯前体的石墨系碳原材料大多以剥离成石墨烯的状态分散。
确认到,使用了表示比较例的试样1的分散液31中,石墨系碳原材料大部分发生沉淀,一部分以上清液的状态漂浮。由此,认为极少部分剥离成石墨烯而以上清液的形式漂浮。
另外,以能够进行观察的浓度将如上所述制成的石墨烯分散液稀释并涂布在样品台(TEM网)之上,使之干燥,根据透射型电子显微镜(TEM)的如图10所示的拍摄图来观察石墨烯的尺寸和层数。需要说明的是,对于试样1,将上清稀释并涂布来使用。例如,图10的情况下,根据图10的(a),尺寸为片(flake)33的最大的长度L,求出约为600nm,根据图10的(b),观察片33的端面,计数石墨烯层的重叠,求出层数为6层(符号34所指的区域)。如此测定各片(片数记为N)的尺寸和层数,求出了图11、图12所示的石墨烯层数和尺寸。
参照图11的(a),实施例1的利用制造装置B制造的试样5(Rate(R3)为46%)的石墨烯分散液中所含有的薄片状的片(flake)的粒度分布(尺寸的分布)是以0.5μm作为峰的分布。另外,图11的(b)中,层数是以3层为峰、10层以下的石墨烯为68%的分布。
参照图12,比较例的试样1(Rate(R3)为23%)的分散液中所含有的薄片状的片的粒度分布(尺寸的分布)是以0.9μm为峰的分布。另外,层数是30层以上占大部分、10层以下的石墨烯为10%的分布。
由该结果可知,利用制造装置B制造的试样5用作石墨烯前体的情况下,可以得到10层以下的石墨烯多、石墨烯的分散性优异且高浓度的石墨烯分散液。
接着,参照图13,对石墨烯前体的比例Rate(3R)与石墨烯分散液中的层数之间的关系进行说明。图13中的试样1、5、6是上述试样。试样2、3、4是利用实施基于球磨机的处理和微波处理的制造装置B而制造出的,使用使微波的照射时间短于试样5而制造出的石墨烯前体制作石墨烯分散液。另外,试样7是利用实施基于喷磨机的处理和等离子体处理的制造装置A而制造出的,使用施予输出功率高于试样6的等离子体而制造的石墨烯前体制作石墨烯分散液。
根据图13,Rate(3R)为31%和38%的试样2和3的层数分布形状为在13层左右具有峰的接近正态分布的形状(使用试样2、3的分散液)。Rate(3R)为40%以上的试样4-7的层数分布形状为在几层(较薄的石墨烯)的部分具有峰的所谓的对数正态分布的形状。另一方面,Rate(3R)为23%的试样1的层数为在30层以上的部分具有峰的形状(使用试样1的分散液)。即,可知如下倾向:Rate(3R)达到31%以上时,层数分布形状与小于31%不同,进而Rate(3R)达到40%以上时,层数分布形状与小于40%明显不同。另外,对于10层以下的石墨烯的比例而言,使用试样3的分散液的Rate(3R)为38%,另一方面,使用试样4的分散液的Rate(3R)为42%,可知Rate(3R)达到40%以上时,10层以下的石墨烯的比例骤增。
由此可认为,Rate(3R)为31%以上的情况下容易剥离成10层以下的石墨烯,并且随着Rate(3R)增多至40%、50%、60%,变得更容易剥离成10层以下的石墨烯。另外,着眼于强度比P1/P2时,对于试样2-试样7,强度比P1/P2为较窄的0.012~0.016的范围内的值,由于超过被认为可在晶体结构中产生应变而易于剥离成石墨烯的0.01,因而均优选。
此外,对Rate(3R)和10层以下的石墨烯含有的比例进行对比,将结果示于图14。参照图14可以判明,Rate(3R)达到25%以上时,10层以下的石墨烯从31%附近开始增加(形成向右上升的斜率),并且在40%左右处10层以下的石墨烯骤增(对于10层以下的石墨烯的比例,使用试样3的分散液的Rate(3R)为38%,另一方面,使用试样4的分散液的Rate(3R)为42%,由于Rate(3R)增加4%,10层以下的石墨烯的比例以增加24%的方式骤增)且在总体中10层以下的石墨烯占50%以上。需要说明的是,图14中的黑方块的点为各不相同的试样,也包括上述试样1-7和这些以外的其它试样。
由此,使用Rate(3R)为31%以上的试样作为石墨烯前体制作石墨烯分散液时,10层以下的石墨烯的分散比例开始增加,进而,使用Rate(3R)为40%以上的试样作为石墨烯前体制作石墨烯分散液时,生成50%以上的10层以下的石墨烯。即,可以得到石墨烯为高浓度且高分散的石墨烯分散液。另外,如上所述,该分散液所含有的石墨系碳原材料(前体)基本上未沉淀,因此可以简单地得到较浓的石墨烯分散液。通过该方法,还可以在不进行浓缩的条件下制成石墨烯浓度超过10%的石墨烯分散液。尤其,从10层以下的石墨烯的分散比例骤增至50%以上的观点出发,Rate(3R)更优选为40%以上。
据此可知,Rate(3R)为31%以上、优选为40%以上、进一步优选为50%以上时,分离成10层以下的石墨烯和10层左右的薄层的石墨系碳原材料的比例高,使用这些石墨系碳原材料作为石墨烯前体时,可以得到石墨烯的分散性优异且高浓度的石墨烯分散液。另外,由后述的实施例5明显可知,Rate(3R)为31%以上时,作为石墨系碳原材料石墨烯前体是有用的。
另外,认为没有必要对Rate(3R)的上限进行特别规定,但从在制作分散液等时容易分离成石墨烯出发,优选使强度比R1/R2同时满足0.01以上。需要说明的是,在使用制造装置A、B的制造方法的情况下,从易于制造石墨烯前体的观点出发,上限为70%左右。另外,制造装置A的组合使用基于喷磨机的处理和等离子体处理的方法容易得到Rate(3R)高的材料,因而是更优选的。需要说明的是,组合使用基于物理力的处理和基于电磁力的处理而使Rate(3R)达到31%以上即可。
实施例2
实施例1中,对得到石墨烯分散液时组合使用超声波处理和微波处理的情况进行了说明,而实施例2中,仅进行了超声波处理而没有进行微波处理,其它条件与实施例1同样。
图15的(b)示出使用利用制造装置B制造的试样5(Rate(3R)=46%)的石墨烯前体实施超声波处理而得到的石墨烯分散液的层数的分布。需要说明的是,图15的(a)与实施例1的利用制造装置B制造的试样5的图11的(b)所示的分布同样。
其结果,层数的分布的倾向大致相同,但10层以下的石墨烯的比例为64%,与实施例1的68%相比稍有降低。由此可以判明,在制作石墨烯分散液时,同时进行物理力和电磁力的处理这两者会更有效果。
实施例3
实施例3中,对用于导电墨的例子进行说明。
将实施例1的试样1(Rate(3R)=23%)、试样3(Rate(3R)=38%)、试样5(Rate(3R)=46%)、试样6(Rate(3R)=51%)作为石墨烯前体,制作在水和作为导电性赋予剂的碳原子数为3以下的醇的混合溶液中设为导电性墨所使用的浓度的墨1、墨3、墨5、墨6,比较各自的电阻值。根据该结果,得到电阻值随着Rate(3R)升高而降低的结果。
实施例4
实施例4中,对混炼到树脂中的例子进行说明。
在制作分散有石墨烯的树脂片时,添加有玻璃纤维的树脂片的拉伸强度非常良好,因而对其原因进行了研究,结果得到如下见解:与玻璃纤维同时添加的相容剂有助于前体进行石墨烯化。因此,对将分散剂和相容剂混入到树脂的情况进行了研究。
将1重量%的实施例1的试样5(Rate(3R)=46%)作为前体直接添加于LLDPE(聚乙烯),利用捏合机、双螺杆混炼机(挤出机)等一边施加剪切(剪切力)一边进行混炼。
树脂中石墨系碳原材料发生石墨烯化、发生高分散时拉伸强度会增加,这是公知的,因而通过测定树脂的拉伸强度,可以相对地推测石墨烯化和分散的程度。拉伸强度利用岛津制作所株式会社制造的台式精密万能试验机(AUTOGRAPH AGS-J)以试验速度500mm/分钟的条件进行测定。
另外,为了比较由添加剂的有无带来的石墨烯化和分散性,进行了下述(a)、(b)、(c)三种比较。
(a)无添加剂
(b)常规分散剂(硬脂酸锌)
(c)相容剂(接枝改性聚合物)
参照示出测定结果的图17,对结果进行说明。需要说明的是,图17中,圆形标记是使用了比较例的试样1的树脂材料、四方标记是使用了实施例1的试样5的树脂材料。
在(a)不加入添加剂的情况下,拉伸强度的差异小。
在(b)添加有分散剂的情况下,可知试样5的石墨烯前体的石墨烯化得到一定程度的促进。
在(c)添加有相容剂的情况下,可知试样5的石墨烯前体的石墨烯化得到大幅促进。认为这是因为,相容剂除了使石墨烯分散的效果之外,还发挥如下的作用:使石墨烯层结合体与树脂结合,在该状态下施加剪切时,会撕扯石墨烯层结合体。
作为分散剂,以硬脂酸锌为例进行了说明,但可以选择性质与化合物匹配的分散剂。例如,作为分散剂,可以举出阴离子(anion)表面活性剂、阳离子(cation)表面活性剂、两性离子表面活性剂、非离子(nonion)表面活性剂。尤其,对于石墨烯,优选阴离子表面活性剂和非离子表面活性剂。更优选为非离子表面活性剂。非离子表面活性剂是氧亚乙基、羟基、糖苷等的糖链等利用与水的氢键呈现亲水性而不会解离成离子的表面活性剂,因此没有离子性表面活性剂般的强亲水性,但具有能够在非极性溶剂中使用的优点。并且还因为:通过改变其亲水基团链长,能够使其性质在从亲油性至亲水性之间自由变化。作为阴离子表面活性剂,优选为X酸盐(X酸例如为胆酸、脱氧胆酸)、例如优选为SDC:脱氧胆酸钠、磷酸酯等。另外,作为非离子表面活性剂,优选为脂肪酸甘油酯、山梨醇酐脂肪酸酯、脂肪醇乙氧基化物、聚氧乙烯烷基苯基醚、烷基糖苷等。
实施例5
为了进一步验证在实施例1也说明了的使Rate(3R)为31%以上时作为石墨烯前体是有用的,在实施例5中使用混炼到树脂中的例子进一步进行说明。对将包括实施例1中的试样1~7在内的在图14中标绘出的Rate(3R)的石墨系碳原材料用作前体的树脂成形品的弹性模量进行说明。
(1)将作为前体的上述石墨系碳原材料、LLDPE(聚乙烯:Prime Polymer Co.,Ltd.制造的20201J)5重量%与分散剂(非离子系表面活性剂)1重量%一起混入到离子交换水中,以同样的条件运行上述图8的装置,得到石墨烯和/或石墨系碳原材料达到5重量%的石墨烯分散液。
(2)立即使用捏合机(Moriyama Company Ltd.制造的加压型捏合机WDS7-30)将(1)中得到的石墨烯分散液0.6kg混炼到树脂5.4kg中,制作粒料。关于混炼条件,在下文中叙述。需要说明的是,选择树脂与分散液的配混比例,使得最终的石墨烯和/或石墨系碳原材料的添加量为0.5重量%。
(3)使用(2)中制成的粒料用注射成型机制作试验片JIS K71611A型(总长165mm、宽度20mm、厚度4mm)。
(4)基于JIS K7161,利用株式会社岛津制作所制造的台式精密万能试验机(AUTOGRAPH AGS-J)以试验速度:500mm/分钟的条件测定通过(3)制成的试验片的弹性模量(Mpa)。
混炼条件如下所示。
混炼温度:135℃
转子转速:30rpm
混炼时间:15分钟
炉内加压:开始后的10分钟为0.3MPa、经过10分钟后卸压至大气压
此处,关于上述(2)的石墨烯分散液向树脂中的分散,通常树脂的熔点为100℃以上,所以在大气中水会蒸发,但加压捏合机可以对炉内加压。在炉内,提高水的沸点,使分散液停留在液体的状态,由此可以得到分散液与树脂的乳液。进行规定时间的加压后,逐渐卸除压力,水的沸点下降,水逐渐蒸发。此时,被限制在水中的石墨烯残留于树脂中。认为由此石墨烯石墨系碳原材料高分散在树脂中。
另外,对于石墨烯分散液而言,随着时间的经过,石墨烯石墨系碳原材料具有沉降的倾向,因此优选在得到石墨烯分散液后立即混炼到树脂中。
需要说明的是,得到分散液与树脂的乳液的手段除了加压捏合机之外还可以是化学推进器、旋涡混合器、均质混合器、高压均化器、水压剪切(hydroshear)、喷射混合器、湿式喷磨机、超声波产生器等。
另外,作为分散液的溶剂,除了水以外还可以使用2-丙醇(IPA)、丙酮、甲苯、N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)等。
表4中示出Rate(3R)在30%附近的Rate(3R)与树脂成形品的弹性模量之间的关系。需要说明的是,表4中的试样00是未混炼有前体的空白试样,试样11、12是Rate(3R)在试样1与试样2之间的试样,试样21是Rate(3R)在试样2与试样3之间的试样。
表4
由图18和表4可以判明,相对于试样00(空白)的弹性模量之差(弹性模量的增加比例)在Rate(3R)达到31%为止约在10%左右,大致恒定,以Rate(3R)31%为界,该差骤增至32%,在Rate(3R)为31%至42%之间,该差单调增加至50%,在Rate(3R)为42%以及之后,该差微增并收敛于60%左右。如此,若Rate(3R)为31%以上,则可以得到弹性模量优异的树脂成形品。另外,由于树脂成形品中含有的石墨烯和/或石墨系碳原材料为0.5重量%这样的少量,因此对树脂原本具有的性状造成的影响小。
认为该倾向是因为:以Rate(3R)31%为界,与树脂接触的包含10层以下的石墨烯的薄层的石墨系碳原材料骤增。此处,实施例5中,由于用于使之分散在水中的分散剂的影响,即便利用TEM进行观察,也无法确认石墨烯的层数。因此,作为参考,基于表4中示出的分散在NMP中时的石墨系碳原材料的层数分布,对上述骤增的理由进行研讨。将试样12与试样2进行对比,石墨烯(层数为10层以下)均为25%。另一方面,如图19所示,试样2中少于15层的薄层的比例多于试样12,即认为这是因为:作为前体而分散的石墨系碳原材料的表面积大,与树脂接触的面积急剧增大。
如此,根据实施例5,Rate(3R)为31%以上时,可用作石墨烯前体的石墨系碳原材料明确显示出分离成10层以下的石墨烯和/或薄层的石墨系碳原材料的倾向。
实施例6
进行使用通过上述方法制造的石墨烯前体而得到锂离子二次电池的正极的实验。
<各条件>
溶剂:NMP(N-methylpyrrolidone;N-甲基吡咯烷酮)(三菱化学株式会社制造电池等级)、
导电助剂(传导原材料):乙炔黑(电气化学工业株式会社制造HS-100、平均粒径48nm、体积密度0.15g/ml、灰分0.01%)、
石墨系碳原材料:石墨烯前体(通过上述方法制造)、
粘结剂:PVdF(Poly Vinylidene;聚偏二乙烯)(Solvay公司制造Solef TA5130)、
正极活性物质(母材):三井金属株式会社制造NCM Li(Ni1/3,Co1/3,Mn1/3)O2)(平均粒径30μm)、
超声波处理装置(Hielscher公司制造UP100S)、
<处理条件:20kHz、100W>、
<分散液条件1:与实施例1(图8)的石墨烯前体的剥离分散液的制作方法相同。超声波和微波的施加条件也相同。>
搅拌机(THINKY株式会社制造ARE-310)、
<搅拌条件1:常温25℃、搅拌2000rpm×10分钟>
<搅拌条件2:常温25℃、搅拌2000rpm×10分钟、搅拌后脱泡2100rpm×30秒>、
隔膜(celgard公司制造2400、板厚25μm、材质:PP(polypropylene;聚丙烯))、
电解液:含有1.0mol/L LiPF6(lithium hexafluorophosphate;六氟磷酸锂)的EC(ethylene carbonate;碳酸亚乙酯):DEC(diethyl carbonate;碳酸二乙酯)(7:3体积%)(Kishida Chemical Co.,Ltd.制造)、
锂箔(负极):(本城金属株式会社制造厚度0.2mm)
<实验步骤>
步骤1.在NMP(90g)中加入石墨烯前体(参照试样1、2、21、4(实施例1、5中使用的试样))10g,在分散液条件1下对石墨烯前体进行剥离/分散,得到浓度10重量%的分散液。
步骤2.加入分散液(20g)、PVdF(4g)、和乙炔黑(6g),在搅拌条件1下进行搅拌,得到30g的混合物1。
步骤3.在混合物1中加入表5中示出的比例的正极活性物质,在搅拌条件2下进行搅拌,得到混合物2。
步骤4.将混合物2以0.25mm的膜厚涂布于铝箔,在100℃下进行真空干燥,在压力1.5MPa下进行压制而调整厚度,从而得到正极。
步骤5.将正极冲切成直径15mm。
步骤6.将压接于不锈钢板上的锂箔作为负极,依次重叠隔膜、电解液、正极,组装于宝泉株式会社制造的不锈钢制HS电池单元。
步骤7.对于HS电池单元在以下的试验条件下进行电化学评价。
此处,上述步骤中,向下一个步骤的转移以不设置待机时间的方式依次进行。对于以下的实施例也是同样。
<试验条件>
初次充电:CC-CV充电0.2C(0.01C截止)
初次放电:CC放电0.2C
组装环境:25℃、露点温度-64℃氩气气氛下(手套箱内)
电压范围:2.75V~4.5V vs.Li/Li+
测定装置:NAGANO Co.,Ltd.制造BTS2004W
此处,CC-CV充电为恒压恒流充电,CC放电为恒流放电,0.2C为充放电速率5小时,0.01C cut off为截止条件。
另外,为了确认类石墨烯石墨的影响,根据表5中示出的混合比率,以Rate(3R)为23%(试样1)、31%(试样2)、35%(试样21)、42%(试样4)进行实验。
表5
根据表5和图20,关于充电特性,以速率0.2C充电至充电电位4.5V时,实施例6-1、6-2、6-3、比较例6-1、未分散有类石墨烯石墨的比较例6-2显示出近似的倾向。实施例6-1、6-2、6-3、特别是实施例6-3由于充电电压变高得较快,故而更优选。需要说明的是,比较例6-3未观察到充电行为。推测这是因为,由于没有乙炔黑那样的带状的物质,仅利用类石墨烯石墨那样的纳米颗粒无法形成导电通路。
另外,关于放电特性,实施例6-1、6-2、6-3与比较例6-1、6-2相比,观察到充电终止电位较高。进而,分散有类石墨烯石墨的实施例6-1、6-2、6-3、比较例6-1均观察到与未分散有类石墨烯石墨的比较例6-2相比较大的容量。特别是实施例6-1、6-2、6-3的情况下,观察到容量显著变大。需要说明的是,比较例6-3未观察到放电行为。
将自Rate(3R)为31%以上(实施例6-1、6-2、6-3)的石墨烯前体剥离得到的类石墨烯石墨与AB组合使用时,确认到所得到的电池的充电终止电位高、正极的放电特性良好的倾向,特别是由图20确认到以31%为界充电终止电位骤增的倾向。对此推测,如图21所示,在粒径几十μm的正极活性物质52、52间存在带状且截面直径为几十nm的导电助剂AB53、53、··、53,在正极活性物质52与AB53之间、AB53与AB53之间、铝箔51与正极活性物质52之间、铝箔51与AB53之间分别分散有类石墨烯石墨54(例如厚度50nm以下、尺寸100nm~5μm。)。此外,类石墨烯石墨54为面状,且与铝箔51、正极活性物质52、AB53等其它原材料相比较柔软,因此认为会使铝箔51、正极活性物质52和AB53相互夹着类石墨烯石墨54紧密地接触,因而正极的放电特性变得良好。需要说明的是,对于Rate(3R)低于31%(比较例6-1)的石墨烯前体,认为分散的类石墨烯石墨的量少,没有充分发挥由添加类石墨烯石墨带来的效果。
另外,随着石墨烯前体的Rate(3R)增加为35%(实施例6-2)、42%(实施例6-3),与在这些值以下的情况相比,正极的放电特性及容量更良好。认为是因为,与Rate(3R)为31%(实施例6-1)相比,使铝箔51、正极活性物质52及AB53相互接触的类石墨烯石墨54的数量、接触面积增加。
另外,如上所述地通过基于电磁力的处理和/或基于物理力的处理而制造石墨烯前体,因此不需要氧化、还原处理。进而,在制造正极时,不需要还原处理,因此不需要设为高温,正极的制造容易。此外,通过混炼条件1、2及真空干燥而制造正极,其制造简单。
进而,在与正极活性物质52混炼之前,将在分散液条件1下分散有类石墨烯石墨的分散液与AB53混炼,因此在混炼条件1下类石墨烯石墨54与AB53良好混合。然后,与正极活性物质52混炼,因此类石墨烯石墨54均匀地分散。
此处,由步骤1得到的分散液中,分散有自石墨烯前体剥离得到的材料。在本文开始也说明了,将石墨烯前体的一部分或全部被剥离、自石墨烯前体至石墨烯之间的混合物称为“类石墨烯石墨”。对于分散于分散液的类石墨烯石墨,虽未图示,但可以利用透射型电子显微镜(TEM)与图10中示出的石墨烯同样地进行观察。
作为参考,对于石墨烯前体的扫描型电子显微镜(SEM)拍摄图进行说明。由实施例1得到的石墨烯前体例如如图22、23所示为长度7μm、厚度0.1μm的薄层石墨的层叠体。
实施例7
进行使用通过上述方法制造的石墨烯前体而得到锂离子二次电池的正极的实验。
实施例7中,将传导原材料设为碳纳米管,以表6的混合比率进行实验。除此之外,与实施例6同样。
<各条件>
碳纳米管:VGCF-H昭和电工株式会社制造(纤维直径150nm、纤维长度10~20μm)
表6
如图24所示,观察到与实施例6同样的倾向。通过碳纳米管的使用,整体而言与AB相比充放电特性更好一些。
实施例8
进行使用通过上述方法制造的石墨烯前体而得到锂离子二次电池的正极的实验。
实施例8中,将Rate(3R)为31%的石墨烯前体相对于传导原材料的混合比率按照表7中示出的条件来进行实验。除此之外,与实施例6同样。
表7
如图25所示,关于充放电特性,石墨烯前体相对于传导原材料的混合比率大于1(实施例8-2)时观察到几乎同样的倾向,观察到特性已饱和。另外,石墨烯前体的混合比率成为10以上时,对母材性状的影响变大。另一方面,观察到,混合比率低于1/50(实施例8-7)时,成为与未混合有石墨烯前体的情况(比较例6-2)几乎相同的倾向,成为1/10(实施例8-6)以上时,充放电特性变得良好。由此,混合比率的下限为1/50以上、优选为1/10以上,上限为10以下、优选为1以下是优选的。
实施例9
接着,进行使用通过上述方法制造的石墨烯前体而得到树脂成形品的实验。
<各条件>
<<原材料>>
树脂:LLDPE(聚乙烯:Prime Polymer Co.,Ltd.制造20201J)、
溶剂:水(离子交换水)、
分散剂:1重量%(非离子系表面活性剂)、
超声波处理装置(Hielscher公司制造UP100S)、
<处理条件:20kHz、100W>、
<分散液条件2:将石墨烯前体与分散剂(非离子系表面活性剂)1重量%一起混入到离子交换水中,在同样的条件下运行上述图8的装置,得到类石墨烯石墨成为10重量%的分散液。>
<<捏合机>>
捏合机:Moriyama Company Ltd.制造加压型捏合机WDS7-30、
混炼温度:135℃、
转子转速:30r/分钟、
加工时间:15分钟、
混合比率:树脂5340g、AB(HS-100)600g、分散液600g(使得类石墨烯石墨成为60g)、
<<体积电阻值>>
试验片:(ASTM D257)、
测定装置:装置主体(川口电气制作所制造R-503)、电极装置(川口电气制作所制造P-616)、
施加电压:500V、
测量电压施加1分钟后的电流、
<<热导率>>
试验片:(ASTM E1530)、
测定装置:ANTER公司制造UNITHERM 2021
<实验步骤>
步骤1.使用表8中示出的Rate(3R)不同的石墨烯前体在分散条件2下得到分散液。
步骤2.将由步骤1.得到的分散液和树脂放入到加压捏合机中,以上述混合比率进行混炼。
步骤3.将由步骤2.得到的混炼物按照ASTM D257、利用注射成型机成型为试验片,观察体积电阻值的变化。
步骤4.将由步骤2.得到的混炼物按照ASTM E1530、利用注射成型机成型为试验片,利用静态法观察热导率的变化。
表8
根据表8,实施例9-1、9-2、9-3均为体积电阻小、导电性优异。
另外,实施例9-1、9-2、9-3与比较例9-1、9-2、9-3、9-4相比观察到热导率足够高。
将自Rate(3R)为31%以上(实施例9-1、9-2、9-3)的石墨烯前体剥离得到的类石墨烯石墨与AB组合使用时,确认到体积电阻及热导率变得良好的倾向,特别是,由表8确认到以31%为界体积电阻及热导率急剧地变得良好的倾向。对此,根据与实施例6同样的原理,在LLDPE的高分子间存在截面直径为几百nm~几μm的AB。推测在LLDPE与AB之间、AB与AB之间、LLDPE与LLDPE之间分别分散有类石墨烯石墨。此外,类石墨烯石墨为面状且与LLDPE、AB等其它原材料相比较柔软,因此认为会使LLDPE及AB相互夹着类石墨烯石墨紧密地接触,因而体积电阻及热导率变得良好。需要说明的是,Rate(3R)低于31%(比较例9-1)时,认为分散的类石墨烯石墨的量少,没有充分发挥由分散有类石墨烯石墨带来的效果。
另外,随着Rate(3R)增加为35%(实施例9-2)、42%(实施例9-3),与在这些值以下的情况相比,体积电阻及热导率更良好。认为是由于,与Rate(3R)为31%(实施例9-1)相比,使LLDPE及AB相互接触的类石墨烯石墨的数量、接触面积增加。
此处,由步骤1得到的分散液中,分散有自石墨烯前体剥离得到的材料。在本文开始也说明了,将石墨烯前体的一部分或全部被剥离、自石墨烯前体至石墨烯之间的混合物称为“类石墨烯石墨”。对于分散于分散液的类石墨烯石墨,虽未图示,但可以利用透射型电子显微镜(TEM)与图10中示出的石墨烯同样地进行观察。
另外,分散于树脂的类石墨烯石墨可以如下观察:将成形的试验片利用精密高速切断机(ALLIED公司制造TechCut5)等进行切断,利用扫描型电子显微镜(SEM)等进行观察。例如,图26中示出分散有碳纳米管和类石墨烯石墨的树脂的截面,线状的部分为碳纳米管,白斑状的部分为类石墨烯石墨。该类石墨烯石墨例如如图27所示为厚度3.97nm的薄层石墨的层叠体。
实施例10
接着,进行使用通过上述方法制造的石墨烯前体而得到树脂成形品的实验。
将Rate(3R)为31%的石墨烯前体相对于传导原材料的混合比率按照表9中示出的条件来进行实验。
<各条件>
<<原材料>>
树脂:LLDPE(聚乙烯:Prime Polymer Co.,Ltd.制造20201J)、
相容剂:KAYABRID006PP(KAYAKU AKZO CO.,LTD.制造马来酸酐改性PP)、
乙炔黑(电气化学工业株式会社制造HS-100、平均粒径48nm、体积密度0.15g/ml、灰分0.01%)
<<双螺杆挤出机>>
双螺杆挤出机:神户制钢社制造HYPERKTX 30、
混炼温度:135℃、
螺杆转速:100r/分钟、
<<体积电阻值>>
试验片:(ASTM D257)、
测定装置:装置主体(川口电气制作所制造R-503)、电极装置(川口电气制作所制造P-616)、
施加电压:500V、
测量电压施加1分钟后的电流、
<<热导率>>
试验片:(ASTM E1530)、
测定装置:ANTER公司制造UNITHERM 2021
<实验步骤>
步骤1.将表9中示出的Rate(3R)不同的石墨烯前体和相容剂利用双螺杆挤出机进行混炼,得到含有40重量%类石墨烯石墨的混合物1。需要说明的是,石墨烯前体在混炼的过程中成为类石墨烯石墨。
步骤2.在同一双螺杆挤出机中将由步骤1.得到的混合物1、树脂、AB以表9中示出的比例混炼。
步骤3.将由步骤2.得到的混炼物按照ASTM D257、利用注射成型机成型为试验片,观察体积电阻值的变化。
步骤4.将由步骤2.得到的混炼物按照ASTM E1530、利用注射成型机成型为试验片,利用静态法观察热导率的变化。。
需要说明的是,基于相容剂的体积电阻、热导率与成为母材的树脂没有大幅变化,因此本实施例中不做考虑。
表9
如表9所示,石墨烯前体相对于传导原材料的混合比率大于1(实施例10-5)时,体积电阻及热导率成为几乎同样的值,观察到特性已饱和。另外,石墨烯前体的混合比率成为10以上时,对母材的性状的影响变大。另一方面,混合比率低于1/50(比较例10-9)时,观察到成为与未混合有石墨烯前体的情况(比较例9-2)几乎相同的体积电阻及热导率。由此,混合比率的下限为1/50以上、优选为1/10以上,上限为10以下、优选为1以下是优选的。
实施例11
接着,进行使用通过上述方法制造的石墨烯前体而得到树脂成形品的实验。
实施例11中,改变与Rate(3R)为31%的石墨烯前体一起混合的传导原材料,确认由其形状造成的影响。除此之外,与实施例9同样。
如图28所示,作为传导原材料,作为炭黑的一种的乙炔黑(AB)是其直径为几十nm、其长度为几~几十μm的带状和/或直链状。碳纤维(CF)是其直径为几十μm、其长度为几百μm的线状。金属颗粒的直径为几十nm~几μm。
表10
如表10所示,添加有AB的实施例9-1和添加有CF的实施例11-1的体积电阻及热导率均良好。另一方面,添加有金属颗粒的实施例11-2尽管添加了石墨烯前体并分散有类石墨烯石墨,然而体积电阻及热导率并不良好。由此可知,石墨烯前体与带状、直链状或线状的传导原材料组合使用是较好的。另外,虽没有作为实施例示出,但鳞片状的传导原材料的体积电阻及热导率也良好。推测带状、直链状、线状或鳞片状的纳米传导原材料由于其形状而每单位质量的表面积大,因此会与较多的类石墨烯石墨接触,与类石墨烯石墨的亲和性较好。进而,判明特别优选的是,传导原材料设为带状、直链状、线状或鳞片状的形状,长径比为5以上。需要说明的是,对于如乙炔黑那样支化的原材料的长径比,求出平均直径相对于最长部分的比即可。另外,对于鳞片状的原材料的长径比,求出平均厚度相对于最长部分的比即可。
实施例12
接着,进行使用通过上述方法制造的石墨烯前体而得到树脂成形品的实验。实施例12中,使用由石墨烯前体在分散条件3下制造的石墨烯糊剂来进行实验。
<各条件>
<原材料>
二丙酮醇:和光纯药株式会社制造、
对羟基苯甲酸甲酯:和光纯药株式会社制造、
稳定剂:硝基纤维素DLX-30-50(Nobel NC Co.Ltd)、
乙炔黑(电气化学工业株式会社制造HS-100、平均粒径48nm、体积密度0.15g/ml、灰分0.01%)、
<搅拌>
搅拌机(THINKY株式会社制造ARE-310)
<搅拌条件3>:常温25℃、搅拌2000rpm×10分钟、搅拌后脱泡2100rpm×30秒)
<涂布条件1>
棒涂机:第一理化株式会社制造No.16、
涂布膜厚:36.6μm(干燥时25.4μm)、
干燥条件:130℃×30分钟、
基板:石英玻璃(t2mm)、
涂布面积:50mm×50mm、
<片电阻测定器>
LORESTA GP MCP-T610型Mitsubishi Chemical Analytech Co.,Ltd.制造、
测定条件:JIS K7194
<实验步骤>
步骤1.将表11中示出的Rate(3R)不同的石墨烯前体在二丙酮醇(4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone;4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮)中以同样的条件运行上述图8的装置,得到类石墨烯石墨成为10重量%的分散液。(分散条件3)
步骤2.按照表11中示出的比例加入由步骤1.得到的石墨烯分散液、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯(Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate;4-羟基苯甲酸甲酯)、稳定剂、AB,在搅拌条件3下得到混合物3。
步骤3.使用棒涂机在涂布条件1下涂布混合物3,根据JIS K7194利用四探针法测定片电阻。
表11
如表11所示,实施例12-1、12-2、12-3与比较例12-1、12-2相比,观察到片电阻低。另外,观察到Rate(3R)为23%的比较例12-1与未加入石墨烯前体的比较例12-2的片电阻大致同等。由此推测实施例12-1、12-2、12-3中类石墨烯石墨与AB一起充分有助于片电阻的降低。另外判明了,使用了Rate(3R)为31%以上的石墨烯前体的石墨烯糊剂(实施例12-1、12-2、12-3)与使用了Rate(3R)为23%的石墨烯前体的石墨烯糊剂(比较例12-1)相比,片电阻急剧降低。
需要说明的是,本实施例中为了排除干扰因素,仅由基本的原材料构成。实用的导电性墨、糊剂中,通常添加抗氧化剂、粘度调节剂、多种导电原材料,来实现作为墨的期望、降低电阻值。
以上,利用附图说明了本发明的实施例,但具体的技术方案不限于这些实施例,在不超出本发明的主旨的范围内进行变更、追加也包括在本发明之内。
上述实施例中,作为制造石墨烯前体的制造装置,针对使用喷磨机和等离子体的制造装置A、以及使用球磨机和微波的制造装置B进行了说明,但组合使用微波、毫米波、等离子体、电磁感应加热(IH)、磁场等基于电磁力的处理、和球磨机、喷磨机、离心力、超临界等基于物理力的处理时,能够得到比例Rate(R3)高的前体,故而优选。需要说明的是,组合使用基于物理力的处理和基于电磁力的处理,基于物理力的处理和基于电磁力的处理的个别处理的种类不限。特别优选如制造装置A和B那样使基于电磁力和物理力的作用同时发挥作用,也可以使电磁力与物理力交替地每隔规定时间地发挥作用。进而,关于电磁力,可以将例如基于微波和等离子体的处理等不同的电磁力交替实施,与其并行地实施1种或2种以上的基于物理力的处理。另外,关于物理力,也可以将例如基于喷磨机和超临界的处理等不同的物理力交替实施,与其并行地实施1种或2种以上的基于电磁力的处理。
例如,作为使传导原材料和石墨系碳原材料分散的母材,可列举出以下物质。但是,母材与传导原材料、石墨系碳原材料相比也可以比例较小。另外,也有时在使用时因燃烧、氧化、气化、蒸发等而消失。例如,导电糊剂、导电墨等母材为挥发性的溶剂等时母材会消失。也有时在母材中除了母材之外还包含传导原材料。
作为正极活性物质,层状氧化物系活性物质(LiCoO2、LiNiO2、Li(NixCoy)O2(其中x+y=1)、Li(NixCoyAlz)O2、Li(NixMnyCoz)O2、Li(NixMny)O2、Li2MnO3-Li(NixMnyCoz)O2(其中x+y+z=1)等))、橄榄石活性物质(LiMPO4、Li2MPO4F、Li2MSiO4(其中,M均为选自Ni、Co、Fe、Mn的1种以上金属元素)、锂过量系活性物质、尖晶石型正极活性物质(LiMn2O4)等。
作为树脂,可列举出聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、ABS树脂(ABS)、丙烯酸类树脂(PMMA)、聚酰胺/尼龙(PA)、聚缩醛(POM)、聚碳酸酯(PC)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、环状聚烯烃(COP)、聚苯硫醚(PPS)、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、聚砜(PSF)、聚酰胺酰亚胺(PAI)、热塑性聚酰亚胺(PI)、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、液晶聚合物(LCP)等热塑性树脂。另外,合成树脂当中,作为热固化性树脂或紫外线固化树脂,可列举出环氧树脂(EP)、酚醛树脂(PF)、三聚氰胺树脂(MF)、聚氨酯(PUR)、不饱和聚酯树脂(UP)等,作为导电性高分子,可列举出PEDOT、聚噻吩、聚乙炔、聚苯胺、聚吡咯等、纤维状的尼龙、聚酯、丙烯酸类树脂、维尼纶、聚烯烃、聚氨酯、人造丝等的纤维,作为弹性体,可列举出异戊二烯橡胶(IR)、丁二烯橡胶(BR)、苯乙烯丁二烯橡胶(SBR)、氯丁二烯橡胶(CR)、腈橡胶(NBR)、聚异丁烯橡胶/丁基橡胶(IIR)、乙烯丙烯橡胶(EPM/EPDM)、氯磺化聚乙烯(CSM)、丙烯酸类橡胶(ACM)、环氧氯丙烷橡胶(CO/ECO)等,作为热固化性树脂系弹性体,可列举出一部分的聚氨酯橡胶(U)、硅橡胶(Q)、氟橡胶(FKM)等,作为热塑性弹性体,可列举出苯乙烯系、烯烃系、聚氯乙烯系、聚氨酯系、酰胺系的弹性体。
另外,关于矿物油,作为润滑油、润滑脂、或橡胶用配混油,可列举出石蜡系矿物油、环烷烃系矿物油、芳香族系矿物油等。
进而,作为非极性的物质,可列举出己烷、苯、甲苯、氯仿、醋酸乙酯等,作为极性非质子性的物质,可列举出丙酮、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)、乙腈等,作为极性质子性的物质,可列举出醋酸、乙醇、甲醇、水、1-丁醇、2-丙醇、甲酸等。
作为传导原材料,可列举出以下的物质。作为金属材料,可列举出银纳米颗粒、铜纳米颗粒、银纳米线、铜纳米线、鳞片状银、鳞片状铜、铁粉、氧化锌等。作为碳原材料,可列举出炭黑、碳纤维、CNT、石墨、活性炭等。作为导电性高分子,可列举出PEDOT、聚噻吩、聚乙炔、聚苯胺、聚吡咯等。特别是链状、带状、鳞片状的纤维物质在传导方面良好。
另外,作为用于制造用作石墨烯前体的石墨系碳原材料的天然石墨,以5mm以下的颗粒的天然石墨材料(日本石墨工业制造鳞片状石墨ACB-50)为例进行了说明,但从容易取得的观点出发优选天然石墨为鳞片状石墨、且粉碎至5mm以下,Rate(3R)低于25%且强度比P1/P2低于0.01的天然石墨。通过近年的技术开发,变得能够合成人造的天然石墨状的石墨(晶体重叠成层状的石墨),因此石墨烯及类石墨烯石墨的原料不限于天然石墨(矿物)。对于电池等需要控制金属含量的用途,优选使用纯度高的人造石墨。
需要说明的是,用作石墨烯前体的石墨系碳原材料通常被称为石墨烯、石墨烯前体、石墨烯纳米薄片(GNP)、少层石墨烯(FLG)、纳米石墨烯等,但没有特别限定。
产业上的可利用性
本发明以具有传导性的复合传导原材料作为对象,其应用领域不限。需要说明的是,本发明中,传导是指导电、离子传导及导热中的至少一者。例如,有下述那样的领域。
(1)电传导体(导电体)的例子
(1-1)蓄电装置
(1-1-1)电池
作为以锂离子电池为代表的电池的正极材料、负极材料等中使用的导电原材料,导电和离子传导两者均良好是理想的。作为构成电池的材料,例示出以下的材料,但不限于这些。
·正极活性物质:LiCoO2、LiMn2O4、LiNiO2、LiFeO4、Li2FePO4F、Li(Cox,Niy,Mnz)O2
·导电助剂:石墨粉末、乙炔黑、VGCF、CNT
·负极材料:石墨粉末、硬碳、活性炭、钛酸盐(Li4Ti5O12)、Si
·电解液:PC(聚碳酸酯)、EC(碳酸亚乙酯)、DEC(碳酸二乙酯)
·支持电解质:LiPF6、LiBF4、LiTFSI
·集电体:铝箔、铜箔、锂箔
(1-1-2)电容器(capacitor)、电容器(condenser)
作为锂离子电容器、双电层电容器、电容器(condenser)等电容器、电容器(condenser),导电良好是理想的。作为构成电容器(capacitor)、电容器(condenser)的材料,例示出以下的材料,但不限于这些。
·集电极:铝箔
·极化性电极:活性炭
·导电助材:炭黑、CNT
·电解质:四乙基铵离子、四氟化硼离子、双三氟甲基磺酰亚胺
·电解液:碳酸亚丙酯、碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸二甲酯
(1-2)导电性分散液
作为透明/不透明导电薄膜、电子电路基板(印刷、光蚀刻)的导电装置中使用的导电性墨、导电性糊剂、导电性浆料等导电性分散液,导电良好是理想的。作为构成导电性分散液的材料,例示出以下的材料,但不限于这些。
·溶剂:水、抗干燥剂(甘油、二醇等)、渗透剂(醇、二醇醚等)、醇、NMP(N-甲基吡咯烷酮)、DMF、甲苯、醋酸乙酯、酮
·着色剂:染料、颜料
·树脂:丙烯酸类嵌段共聚物、丙烯酸类树脂、马来酸、松香、环氧树脂、有机硅、丁缩醛等热塑性树脂
·添加剂:pH调节剂、螯合剂、表面活性剂、防菌防霉剂、抗氧化剂、紫外线吸收剂、增塑剂
·传导原材料:石墨粉末、炭黑(科琴黑、乙炔黑等)、碳纤维、CNT(SWNT、MWNT)、金属微粉(铜/银纳米颗粒)、金属氧化物(ITO、锌氧化物)、金属纤维(铜/银纳米线)、导电性高分子(PEDOT、聚乙炔等)
(1-3)导电性复合物
作为抗导电/静电/起电、电磁波阻断性等的导电性复合物,导电良好是理想的。作为构成导电性分散液的材料,例示出以下的材料,但不限于这些。
·导电原材料:作为金属,Fe、Ni。作为碳材料,碳纤维、各向同性石墨、炭黑。
·聚合物种类:PE、PP、PS、PC、PVC、ABS、PA6、PA66、PSS、PEEK、POM、环氧树脂、天然橡胶、氯丁二烯橡胶、NBR、硅橡胶。
(2)热传导性的例子
(2-1)导热性复合物
(2-1-1)导热性薄膜、导热聚合物等散热器
作为通过释放局部的热而能够提高混合物的耐热时间的散热器,导热良好是理想的。作为构成散热器的材料,例示出以下的材料,但不限于这些。
·传导原材料:作为金属,Cu、Al、W。作为碳材料,碳纤维、各向同性石墨。
·聚合物种类:PE、PP、PS、PC、PVC、ABS、PA6、PA66、PSS、PEEK、POM、环氧树脂、天然橡胶、氯丁二烯橡胶、NBR、硅橡胶。
(2-1-2)散热膏、糊剂
作为连接被散热对象与(2-1-1)那样的散热器之间的原材料即散热膏、糊剂,导热良好是理想的。作为构成散热膏、糊剂的材料,例示出以下的材料,但不限于这些。
·溶剂:硅润滑脂(聚硅氧烷化合物)
·传导剂:氧化锌、银纳米颗粒、纳米金刚石、炭黑、硅纳米颗粒
附图标记说明
51 铝箔
52 正极活性物质(母材)
53 AB(传导原材料)
54 类石墨烯石墨
Claims (17)
1.一种复合传导原材料,其特征在于,其为在母材中至少分散有自石墨系碳原材料剥离得到的类石墨烯石墨和传导原材料的复合传导原材料,
所述石墨系碳原材料具有菱方晶系石墨层(3R)和六方晶系石墨层(2H),所述菱方晶系石墨层(3R)与所述六方晶系石墨层(2H)的由X射线衍射法得到的由以下(式1)定义的比例Rate(3R)为31%以上,
Rate(3R)=P3/(P3+P4)×100····(式1)
式1中,
P3为菱方晶系石墨层(3R)的由X射线衍射法得到的(101)面的峰强度,
P4为六方晶系石墨层(2H)的由X射线衍射法得到的(101)面的峰强度,
所述类石墨烯石墨是自所述石墨系碳原材料一部分或全部被剥离而成的、自所述石墨系碳原材料至石墨烯之间的混合物,
所述石墨烯为属于平均尺寸为100nm以上的晶体、且层数在10层以下的薄片状或片状的石墨烯。
2.根据权利要求1所述的复合传导原材料,其特征在于,所述传导原材料为带状、直链状、线状或鳞片状的微粒。
3.根据权利要求2所述的复合传导原材料,其特征在于,所述微粒的长径比为5以上。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的复合传导原材料,其特征在于,所述石墨系碳原材料相对于所述传导原材料的重量比为1/50以上且低于10。
5.根据权利要求1所述的复合传导原材料,其特征在于,所述母材为电池的活性物质。
6.根据权利要求5所述的复合传导原材料,其特征在于,所述活性物质为正极的活性物质。
7.根据权利要求1所述的复合传导原材料,其特征在于,所述母材为聚合物。
8.根据权利要求1所述的复合传导原材料,其特征在于,所述母材为在使用时会消失的材料。
9.一种蓄电装置,其特征在于,使用了权利要求1所述的复合传导原材料。
10.一种导电性分散液,其特征在于,使用了权利要求1所述的所述复合传导原材料。
11.一种导电装置,其特征在于,使用权利要求10所述的所述导电性分散液进行了涂布或印刷。
12.一种导电性复合物,其特征在于,使用了权利要求1所述的所述复合传导原材料。
13.一种导热性复合物,其特征在于,使用了权利要求1所述的所述复合传导原材料。
14.一种复合传导原材料的制造方法,其特征在于,其包括在母材中至少混炼石墨系碳原材料和传导原材料的步骤,
所述石墨系碳原材料具有菱方晶系石墨层(3R)和六方晶系石墨层(2H),所述菱方晶系石墨层(3R)与所述六方晶系石墨层(2H)的由X射线衍射法得到的由以下(式1)定义的比例Rate(3R)为31%以上,
Rate(3R)=P3/(P3+P4)×100····(式1)
式1中,
P3为菱方晶系石墨层(3R)的由X射线衍射法得到的(101)面的峰强度,
P4为六方晶系石墨层(2H)的由X射线衍射法得到的(101)面的峰强度。
15.根据权利要求14所述的复合传导原材料的制造方法,其特征在于,所述传导原材料为带状、直链状、线状或鳞片状的微粒。
16.根据权利要求15所述的复合传导原材料的制造方法,其特征在于,所述微粒的长径比为5以上。
17.根据权利要求14或15所述的复合传导原材料的制造方法,其特征在于,所述石墨系碳原材料相对于所述传导原材料的重量比为1/50以上且低于10。
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