CN104737743A - Pitaya high-quality and high-yield cultivation method adopting water and fertilizer integrated fertigation technology - Google Patents
Pitaya high-quality and high-yield cultivation method adopting water and fertilizer integrated fertigation technology Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a pitaya high-quality and high-yield cultivation method adopting a water and fertilizer integrated fertigation technology. The method comprises the steps of screening of cultivated varieties, seedling cultivation, soil preparation, planting line and belt fabrication, bent frame building with stand columns, trickle irrigation system laying, plastic film mulching, seedling planting, irrigation, fertilization, trimming, clipping, flower thinning, fruit sorting, pest control, plastic film mulching for protection against frost and the like. According to the method, the pitaya variety of a self-pollination type is adopted as the cultivated variety, the fence planting mode and the fertigation technology are adopted, the investment in labor cost such as in pollination, weed control and fertilization is greatly saved, the lighting effect for pitaya is improved, the fertile fruit percentage is effectively raised, the fruit quality is effectively improved, the fertilizer using efficiency is raised to the maximum extent, the input-output cycle is short, the output is high, and the pitaya cultivation technology is worthy of being promoted widely.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to dragon fruit technical field of cultivation, be specifically related to a kind of dragon fruit cultivating superior high-yield method adopting water-fertilizer integral fertigation technology.
Background technology
Dragon fruit originates in the ground such as Brazil, Mexico in Central America, belong to Cactaeous plants, containing abundant water-soluble anthocyan, vitamin, mineral element and dietary fiber in its fruit, also containing a kind of general rare vegetable albumin of plant, some heavy metal ion in human body can be removed, there is very high nutritive value and economic worth.Commercial plantation is achieved at present in countries such as Nicaragua, Colombia, Israel, Vietnam and China.Taiwan and Vietnam, Thailand are the main producing regions in Asia, domesticly just start introduction of plant in the nineties in 20th century, the red skin red meat kind of wherein introducing a fine variety is substantially all the kind needing artificial supplementary pollination, after 2012, what south China some areas just started to have a small amount of area not need artificial supplementary pollination kind plants experimentally test manufacture, but the kind of planting is that quality differs in output, quality and storing etc.
Dragon fruit starts to yield positive results after planting for 12 ~ 14 months, and can bloom every year 12 ~ 15 times, 5 ~ December is the period of growth of the crop, thanks to 30 ~ 45 days fruit maturations after spending, within the 3rd year, enters people's full bearing period.Research proves, dragon fruit belongs to tropical rain forest crop, should, nutrient high at soil organic matter content enrich and illumination abundance environment under, well could grow, improve percentage of fertile fruit, Yield and qualities.People actively improve the planting environment of dragon fruit to obtain better planting benefit by various means for this reason.
As Chinese patent (CN103503678A) discloses a kind of production management method of dragon fruit, mainly start layout under flue fruit tree when dragon fruit fruit five ~ sixty percent is ripe and lay white, transparent reflective membrane, the illumination of the reflective membrane generation of logical institute layout, can damage by disease and insect be effectively suppressed to occur, and increase substantially dragon fruit tree crown middle and lower part and interior thorax intensity of illumination, reduce humidity, increase fruit and show red colored area and bright-coloured degree, the mouthfeel of dragon fruit is increased substantially.Certainly, covering with plastic film cultivation dragon fruit is adopted to also have many advantages, as improved soil temperature when low temperature season; Reduce the leaching of nutrient, loss, volatilization, improve the availability of nutrient; Avoid the soil compaction phenomenon caused because of rain drop erosion, and can make loosing soil, permeability is good; Reduce soil water evaporation significantly, maintain soil moisture and stablize, and can keep moistening for a long time, be conducive to root growth; Reduce the weeding amount of labour used; Etc..And weak point is because soil water evaporation is few, soil keeps moisture state for a long time, and in fertigation situation, fertigation is slightly many easily makes soil moisture too high, causes bad or rotten of root system development; Slightly few phenomenon easily causing again the plant strain growth later stage to occur aging ahead of time.How to accomplish the advantage that can make full use of plastic mulching, it can be avoided again not enough, need further to be studied.
And for example Chinese patent (CN102948305A) discloses a kind of greenhouse cultivation method promoting dragon fruit good quality and high output, the method comprise booth thermal insulation facility construction, whole do furrow, built moulding, field planting, water and fertilizer management, pruning, artificial pollination and the step such as flower and fruit thinning, prevention and elimination of disease and pests, overcome traditional dragon fruit greenhouse cultivation technique cost high, yield poorly and the problems such as poor quality, output reaches 4000kg/ mu, facility input cost comparatively conventional method reduces by 900 yuan/mu, and its nutritive value is significantly higher than the dragon fruit that conventional method plants out.But the main cultivation area of China's dragon fruit mainly concentrates on south, southwest each province, many employing outdoor cropping modes, greenhouse cultivation dissemination is little.And the method is with the same about the documents and materials of dragon fruit culture technique at present, adopts after implementing and find that there are the following problems: management recruitment more (artificial supplementary pollination recruitment is many, and field weeding recruitment is many, and fertilising recruitment is many); Fertilizer and low (shallow ridges fertilising when imposing chemical fertilizer or fertilizer of chemical fertilizer availability, or be spread on the table soil of plantation row band), even if part plantation family have employed " water-fertilizer integral " fertigation technology, also be the fertigation of extensive style, thus dragon fruit grow period use in good time, in right amount fertile in, there is the imbalance of nutritive element proportioning, low, the enforcement time unsuitable situation of nutritive element availability, usually cause dragon fruit disorder, grow delayed or occur abnormal.The final result adopting enforcement is that annual total output is on the low side, inferior quality, input and output do not reach expection.
Summary of the invention
For the deficiencies in the prior art, the present invention is critical high-quality, high yield technique with water-fertilizer integral fertigation, and by the optimization to plantation techniques such as screening varieties, cultivating seedlings, plantation management, propose a kind of dragon fruit cultivating superior high-yield method adopting water-fertilizer integral fertigation technology, this method solve and adopt that the amount of labour used that exists of conventional column cultivation mode is large, utilization rate of fertilizer is low, yield poorly, poor quality and input and output do not reach the problems such as expection.
Concrete, the dragon fruit cultivating superior high-yield method of employing water-fertilizer integral fertigation technology of the present invention comprises the following steps:
(1) screening of cultivar: filter out the dragon fruit kind of excellent self-pollination type as cultivar;
(2) cultivating seedlings: extract in the green stem bar insertion seedling medium growing 150 ~ 380d, long 15 ~ 30cm from selected cultivar, cultivation is taken root;
(3) make plantation row band: the plantation row band making wide 80 ~ 100cm, high 35 ~ 50cm wholely wholely, then bring in plantation row the bar ditch excavating into wide 45 ~ 55cm, dark 15 ~ 20cm, in bar ditch, apply fertilizer 3 ~ 4 tons/mu, and mix with soil;
(4) framed bent built by column: stamp in plantation row strip length direction the concrete column that a trestle column is 250 ~ 350cm, post ground level is 120 ~ 140cm; Build framed bent;
(5) laying of drip irrigation system: droping irrigating pipe is arranged in plantation row band, and in water supply line, fertilizer pipeline communication; Water supply line, fertilizer pipeline respectively with cistern, store fertile pond and be communicated with;
(6) plastic mulching: adopt mulch film all to be covered by whole plantation row band;
(7) nursery stock plantation: in the bar ditch that the dragon fruit nursery stock transplanting of cultivation being taken root to plantation row is brought; The nursery stock spacing of having planted is 45 ~ 55cm, and is on same straight line with concrete column;
(8) fertigation: after the plantation of dragon fruit nursery stock until during the cycle of growing of annual picking time, adopt nutrition drip irrigation fertilizer to carry out fertigation 3 ~ 10 times/month, adopt microbial inoculum fertigation 1 ~ 3 time; Described nutrition drip irrigation fertilizer is made up of the component of following ratio of weight and number: 97 ~ 99 parts, water, solubility nutritive element 1 ~ 3 part, and described solubility nutritive element comprises the component of following ratio of weight and number: N10 ~ 35 part, P
2o
510 ~ 30 parts, K
2o5 ~ 20 part, Ca0.1 ~ 3 part, Mg0.1 ~ 3 part, trace element 0.01 ~ 0.8 part;
(9) shaping and pruning;
(10) flower thinning choosing fruit;
(11) extermination of disease and insect pest.
Present most dragon fruit plantation family is all need artificial supplementary pollination kind as cultivar, and dragon fruit flowering time is many at night, and artificial supplementary pollination needs to carry out at night, makes pollination very inconvenience.The present invention using percentage of fertile fruit up to more than 90% the dragon fruit kind of self-pollination type as cultivar, do not need artificial supplementary pollination, which save many artificial, also solve the problem of recruitment difficulty.
Dragon fruit is the fruit tree crop not changing cultivated areas within perennation growth cycle, therefore, will consider the dragon fruit on the spot construction of part and improvement from permanent angle.The construction of plantation row band and framed bent built by overlay film, column, the laying etc. of drip irrigation system is and implements the inventive method and create condition.Wherein, adopt higher plantation row band, can insect-pest in advance, can also effectively prevent soil moisture excessive and affect root growth and development; Can effectively prevent it by rain drop erosion to the overlay film of plantation row band, cause soil moisture excessive, or directly it is damaged, can weed growth be prevented again simultaneously; Building of column, framed bent is the feature design of cultivating according to fence, with respectively plant compared with the column cultivation mode of a seedlings in concrete column four orientation, fence cultivation makes the extending space of stems of dragon fruits bar, light-receiving area larger, therefore make the stem bar of yielding positive results more, the corresponding raising of individual plant percentage of fertile fruit; The laying of drip irrigation system, water-soluble nutritive element directly can be executed dragon fruit Root Distribution region, dragon fruit root system can absorb these nutritive elements soon, oozes the depths in soil layer, improve plant recovery of nutrient to greatest extent under reducing nutrient.
In fertigation process, carry out that a small amount of repeatedly to keep soil moisture, nutrient abundance is as the criterion, prevent from burning root, rotten.Generally, until during picking time in the whole cycle of growing after the plantation of dragon fruit nursery stock, nutrition drip irrigation fertilizer fertigation number of times is depending on soil regime, and clayed soil is 3 ~ 6 times/month, and sand loam soil is 3 ~ 10 times/month.And for improving rhizospheric environment, also microbial inoculum fertigation 1 ~ 3 time can be carried out.Described microbial inoculum contains the beneficial microbe coexistence and co-prosperity such as light and bacterium, azotobacter, actinomycetes, phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria, nitrobacteria, saccharomycete, bacillus, effectively can improve the rhizospheric environment of crop, short crop root is flourishing, the natural defense mechanism of plant can also be excited, but kill pathogen etc., the bacterium produced as Qingdao Suo Feng Bioisystech Co., Ltd is happy beautiful.
Above-mentioned nutrition drip irrigation fertilizer be water miscible N is fertile, P is fertile, K is fertile, Ca is fertile, Mg is fertile and trace element fertilizer (as B, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mo etc.) to put into animal manure pond stirring and dissolving with the principle that antagonism will divide into groups by proportioning mixing obtained.These water soluble fertilizers containing water-soluble nutrition compositions such as ammonium nitrate phosphorus, calcium ammonium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, potassium sulfate, MAP, boric acid, zinc sulphate, can be dragon fruit root system and provide various nutritive element respectively.Until plantation nursery stock can be divided into during the cycle of growing of picking time to stem bar vegetative period (First Year is newly planted just this stage) after the plantation of dragon fruit nursery stock, stem bar is pinched to side stem bar (result stem bar) vegetative period, side stem bar (result stem bar) is buddingged to blooming the setting phase, Fruit is to fructescence four-stage, according to the uptake characters of dragon fruit different growing stage, adjustment nutrition drip irrigation fertilizer formula, while various nutrition makes full use of, can promote that again seedling root is flourishing, guarantee is grown, yield positive results and produce high-quality fruit.Survive for guarantee after the plantation of dragon fruit nursery stock, promote the cultivation of its root growth and stem bar, adopt the nutrition drip irrigation fertilizer formula of the solubility nutritive element containing, for example lower ratio of weight and number: N30 ~ 35 part, P
2o
515 ~ 20 parts, K
2o5 ~ 10 part, Ca0.5 ~ 0.8 part, Mg0.2 ~ 0.5 part, trace element 0.3 ~ 0.5 part, carry out fertigation; Extension of root grows, tender shoots out after, dragon fruit enters green Stem nematode developmental stage, for ensureing that side stem bar grows, cultivate good result stem bar, establish the nutrition foundation of flower bud differentiation, adopt the nutrition drip irrigation fertilizer formula of the solubility nutritive element containing, for example lower ratio of weight and number: N30 ~ 35 part, P
2o
515 ~ 20 parts, K
2o5 ~ 10 part, Ca0.5 ~ 0.8 part, Mg0.2 ~ 0.5 part, trace element 0.3 ~ 0.5 part, carry out fertigation; Bloom the setting phase at dragon fruit, for ensureing normally to bloom setting, promoting the growth of bud, improving percentage of fertile fruit, adopting the nutrition drip irrigation fertilizer formula of the solubility nutritive element containing, for example lower ratio of weight and number: N20 ~ 25 part, P
2o
525 ~ 30 parts, K
2o15 ~ 20 part, Ca1 ~ 3 part, Mg1 ~ 3 part, trace element 0.5 ~ 0.8 part carry out fertigation; In dragon fruit fruit expanding period, ensure that fruit normally expands, increase quality, adopt the nutrition drip irrigation fertilizer formula of the solubility nutritive element containing, for example lower ratio of weight and number: N15 ~ 20 part, P
2o
520 ~ 25 parts, K
2o20 ~ 25 part, Ca1 ~ 3 part, Mg1 ~ 3 part, trace element 0.5 ~ 0.8 part, carry out fertigation.After dragon fruit terminates picking time, enter resting stage in the winter time, a fertilizer can be imposed, strengthen plant insulation drought-resistant ability, enter growing the cycle of next year subsequently.
After dragon fruit plantation, the fertilizing amount controlling annual main nutrient elements is: solvable nutrient nitrogen 30 ~ 45Kg/666.7m
2, solvable nutritive element phosphorus 15 ~ 20Kg/666.7m
2, solvable nutritive element potassium 30 ~ 40Kg/666.7m
2.Because of stem bar quantity and the result quantities difference all to some extent of annual (especially front 3 years) after dragon fruit plantation, so it is also different to the demand of fertilizer, its fertilizer requirement increases along with increasing of stem bar quantity.
Further illustrate as of the present invention, step (2) described cultivating seedlings be by green stem bar lower end through bactericide sterilization, air-dry, soak after plant modifying agent and insert seedling medium, cultivation is taken root; Wherein, described bactericide is tpn wetting powder dilution, and described plant modifying agent is root-inducing powder dilution, described seedling medium by comprising turfy soil, shredded coconut meat, fertilizer mix obtained.
The green stem bar extracted has dividing of upper and lower side, and upper part is for tender shoots occurs, and grow the stem bar made new advances, end portion is then for new root occurs.Green stem bar can ensure the healthy disease-free and Rapid Rooting of nursery stock after bactericide sterilization, immersion plant modifying agent, and the tender shoots that green stem bar upper end grows only needs reservation 1 ~ 2, and object is in order to cultivate following stem stalk.And described tpn wetting powder, root-inducing powder and turfy soil, shredded coconut meat, fertilizer etc. all can be commercially.
Further illustrate as of the present invention, step (6) described mulch film is silver-colored black mulch film.
Silver-colored black mulch film is adopted to have lucifuge and reflective double action, wherein, lucifuge can effectively be avoided planting the growth that row brings weeds, reflective be mainly reflected in summer during, avoid because strong solar irradiation causes soil surface temperature too high, dragon fruit tree crown middle and lower part and interior thorax intensity of illumination can also be increased substantially, improve percentage of fertile fruit.
Further illustrate as of the present invention, step (4) described framed bent be by be included in concrete column upper end edge plant uplink bandwidth degree direction cross and the spiral crossed, 2 iron wires being connected to spiral two ends along plantation row strip length direction, on concrete column top along the plantation row strip length direction horizontal iron wire drawn, and at horizontal 2 ~ 5 the nylon wires compositions drawn of longitudinal surface that formed of concrete column between two along plantation row strip length direction.
Long 50 ~ the 60cm of described spiral is 10 ~ 20cm with the distance of concrete column top point; Described iron wire is hot-dip galvanizing steel wire or moulds cover steel wire rope.
After the plantation of dragon fruit nursery stock, the upright stem of its growth is tied up on the nylon wire in the longitudinal surface region being evenly distributed in concrete column formation between two respectively, is fixed by upright stem.When upright stem life is to during a little more than concrete column top iron wire, upright stem is fixed on this iron wire, should in time side stem bar be tied up on the iron wire riding over connecting thread reinforcing bar two ends when upright stem branch grows up to side stem bar.When carrying out column and building framed bent operation, note repeatedly can not bringing trample at plantation row, in order to avoid the soil compaction of plantation row band, affect the permeability of soil.
Further illustrate as of the present invention, this cultivation method comprises step overlay film frost protection, and described overlay film frost protection adopts covered rearing with plastic film on framed bent, and plastic film becomes " U " shape that plantation row is brought planted dragon fruit plant hood guard.
Further illustrate as of the present invention, step (9) described shaping and pruning are before the upright trunk diameter growth of dragon fruit to the iron wire on concrete column top, the tender shoots that upright stem is sprouted need all be erased, maintain single Stem nematode, when upright stem slightly exceeds the iron wire on concrete column top, topping treatment need be carried out to upright stem, promote branch; Educate healthy and strong result stem bar to accompany, ensure single plant yield, the side stem bar that the upright stem branch of every bar grows up to only should retain 3 ~ 4 stem bars as a result, and unnecessary side stem bar is wiped out in time, and tender shoots is erased; After fruiting period terminates, aging overstocked nutrition stem bar to be wiped out in time, and cutting back process is carried out to the result stem bar of bearing fruit more, cultivate healthy and strong side at the base portion of this stem bar and divide stem bar, as the result stem bar in the coming year.
Further illustrate as of the present invention, step (10) described flower thinning choosing fruit is that every bar result stem bar only retains 2 ~ 4 healthy and strong buds in dragon fruit flowering stage; At fruiting period, remove malformed fruit and dogberry in time.
Further illustrate as of the present invention, step (11) the described extermination of disease and insect pest adopts low toxicity chemical agent, bionical dose and biologic product prevention and elimination of disease and pests, wherein, anthracnose, black spot, stem blight, canker adopt Prochloraz and S-Ethyl ethylthio sulfonate to carry out spraying control, and stem rot adopts network ammonia copper to carry out spraying control; Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt is adopted to spray Larvae of Cabbage Army Worm, cotton bollworm; Adopt biological complex enzyme preparation to fill with and kill nematode, beauveria bassiana sprays aphid, two spotted spider mite; Nuclear polyhedrosis virus is adopted to spray tussock caterpillar, Spodoptera litura larvae; The dispenser methaldehyde is brought to tag snail at dragon fruit plantation row, attractant ant trapping, sex attractant trapping fruit fly, repellant expulsion birds and muroid.
Compared with prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
(1) the present invention adopts the fertigation technology of water-fertilizer integral, the nutritive element of nutrition drip irrigation fertilizer directly can execute dragon fruit Root Distribution region, accelerate the absorption of dragon fruit to nutritive element, ooze the depths in soil layer simultaneously under decreasing nutrient, improve plant recovery of nutrient to greatest extent.
(2) the present invention adopts fence to plant pattern, and carries out strictly control, compared with conventional column cultivation pattern to plantation density, the stem bar of the dragon fruit plant of plantation is carried out relatively, the daylighting of plant improves, and photosynthesis is strengthened, and effectively improves percentage of fertile fruit and fruit quality.
(3) the inventive method saves manpower.Major embodiment has: one is adopt the dragon fruit kind of self-pollination type as cultivar, decreases the manpower required for artificial pollination; Two is the fertigation systems adopting automation, greatly reduces the amount of labour used of fertilising; Three is adopt fence plantation pattern, and the stem bar of dragon fruit plant is carried out relatively, to prevent from when implementing to prune to cause too much time-consuming because of staggered and that stem bar the is barbed impact of stem bar overlap; Four is use plastic mulching, effectively reduces the weeding amount of labour used.
(4) adopt the inventive method greatly to save the input of cost of labor, and effectively improve percentage of fertile fruit and the fruit quality of dragon fruit, stem bar is yielded positive results and is also shifted to an earlier date to some extent period, and the input and output cycle is short, output is high.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of dragon fruit column of the present invention and framed bent.
Fig. 2 is dragon fruit drip irrigation system schematic diagram of the present invention.
Description of reference numerals; 1-kind plants row band; 2-concrete column; 3-spiral; 4-plastic steel wire rope; 5-hot-dip galvanizing steel wire; 6-nylon wire; 7-dragon fruit stem bar; 8-bar ditch; 9-cistern; 10-first stores fertile pond; 11-second stores fertile pond; 12-valve; 13-suction pump; 14-water pressure gauge; 15-filter; 16-fertilizer pipeline; 17-water supply line; 18-main pipeline; 19-branch pipe(tube); 20-droping irrigating pipe; 21-solution screen pack.
Embodiment
Be described in further detail the present invention below in conjunction with embodiment, the present embodiment is only do clearer explanation to the present invention, instead of limitation of the present invention.It should be pointed out that for the person of ordinary skill of the art, without departing from the inventive concept of the premise, can also make some distortion and improvement, these all drop within protection scope of the present invention.
Embodiment
Adopt a dragon fruit cultivating superior high-yield method for water-fertilizer integral fertigation technology, comprise the following steps:
(1) screening of cultivar: filter out excellent self-pollination type dragon fruit kind as cultivar, red skin red meat type kind " bright red " that described cultivar selects Taiwan to introduce, this kind self-pollination fruiting rate is up to 90%, single fruit weight is at 500 ~ 1000g, maximum single fruit weight 1200g, the fruit that average fruit focuses on more than 500g accounts for 65% of total quantity, soluble solid 18 ~ 20%, not easily dehiscent fruit, storing property is strong, and the indexs such as its gross yield, percentage of fertile fruit and fruit quality are all high than current main breed;
(2) cultivating seedlings: extract from selected cultivar the green stem bar growing 150 ~ 380d, long 15 ~ 30cm, be used as the stem bar of cuttage seeding; Pruned by the prismatic fleshy stem of stem bar lower end 1 ~ 1.5 ㎝ length, expose middle circular xylem, be then dipped in sterilization 5min in bactericide (75% tpn wetting powder 800 times liquid), it is for subsequent use that taking-up is placed in ventilation lucifugal place 7 ~ 10d; Adopt seedling bed or seedling-cultivating tray to cultivate cuttage seeding, before this turfy soil, shredded coconut meat, fertilizer were hybridly prepared into seedling medium, and were then lined with the seedling medium of 5 ~ 8 ㎝ thickness at seedling bed or seedling-cultivating tray middle berth; First used by air-dry green stem bar plant modifying agent (root-inducing powder 1000 times of liquid) to soak 8h, then shallow embedding is in seedling medium; Seedling medium to be kept moistening in the green stem bar stage of taking root, after 25 ~ 35d, just send good new root; And the bud that the tender shoots that green stem bar upper end grows only needs reservation 1 ~ 2 healthy and strong, remaining tender shoots will be erased, and object is to cultivate following stem bar;
(3) do plantation row band (see Fig. 1): machinery is turned over, level land wholely, make the plantation row band of wide about 90cm, high about 45cm, then the bar ditch excavating into wide about 50cm, dark about 15cm is brought in plantation row, in bar ditch, apply fertilizer 3 ~ 4 tons/mu, then fertilizer and soil are mixed; Plantation row band line space is about 270cm;
(4) framed bent (see Fig. 1) built by column: first on plantation row strip length direction, get the round hole that several rows of spacing is about 300cm, for burying vertical concrete column with drilling machine; Concrete column is the cuboid of cross section 8 × 8cm or diameter is the cylinder of 8cm, high 180cm, and imbedding under ground portion is 50cm, and post ground level is 130cm; Laterally thoroughly wear a small sircle hole in concrete column upper end edge plantation uplink bandwidth degree direction, for crossing 1 spiral, described spiral diameter is 10mm, and length is 55cm, is 15cm with the distance of concrete column top point; Concrete column buries vertical get well and after being plugged spiral, row strip length direction is horizontal draws 2 iron wires along planting, and this iron wire is the plastic steel wire rope of diameter 4mm, and is connected to the two ends of all spirals; Then on concrete column top, along planting, row strip length direction is horizontal draws an iron wire again, and this iron wire is the hot-dip galvanizing steel wire of diameter 2.4mm; Then at horizontal 3 nylon wires drawn of longitudinal surface along the concrete column formation between two of plantation row strip length direction, the distance that nylon wire is separated by between two is about 30 ㎝;
(5) laying (see Fig. 2) of drip irrigation system: set up two communicate store fertile pond, connected by filter screen each other, first store fertile pond for dissolve mix N, P, K and Ca, Mg fertilizer, and mixing plant is installed, solution is stirred, then by filter screen filtering solution, banish second and store fertile pond; Second stores fertile pond as fertilizer liquid pool, and the water supply line being connected cistern by fertilizer pipeline with one end is together connected on main pipeline, main pipeline be arranged in plant row be with in branch pipe(tube) be connected with droping irrigating pipe; Described main pipeline is the pvc pipe of diameter 110mm, withstand voltage 1.0MPa, and branch pipe(tube) is the pvc pipe of diameter 75mm, withstand voltage 0.6MPa, and droping irrigating pipe is arrow drip drip irrigation pipe fitting;
(6) plastic mulching: plantation row band whole good after, adopt silver-colored black mulch film to be covered by whole plantation row band in time, to prevent from planting after capable band is soaked with rain, cause soil moisture excessive, prevent weed growth simultaneously, until this mulch film nature breakage; When the vegetative growth phase after dragon fruit Survival rate of nursery stock, liquid manure needs relatively large confession seasonable, also according to soil property and soil moisture status, mulch film can be cut the slope being divided into two the long piece capable band of mulching plant from centre, avoid planting row band and cause soil moisture too high because of overfertilization.
(7) nursery stock plantation: first used water and bactericide drip irrigation once before plantation, plantation row is made to be with into moistening shape, in the bar ditch that the dragon fruit nursery stock transplanting of then cultivation being taken root to plantation row is brought, root system overlying soil thickness is 3 ~ 4 ㎝, then ties up on nylon wire by nursery stock; The nursery stock spacing of having planted is about 50cm, and is on same straight line with concrete column;
(8) fertigation: after the plantation of dragon fruit nursery stock until during the cycle of growing of annual picking time, adopt nutrition drip irrigation fertilizer to carry out fertigation 5 ~ 6 times/month, adopt microbial inoculum fertigation 2 times (using in side stem bar vegetative period, fruit expanding period respectively); Described nutrition drip irrigation fertilizer is made up of the component of following ratio of weight and number: 97 ~ 99 parts, water, solubility nutritive element 1 ~ 3 part; Concrete, the each component of described solubility nutritive element (ratio of weight and number) uses proportioning situation as follows: First Year grows the cycle, pinch during side stem bar vegetative period nursery stock to stem bar vegetative period and stem bar in plantation, adopt the nutrition drip irrigation fertilizer formula of the solubility nutritive element containing, for example lower ratio of weight and number: N30 ~ 35 part, P
2o
515 ~ 20 parts, K
2o5 ~ 10 part, Ca0.5 ~ 0.8 part, Mg0.2 ~ 0.5 part, trace element 0.3 ~ 0.5 part, carry out fertigation; Budding during the setting phase of blooming at side stem bar, adopt the nutrition drip irrigation fertilizer formula of the solubility nutritive element containing, for example lower ratio of weight and number: N20 ~ 25 part, P
2o
525 ~ 30 parts, K
2o15 ~ 20 part, Ca1 ~ 3 part, Mg1 ~ 3 part, trace element 0.5 ~ 0.8 part carry out fertigation; During Fruit to fructescence, adopt the nutrition drip irrigation fertilizer formula of the solubility nutritive element containing, for example lower ratio of weight and number: N15 ~ 20 part, P
2o
520 ~ 25 parts, K
2o20 ~ 25 part, Ca1 ~ 3 part, Mg1 ~ 3 part, trace element 0.5 ~ 0.8 part, carry out fertigation; After dragon fruit terminates picking time, enter resting stage in the winter time, impose a fertilizer, strengthen plant insulation drought-resistant ability, enter growing the cycle of next year subsequently; Each growth and development stage fertilization mode of cycle and proportioning and First Year cycle of growing of growing in second and third year is consistent;
(9) shaping and pruning: before the upright trunk diameter growth of dragon fruit to the iron wire on concrete column top, the tender shoots that upright stem is sprouted need all be erased, and maintains single Stem nematode, when upright stem slightly exceeds the iron wire on concrete column top, topping treatment need be carried out to upright stem, promote branch; Treat that upright stem sends tender shoots, after growing into side stem bar, tie up in time ride over connecting thread reinforcing bar two ends parallel iron wire on, this side stem is sagging grow into certain length after be result stem bar; In order to cultivate healthy and strong result stem bar, ensure single plant yield, every bar stem only stays 3 ~ 4 side stem bars stem bar as a result, unnecessary side stem bar is wiped out in time, and tender shoots is erased; At the end of annual winter fruiting period, aging overstocked nutrition stem bar to be wiped out in time, and also will carry out cutting back process to the result stem bar of bearing fruit more, cultivate healthy and strong side at the base portion of this stem bar and divide stem bar, as the result stem bar in the coming year;
(10) flower thinning choosing fruit: in dragon fruit flowering stage, grows healthy and strong result stem bar and usually there will be 3 even more buds, plucked by the small and weak bud on result stem bar in time, only stay the bud that 2 ~ 3 healthy and strong; At fruiting period, before every a collection of fruit expanding period, make an inspection tour fruitlet that malformed fruit or other reasons cause, dogberry, cut off in time;
(11) extermination of disease and insect pest: dragon fruit disease comprises physiological disturbance, majority occurs in high temperature and rainy season or the plantation region that agricultural measures is dealt with improperly; First be that the operation of every farming will be carried out, select not healthy and strong stem row culture cuttage stem bar in spite of illness when cultivating nursery stock, adopts higher plantation row band that many organic fertilizers and enrich phosphorus, calcium, fertiliser containing magnesium use drip irrigation to spray, process the sick stem bar in orchard in time, etc.; Secondly adopt low toxicity chemical agent, bionical dose and biologic product prevention and elimination of disease and pests, wherein, anthracnose, black spot, stem blight, canker adopt Prochloraz and S-Ethyl ethylthio sulfonate to carry out spraying control, and stem rot adopts network ammonia copper to carry out spraying control; Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt is adopted to spray Larvae of Cabbage Army Worm, cotton bollworm; Adopt biological complex enzyme preparation to fill with and kill nematode, beauveria bassiana sprays aphid, two spotted spider mite; Nuclear polyhedrosis virus is adopted to spray tussock caterpillar, Spodoptera litura larvae; The dispenser methaldehyde is brought to tag snail at dragon fruit plantation row, attractant ant trapping, sex attractant trapping fruit fly, repellant expulsion birds and muroid;
(12) overlay film frost protection: adopt covered rearing with plastic film on framed bent, plastic film becomes " U " shape that plantation row is brought planted dragon fruit plant hood guard.
Below by way of comparative trial prove further the inventive method comparatively traditional cultivation method there is clear superiority.Experimental group adopts the inventive method to carry out the plantation of dragon fruit, and control group adopts traditional column mode to carry out the plantation of dragon fruit, and often organize process 10 mu, experimental period is 3 years.Duration of test, add up fruit yield, content of fruit soluble solids, facility input cost (referring to the input cost of the facilities and equipments such as column, framed bent and droping irrigating pipe) and cost of labor (referring to the artificial input cost such as fertilising, weeding and pollination) every year, final result of the test is as follows.
The Contrast on effect of table 1 the inventive method and traditional cultivation method
Can be found out by result of the test, the annual annual production of experimental group dragon fruit is all higher than control group, and especially the high yield period of the 3rd year, output has almost been turned over; The soluble solids content of experimental group dragon fruit is also apparently higher than control group; Although experimental group facility input cost in early stage is higher than control group, annual artificial input cost all lower than control group, and has the trend expanding gap year by year, and therefore drop into from holistic cost, experimental group is better than control group.And in whole process of the test, the Fertilizer application amount of experimental group, lower than control group more than 50%, proves that the utilization rate of fertilizer of the inventive method improves more than 50%, greatly saves the input of fertilizer cost.In sum, dragon fruit cultivation method of the present invention adopts the dragon fruit kind of self-pollination type as cultivar, fence Planting pattern and fertigation technology etc., greatly save the input of the costs of labor such as pollination, weeding, fertilising, and dragon fruit daylighting is improved, effectively improve percentage of fertile fruit and fruit quality, also improve utilization rate of fertilizer to greatest extent, the input and output cycle is short, output is high, is a kind of dragon fruit culture technique that should be widely promoted.
Claims (9)
1. adopt a dragon fruit cultivating superior high-yield method for water-fertilizer integral fertigation technology, it is characterized in that, comprise the following steps:
(1) screening of cultivar: filter out the dragon fruit kind of excellent self-pollination type as cultivar;
(2) cultivating seedlings: extract in the green stem bar insertion seedling medium growing 150 ~ 380d, long 15 ~ 30cm from selected cultivar, cultivation is taken root;
(3) make plantation row band: the plantation row band making wide 80 ~ 100cm, high 35 ~ 50cm wholely wholely, then bring in plantation row the bar ditch excavating into wide 45 ~ 55cm, dark 15 ~ 20cm, in bar ditch, apply fertilizer 3 ~ 4 tons/mu, and mix with soil;
(4) framed bent built by column: stamp in plantation row strip length direction the concrete column that a trestle column is 250 ~ 350cm, post ground level is 120 ~ 140cm; Build framed bent;
(5) laying of drip irrigation system: droping irrigating pipe is arranged in plantation row band, and in water supply line, fertilizer pipeline communication; Water supply line, fertilizer pipeline respectively with cistern, store fertile pond and be communicated with;
(6) plastic mulching: adopt mulch film all to be covered by whole plantation row band;
(7) nursery stock plantation: in the bar ditch that the dragon fruit nursery stock transplanting of cultivation being taken root to plantation row is brought; The nursery stock spacing of having planted is 45 ~ 55cm, and is on same straight line with concrete column;
(8) fertigation: after the plantation of dragon fruit nursery stock until during the cycle of growing of annual picking time, adopt nutrition drip irrigation fertilizer to carry out fertigation 3 ~ 10 times/month, adopt microbial inoculum fertigation 1 ~ 3 time; Described nutrition drip irrigation fertilizer is made up of the component of following ratio of weight and number: 97 ~ 99 parts, water, solubility nutritive element 1 ~ 3 part, and described solubility nutritive element comprises the component of following ratio of weight and number: N10 ~ 35 part, P
2o
510 ~ 30 parts, K
2o5 ~ 20 part, Ca0.1 ~ 3 part, Mg0.1 ~ 3 part, trace element 0.01 ~ 0.8 part;
(9) shaping and pruning;
(10) flower thinning choosing fruit;
(11) extermination of disease and insect pest.
2. adopt the dragon fruit cultivating superior high-yield method of water-fertilizer integral fertigation technology according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, step (2) described cultivating seedlings be by green stem bar lower end through bactericide sterilization, air-dry, soak after plant modifying agent and insert seedling medium, cultivation is taken root; Wherein, described bactericide is tpn wetting powder dilution, and described plant modifying agent is root-inducing powder dilution, described seedling medium by comprising turfy soil, shredded coconut meat, fertilizer mix obtained.
3. according to claim 1 or 2, adopt the dragon fruit cultivating superior high-yield method of water-fertilizer integral fertigation technology, it is characterized in that, step (6) described mulch film is silver-colored black mulch film.
4. adopt the dragon fruit cultivating superior high-yield method of water-fertilizer integral fertigation technology according to claim 3, it is characterized in that, step (4) described framed bent be by be included in concrete column upper end edge plant uplink bandwidth degree direction cross and the spiral crossed, 2 iron wires being connected to spiral two ends along plantation row strip length direction, on concrete column top along the plantation row strip length direction horizontal iron wire drawn, and at horizontal 2 ~ 5 the nylon wires compositions drawn of longitudinal surface that formed of concrete column between two along plantation row strip length direction.
5. adopt the dragon fruit cultivating superior high-yield method of water-fertilizer integral fertigation technology according to claim 4, it is characterized in that, the long 50 ~ 60cm of described spiral is 10 ~ 20cm with the distance of concrete column top point; Described iron wire is hot-dip galvanizing steel wire or moulds cover steel wire rope.
6. according to the dragon fruit cultivating superior high-yield method of claim 1 ~ 2,4 ~ 5 arbitrary described employing water-fertilizer integral fertigation technology, it is characterized in that, this cultivation method comprises step overlay film frost protection, described overlay film frost protection adopts covered rearing with plastic film on framed bent, and plastic film becomes " U " shape that plantation row is brought planted dragon fruit plant hood guard.
7. adopt the dragon fruit cultivating superior high-yield method of water-fertilizer integral fertigation technology according to claim 6, it is characterized in that, step (9) described shaping and pruning are before the upright trunk diameter growth of dragon fruit to the iron wire on concrete column top, the tender shoots that upright stem is sprouted need all be erased, maintain single Stem nematode, when upright stem slightly exceeds the iron wire on concrete column top, topping treatment need be carried out to upright stem, promote branch; The side stem bar that upright stem branch grows up to subsequently only should retain 3 ~ 4 stem bars as a result; After fruiting period terminates, aging overstocked nutrition stem bar to be wiped out in time, and cutting back process is carried out to the result stem bar of bearing fruit more, cultivate healthy and strong side at the base portion of this stem bar and divide stem bar, as the result stem bar in the coming year.
8. adopt the dragon fruit cultivating superior high-yield method of water-fertilizer integral fertigation technology according to claim 6, it is characterized in that, step (10) described flower thinning choosing fruit is that every bar result stem bar only retains 2 ~ 4 healthy and strong buds in dragon fruit flowering stage; At fruiting period, remove malformed fruit and dogberry in time.
9. adopt the dragon fruit cultivating superior high-yield method of water-fertilizer integral fertigation technology according to claim 6, it is characterized in that, step (11) the described extermination of disease and insect pest adopts low toxicity chemical agent, bionical dose and biologic product prevention and elimination of disease and pests, wherein, anthracnose, black spot, stem blight, canker adopt Prochloraz and S-Ethyl ethylthio sulfonate to carry out spraying control, and stem rot adopts network ammonia copper to carry out spraying control; Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt is adopted to spray Larvae of Cabbage Army Worm, cotton bollworm; Adopt biological complex enzyme preparation to fill with and kill nematode, beauveria bassiana sprays aphid, two spotted spider mite; Nuclear polyhedrosis virus is adopted to spray tussock caterpillar, Spodoptera litura larvae; The dispenser methaldehyde is brought to tag snail at dragon fruit plantation row, attractant ant trapping, sex attractant trapping fruit fly, repellant expulsion birds and muroid.
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| CN107926537A (en) * | 2018-01-04 | 2018-04-20 | 广西农业职业技术学院 | A kind of implantation methods for making dragon fruit seedling do sth. in advance result |
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| CN108739336A (en) * | 2018-06-04 | 2018-11-06 | 福建省农业科学院果树研究所 | The greenhouse built and its fertilizing method of nutrient are absorbed conducive to dragon fruit aerial root |
| CN108811949A (en) * | 2018-07-12 | 2018-11-16 | 重庆市大足区越新生态农业发展有限公司 | A kind of platoon formula cultivating stand of flue fruit tree |
| CN109006251A (en) * | 2018-08-14 | 2018-12-18 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院 | Cultivation method for preventing dragon fruit from cracking |
| CN109006251B (en) * | 2018-08-14 | 2020-10-13 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院 | Cultivation method for preventing dragon fruit from cracking |
| CN109105177A (en) * | 2018-10-19 | 2019-01-01 | 广西铭和农业科技发展有限公司 | A kind of bilayer dragon fruit implantation methods |
| CN109456117A (en) * | 2018-12-31 | 2019-03-12 | 广西佳年农业有限公司 | Disease-resistant special fertilizer of dragon fruit and preparation method thereof |
| CN109456115A (en) * | 2018-12-31 | 2019-03-12 | 广西佳年农业有限公司 | The fertilizing method of dragon fruit |
| CN109924076A (en) * | 2019-03-25 | 2019-06-25 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院园艺研究所 | A kind of breeding method shortening the dragon fruit crossbreeding period |
| CN113412768A (en) * | 2021-07-29 | 2021-09-21 | 广东省农垦南亚热带作物科技中心(广东省农垦农业技术推广站) | High-quality and high-efficiency light-operated adjusting technical method for pitaya |
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