CN109006251B - Cultivation method for preventing dragon fruit from cracking - Google Patents
Cultivation method for preventing dragon fruit from cracking Download PDFInfo
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- CN109006251B CN109006251B CN201810921500.7A CN201810921500A CN109006251B CN 109006251 B CN109006251 B CN 109006251B CN 201810921500 A CN201810921500 A CN 201810921500A CN 109006251 B CN109006251 B CN 109006251B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/05—Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B1/00—Superphosphates, i.e. fertilisers produced by reacting rock or bone phosphates with sulfuric or phosphoric acid in such amounts and concentrations as to yield solid products directly
- C05B1/02—Superphosphates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/20—Liquid fertilisers
- C05G5/23—Solutions
Abstract
The invention provides a cultivation method for preventing dragon fruit cracking, which comprises a fertilization improvement method and a field moisture management method; the fertilizing improvement method comprises base fertilizer application and top application management, wherein the base fertilizer application is carried out after the last batch of dragon fruits are harvested, and the base fertilizer is applied at a position 25-30cm away from a main root; the top dressing management comprises top dressing management of two weeks before the flowering phase of the dragon fruit and top dressing management of the fruit expansion phase of the dragon fruit; the field water management method comprises water management before the fruit expansion period and water management during the fruit expansion period. By adopting the technical scheme of the invention, the yield of the dragon fruits is improved, the fruit cracking rate of the dragon fruits is reduced and the economic benefit is improved by optimizing the fertilization formulas at different growth stages of the dragon fruits and combining the field water management at different growth stages.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of planting of crops, and particularly relates to a cultivation method for preventing fruit cracking of pitaya.
Background
The dragon fruit (Hylocereusundatus Britt) is popular with people and is rich in potassium, anthocyanin, vitamin C and other nutrient substances, the planting scale of the dragon fruit in China is continuously enlarged at present, the total planting area in Guangzhou area reaches about 1.3 ten thousand hectares, the planting area in Guangxi is about 0.8 ten thousand hectares, and Guizhou is also about 0.65 ten thousand hectares. Along with the enlargement of planting scale, the soil nutrition problem of the dragon fruit garden is increasingly highlighted, the problems of low yield per unit, low ratio of high-quality fruits, physiological diseases and the like caused by unbalanced soil nutrition are increasingly serious, and the production problems seriously restrict the healthy development of the dragon fruit industry in China. Researches report that the fruit cracking phenomenon is easy to occur at the late growth stage (color change to fruit mature stage) of the dragon fruit, and especially the fruit cracking phenomenon 2 d before fruit ripening or 5 d after fruit ripening seriously affects the appearance quality and commodity value of the dragon fruit, thereby not only reducing the planting economic benefit, but also polluting the orchard.
A large amount of research work is carried out aiming at the aspects of introducing and cultivating the dragon fruits at present, great breakthrough is made in the aspects of seedling culture, orchard construction, fruit processing and the like of the dragon fruits, and the research on the newly found fruit cracking problem after the dragon fruits are planted in the area is less. The pitaya cracking is a comprehensive disease caused by the problems of nutrient deficiency caused by physiological diseases, improper management on production and the like. The cracked fruit is found on different fruit trees, and the quality and the yield of the dragon fruit are directly influenced.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the technical problems, the invention discloses a cultivation method for preventing dragon fruits from cracking, aiming at the reasons of the dragon fruits cracking, the invention optimizes the fertilization method improvement, the field water management method and the like of the dragon fruits, and obviously reduces the fruit cracking rate of the dragon fruits.
In contrast, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a cultivation method for preventing dragon fruit cracking comprises a fertilization improvement method and a field moisture management method;
the fertilizing improvement method comprises base fertilizer application and top application management, wherein the base fertilizer application is carried out after the last batch of dragon fruits are harvested, and the base fertilizer is applied 25-30cm away from the main root;
the topdressing management comprises topdressing management of two weeks before the flowering phase of the dragon fruit and topdressing management of the fruit expansion phase of the dragon fruit, wherein the nutrient elements of the fertilizer applied in the topdressing management of two weeks before the flowering phase of the dragon fruit are 0.460-0.840 kg/mu according to the N content and P content according to the P content2O5Calculated as 0.2-0.4 kg/mu, K content is K2The content of O is 0.63-1.20 kg/mu, the content of Ca is 0.024-0.073 kg/mu, and the content of trace elements is 0.02-0.05 kg/mu; the nutrient elements of the fertilizer applied in the topdressing management of the fruit expansion period of the dragon fruit are 0.460-0.840 kg/mu according to the N content and P content is P2O5Calculated as 0.2-0.4 kg/mu, K content is K2The O is 0.8-1.4 kg/mu, the Ca content is 0.030-0.090 kg/mu, and the trace element content is 0.02-0.05 kg/mu for application; wherein the microelements comprise boron, zinc, molybdenum, ferrum, manganese, copper and other nutrient elements.
The field water management method comprises water management before the fruit expansion period and water management during the fruit expansion period, wherein the distance between a drip irrigation tape and the root system of a dragon fruit plant is 15cm-20 cm; during water management before the fruit expansion period, the water content of the soil is kept to be 60-65% of the water holding capacity of the soil; and during the water management of the fruit expansion period, the water content of the soil is kept to be 55-60% of the water holding capacity of the soil.
Preferably, the topdressing management comprises topdressing management of two weeks before the flowering phase of the dragon fruits and topdressing management of the fruit expanding phase of the dragon fruits, wherein nutrient elements of a fertilizer applied in the topdressing management of two weeks before the flowering phase of the dragon fruits are applied according to 1.0-1.8 kg/mu of urea, 0.4-0.8 kg/mu of monopotassium phosphate, 0.8-1.5 kg/mu of potassium sulfate, 0.1-0.3 kg/mu of calcium nitrate and 0.02-0.05 kg/mu of trace elements; the nutrient elements of the fertilizer applied in the topdressing management of the fruit expansion period of the dragon fruits are 1.0-1.8 kg/mu of urea, 0.4-0.8 kg/mu of monopotassium phosphate, 0.8-1.5 kg/mu of potassium sulfate, 0.1-0.3 kg/mu of calcium nitrate and 0.02-0.05 kg/mu of trace elements. The fertilizer containing N, P, K, Ca is not limited to urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium sulfate, calcium nitrate, etc.
According to research, physiological fruit cracking is mostly considered to be caused by strong contrast between unbalanced water and fertilizer supply of tree nutrition and water and fertilizer requirements of fruit growth, and human intervention can be adopted in production to coordinate the water and fertilizer requirements of fruits in different growth periods so as to control fruit cracking. By adopting the technical scheme of the invention, according to the requirements of the dragon fruits on water and fertilizer in different periods, the nutrition lacking in the dragon fruits is supplemented, the water and fertilizer are reasonably controlled, and the occurrence of fruit cracking is effectively reduced.
As a further improvement of the method, when the base fertilizer is applied, ditching is carried out at a position 25-30cm away from the main root of the dragon fruit, and the base fertilizer is applied by using 1500-2000kg of peanut bran organic fertilizer, 18-26 kg of calcium superphosphate and 7-8 kg of potassium sulfate per mu.
As a further improvement of the method, the topdressing management of the dragon fruit in the first two weeks of the flowering phase and the topdressing management of the dragon fruit in the expansion phase are performed by drip irrigation fertilization in a water and fertilizer mode, and the number of the drip irrigation fertilization times of the topdressing management of the dragon fruit in the first two weeks of the flowering phase is 3-5 times/month.
As a further improvement of the invention, during top dressing management of two weeks before the flowering phase of the pitaya and top dressing management of the fruit expanding phase of the pitaya, the water content in the water fertilizer subjected to drip irrigation fertilization is 99.4-99.8%, and the balance is substances containing soluble nutrient elements.
As a further improvement of the method, when topdressing management is carried out on the pitaya two weeks before the flowering phase, a calcium nitrate fertilizer is additionally and dropwise applied during fertilization, and the using amount is 0.2-0.6 kg/mu; when the topdressing management is carried out in the fruit expanding period of the dragon fruits, the calcium nitrate fertilizer is additionally applied and dripped during the fertilization, and the using amount is 0.1-0.3 kg/mu.
As a further improvement of the invention, two drip irrigation belts are arranged on each row of fruit trees during field water management.
As a further improvement of the invention, the water management before the fruit expansion period is carried out, and the daily irrigation amount is 20-40mm/d when the dragon fruit plants the seedlings to the main stem growing period; the main stem is topped to the growing period of the side stem, and the daily irrigation amount is 60 mm/d; the water irrigation amount is 30-70 mm/d in the period from the bud emergence of the lateral stem to the flowering and fruit setting.
As a further improvement of the method, when water is managed before the fruit expansion period, the water irrigation times of the dragon fruit in the whole period from the nursery stock planting to the main stem growing period are 5-7 times; the main stem is topped to the growing period of side stem, and the watering frequency is 4-6 times; the watering times are 7-9 times from the bud emergence of the lateral stem to the flowering and fruit setting period.
As a further improvement of the invention, in the fruit expansion period water management, the daily irrigation amount is 20-36mm/d and the irrigation frequency in the whole period is 7-10 times when the fruit expands to the fruit mature period, and if rain exists, the irrigation is stopped and the accumulated water is drained.
As a further improvement of the method, the water management in the fruit expansion period is carried out, the ridge irrigation ditches are deepened, the water level of the irrigation ditches is 3-6 cm lower than the water level of the main root distribution of the plant, and when the pitaya fruit expansion period is long, two ends of the irrigation ditches are opened, and accumulated water is drained.
More specifically, the fertilization improvement comprises:
(1) base fertilizer application: after the last batch of dragon fruits are harvested, a ditch with the width of 20cm and the depth of 15cm is opened at a position 25-30cm away from a main root, and sufficient base fertilizer is applied by using 1500-2000kg of peanut bran organic fertilizer, 18-26 kg of calcium superphosphate and 7-8 kg of potassium sulfate per mu;
(2) topdressing:
topdressing management of two weeks before the flowering phase of the dragon fruit: and applying the calcium fertilizer for additional irrigation in a water fertilizer mode. The drip irrigation fertilizer is applied for 3-5 times per month, and is determined according to the growth years of the dragon fruits and the growth conditions of plants, the drip irrigation fertilizer comprises the following components in parts by weight, 99.4-99.8% of water and 0.2-0.6% of soluble nutrient elements, wherein the soluble nutrient elements comprise the following components in parts by weight: 1.0-1.8 kg/mu of urea, 0.4-0.8 kg/mu of monopotassium phosphate, 0.8-1.5 kg/mu of potassium sulfate, 0.1-0.3 kg/mu of calcium nitrate and 0.02-0.05 kg/mu of trace elements; and additionally applying dropwise calcium nitrate fertilizer 0.2-0.6 kg/mu in the fertilizer dropping process according to the fruit cracking degree of the orchard.
Topdressing management of the fruit expanding period of the dragon fruit: the fertilizer is prepared from (by weight parts) water 99.4-99.8%, soluble nutrient elements 0.2-0.6%, and soluble nutrient elements including: 1.0-1.8 kg/mu of urea, 0.4-0.8 kg/mu of monopotassium phosphate, 0.8-1.5 kg/mu of potassium sulfate, 0.1-0.3 kg/mu of calcium nitrate and 0.02-0.05 kg/mu of trace elements; and additionally applying 0.1-0.3 kg/mu of calcium nitrate fertilizer in a drop-wise manner during the fruit expanding period according to the fruit cracking degree of the orchard and during the drip irrigation fertilization.
Further, the field moisture management comprises:
(1) managing water before fruit expansion period;
firstly, controlling the distance between a drip irrigation tape and a root system: the distance between the drip irrigation belts and the root system of the dragon fruit plant is 15cm-20cm so as to avoid fruit cracking caused by excessive direct water absorption of the root system, and two drip irrigation belts are arranged on each row of fruit trees.
Controlling water quantity: the water management depends on the soil humidity, and the water content of the soil is required to be kept at 60% of the water holding capacity of the soil in the fruit expansion period of the pitaya. Controlling the water filling quantity of the dragon fruits in different periods according to the soil difference: controlling the irrigation quantity to be 20-40mm/d when the dragon fruit plants the seedlings to the main stem growing period; controlling the irrigation quantity at 60mm/d when the main stem is topped to the growing period of the side stem; the daily irrigation amount from the bud emergence of the lateral stem to the flowering and fruit setting stage is 30-70 mm/d.
Controlling the irrigation time: the water requirements of the dragon fruits at different periods are different, the watering times of the whole period are controlled to be 5-7 times when the dragon fruits grow to the main stem growth period from the nursery stock; controlling the water filling amount for 4-6 times when the main stem is topped to the growing period of the side stem; the irrigation frequency from the bud emergence of the lateral stem to the flowering and fruit setting stage is controlled to be 7-9 times.
(2) Fruit expansion period water management
Firstly, controlling the distance between a drip irrigation tape and a root system: the distance between the drip irrigation tape and the root system of the dragon fruit plant is 15cm-20cm so as to prevent the root system from excessively absorbing water to cause fruit cracking.
Controlling water quantity: the water management depends on the soil humidity, the water content of the soil is required to be kept 55-60% of the water holding capacity of the soil in the fruit expansion period of the pitaya, the irrigation time is strictly controlled, and the irrigation principle is small and the water is irrigated more. Controlling the watering amount to be 20-36mm when the fruits are enlarged to the mature period of the fruits, and controlling the watering frequency to be about 7-10 times; if rain exists, the irrigation is stopped, and accumulated water is drained as soon as possible.
Thirdly, draining water as soon as possible when the dragon fruit is exposed to heavy rain in the expansion period, and draining accumulated water among ridges.
Fourthly, the ridge drainage and irrigation ditch is deepened, the water level of the drainage and irrigation ditch is about 5cm lower than the water level of the main root distribution of the plant, when the pitaya fruit is in the expansion period, two ends of the drainage and irrigation ditch are opened, and the water can be drained immediately once accumulated water exists.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
by adopting the technical scheme of the invention, the yield of the dragon fruits is improved, the fruit cracking rate of the dragon fruits is reduced and the economic benefit is improved by optimizing the fertilization formulas at different growth stages of the dragon fruits and combining the field water management at different growth stages.
Detailed Description
Preferred embodiments of the present invention are described in further detail below.
Example 1
The method for preventing fruit cracking of pitaya in the embodiment comprises the following steps: the fertilization technology and the water management method are combined.
1. The fertilizer application technology is improved:
and (5) fertilizing the dragon fruit cracking orchard according to the soil testing result of the orchard soil.
(1) Base fertilizer application: after harvesting the last batch of dragon fruits, forming a ditch with the width of 20cm and the depth of 15cm at a position 25-30cm away from a main root, and applying sufficient base fertilizer by 1700kg of peanut bran organic fertilizer, 20kg of calcium superphosphate and 8kg of potassium sulfate per mu;
(2) topdressing:
topdressing management of two weeks before the flowering phase of the dragon fruit: and applying the calcium fertilizer for additional irrigation in a water fertilizer mode. The drip irrigation fertilizer is applied for 3-5 times per month, and is determined according to the growth years of the dragon fruits and the growth conditions of plants, the drip irrigation fertilizer comprises the following components in parts by weight, wherein the water content is 99.7%, and the soluble nutrient elements are 0.3%, and comprise the following components in parts by weight: 1.8 kg/mu of urea, 0.8 kg/mu of monopotassium phosphate, 1.5 kg/mu of potassium sulfate, 0.3 kg/mu of calcium nitrate and 0.05 kg/mu of trace elements; and additionally applying dropwise calcium nitrate fertilizer 0.6 kg/mu in the fertilizer dropping process according to the fruit cracking degree of the orchard.
Topdressing management of the fruit expanding period of the dragon fruit: the fertilizer is applied by drip irrigation in a water and fertilizer mode, the drip irrigation fertilizer consists of the following components in parts by weight, the water content is 99.8%, the soluble nutrient elements are 0.2%, and the soluble nutrient elements comprise the following components in parts by weight: 1.8 kg/mu of urea, 0.8 kg/mu of monopotassium phosphate, 1.5 kg/mu of potassium sulfate, 0.3 kg/mu of calcium nitrate and 0.05 kg/mu of trace elements; and additionally applying 0.6 kg/mu of calcium nitrate fertilizer in a drop-wise manner during the fruit expanding period according to the fruit cracking degree of the orchard and during the drip irrigation fertilization.
2. Combining field moisture management:
(1) managing water before fruit expansion period;
firstly, controlling the distance between a drip irrigation tape and a root system: the distance between the drip irrigation belts and the root system of the dragon fruit plant is 15cm so as to avoid fruit cracking caused by direct excessive water absorption of the root system, and two drip irrigation belts are arranged on each row of fruit trees.
Controlling water quantity: the water management depends on the soil humidity, and the water content of the soil is required to be kept 65% of the water holding capacity of the soil in the fruit expansion period of the pitaya. Controlling the water filling quantity of the dragon fruits in different periods according to the soil difference: the watering amount of the dragon fruit is controlled to be 35mm/d when the seedlings are planted to the growth period of the main stems; controlling the irrigation quantity at 60mm/d when the main stem is topped to the growing period of the side stem; the daily irrigation amount from the budding of the lateral stem to the flowering and fruit setting stage is 45 mm;
controlling the irrigation time: the water requirements of the dragon fruits at different periods are different, the watering times are controlled to be 5 times when the seedlings are planted to the main stem growing period of the dragon fruits; controlling the irrigation quantity of the main stem to be 4 times when the main stem is topped to the growing period of the side stem; controlling the irrigation frequency from the bud emergence of lateral stems to the flowering and fruit setting period to be 7 times;
(2) fruit expansion period water management
Firstly, controlling the distance between a drip irrigation tape and a root system: the distance between the drip irrigation tape and the root system of the dragon fruit plant is 15cm so as to prevent the root system from excessively absorbing water to cause fruit cracking.
Controlling water quantity: the water management depends on the soil humidity, the water content of the soil is required to be kept at 60 percent of the water holding capacity of the soil in the fruit expansion period of the pitaya, the irrigation time is strictly controlled, and the irrigation principle is small and the water is irrigated more. Controlling the water irrigation quantity at 24mm and the water irrigation frequency at 10 times when the fruits expand to the mature period of the fruits; if rain exists, the irrigation is stopped, and accumulated water is drained as soon as possible.
Thirdly, draining water as soon as possible when the dragon fruit is exposed to heavy rain in the expansion period, and draining accumulated water among ridges.
Fourthly, the ridge drainage and irrigation ditch is deepened, the water level of the drainage and irrigation ditch is lower than the water level of the main root distribution of the plant by 5cm, when the pitaya fruit is in the expansion period, two ends of the drainage and irrigation ditch are opened, and the water can be drained immediately once accumulated water exists.
In the planting method of the embodiment, the average yield per mu of the dragon fruits is 2012kg, and the cracking rate of the dragon fruits is reduced by 74.3%.
Example 2
The method for preventing fruit cracking of pitaya in the embodiment comprises the following steps: the fertilization technology and the water management method are combined.
1. The fertilizer application technology is improved:
and (5) fertilizing the dragon fruit cracking orchard according to the soil testing result of the orchard soil.
(1) Base fertilizer application: after harvesting the last batch of dragon fruits, forming a ditch with the width of 20cm and the depth of 15cm at a position 25-30cm away from a main root, and applying enough base fertilizer by 1500kg of peanut bran organic fertilizer, 26kg of calcium superphosphate and 7kg of potassium sulfate per mu;
(2) topdressing:
topdressing management of two weeks before the flowering phase of the dragon fruit: and applying the calcium fertilizer for additional irrigation in a water fertilizer mode. The drip irrigation fertilizer is applied for 3-5 times per month, and is determined according to the growth years of the dragon fruits and the growth conditions of plants, the drip irrigation fertilizer comprises the following components in parts by weight, wherein the water content is 99.4%, and the soluble nutrient elements are 0.6%, and comprise the following components in parts by weight: 1.0 kg/mu of urea, 0.4 kg/mu of monopotassium phosphate, 0.8 kg/mu of potassium sulfate, 0.1 kg/mu of calcium nitrate and 0.02 kg/mu of trace elements; and additionally applying dropwise calcium nitrate fertilizer 0.2 kg/mu in the fertilizer dropping process according to the fruit cracking degree of the orchard.
Topdressing management of the fruit expanding period of the dragon fruit: the fertilizer is applied by drip irrigation in a water and fertilizer mode, the drip irrigation fertilizer consists of the following components in parts by weight, the water content is 99.8%, the soluble nutrient elements are 0.2%, and the soluble nutrient elements comprise the following components in parts by weight: 1.0/mu of urea, 0.4 kg/mu of monopotassium phosphate, 0.8 kg/mu of potassium sulfate, 0.1 kg/mu of calcium nitrate and 0.02 kg/mu of trace elements; and additionally applying 0.1 kg/mu of calcium nitrate fertilizer in a drop-wise manner during the fruit expanding period according to the fruit cracking degree of the orchard and during the drip irrigation fertilization.
2. Combining field moisture management:
(1) managing water before fruit expansion period;
firstly, controlling the distance between a drip irrigation tape and a root system: the distance between the drip irrigation belts and the root system of the dragon fruit plant is 20cm, so that fruit cracking caused by direct excessive water absorption of the root system is avoided, and two drip irrigation belts are arranged on each row of fruit trees.
Controlling water quantity: the water management depends on the soil humidity, and the water content of the soil is required to be kept at 60% of the water holding capacity of the soil in the fruit expansion period of the pitaya. Controlling the water filling quantity of the dragon fruits in different periods according to the soil difference: the watering amount of the dragon fruit is controlled at 20mm/d when the seedlings are planted to the growth period of the main stems; controlling the irrigation quantity at 60mm/d when the main stem is topped to the growing period of the side stem; the water irrigation quantity is 30 mm/d from the bud emergence of the lateral stem to the flowering and fruit setting period.
Controlling the irrigation time: the water requirements of the dragon fruits at different periods are different, the watering times are controlled to be 7 times when the seedlings are planted to the main stem growing period of the dragon fruits; controlling the irrigation quantity of the main stem to be 6 times when the main stem is topped to the growing period of the side stem; the irrigation frequency from the bud emergence of lateral stem to the flowering and fruit setting stage is controlled to be about 9.
(2) Fruit expansion period water management
Firstly, controlling the distance between a drip irrigation tape and a root system: the drip irrigation belt is 20cm away from the root system of the dragon fruit plant so as to avoid fruit cracking caused by excessive water absorption of the root system.
Controlling water quantity: the water management depends on the soil humidity, the water content of the soil is required to be kept 55% of the water holding capacity of the soil in the fruit expansion period of the pitaya, the irrigation time is strictly controlled, and the irrigation principle is small and the water is irrigated more. Controlling the water irrigation quantity at 36mm/d and the water irrigation frequency at 10 times when the fruits expand to the mature period of the fruits; if rain exists, the irrigation is stopped, and accumulated water is drained as soon as possible.
Thirdly, draining water as soon as possible when the dragon fruit is exposed to heavy rain in the expansion period, and draining accumulated water among ridges.
Fourthly, the ridge drainage and irrigation ditch is deepened, the water level of the drainage and irrigation ditch is about 5cm lower than the water level of the main root distribution of the plant, when the pitaya fruit is in the expansion period, two ends of the drainage and irrigation ditch are opened, and the water can be drained immediately once accumulated water exists.
In the planting method, the average yield per mu of the dragon fruits is 1980kg, and the fruit cracking rate of the dragon fruits is reduced by 87.6%.
Example 3
The method for preventing fruit cracking of pitaya in the embodiment comprises the following steps: the fertilization technology and the water management method are combined.
1. The fertilizer application technology is improved:
and (5) fertilizing the dragon fruit cracking orchard according to the soil testing result of the orchard soil.
(1) Base fertilizer application: after harvesting the last batch of dragon fruits, forming a ditch with the width of 20cm and the depth of 15cm at a position 25-30cm away from the main root, and applying enough base fertilizer by 2000kg of peanut bran organic fertilizer, 18kg of calcium superphosphate and 7kg of potassium sulfate per mu;
(2) topdressing:
topdressing management of two weeks before the flowering phase of the dragon fruit: and applying the calcium fertilizer for additional irrigation in a water fertilizer mode. The drip irrigation fertilizer is applied for 3-5 times per month, and is determined according to the growth years of the dragon fruits and the growth conditions of plants, the drip irrigation fertilizer comprises the following components in parts by weight, wherein the water content is 99.8%, and the soluble nutrient elements are 0.2%, and comprise the following components in parts by weight: 1.4 kg/mu of urea, 0.6 kg/mu of monopotassium phosphate, 1.2 kg/mu of potassium sulfate, 0.25 kg/mu of calcium nitrate and 0.04 kg/mu of trace elements; and additionally applying dropwise calcium nitrate fertilizer 0.4 kg/mu in the fertilizer dropping process according to the fruit cracking degree of the orchard.
Topdressing management of the fruit expanding period of the dragon fruit: the fertilizer is prepared by drip irrigation in a water and fertilizer mode, wherein the drip irrigation fertilizer consists of 99.4 percent of water and 0.6 percent of soluble nutrient elements in parts by weight: 1.5 kg/mu of urea, 0.6 kg/mu of monopotassium phosphate, 1.2 kg/mu of potassium sulfate, 0.25 kg/mu of calcium nitrate and 0.04 kg/mu of trace elements; and additionally applying 0.2 kg/mu of calcium nitrate fertilizer in a drop-wise manner during the fruit expanding period according to the fruit cracking degree of the orchard and during the drip irrigation fertilization.
2. Combining field moisture management:
(1) managing water before fruit expansion period;
firstly, controlling the distance between a drip irrigation tape and a root system: the distance between the drip irrigation belts and the root system of the dragon fruit plant is 17cm, so that fruit cracking caused by direct excessive water absorption of the root system is avoided, and two drip irrigation belts are arranged on each row of fruit trees.
Controlling water quantity: the water management depends on the soil humidity, and the water content of the soil is required to be kept about 62 percent of the water holding capacity of the soil in the fruit expansion period of the pitaya. Controlling the water filling quantity of the dragon fruits in different periods according to the soil difference: the watering amount of the dragon fruit is controlled to be 40mm/d when the seedlings are planted to the growth period of the main stems; controlling the irrigation quantity at 60mm/d when the main stem is topped to the growing period of the side stem; the daily irrigation amount from the bud emergence of the lateral stem to the flowering and fruit setting stage is 70 mm/d.
Controlling the irrigation time: the water requirements of the dragon fruits at different periods are different, the watering times are controlled to be 7 times when the seedlings are planted to the main stem growing period of the dragon fruits; controlling the irrigation quantity of the main stem to be 6 times when the main stem is topped to the growing period of the side stem; controlling the irrigation frequency from the bud emergence of lateral stems to the flowering and fruit setting period to be 8;
(2) fruit expansion period water management
Firstly, controlling the distance between a drip irrigation tape and a root system: the drip irrigation belt is 17cm away from the root system of the dragon fruit plant so as to prevent the root system from excessively absorbing water to cause fruit cracking.
Controlling water quantity: the water management depends on the soil humidity, the water content of the soil is required to be kept at 57% of the water holding capacity of the soil in the fruit expansion period of the pitaya, the irrigation time is strictly controlled, and the irrigation principle is small amount and more irrigation is performed. Controlling the water irrigation quantity at 20mm and controlling the water irrigation frequency at 8 times when the fruits expand to the mature period of the fruits; if rain exists, the irrigation is stopped, and accumulated water is drained as soon as possible.
Thirdly, draining water as soon as possible when the dragon fruit is exposed to heavy rain in the expansion period, and draining accumulated water among ridges.
Fourthly, the ridge drainage and irrigation ditch is deepened, the water level of the drainage and irrigation ditch is about 5cm lower than the water level of the main root distribution of the plant, when the pitaya fruit is in the expansion period, two ends of the drainage and irrigation ditch are opened, and the water can be drained immediately once accumulated water exists.
In the planting method of the embodiment, the average yield per mu of the dragon fruits is 1910kg, and the cracking rate of the dragon fruits is reduced by 88.1%.
Comparative example 1
The method for planting the cracked dragon fruits in the embodiment specifically comprises the following steps:
1. the fertilizer application technology is improved:
and (5) fertilizing the dragon fruit cracking orchard according to the soil testing result of the orchard soil.
(1) Base fertilizer application: after harvesting the last batch of dragon fruits, forming a ditch with the width of 20cm and the depth of 15cm at a position 25-30cm away from a main root, and applying sufficient base fertilizer by 1700kg of peanut bran organic fertilizer, 20kg of calcium superphosphate and 8kg of potassium sulfate per mu;
(2) topdressing:
topdressing management of two weeks before the flowering phase of the dragon fruit: and applying the calcium fertilizer for additional irrigation in a water fertilizer mode. The drip irrigation fertilizer is applied for 3-5 times per month, and is determined according to the growth years of the dragon fruits and the growth conditions of plants, the drip irrigation fertilizer comprises the following components in parts by weight, wherein the water content is 99.7%, and the soluble nutrient elements are 0.3%, and comprise the following components in parts by weight: 1.8 kg/mu of urea, 0.8 kg/mu of monopotassium phosphate, 1.5 kg/mu of potassium sulfate, 0.3 kg/mu of calcium nitrate and 0.05 kg/mu of trace elements; and additionally applying dropwise calcium nitrate fertilizer 0.6 kg/mu in the fertilizer dropping process according to the fruit cracking degree of the orchard.
Topdressing management of the fruit expanding period of the dragon fruit: the fertilizer is applied by drip irrigation in a water and fertilizer mode, the drip irrigation fertilizer consists of the following components in parts by weight, the water content is 99.8%, the soluble nutrient elements are 0.2%, and the soluble nutrient elements comprise the following components in parts by weight: 1.8 kg/mu of urea, 0.8 kg/mu of monopotassium phosphate, 1.5 kg/mu of potassium sulfate, 0.3 kg/mu of calcium nitrate and 0.05 kg/mu of trace elements; and additionally applying 0.6 kg/mu of calcium nitrate fertilizer in a drop-wise manner during the fruit expanding period according to the fruit cracking degree of the orchard and during the drip irrigation fertilization.
(3) The moisture management of the dragon fruits is implemented by a conventional management method for farmers.
In the planting method of the embodiment, the average yield per mu of the dragon fruits is 1840kg, and the cracking rate of the dragon fruits is reduced by 33.20%.
Comparative example 2
The method for preventing fruit cracking of pitaya in the embodiment comprises the following steps:
1. the dragon fruit fertilizing method is implemented by a common fertilizing method for fruit growers.
2. Field moisture management:
(1) managing water before fruit expansion period;
firstly, controlling the distance between a drip irrigation tape and a root system: the distance between the drip irrigation belts and the root system of the dragon fruit plant is 20cm so as to avoid fruit cracking caused by direct excessive water absorption of the root system, and two drip irrigation belts are arranged on each row of fruit trees.
Controlling water quantity: the water management depends on the soil humidity, and the water content of the soil is required to be kept about 60 percent of the water holding capacity of the soil in the fruit expansion period of the pitaya. Controlling the water filling quantity of the dragon fruits in different periods according to the soil difference: the watering amount of the dragon fruit is controlled to be 35mm/d when the seedlings are planted to the growth period of the main stems; controlling the irrigation quantity at 60mm/d when the main stem is topped to the growing period of the side stem; the daily irrigation amount from the budding of the lateral stem to the flowering and fruit setting stage is 45 mm;
controlling the irrigation time: the water requirements of the dragon fruits at different periods are different, the watering times are controlled to be 5 times when the seedlings are planted to the main stem growing period of the dragon fruits; controlling the irrigation quantity of the main stem to be 4 times when the main stem is topped to the growing period of the side stem; the irrigation frequency from the bud emergence of lateral stem to the flowering and fruit setting stage is controlled to be about 9 times;
(2) fruit expansion period water management
Firstly, controlling the distance between a drip irrigation tape and a root system: the drip irrigation belt is 20cm away from the root system of the dragon fruit plant so as to prevent the root system from excessively absorbing water to cause fruit cracking.
Controlling water quantity: the water management depends on the soil humidity, the water content of the soil is required to be kept 55% of the water holding capacity of the soil in the fruit expansion period of the pitaya, the irrigation time is strictly controlled, and the irrigation principle is small and the water is irrigated more. Controlling the water irrigation quantity at 24mm and the water irrigation frequency at 10 times when the fruits expand to the mature period of the fruits; if rain exists, the irrigation is stopped, and accumulated water is drained as soon as possible.
Thirdly, draining water as soon as possible when the dragon fruit is exposed to heavy rain in the expansion period, and draining accumulated water among ridges.
Fourthly, the ridge drainage and irrigation ditch is deepened, the water level of the drainage and irrigation ditch is about 5cm lower than the water level of the main root distribution of the plant, when the pitaya fruit is in the expansion period, two ends of the drainage and irrigation ditch are opened, and the water can be drained immediately once accumulated water exists.
In the planting method of the embodiment, the average yield per mu of the dragon fruits is 1640kg, and the fruit cracking rate of the dragon fruits is reduced by 41.30%.
The comparison between the examples 1-3 and the comparative examples 1-2 shows that by adopting the technical scheme of the invention, the yield of the dragon fruits is improved, most importantly, the cracking rate of the dragon fruits is greatly reduced, the cracking rate of the dragon fruits of the examples 1-3 is reduced by more than 70%, can reach 87.6% and 88.1%, is far more than 33.2% and 41.3% of the cracking rate of the dragon fruits of the comparative example 1, and has unexpected effects.
The foregoing is a more detailed description of the invention in connection with specific preferred embodiments and it is not intended that the invention be limited to these specific details. For those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains, several simple deductions or substitutions can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention, and all shall be considered as belonging to the protection scope of the invention.
Claims (8)
1. A cultivation method for preventing dragon fruits from cracking is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises a fertilization improvement method and a field moisture management method;
the method for improving the fertilization comprises base fertilizer application and top application management, wherein the base fertilizer application is carried out after the last batch of dragon fruits are harvested; the topdressing management comprises topdressing management of two weeks before the flowering phase of the dragon fruit and topdressing management of the fruit expansion phase of the dragon fruit, wherein the nutrient elements of the fertilizer applied in the topdressing management of two weeks before the flowering phase of the dragon fruit are 0.460-0.840 kg/mu according to the N content and P content according to the P content2O5Calculated as 0.2-0.4 kg/mu, K content is K2The content of O is 0.63-1.20 kg/mu, the content of Ca is 0.024-0.073 kg/mu, and the content of trace elements is 0.02-0.05 kg/mu; the nutrient elements of the fertilizer applied in the topdressing management of the fruit expansion period of the dragon fruit are 0.460-0.840 kg/mu according to the N content and P content is P2O5Calculated as 0.2-0.4 kg/mu, K content is K2The O is 0.8-1.4 kg/mu, the Ca content is 0.030-0.090 kg/mu, and the trace element content is 0.02-0.05 kg/mu for application;
the field water management method comprises water management before the fruit expansion period and water management during the fruit expansion period, wherein the distance between a drip irrigation tape and the root system of a dragon fruit plant is 15cm-20 cm; during water management before the fruit expansion period, the water content of the soil is kept to be 60-65% of the water holding capacity of the soil; during the water management of the fruit expansion period, the water content of the soil is kept to be 55-60% of the water holding capacity of the soil;
managing water before the fruit expansion period, wherein the daily irrigation amount is 20-40mm/d when the dragon fruit plants seedlings to the main stem growing period; the main stem is topped to the growing period of the side stem, and the daily irrigation amount is 60 mm/d; in the period from budding of lateral stems to flowering and fruit setting, the daily irrigation amount is 30-70 mm/d;
and (3) managing water in the fruit expansion period, wherein the daily irrigation amount is 20-36mm/d and the irrigation frequency in the whole stage is 7-10 times when the fruits expand to the fruit ripening period, and stopping irrigation and draining accumulated water if rain exists.
2. The cultivation method for preventing fruit cracking of dragon fruit as claimed in claim 1, wherein: when the base fertilizer is applied, ditching is carried out at a position 25-30cm away from the main root of the dragon fruit, and the base fertilizer is applied according to the proportion of 1500-2000kg of peanut bran organic fertilizer, 18-26 kg of calcium superphosphate and 7-8 kg of potassium sulfate per mu.
3. The cultivation method for preventing fruit cracking of dragon fruit as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the topdressing management of the two weeks before the flowering phase of the dragon fruit and the topdressing management of the fruit expansion phase of the dragon fruit are subjected to drip irrigation fertilization in a water and fertilizer mode, and the number of drip irrigation fertilization times of the topdressing management of the two weeks before the flowering phase of the dragon fruit is 3-5 times/month.
4. The cultivation method for preventing fruit cracking of dragon fruit as claimed in claim 3, wherein: when the top dressing management is performed two weeks before the flowering phase of the dragon fruit and the top dressing management is performed in the fruit expanding phase of the dragon fruit, the water content of the water fertilizer subjected to the drip irrigation fertilization is 99.4-99.8%, and the balance is substances containing soluble nutrient elements.
5. The cultivation method for preventing fruit cracking of dragon fruit as claimed in claim 3, wherein: when topdressing management is carried out two weeks before the flowering phase of the dragon fruit, additionally applying dropwise calcium nitrate fertilizer during fertilization, wherein the using amount is 0.2-0.6 kg/mu; when the topdressing management is carried out in the fruit expanding period of the dragon fruits, the calcium nitrate fertilizer is additionally applied and dripped during the fertilization, and the using amount is 0.1-0.3 kg/mu.
6. The cultivation method for preventing fruit cracking of dragon fruit according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that: when the field water management is carried out, two drip irrigation belts are arranged on each row of fruit trees.
7. The cultivation method for preventing fruit cracking of dragon fruit as claimed in claim 6, wherein: when water is managed before the fruit expansion period, the watering times of the pitaya in the whole period from the seedling planting to the main stem growing period are 5-7 times; the main stem is topped to the growing period of side stem, and the watering frequency is 4-6 times; the watering times are 7-9 times from the bud emergence of the lateral stem to the flowering and fruit setting period.
8. The cultivation method for preventing fruit cracking of dragon fruit as claimed in claim 7, wherein: and in the fruit expanding period, water management is performed, ridge drainage irrigation ditches are deepened, the water level of the drainage irrigation ditches is 3-6 cm lower than the water level of the main root distribution of the plant, and when the pitaya fruit is in the expanding period, two ends of the drainage irrigation ditches are opened, and accumulated water is drained.
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