CN104855224A - Planting method for achieving continuous high and stable almond yield under intercropping condition - Google Patents
Planting method for achieving continuous high and stable almond yield under intercropping condition Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a planting method for achieving continuous high and stable almond yield under the intercropping condition. The line spaces of almond trees are determined by utilizing a fixed planting mode, a 3 meters * 7 meters planting mode suitable for intercropping is adopted, S-genotype varieties are adopted for matching, a trimming and pruning technology is adopted for high-trunk layered trees, a fruit tree moisturizing technology is adopted to meet the water demands of the almond trees and inter-planted crops, winter rapes are inter-planted in protective zones among lines to promote fertilization and insemination of the almond trees, a young fruit abscission prevention technology is adopted to decrease fruit abscission of the almond trees, and a growth regulator is applied to promote fruit setting of the almond trees, decrease fruit abscission of the almond trees and promote flower bud differentiation of the almond trees. The technical problems of the disorder fixed planting mode of the almond trees, variety matching without scientific basis, serious intercropping contradiction, severe insufficiency of bees for supplementary pollination, young fruit abscission and unreasonable growth regulator application are solved, accordingly the almond yield in the current year can be ensured, crops inter-planted among lines are not influenced, the purpose of obtaining the yield of the next year is achieved, and high and stable almond yield is achieved.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to agricultural technology field, relate generally to the planting technology field of almond Sustainable high yield stable yields under a kind of Intercropping.
Background technology
Almond is very popular a kind of nut, mainly originates from the Kaxgar Prefecture in Xinjiang in China.Almond strong drought resistance, can make the stock of peach and apricot.Timber is hard, light red, and polishability is good, can make knickknack and lathe turner's apparatus.Almond benevolence is fatty, emulsin, semen armeniacae amarae plain, join the nutriments such as carbohydrate, can be used as the raw material in candy, cake, pharmacy and cosmetics industry.The material proposed in nucleocapsid can make the colouring agent of drinks.V in every 100 grams of almond benevolence
econtent is up to 27.12 grams, and in nut, content is higher, V
ethere is antidotal effect; Ellagic acid contained in almond benevolence has anti-oxidant, the function of anti-inflammatory, V
e, ellagic acid and other nutriment acting in conjunction can resist a lot of chronic diseases and cancer, are the good fruits of dietotherapy.
Amygdalus rose family Li Yake peach belongs to arbor, is world-renowned dry fruit and woody oleiferous plants crop, is distributed widely in all over the world, have important nutrition and economic worth.Xinjiang is one of centre of origin of world's almond, the main producing region that Ye Shi China almond is unique, and cultivation history is long.Current Xinjiang almond fruit-setting rate and yielding poorly down, for strain output, U.S.'s almond average yield reaches 10 kilograms/strain, and Xinjiang, China's almond main producing region is only 2-3 kilogram/strain, is the 1/5-1/3 of the U.S. and Iran.In addition, Xinjiang is scarcely populated and oasis area is little, and per capita area of cultivated farmland is few, and fruit tree-crop interplanting is the major way of increasing farmers' income.For ensureing the strategic security of grain, Xinjiang almond mainly adopts the pattern of the combination of forestal and agricultural crops to carry out cultivating, with build compared with the formula planting type of garden abroad, intercropping Shi Jian garden makes the planting type of fruit tree there occurs change because of in the ranks intercropping crops, therefore the culture technique how developing the almond stable high yield under the almond combination of forestal and agricultural crops cultivation mode of this uniqueness in Xinjiang is the top priority of pendulum in face of us, is also the active demand of numerous orchard workers simultaneously.
Mainly there is the stable high yield that following distinct issues have impact on almond in the almond cultivation of current Xinjiang: one is that field planting pattern is chaotic, and the spacing in the rows that field planting adopts and line-spacing do not have the foundation of science, cause the reduction operating production efficiency farming season; Two is do not understand based on the genotypic Self-Incompatibility mechanism of S-, and variety matching does not have scientific basis, causes the reduction of fruit-setting rate; Three is that intercropping is particularly thorny, between crops and almond between water, fertilizer, tree structure because the contradiction of operation in farming season interacts; Four is the honeybee wretched insufficiencies for supplementary pollination; Five is that the almond science of topdressing needs define indefinite fertile period, in the selection of time of topdressing arbitrarily, DeGrain, the young fruit problem that comes off is serious; Six is that growth regulator application is unreasonable.
Through retrieval, have no at present adopt certain planting technology comprehensively to solve almond field planting pattern is chaotic, variety matching does not have scientific basis, intercropping is particularly thorny, the implantation methods of the problem that comes off for the honeybee wretched insufficiency of supplementary pollination, young fruit and the problem such as growth regulator application is unreasonable, cause the ripening rate of almond low, the resource such as the yielding poorly of almond, soil does not obtain the problems such as Appropriate application.
Summary of the invention
For have no at present adopt planting technology to solve in almond field of planting almond field planting pattern is chaotic, pollinated variety collocation does not have scientific basis, intercropping is particularly thorny, the technical deficiency of the problem that comes off for the honeybee wretched insufficiency of supplementary pollination, young fruit and the prior art objective reality such as growth regulator application is unreasonable, also have no and ensureing almond output then, do not affect intercropping crops in the ranks, also can promote almond flower bud differentiation, reach and form Second Year output, maintain the report of the planting technology of almond stable high yield.The present invention is intended to provide the implantation methods of almond Sustainable high yield stable yields under a kind of Intercropping; object is to utilize cropping pattern, variety matching, pruning, fruit tree moisturizing, plants winter rape in the ranks between boundary belt, prevention young fruit comes off and science appliable plant growth regulating multiple technologies assembled scheme to plant almond; both almond output then can have been ensured; do not affect again intercropping crops in the ranks; also can promote almond flower bud differentiation; reach the object forming Second Year output, the stable high yield realizing almond is had great importance.
The main technical schemes that the present invention adopts:
The invention provides the implantation methods of almond Sustainable high yield stable yields under a kind of Intercropping, be under a set of scientific and reasonable Intercropping, realize the implantation methods of almond Sustainable high yield stable yields.This implantation methods is by the screening of almond seedling, utilize the seeding row spacing of field planting pattern determination almond, variety matching technology determines the S-genotype of collocation pollination almond, almond master is trimmed to high level cadre's layering shape tree-shaped by pruning technique, fruit tree water supplement technology realizes the requirement of almond and a kind crop water, the pollination insemination that winter rape promotes almond is planted in the ranks between boundary belt, prevention young fruit spillout technique alleviates the shedding of almond, science application growth regulator technology promotes bearing fruit of almond, alleviate the shedding of almond and promote the flower bud differentiation of almond, adopt the implantation methods of almond Sustainable high yield stable yields under overall Intercropping provided by the invention, thus both can ensure almond output then, do not affect again intercropping crops in the ranks, also can promote almond flower bud differentiation, reach the object forming Second Year output, realize the stable high yield of almond.
The present invention specifically provides the implantation methods of almond Sustainable high yield stable yields under a kind of Intercropping, and concrete implantation methods comprises the steps:
(1) intercropping plant is at almond boundary belt interplanting in the ranks winter rape, and with wheat be representative cereal crops or using cotton, the rape economic crops that are representative as the crops of intercropping plant.
(2) field planting pattern: adopt the cropping pattern being suitable for 3 meters * 7 meters of intercropping, the line-spacing of wherein almond plantation is 7 meters, and spacing in the rows is 3 meters, and mu strain number is 31 strains.
(3) variety matching: adopt the almond variety matching based on " S-genotype ", requires that the S-genotype of field planting adjacent almond kind is completely not identical.
(4) pruning: utilize pruning technique almond to be trimmed to high level cadre's layering shape tree-shaped.
Described pruning technique is that almond determines trunk apart from 1.1 meters, ground, select and remain in 20 centimetres of shaping strip under clip 3-4 major branch, distribution straggly in a different direction, forms the 1st layer of major branch, retain center leader's branch to continue upwards to extend, Second Year cutting back the 1st layer of major branch simultaneously; 3-4 major branch of selecting and remain on the center of 80 centimetres, distance the 1st layer of each major branch is dry forms the 2nd layer, leaves center leader's branch simultaneously; Two-layer major branch wants straggly opening up and down, can not overlap each other, and after the 2nd layer of each major branch is shaped, cultivates the 3rd layer of major branch, wipes out center leader's branch, make treetop happy after the 3rd layer of each major branch is shaped; Topmost major branch should be oblique or horizontal direction, and major branch base angle is 60 degree, and the 1st layer of major branch stays 3-4 side shoot, and the 2nd layer of major branch stays 2-3 side shoot, and straggly opening is wanted in the arrangement of side shoot on major branch.
(5) fruit tree moisturizing: almond garden should configure two cover irrigation systems before intercropping, first set is fruit tree irrigation system, and the second cover is intercropping crop irrigation systems; Fruit tree irrigation system needs the fruit tree field planting ditch first put in order, during newly-built combination of forestal and agricultural crops almond garden field planting, on the fruit tree field planting band of 1.5 meters wide, trench digging digs cave field planting, ditch both sides ridging, ridge height 0.20cm, row spacing 25cm, the cross section of plantation ditch is made to be trapezoidal after ridging, up big and down small, hem width 1m, lower hem width 0.8cm on plantation ditch, the degree of depth is 0.5cm, and almond nursery stock digs cave field planting in ditch.
(6) winter rape is planted between boundary belt in the ranks: be used for attract insect at the winter rape of planting between boundary belt of almond almond is pollinated in the ranks, winter rape implantation methods adopts two kinds: one is that winter rape is planted in almond orchard surrounding, does not affect other crops of almond fruit tree intercropping in the ranks; The second is direct is that intercropping crops are directly planted in almond fruit tree in the ranks with winter rape.
(7) prevent young fruit spillout technique: almond contain spend after 17 days, almond young fruit comes off before peak and imposes nitrogen, phosphorus, K composite fertilizer, N:P in composite fertilizer
2o
5: K
2the mixing of O mixes according to mass ratio 1:1:0.5, and the every strain of first fruit phase almond fruit tree of 4-6 is spreaded manuer in holes 1 kilogram of composite fertilizer, and the every strain of fruit tree in the full bearing period of more than 7 years is spreaded manuer in holes 2 kilograms of composite fertilizers, waters permeable after fertilising immediately.
(8) apply growth regulator: ‰ according to quality permillage meter, respectively spray 1 ‰ buds at almond full-bloom stage and fallen flowers phase precious to promote bear fruit and prevent coming off of young fruit; Summer shoot grows into flower bud differentiation period to start to spray 1 ‰ gold medal boron potassium every 15 days, continuous 3 times, to promote the differentiation of bud, forms the output of Second Year.
In order to solve, almond field planting pattern is chaotic, variety matching does not have scientific basis, intercropping is particularly thorny in the present invention, the problem that comes off for the honeybee wretched insufficiency of supplementary pollination, young fruit and the existing considerable technical problem such as growth regulator application is unreasonable, how under Intercropping, to make almond Sustainable high yield stable yields, application field planting pattern technology carries out field planting to almond, the line-spacing determining almond plantation is 7 meters, and spacing in the rows is 3 meters, on the basis of the variety matching technology based on " S-genotype ", collocation plantation is carried out to the almond kind of different " S-genotype ", improves the ripening rate of almond, adopt pruning technique almond to be trimmed to high level cadre's layering shape tree-shaped, be beneficial to the utilization of almond for mechanically actuated in farming season and illumination, apply rational irrigation system to irrigate almond and a kind crop, both saved water, the demand of Different Crop to moisture can be met again, carry out attract insect by the method for planting winter rape in the ranks between boundary belt to pollinate to almond, increase almond pollination insemination rate, by to the almond of the different age of tree different periods use nitrogen, phosphorus, K composite fertilizer method prevent coming off of almond young fruit, and promote that almond is beared fruit by the application growth regulator technology that concrete science is feasible, prevent coming off and promoting the differentiation of almond bud of young fruit, these technical measures have integrality, globality and inseparability, thus make almond entirety obtain significant stable high yield, and then obtain significant technique effect, the i.e. implantation methods of almond Sustainable high yield stable yields under Intercropping, thus both can ensure almond output then, do not affect again intercropping crops in the ranks, also can promote almond flower bud differentiation, reach the object forming Second Year output, realize the stable high yield of almond.These technical characteristics have integrality and globality becomes necessity technical step and the scheme that preparation the application provides " under a kind of Intercropping almond Sustainable high yield stable yields implantation methods ", purport of the present invention is on prior art basis, utilize present planting technology, pruning technique, fruit tree water supplement technology combines with feasible variety matching technical know-how, creationary selecting plants winter rape technology in the ranks between boundary belt, the concrete viable process of the science application technology of prevention young fruit spillout technique and growth regulator, thus make almond reach the feature of stable high yield, could obtain and the output more than age of tree entering the almond garden in the full bearing period for 7 years can be made to maintain average strain product 4-5 kilogram, the level of average yield per mu 120-150 kilogram, achieve the stable high yield of almond, land resources and water resource are reasonably utilized.
In the present invention, the industry slang related to:
S-genotype: plant is pollinated the gene of middle domination pollen and style character, and it decides fertility and sterile character.Self-Incompatibility is higher plant to realize the one breeding system that allogamy and Genetic Recombination are formed.Incompatibility controls (S represents sterility-sterility) by s site multiple allele in heredity, this system can be divided into two classes: sporophytic self-incompatibility (SSI) and gametophyte Self-Incompatibility (CSI), most self-incompatible plant is gametophyte Self-Incompatibility.This kind of plant is many to be controlled by single S site, and the Self-Incompatibility phenotype of pollen is decided by the monoploid gene of self, when pollen S gene and gynoecium allelic one of them identical time, pollen is just ostracised, thus performance Self-Incompatibility.
Trunk: from more than collar to the part of raw first branch, be referred to as trunk, be also trunk.
Center leader's branch: center leader's branch is exactly the prolongation of trunk is the key branch of tree crown center upwards vertical growth.
Major branch: therefrom understand tacitly and lead point born bough on branch, use as tree crown main skeleton.
Side shoot: from major branch point born branch, growth potential is only more weak than major branch.
Summer shoot: the new branch that 4-6 in spring month plant grows.
In fact above industry slang knows concept for those of ordinary skill in the art, also by the common reference book in this area and textbook inquiry.
Following beneficial effect can be reached by the summary of the invention implementing the present invention concrete:
(1) stable high yield of almond plantation is realized: utilize the inventive method to plant almond, the output of almond can be made to increase, the output of usual Xinjiang of China area almond is 2-3 kilogram/strain, and the diligent Re Fuxia of Xinjiang of China Shache County carry national countryside 1 village utilize implantation methods of the present invention plant almond, the average strain of the age of tree almond of 7 years produces 4.1 kilograms, average yield per mu 123 kilograms; The 100 mu of almond gardens being positioned at village of Shache County meter Xia township 17, Xinjiang utilize implantation methods of the present invention to plant almond, calendar year 2001 field planting, and at 2012-2014 years, continuous 3 annual strains were produced and are stabilized in 4.5-5.5 kilogram, and average yield per mu is stabilized in the level of 145-165 kilogram.The inventive method can increase the output of almond, realizes the stable high yield of almond.
(2) land resources is reasonably used: utilize the inventive method when planting almond, can other the crops such as almond interplant winter rape or wheat, make land resources obtain rational exploitation and utilization, the income of peasant can also be increased simultaneously.
(3) Appropriate application of water resource: containing two cover irrigation systems in the inventive method, because kind crop and almond have different irrigation systems around here, both met the utilization of Different Crop to water, also a saving water resource.
(4) implantation methods is simple: the inventive method is carried out the animal such as attract insect, honeybee by a method for kind winter rape and carried out pollination insemination to almond, compensate for almond garden not enough for the bee numbers of supplementary pollination, also reduce the infusion of financial resources of peasant simultaneously.
(5) do mechanization operation is convenient to: the present invention is by the application of high level cadre's laminated devices tree structure, avoid when almond carries out proportion of crop planting in the ranks, agricultural machinery and the interactional contradiction of almond branch, namely ensure that the normal growth of almond, be convenient to again the mechanization of agricultural production, improve peasant's production efficiency in farming season.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is shown as almond newly-built garden field planting structure and irrigates structural representation.In figure, G-line-spacing 7 meters, C-field planting bandwidth 1.5 meters, the following width of H-field planting ditch 0.8 meter, K-row spacing degree 0.25 meter, L-field planting ditch top width 1.0 meters, the M-furrow degree of depth 0.5 meter, P-row spacing ground level 0.2 meter.
Fig. 2 is shown as the gamete type Self-Incompatibility principle schematic of S-gene regulation.
Fig. 3 is shown as the tree-like structural representation of individual plant of pruning structure sizing.In figure, A-mechanical work height, mechanical work height 1.5 meters; B-heading height 1.1 meters, C-field planting bandwidth is 1.5 meters, D-tree crown, E-ground floor major branch, and F-spreading angle is 60 degree.
Fig. 4 is the utility model overall structure schematic diagram.In figure, 1-almond, 2-interrow crop, 3-almond ditch, 4-interrow crop planting site, 5-almond drip irrigation is in charge of, and 6-interrow crop drip irrigation is in charge of, 7-almond house steward, 8-interrow crop house steward, 9-valve, house steward 10-.
Fig. 5 is shown as the dynamic changing curve figure of almond physiological fallen fruit rate.
Fig. 6 is shown as variation diagram annual period of N, P content in almond leaf development process.
Fig. 7 is shown as variation diagram annual period of K, B content in almond leaf development process.
Fig. 8 is shown as the variation diagram of K, B content in almond fruit growth course.
Fig. 9 is shown as the variation diagram of N, P content in almond fruit growth course.
Figure 10 is shown as almond intercropping plant instance graph.
Embodiment
, for embodiment, the present invention is described below, but the present invention is not limited to following embodiment.
The supplementary material such as all almond seedling selected in the present invention, nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer, bud treasured, golden boron potassium, winter rape is all that this area is common, but do not limit enforcement of the present invention, in addition, in following explanation, if no special instructions, relate to all ‰ all refers to w/w quality permillage or weight part ratio meter.
Embodiment one: the implantation methods of almond Sustainable high yield stable yields under Intercropping
The present invention have devised the implantation methods of almond Sustainable high yield stable yields under a set of scientific and reasonable Intercropping; the method collection field planting pattern, variety matching, pruning, fruit tree moisturizing, in the ranks plant between boundary belt winter rape, prevention young fruit come off, science application growth regulator seven kinds of Integration ofTechnology; reach the almond output that both can ensure then; do not affect again intercropping crops in the ranks; also can promote almond flower bud differentiation; reach the object forming Second Year output, concrete implantation methods step is as follows:
(1) intercropping plant is at almond boundary belt interplanting in the ranks winter rape, and with wheat be representative cereal crops or using cotton, the rape economic crops that are representative as the crops of intercropping plant.
(2) field planting pattern: adopt the cropping pattern being suitable for 3 meters * 7 meters of intercropping, the line-spacing of wherein almond plantation is 7 meters, and spacing in the rows is 3 meters, and mu strain number is 31 strains.
(3) variety matching: adopt the almond variety matching based on " S-genotype ", requires that the S-genotype of field planting adjacent almond kind is completely not identical.
(4) pruning: utilize pruning technique almond to be trimmed to high level cadre's layering shape tree-shaped.
Described pruning technique is that almond determines trunk apart from 1.1 meters, ground; Select and remain in 20 centimetres of shaping strip under clip 3-4 major branch, distribution straggly in a different direction, forms the 1st layer of major branch, retains center leader's branch simultaneously and continues upwards to extend, Second Year cutting back the 1st layer of major branch; 3-4 major branch of selecting and remain on the center of 80 centimetres, distance the 1st layer of each major branch is dry forms the 2nd layer, leaves center leader's branch simultaneously; Two-layer major branch wants straggly opening up and down, can not overlap each other, and after the 2nd layer of each major branch is shaped, cultivates the 3rd layer of major branch, wipes out center leader's branch, make treetop happy after the 3rd layer of each major branch is shaped; Topmost major branch should be oblique or horizontal direction, and major branch base angle is 60 degree, and the 1st layer of major branch stays 3-4 side shoot, and the 2nd layer of major branch stays 2-3 side shoot, and straggly opening is wanted in the arrangement of side shoot on major branch.
(5) fruit tree moisturizing: almond garden should configure two cover irrigation systems before intercropping, first set is fruit tree irrigation system, and the second cover is intercropping crop irrigation systems; Fruit tree irrigation system needs the fruit tree field planting ditch first put in order, during newly-built combination of forestal and agricultural crops almond garden field planting, on the fruit tree field planting band of 1.5 meters wide, trench digging digs cave field planting, ditch both sides ridging, ridge height 0.20cm, row spacing 25cm, the cross section of plantation ditch is made to be trapezoidal after ridging, up big and down small, hem width 1m, lower hem width 0.8cm on plantation ditch, the degree of depth is 0.5cm, and almond nursery stock digs cave field planting in ditch.
(6) winter rape is planted between boundary belt in the ranks: be used for attract insect at the winter rape of planting between boundary belt of almond almond is pollinated in the ranks, winter rape implantation methods adopts two kinds: one is that winter rape is planted in almond orchard surrounding, does not affect other crops of almond fruit tree intercropping in the ranks; The second is direct is that intercropping crops are directly planted in almond fruit tree in the ranks with winter rape.
(7) prevent young fruit spillout technique: almond contain spend after 17 days, almond young fruit comes off before peak and imposes nitrogen, phosphorus, K composite fertilizer, N:P in composite fertilizer
2o
5: K
2o mixes according to mass ratio 1:1:0.5, and the every strain of first fruit phase almond fruit tree of 4-6 is spreaded manuer in holes 1 kilogram of composite fertilizer, and the every strain of fruit tree in the full bearing period of more than 7 years is spreaded manuer in holes 2 kilograms of composite fertilizers, waters permeable after fertilising immediately.
(8) apply growth regulator: ‰ according to w/w quality permillage meter, respectively spray 1 ‰ buds at almond full-bloom stage and fallen flowers phase precious to promote bear fruit and prevent coming off of young fruit; Summer shoot grows into flower bud differentiation period to start to spray 1 ‰ gold medal boron potassium every 15 days, continuous 3 times, to promote the differentiation of bud, forms the output of Second Year.
The above-mentioned implantation methods of almond Sustainable high yield stable yields under Intercropping provided is provided, the almond field planting pattern efficiently solving objective reality in prior art is chaotic, variety matching does not have scientific basis, intercropping is particularly thorny, the problem that comes off for the honeybee wretched insufficiency of supplementary pollination, young fruit and the technical problem such as growth regulator application is unreasonable, how under Intercropping, to make almond Sustainable high yield stable yields, application field planting pattern technology carries out field planting to almond, the line-spacing determining almond plantation is 7 meters, and spacing in the rows is 3 meters; On the basis of the variety matching technology based on " S-genotype ", the almond of different " S-genotype " is planted, improves the ripening rate of almond; Adopt pruning technique almond to be trimmed to high level cadre's layering shape tree-shaped, be beneficial to the utilization of almond for illumination; Apply rational irrigation system to irrigate almond and a kind crop, both saved water, the demand of Different Crop to moisture can be met again; Carry out attract insect by the method for planting winter rape in the ranks between boundary belt to pollinate to almond, increase almond pollination insemination rate; By to the almond of the different age of tree different periods use nitrogen, phosphorus, K composite fertilizer method prevent coming off of almond young fruit; And promote that almond is beared fruit by the feasible application growth regulator technology of concrete science, prevent coming off and promoting the differentiation of almond bud of young fruit, these technical measures have integrality, globality and inseparability, thus make almond entirety obtain significant stable high yield.These technical characteristics have integrality and globality becomes necessity technical step and the scheme that preparation the application provides " under a kind of Intercropping almond Sustainable high yield stable yields implantation methods ", purport of the present invention is on prior art basis, utilize present planting technology, pruning technique, fruit tree water supplement technology combines with feasible variety matching technical know-how, creationary selecting plants winter rape technology in the ranks between boundary belt, the concrete viable process of the science application technology of prevention young fruit spillout technique and growth regulator, thus obtain the implantation methods of almond Sustainable high yield stable yields under Intercropping, thus both can ensure almond output then, do not affect again intercropping crops in the ranks, also can promote almond flower bud differentiation, reach the object forming Second Year output, realize the significant technique effect of stable high yield of almond.
Embodiment two: the determination of almond field planting pattern
Rational distance between rows and hills is the important content that almond is rationally planted, and it is related between almond plant and competition to water, fertilizer, sunlight etc. between almond and a kind crop, is related to individual growing, is also related to utility rate of luminous energy and the land utilization rate of colony.When distance between rows and hills is excessive, individual plant living space is large, sunlight, moisture, nutrient, air are sufficient, and ontogeny is good, and branch early, branch is many, robust growth, high and the neat and consistent of single productive forces, but due to the strain number in unit are very few, namely population density is too small, colony's utility rate of luminous energy and land utilization rate low, be difficult to high yield.Conversely, distance between rows and hills is too small, and because plant is overstocked in field distribution, too violent to the competition of liquid manure, sunlight etc. between individuality, easily occur strong and weak seedling phenomenon, grow irregular, branch is few, slow, weak, and per plant is few, and population yield is not high yet.So reasonably distance between rows and hills the individual growth of almond is grown and population yield and a kind crop grow and population yield has important impact.The size of seeding row spacing, according to the height of seeds, tree crown size etc. because usually determining, rational seeding row spacing is conducive to trees and a growth of kind crop and the Appropriate application of land resources.
The definition base of almond seeding row spacing:
1, the establishment of line-spacing.The line-spacing of almond field planting is defined as 7 meters, and definition base is: wheat cultivation machine sowing is wide 5.4 meters, almond field planting bandwidth 1.5 meters; Cotton three width film is wide 5.6 meters, field planting bandwidth 1.5 meters, the mechanical planting feature of comprehensive wheat and cotton, determines that the line-spacing of almond is 7 meters.
2, the establishment of spacing in the rows.The row strain of almond field planting is defined as 3 meters, and definition base is: adopt rational close planting, encrypt between strain, both ensured a mu strain number, be convenient to pruning again, made not re-posted impact mutually between almond strain, determine 3 meters of spacing in the rows, if almond is preced with closing overlap between body strain after 10 years, 6 meters can be become by intermediate cutting.
To sum up, in almond and crop intercropping system, plant seeding row spacing is 3 meters × 7 meters, and mu strain number is 31 strains.See accompanying drawing 1.
Embodiment three: based on the variety matching technology of " S-genotype "
Almond kind generally has gametophytic self-incompatibility, multiple allele by single site controls, cultivation all needs configuration pollinated variety to ensure that stable yields is got bumper crops on producing, each interracial compatibility must be considered during configuration pollinated variety, and interracial compatibility and S-Rnases genotype (control the allelomorph of self-compatibility, be called for short S-gene) between there are close ties, almond self-incompatibillity and S-genotype is separated owing to producing can not enter, there is certain blindness and empirical in the configuration of pollinizers, causes the low receipts of low yield.
Citing: S-genotype is all S
1s
2the kind of type is pollinated completely not affine, shaky mutually; S-genotype is S
1s
2the kind of type and S-genotype are S
1s
3the kind pollination of type is partly not affine, have offspring, but ripening rate is lower; S-genotype is S
1s
2the kind of type and S-genotype are S
3s
4the kind pollination of type, completely affine, ripening rate is high.See accompanying drawing 2.
Based on above-mentioned principle, in production, S-genotype is S
n1s
25" flag head " can not be S as S-genotype
n1s
25the pollinizers of " short rich ", S-genotype is S
15s
17" Sha Zhou " and S-genotype be S
15s
17" ruby " between can not to arrange in pairs or groups plantation, S-genotype is S
n1s
25" short rich " and S-genotype be S
63s
n1" two fruit " between should not to arrange in pairs or groups plantation, and S-genotype is S
50s
61" leatheroid ", S-genotype be S
10s
24" olecranon ", S-genotype be S
63s
n1" two fruit " collocation kind be implanted with good Pollination Effect.Same S-genotype is S
50s
61" leatheroid " and S-genotype be S
n1s
25" short rich " collocation plantation can obtain high yield.
Embodiment four: the tree-like and pruning technique of high level cadre's laminated devices
Almond mainly adopts the high level cadre's layering shape tree-shaped being not only conducive to getting bumper crops but also being beneficial to fruit tree-crop interplanting.
1, the determination of heading height and ground floor major branch spreading angle: maximum spreading angle Y=90 °-arctg (150-X)/75
If the almond body in almond and crops System neither affects mechanical work, do not affect again the output of fruit tree, then the heading height of almond treelet is minimum is 110cm, and now the maximum spreading angle of ground floor major branch is 60 °.Therefore, determine the maximum spreading angle of the ground floor major branch of almond be 60 ° see accompanying drawing 3.
2, high level cadre's layering shape tree-shaped feature and pruning technique
(1) tree-like feature: almond has obvious center to do, and divide 3 layers up and down, interlamellar spacing controls at 60 centimetres, and every layer is stayed 3 ~ 4 major branches, and major branch layering raw.Major branch quantity remains on 10 ~ 15, is staggered to surrounding spiral, up-small and down-big.
(2) shaping main points: almond is fixed dry apart from, 1.1 meters, ground.Select and remain in 20 centimetres of shaping strip under clip 3-4 major branch, distribution straggly in a different direction, forms the 1st layer of major branch, leaves the stronger dry continuation of center leader simultaneously and upwards extends, cutting back in the coming year the 1st layer of major branch.3-4 major branch of selecting and remain on the center of distance the 1st layer of each major branch 80 cm is dry forms the 2nd layer, leaves center leader's branch simultaneously.Two-layer major branch wants straggly opening up and down, can not overlap each other.After 2nd layer of each major branch is shaped, cultivate the 3rd layer of major branch, wipe out center leader's branch after the 3rd layer of each major branch is shaped, make treetop happy, generally happy in the treetop of the 4th year almond.Major branch should be oblique or horizontal direction, and major branch base angle is 60 degree.1st layer of major branch stays 3-4 side shoot, the 2nd layer of major branch stays 2 ~ 3 side shoots.Straggly opening is wanted in the arrangement of side shoot on major branch.
(3) winter pruning technology: First Year winter pruning: select ground floor major branch apart from ground 120 centimeters, all erase with undershoot for 120 centimetres, to 3-4 major branches chosen, spreading angle, make major branch base angle reach 60 degree, and full bud is short under 40-60 centimeters stays the back of the body cuts to elongated shoot.Select to occupy that tree body centre position, growing way are good, orthostatic is strong as in dry, and apart from ground floor major branch 80 centimeters cutting back.In small stems on dry and each skeleton branch should retain as far as possible, branch on each skeleton branch is uniformly distributed.
Second Year winter pruning: to ground floor 3-4 major branches, elongated shoot, proceed cutting back, length is 40-50 centimetre, removes water sprout on it, overstocked branch, competitive branch, all the other branches get rid of put motionless, the dry elongated shoot of centering proceeds cutting back, length 80 cm, the branch that centering sends every 25-30 centimetre stays a spreading angle to 90 °, and is staggered, spiral, motionlessly cuts.
Winter pruning in 3rd year: prune identical with Second Year to the elongated shoot of skeleton branch, from the 3rd year, take pains cultivation results branch group, stay 20 centimetres of cutting backs to skeleton branch, back vertical branch, clip stays flat oblique branchlet place.
Bearing-age tree winter pruning: each skeleton branch angle of opening a business, then removes too much overlapping and has a strong impact on the bough of illumination.Will to fall in time head to too high bough, utilize the lower flat oblique bough of the back of the body to change head, fully pull open interlayer, light lead enters thorax; Thoroughly remove deadwood, dead arm, the serious branch of damage by disease and insect, improve local light and shine; Sagging to some, very thin, fruit-bearing shoot cluster will retract to new line bifurcation in time.
The winter pruning of old and feeble tree: heavily cut skeleton branch, lift-augmented mechanism promotes Growth status.Cutting back and retraction side shoot while, remove little, weak, close branch, Second Year need remove overstocked sprout tillers branch.Retain suitable water sprout, replace old and without the branch of output, set up new tree crown.
(4) summer pruning technology: treelet has been selected and remain the position of ground floor 3 ~ 4 major branches, by supportting, drawing, push up, hang, the method such as pendant, the first transaction of a day's business base angle, keeps major branch base angle 60 degree; Sparse branching, dredge the tip, remove the young sprout that skeleton branch and the too much overstocked young sprout of interior thorax and orthostatic are stronger; Pinching, turn round the tip, by branch, when young sprout grows to 20 ~ 30 centimetres, can pinching be carried out, carry out turning round the tip at the semi-lignified major branch of base portion 3 ~ 5 centimeters simultaneously, change the direction of growth.
Bearing-age tree a: angle of release is drawn in the piling of summer pruning iron wire, and light lead enters thorax; Remove interior thorax water sprout, the young sprout that over growth is overstocked, based on light pruning.
Conclusion: utilize pruning technique almond to be trimmed to high level cadre's layering shape tree-shaped, described pruning technique is that almond determines trunk apart from 1.1 meters, ground; Select and remain in 20 centimetres of shaping strip under clip 3-4 major branch, distribution straggly in a different direction, forms the 1st layer of major branch, retains center leader's branch simultaneously and continues upwards to extend, Second Year cutting back the 1st layer of major branch; 3-4 major branch of selecting and remain on the center of 80 centimetres, distance the 1st layer of each major branch is dry forms the 2nd layer, leaves center leader's branch simultaneously; Two-layer major branch wants straggly opening up and down, can not overlap each other, and after the 2nd layer of each major branch is shaped, cultivates the 3rd layer of major branch, wipes out center leader's branch, make treetop happy after the 3rd layer of each major branch is shaped; Topmost major branch should be oblique or horizontal direction, and major branch base angle is 60 degree, and the 1st layer of major branch stays 3-4 side shoot, and the 2nd layer of major branch stays 2-3 side shoot, and straggly opening is wanted in the arrangement of side shoot on major branch.
Embodiment five: the technology of fruit tree moisturizing under Intercropping
Irrigate the technical measures of supplementing moisture needed for crop with being.In order to ensure crop normal growth, obtaining stable high yield, crop must be supplied with the moisture of abundance.Under field conditions (factors), uneven often because of precipitation deficit or distribution, can not meet crop to moisture requirement.Therefore, must irrigate artificially, to mend the deficiency of natural rainfall.Irrigation principle is irrigation volume, irrigation frequency and time will to be wanted in good time according to medicinal plant water-requiring property, growing stage, weather, soil condition and determining, appropriate, Rational Irrigation.
Almond garden should configure two cover irrigation systems before intercropping, and first set is fruit tree irrigation system, and the second cover is intercropping crop irrigation systems.Fruit tree irrigation system needs the fruit tree field planting ditch that will put in order.Two cover irrigation systems are watered respectively because the key of fruit tree and interrow crop needs the water phase different, farthest reduce influencing each other between almond and interrow crop.See accompanying drawing 4.
Conclusion: it is as follows that almond of the present invention (1) and interrow crop (1) irrigate structure: dig cave by ditching, by the field planting in ditch of almond (1) nursery stock, ditch both sides ridging, cross section is trapezoidal, up big and down small, wherein, line-spacing (G) is 7 meters, almond field planting bandwidth (C) 1.5 meters, the following width of field planting ditch (H) is 0.8 meter, and row spacing degree (K) is 0.25 meter, and field planting ditch top width (L) is 1.0 meters, the furrow degree of depth (M) is 0.5 meter, and row spacing ground level (P) is 0.2 meter; Almond (1) and interrow crop (2) irrigation system are overlapped irrigation system by two and are formed, first set is almond irrigation system, almond irrigation system comprises almond drip irrigation and is in charge of (5) and almond house steward (7), second cover is interrow crop irrigation system, and interrow crop irrigation system comprises interrow crop drip irrigation and is in charge of (6) and interrow crop house steward (8).
In the present invention, in two cover irrigation systems, after valve (9), two-way is divided by house steward (10), one tunnel is almond house steward (7), almond house steward (7) is connected to each almond drip irrigation and is in charge of (5), almond drip irrigation is in charge of (5) and is positioned at almond ditch (3) top, carries out drip irrigation to almond; Another road is interrow crop house steward (8), be connected to each interrow crop drip irrigation to be in charge of (6), interrow crop drip irrigation is in charge of (6) and is positioned on interrow crop planting site (4), drip irrigation is carried out to interrow crop, can according to the difference of interrow crop plantation on interrow crop planting site (4), the interrow crop drip irrigation arranging varying number is in charge of (6).Two cover irrigation systems are watered respectively because the key of almond and interrow crop needs the water phase different, farthest reduce influencing each other between almond and interrow crop.
Embodiment six: the attract insect pollination technique of planting winter rape in the ranks between boundary belt
Plant winter rape in 10 the middle ten days and the last ten days of last year, the flowering stage of winter rape, in about 25 days March of next year, just in time with almond flower synchronization, adds insect nectar source, thus impels the pollination of almond to inseminate.Winter rape implantation methods is by two kinds, and one is that winter rape is planted in orchard surrounding, does not affect fruit tree other crops such as intercropping wheat in the ranks; The second is direct is that intercropping crops are directly planted in fruit tree in the ranks with winter rape.
Embodiment seven: prevention young fruit spillout technique
Almond contain spend after 17 days, almond young fruit comes off before peak and imposes nitrogen, phosphorus, K composite fertilizer, N:P in composite fertilizer
2o
5: K
2o mixes according to mass ratio 1:1:0.5, and the every strain of first fruit phase almond fruit tree of 4-6 is spreaded manuer in holes 1 kilogram of composite fertilizer, and the every strain of fruit tree in the full bearing period of more than 7 years is spreaded manuer in holes 2 kilograms of composite fertilizers, waters permeable after fertilising immediately;
The scientific basis that fertilizing time is determined: almond starts to occur that young fruit comes off after Sheng is spent on the 7th day, terminated by the 47th day, whole physiological fallen fruit process lasts about 40 days, the whole young fruit physiology phase of coming off can be divided into two stages, first stage spends latter 7th day to the 22nd day from Sheng, and going through 15d, is the fast-falling phase, the accumulative fruit drop rate of this phase reaches 63.59%, and shedding number accounts for 79.06% of total shedding number; Second stage spends latter 22nd day to the 47th day from Sheng, and go through 25d, for slowly coming off the phase, this phase shedding number accounts for 20.94% of total shedding number.There is obvious premature drop boom in first physiological fallen fruit stage, and namely appear at Sheng and spend latter 17th day, its relative fruit-drop rate reaches peak, is 41.85%, and accumulative fruit drop rate now reaches 55.43%.But there is not obvious premature drop boom in second physiological fallen fruit stage.The whole almond young fruit physiology phase of coming off adds up fruit drop rate and reaches 80.43%.Therefore, before first time, premature drop boom arrived, namely contain and spend latter 17 days (generally about 20 days April) applies fertilizer, effectively can alleviate shedding.See accompanying drawing 5.
Embodiment eight: science application growth regulator
It is precious to promote bear fruit and prevent coming off of young fruit that full-bloom stage respectively sprayed 1 ‰ buds in about 25 days March and fallen flowers phase about 5 days April; Summer shoot enters flower bud differentiation period to start to spray 1 ‰ gold medal boron potassium every 15 days, continuous 3 times, to promote the differentiation of bud, forms the output of Second Year.
1 full-bloom stage and fallen flowers phase spray the foundation of twice 1 ‰ bud treasured continuously:
‰ according to w/w quality permillage meter; to spray clear water for contrast; doublely to spray at full-bloom stage and fallen flowers phase; by the composite test between these four kinds of growth regulators of gibberellin, B9, naa and ethrel and growth regulator; composite test between these three kinds of nutritive elements of urea, borax, biphosphate first and nutritive element; composite test between growth regulator and nutritive element; the application test of flower and fruit protector on almond that market is now sold; the effect of bud treasured is best from the results shown in Table 1, and fruit-setting rate is up to 14.17%.
Table 1 sprays the impact that growth regulator and nutritive element are beared fruit on almond
2, summer shoot enters the continuous foundation spraying 1 ‰ gold medal boron potassium for 3 times of flower bud differentiation period:
‰ according to w/w mass percent, the summer shoot growth of almond bearing basal shoot is in stopping in about 1 day June, start flower bud differentiation immediately, now almond fruit increases the demand of K, and summer shoot flower bud differentiation increases the demand of B, and the demand of N, P fertilizer is stablized, therefore spray 1 ‰ gold medal boron potassium for 3 times continuously in this period, the demand of fruit to K element can be met, the demand of flower bud differentiation to B element can be met again, form full bud, be conducive to blooming of next year and bear fruit.See accompanying drawing 6, accompanying drawing 7, accompanying drawing 8 and accompanying drawing 9.
Embodiment nine: technology effect case
Be positioned at 100 mu of almond gardens that Shache County diligent Re Fuxia in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Regions's carries national countryside 1 village, field planting in 2008, main breed is leatheroid, pollinated variety is two fruits etc.; Adopt the technology of present case, 2013 namely the age of tree be average strain within 7 years, can be reached produce 4.1 kilograms, the level that average yield per mu is 123 kilograms; When 2014 years i.e. the age of tree are 8 years, 5.3 kilograms of almonds are produced in the average strain of almond, and average yield per mu 159 kilograms of almonds, achieve stable high yield.
Embodiment ten: technology effect case
Be positioned at 100 mu of almond gardens in village of Shache County meter Xia township 17 of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Regions, calendar year 2001 field planting, main breed is leatheroid, pollinated variety is short rich etc.; Adopt the technology of present case, continuous 3 annual strains in 2012-2014 years are produced and are stabilized in 4.5-5.5 kilogram, and average yield per mu is stabilized in the level of 145-165 kilogram, achieves stable high yield.See accompanying drawing 10
Above-described embodiment is only for example of the present invention is clearly described, and the restriction not to embodiment.For those of ordinary skill in the field, can also make other changes in different forms on the basis of the above description.Here exhaustive without the need to also giving all embodiments.And apparent change extended thus or variation are still among protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (2)
1. the implantation methods of almond Sustainable high yield stable yields under Intercropping, it is characterized in that, concrete implantation methods comprises the steps:
(1) intercropping plant is that in the ranks to plant at almond with wheat be the cereal crops of representative, and cotton, rape are the economic crops of representative, and processing tomato, pigment capsicum are the vegetable crop of representative;
(2) field planting pattern: adopt the cropping pattern being suitable for 3 meters * 7 meters of intercropping, the line-spacing of wherein almond plantation is 7 meters, and spacing in the rows is 3 meters, and mu strain number is 31 strains;
(3) variety matching: adopt the variety matching principle based on " S genotype ", requires that the S genotype of field planting adjacent almond kind is completely not identical;
(4) pruning: utilize pruning technique almond to be trimmed to high level cadre's layering shape tree-shaped;
(5) fruit tree moisturizing: almond garden should configure two cover irrigation systems before intercropping, first set is fruit tree irrigation system, and the second cover is intercropping crop irrigation systems; Fruit tree irrigation system needs the fruit tree field planting ditch first put in order, during newly-built combination of forestal and agricultural crops almond garden field planting, on the fruit tree field planting band of 1.5 meters wide, trench digging digs cave field planting, ditch both sides ridging, high 0.20 cm in ridge, row spacing 25 cm, the cross section of plantation ditch is made to be trapezoidal after ridging, up big and down small, hem width 1m, lower hem width 0.8cm on plantation ditch, the degree of depth is 0.5cm, and almond nursery stock digs cave field planting in ditch;
(6) winter rape is planted between boundary belt in the ranks: be used for attract insect at the winter rape of planting between boundary belt of almond almond is pollinated in the ranks, winter rape implantation methods adopts two kinds: one is that winter rape is planted in almond orchard surrounding, does not affect almond fruit tree other crops such as intercropping wheat in the ranks; The second is direct is that intercropping crops are directly planted in almond fruit tree in the ranks with winter rape;
(7) prevent young fruit spillout technique: almond contain spend after 17 days, almond young fruit comes off before peak and imposes nitrogen, phosphorus, K composite fertilizer, N:P in composite fertilizer
2o
5: K
2o mixes according to mass ratio 1:1:0.5, and the every strain of first fruit phase almond fruit tree of 4-6 is spreaded manuer in holes 1 kilogram of composite fertilizer, and the every strain of fruit tree in the full bearing period of more than 7 years is spreaded manuer in holes 2 kilograms of composite fertilizers, waters permeable after fertilising immediately;
(8) growth regulator is applied: respectively spray 1 ‰ buds at almond full-bloom stage and fallen flowers phase precious to promote bear fruit and prevent coming off of young fruit; Summer shoot grows into flower bud differentiation period to start to spray 1 ‰ gold medal boron potassium every 15 days, continuous 3 times, to promote the differentiation of bud, forms the output of Second Year.
2. the implantation methods of almond Sustainable high yield stable yields under Intercropping as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, described pruning technique is that almond determines trunk apart from 1.1 meters, ground; Select and remain in 20 centimetres of shaping strip under clip 3-4 major branch, distribution straggly in a different direction, forms the 1st layer of major branch, retains center leader's branch simultaneously and continues upwards to extend, Second Year cutting back the 1st layer of major branch; 3-4 major branch of selecting and remain on the center of 80 centimetres, distance the 1st layer of each major branch is dry forms the 2nd layer, leaves center leader's branch simultaneously; Two-layer major branch wants straggly opening up and down, can not overlap each other, and after the 2nd layer of each major branch is shaped, cultivates the 3rd layer of major branch, wipes out center leader's branch, make treetop happy after the 3rd layer of each major branch is shaped; Major branch should be oblique or horizontal direction, and major branch base angle is 60 degree, and the 1st layer of major branch stays 3-4 side shoot, and the 2nd layer of major branch stays 2-3 side shoot, and straggly opening is wanted in the arrangement of side shoot on major branch.
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| CN110583347B (en) * | 2019-10-23 | 2022-01-28 | 南京林业大学 | Cultivation method of high-stem cherry blossom trees |
| CN112042458A (en) * | 2020-09-28 | 2020-12-08 | 承德碧和源山桃有限公司 | Wild peach planting device and method |
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