CN104855224B - Planting method for achieving continuous high and stable almond yield under intercropping condition - Google Patents
Planting method for achieving continuous high and stable almond yield under intercropping condition Download PDFInfo
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- CN104855224B CN104855224B CN201510289153.7A CN201510289153A CN104855224B CN 104855224 B CN104855224 B CN 104855224B CN 201510289153 A CN201510289153 A CN 201510289153A CN 104855224 B CN104855224 B CN 104855224B
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Abstract
The invention discloses a planting method for achieving continuous high and stable almond yield under the intercropping condition. The line spaces of almond trees are determined by utilizing a fixed planting mode, a 3 meters * 7 meters planting mode suitable for intercropping is adopted, S-genotype varieties are adopted for matching, a trimming and pruning technology is adopted for high-trunk layered trees, a fruit tree moisturizing technology is adopted to meet the water demands of the almond trees and inter-planted crops, winter rapes are inter-planted in protective zones among lines to promote fertilization and insemination of the almond trees, a young fruit abscission prevention technology is adopted to decrease fruit abscission of the almond trees, and a growth regulator is applied to promote fruit setting of the almond trees, decrease fruit abscission of the almond trees and promote flower bud differentiation of the almond trees. The technical problems of the disorder fixed planting mode of the almond trees, variety matching without scientific basis, serious intercropping contradiction, severe insufficiency of bees for supplementary pollination, young fruit abscission and unreasonable growth regulator application are solved, accordingly the almond yield in the current year can be ensured, crops inter-planted among lines are not influenced, the purpose of obtaining the yield of the next year is achieved, and high and stable almond yield is achieved.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to agricultural technology field, relates generally to a kind of plantation skill of almond Sustainable high yield stable yields under Intercropping
Art field.
Background technology
Almond is a kind of very popular nut, mainly originates from the Kaxgar Prefecture in Xinjiang in China.Almond strong drought resistance, can
Make the stock of Fructus Persicae and Fructus Pruni.Timber is hard, light red, and polishability is good, can make knickknack and lathe turner's apparatus.Almond core is fatty,
Emulsin, Semen Armeniacae Amarum element, with nutrient substance such as saccharides, can be used as the raw material in confection, cake, pharmacy and cosmetics industry.
The material proposed in nucleocapsid can make the coloring agent of drinks.V in per 100 grams of almond coreEUp to 27.12 grams of content, contains in nut
Measure higher, VEThere is defying age；In almond core, contained ellagic acid has antioxidation, the function of antiinflammatory, VE, ellagic acid with
And other nutrient substance collective effects can resist many chronic diseases and cancer, be the good fruit of dietetic therapy.
Amygdalus Rosaceae Lee's subfamily Fructus Persicae belongs to arbor, is world-renowned dry fruit and woody oleiferous plants crop, is distributed widely in generation
Boundary various places, with important nutrition and economic worth.Xinjiang is one of centre of origin of world's almond, and China's almond is unique
Main producing region, cultivation history is long.Xinjiang almond fruit-setting rate and yield poorly down at present, by taking strain yield as an example, U.S.'s almond is average
Yield reaches 10 kilograms/plant, and China's almond main producing region Xinjiang is only 2-3 kilogram/plant, is the 1/5-1/3 of the U.S. and Iran.Separately
Outward, Xinjiang is scarcely populated and oasis area is little, and per capita area of cultivated farmland is few, and fruit tree-crop interplanting is to increase the major way of farmers' income.
To ensure the strategic security of grain, what Xinjiang almond was mainly cultivated using the pattern of the combination of forestal and agricultural crops, with external building well formula
Planting type is compared, and catch cropping formula building well makes the planting type of fruit tree there occurs change because of in the ranks catch cropping crops, therefore how
The cultivation technique for developing the almond stable high yield under this unique almond combination of forestal and agricultural crops cultivation mode in Xinjiang is pendulum at me
In face of top priority, while being also the urgent needss of numerous orchard workers.
Xinjiang almond cultivation at present is primarily present the stable high yield that problem following prominent have impact on almond：One is field planting mould
Formula is chaotic, and being colonized adopted spacing in the rows and line-spacing does not have the foundation of science, causes farming season to operate the reduction of production efficiency；Two is base
Do not know about in the not affine mechanism of the selfing of S- genotype, variety matching does not have scientific basis, causes the reduction of fruit-setting rate；Between three are
Make particularly thorny, because the contradiction of farming season operation interacts between water, fertilizer, tree structure between crops and almond；Four is for auxiliary
Help the Apiss wretched insufficiency of pollination；Five to be that the science topdressed of almond needs fertile period define indefinite, in the selection of time topdressed
Arbitrarily, DeGrain, the young fruit problem that comes off are serious；Six is that growth regulator application is unreasonable.
Jing is retrieved, and has no that comprehensively solving almond field planting pattern confusion, variety matching using certain planting technology does not have at present
Have scientific basis, catch cropping is particularly thorny, the Apiss wretched insufficiency for supple-mentary pollination, young fruit come off problem and growth regulator
Using it is unreasonable the problems such as implantation methods, cause the setting percentage of almond low, the resource such as the yielding poorly of almond, soil is not obtained
The problems such as rationally utilizing.
The content of the invention
For having no that solving almond field planting pattern confusion, pollinated variety using planting technology in almond field of planting takes at present
With the Apiss wretched insufficiency, young fruit for not having scientific basis, catch cropping particularly thorny, for supple-mentary pollination come off problem and growth adjust
The technical deficiency of the section prior art objective reality such as agent application is unreasonable, also has no and is ensureing almond yield then, do not affect
In the ranks catch cropping crops, may additionally facilitate almond bud differentiation, reach to form the second annual production, maintain the plantation of almond stable high yield
The report of technology.It is contemplated that in the implantation methods for providing almond Sustainable high yield stable yields under a kind of Intercropping, it is therefore intended that
Using cropping pattern, variety matching, pruning, fruit tree moisturizing, in the ranks protect interband kind winter rape, prevention young fruit come off and
Scientific application plant growth regulating multiple technologies assembled scheme both can ensure that almond yield then planting almond, and not
In the ranks catch cropping crops are affected, almond bud differentiation is may additionally facilitate, is reached the purpose to form the second annual production, for realizing almond
Stable high yield have great importance.
The main technical schemes that the present invention is adopted：
The present invention provides a kind of implantation methods of almond Sustainable high yield stable yields under Intercropping, is a set of scientific and reasonable
Under Intercropping, the implantation methods of almond Sustainable high yield stable yields are realized.Screening of this implantation methods by almond seedling, utilizes
Field planting pattern determines that the seeding row spacing of almond, variety matching technology determine the S- genotype of collocation pollination almond, pruning skill
Art is majored in the requirement, in the ranks for being cut to that high level cadre layering shape tree-shaped, fruit tree water supplement technology realize almond and a kind crop water by almond
Protection interband kind winter rape promotes the pollination insemination of almond, prevention young fruit spillout technique to alleviate the shedding of almond, scientific application life
Long regulator technology promotes the shedding of the almond of bearing fruit, alleviate of almond and promotes the bud differentiation of almond, is carried using the present invention
For overall Intercropping under almond Sustainable high yield stable yields implantation methods, so as to both can ensure that almond yield then, and
Catch cropping crops in the ranks are not affected, almond bud differentiation is may additionally facilitate, the purpose to form the second annual production is reached, is realized almond
Stable high yield.
The present invention specifically provides a kind of implantation methods of almond Sustainable high yield stable yields under Intercropping, concrete implantation methods bag
Include following steps：
(1) intercropping plant be almond in the ranks protection band interplanting winter rape, and the cereal crops with Semen Tritici aestivi as representative or
Crops of the industrial crops using Cotton Gossypii, Brassica campestris L as representative as intercropping plant.
(2) it is colonized pattern：Using the cropping pattern of be suitable to catch cropping 3 meters * 7 meters, the line-spacing of wherein almond plantation is 7 meters,
Spacing in the rows is 3 meters, and mu strain number is 31 plants.
(3) variety matching：Using the almond variety matching based on " S- genotype ", it is desirable to be colonized the S- of adjacent almond kind
Genotype is differed completely.
(4) pruning：Almond is trimmed to into high level cadre's layering shape tree-shaped using pruning technique.
The pruning technique 1.1 meters determines trunk away from ground for almond, and select and remain in 20 centimetres of shaping strip under clip 3-4 master
Branch, distribution straggly in a different direction, form the 1st layer of major branch, while reservation center leader's branch continues up extension, Second Year
The 1st layer of major branch of cutting back；3-4 major branch of selecting and remain on the center away from 80 centimetres of the 1st layer of each major branch is dry forms the 2nd layer, while leaving
Branch is led at center；Two-layer major branch wants straggly opening up and down, it is impossible to overlap each other, and after the 2nd layer of each major branch shaping, cultivates the 3rd layer of major branch,
Center leader's branch is wiped out after 3rd layer of each major branch shaping, makes treetop happy；Topmost major branch should be oblique or horizontal direction, major branch
Base angle is 60 degree, and 3-4 side shoot is stayed on the 1st layer of major branch, and 2-3 side shoot is stayed on the 2nd layer of major branch, and arrangement of the side shoot on major branch will
It is straggly to open.
(5) fruit tree moisturizing：Almond garden should configure two sets of irrigation systems before catch cropping, and first set is fruit tree irrigation system, the
Two sets is catch cropping crop irrigation systems；Fruit tree irrigation system needs the fruit tree first put in order to be colonized ditch, and the newly-built combination of forestal and agricultural crops is flat
Fruit tree field planting when peach garden is colonized at 1.5 meters wide takes trench digging digging cave and is colonized, ditch both sides ridging, the high 0.20cm in ridge, row spacing 25cm,
Make the cross section of plantation ditch trapezoidal after ridging, up big and down small, hem width 1m, lower hem width 0.8cm on plantation ditch, depth is 0.5cm,
Almond nursery stock digs cave field planting in ditch.
(6) in the ranks protect interband kind winter rape：It is used for attracting insecticide pair in the interband of the protection in the ranks plantation winter rape of almond
Almond is pollinated, and winter rape implantation methods adopt two kinds：One kind is that winter rape is planted in almond orchard surrounding, does not affect almond
Fruit tree catch cropping in the ranks other crops；Second is directly directly to be planted in almond fruit tree row by catch cropping crops of winter rape
Between.
(7) prevent young fruit spillout technique：17 days after almond full blossom, almond young fruit come off impose before peak nitrogen,
Phosphorus, K composite fertilizer, N in compound fertilizer:P2O5:K2The mixing of O is according to mass ratio 1:1:0.5 mixing, the first fruiting period almond fruit of 4-6
Per plant of 1 kilogram of compound fertilizer of spreading manuer in holes of tree, per plant of the best fruiting period fruit tree of more than 7 years spread manuer in holes 2 kilograms of compound fertilizer, are irrigated after fertilising immediately
Water.
(8) apply growth regulator：‰, according to quality permillage meter, respectively sprays once in almond full-bloom stage and fallen flowers phase
1 ‰ alabastrums are precious promoting to bear fruit and prevent coming off for young fruit；Summer shoot grows into flower bud differentiation period and starts to spray 1 ‰ every 15 days
Golden boron potassium, continuous 3 times, to promote the differentiation of bud, forms the yield of Second Year.
The present invention is in order to solve that almond field planting pattern is chaotic, variety matching does not have that scientific basis, catch cropping are particularly thorny, be used for
The Apiss wretched insufficiency of supple-mentary pollination, young fruit come off the skill of problem and the existing considerable presence such as growth regulator application is unreasonable
How art problem, cause almond Sustainable high yield stable yields under Intercropping, almond be colonized using field planting pattern technology, really
The line-spacing for having determined almond plantation is 7 meters, and spacing in the rows is 3 meters；On the basis of the variety matching technology based on " S- genotype ", to not
Collocation plantation is carried out with the almond kind of " S- genotype ", the setting percentage of almond is improve；Using pruning technique by almond
High level cadre's layering shape tree-shaped is trimmed to, is beneficial to almond for farming season mechanically actuated and the utilization of illumination；Using rational irrigation it is
System is irrigated to almond and a kind crop, has both been saved water, disclosure satisfy that demand of the Different Crop to moisture again；By in the ranks
The method of protection interband kind winter rape increases almond pollination insemination rate attracting insecticide to pollinate almond；By to difference
The almond of the age of tree applies the method for nitrogen, phosphorus, K composite fertilizer in the period of different preventing coming off for almond young fruit；And by concrete
The feasible application growth regulator technology of science promotes almond to bear fruit, prevent coming off and promoting the differentiation of almond bud for young fruit,
These technical measures have integrity, globality and inseparability so that almond integrally to obtain significant high yield steady
Produce, and then obtain significant technique effect, i.e., the implantation methods of almond Sustainable high yield stable yields under Intercropping, so as to both can be with
Ensure almond yield then, and do not affect catch cropping crops in the ranks, may additionally facilitate almond bud differentiation, reach to form Second Year
The purpose of yield, realizes the stable high yield of almond.These technical characteristics have integrity and globality become preparation the application carry
For the necessity technical step and scheme of " almond Sustainable high yield stable yields implantation methods under a kind of Intercropping ", present subject matter exists
In prior art basis, using present planting technology, pruning technique, fruit tree water supplement technology and feasible kind
Collocation technical know-how combines, creative selection in the ranks protect interband kind winter rape technology, prevention young fruit spillout technique and
The concrete viable process of the scientific application technology of growth regulator, so that the characteristics of almond reaches stable high yield, ability
Acquisition can make the yield more than 7 years age of trees into the almond garden in the best fruiting period maintain 4-5 kilogram of average strain product, average yield per mu 120-
150 kilograms of level, realizes the stable high yield of almond so that land resource and water resource are reasonably utilized.
In the present invention, the industry slang being related to：
S- genotype：Plant be pollinated it is middle domination pollen and style property gene, it decide fertility and infertility property
Matter.It is a kind of breeding system that higher plant is formed to realize allogamy and genetic recombination that selfing is not affine.It is not affine
Property controlled (S represents sterility-sterility) by s sites multiple alleless in heredity, this system can be divided into two classes：Spore
Daughter selfing is not affine (SSI) and gametocyte selfing not affine (CSI), most self-incompatible plants be gametocyte from
Hand over not affine.This kind of plant is controlled by single S sites more, and the not affine Phenotype of selfing of pollen is decided by the monoploid of itself
Gene, when the S genes of pollen are identical with one of the allele of gynoecium, pollen is just ostracised, so as to show selfing
It is not affine.
Trunk：From more than root neck to raw first branch part, referred to as trunk is also trunk.
Branch is led at center：Center leader's branch is exactly the prolongation of trunk, is the backbone of tree crown center vertical growth upwards
Branch.
Major branch：Therefrom understand tacitly and lead mitogenetic bough out on branch, use as tree crown main skeleton.
Side shoot：The mitogenetic branch out from major branch, growth potential are only weaker than major branch.
Summer shoot：Month in spring 4-6 the new branch that grows of plant.
Actually above industry slang is concept well known within the skill of those ordinarily skilled, can also pass through the common work in this area
Tool book and textbook inquiry.
Following beneficial effect can be reached by implementing the specific content of the invention of the present invention：
(1) realize the stable high yield of almond plantation：Almond is planted using the inventive method, increases can the yield of almond
Plus, the yield of usual Xinjiang of China area almond is 2-3 kilogram/plant, and the diligent Re Fuxia of Xinjiang of China Shache County carries 1 village of national countryside
Almond is planted using implantation methods of the present invention, the average strain of the age of tree almond of 7 years produces 4.1 kilograms, 123 kilograms of average yield per mu；It is located at
Almond, calendar year 2001 field planting, 2012 are planted using implantation methods of the present invention in 100 mu of almond gardens in 17 village of Xinjiang Shache County meter Xia townshiies
The continuous 3 annual strain of -2014 years years is produced and is stablized at 4.5-5.5 kilogram, and the level at 145-165 kilogram is stablized in average yield per mu.This
Inventive method can increase the yield of almond, realize the stable high yield of almond.
(2) land resource is reasonably used：Using the inventive method when almond is planted, can be between almond
The interplanting others crops such as winter rape or Semen Tritici aestivi so that land resource obtains rational exploitation and utilization, while agriculture can also be increased
The income of the people.
(3) the reasonable utilization of water resource：Contain two sets of irrigation systems, therefore a kind crop and almond tool in the inventive method
There are different irrigation systems, both met utilization of the Different Crop to water, also a saving water resource.
(4) implantation methods are simple：The inventive method attracts the animals pair such as insecticide, Apiss by a method of kind winter rape
Almond carries out pollination insemination, and it is not enough for the bee numbers of supple-mentary pollination to compensate for almond garden, while also reducing the throwing of peasant
Enter fund.
(5) it is easy to do mechanization operation：The present invention is by the application of high level cadre's laminated devices tree structure, it is to avoid in almond row
Between when carrying out proportion of crop planting, agricultural machinery and the interactional contradiction of almond branch ensure that the normal growth of almond,
It is easy to the mechanization of agricultural production again, improves peasant's farming season production efficiency.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is shown as almond newly-built garden field planting structure and irrigates structural representation.In figure, 7 meters of G- line-spacings, C- field planting bands
1.5 meters of width, 0.8 meter of the following width of H- field planting ditches, 0.25 meter of K- row spacings degree, 1.0 meters of L- field planting ditches top width, M- furrow depths
0.5 meter of degree, 0.2 meter of P- row spacings ground level.
Fig. 2 is shown as the not affine principle schematic of gamete type selfing of S- gene regulations.
Fig. 3 is shown as the tree-like structural representation of individual plant of pruning structure sizing.In figure, A- mechanical works height, machine
1.5 meters of tool operation height；1.1 meters of B- heading heights, C- field planting bandwidth is 1.5 meters, and D- tree crowns, E- ground floor major branches, F- are opened
Subtended angle degree is 60 degree.
Fig. 4 is this utility model overall structure diagram.In figure, 1- almonds, 2- interrow crops, 3- almond ditches, between 4-
Crop-planting ground, 5- almond drip irrigations are in charge of, and 6- interrow crop drip irrigations are in charge of, 7- almond house stewards, 8- interrow crop house stewards, 9- valves
Door, house steward 10-.
Fig. 5 is shown as the dynamic changing curve figure of almond physiological fallen fruit rate.
Fig. 6 is shown as N, the year periodic variation figure of P content in almond blade growth course.
Fig. 7 is shown as K, the year periodic variation figure of B content in almond blade growth course.
Fig. 8 is shown as K, the variation diagram of B content in almond fruit growth course.
Fig. 9 is shown as N, the variation diagram of P content in almond fruit growth course.
Figure 10 is shown as almond intercropping plant instance graph.
Specific embodiment
Below, for the embodiment explanation present invention, but, the present invention is not limited to following embodiments.
Precious, the golden boron potassium of all almond seedling for selecting in the present invention, nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer, alabastrum, winter rape etc. are former auxiliary
Material is all that this area is common, but does not limit the enforcement of the present invention, in addition, in following explanations, if no special instructions, being related to
All ‰ all refer to w/w mass permillage or weight part ratio meter.
Embodiment one：The implantation methods of almond Sustainable high yield stable yields under Intercropping
The present invention have devised the implantation methods of almond Sustainable high yield stable yields under a set of scientific and reasonable Intercropping, this side
Method collection field planting pattern, variety matching, pruning, fruit tree moisturizing, in the ranks protect interband kind winter rape, prevention young fruit come off, section
Learn using seven kinds of Integration ofTechnologies of growth regulator, reached the almond yield that both can ensure that then, and do not affected catch cropping in the ranks
Crops, may additionally facilitate almond bud differentiation, reach the purpose to form the second annual production, and specific implantation methods step is as follows：
(1) intercropping plant be almond in the ranks protection band interplanting winter rape, and the cereal crops with Semen Tritici aestivi as representative or
Crops of the industrial crops using Cotton Gossypii, Brassica campestris L as representative as intercropping plant.
(2) it is colonized pattern：Using the cropping pattern of be suitable to catch cropping 3 meters * 7 meters, the line-spacing of wherein almond plantation is 7 meters,
Spacing in the rows is 3 meters, and mu strain number is 31 plants.
(3) variety matching：Using the almond variety matching based on " S- genotype ", it is desirable to be colonized the S- of adjacent almond kind
Genotype is differed completely.
(4) pruning：Almond is trimmed to into high level cadre's layering shape tree-shaped using pruning technique.
The pruning technique 1.1 meters determines trunk away from ground for almond；Select and remain in 20 centimetres of shaping strip under clip 3-4 master
Branch, distribution straggly in a different direction, form the 1st layer of major branch, while reservation center leader's branch continues up extension, Second Year
The 1st layer of major branch of cutting back；3-4 major branch of selecting and remain on the center away from 80 centimetres of the 1st layer of each major branch is dry forms the 2nd layer, while leaving
Branch is led at center；Two-layer major branch wants straggly opening up and down, it is impossible to overlap each other, and after the 2nd layer of each major branch shaping, cultivates the 3rd layer of major branch,
Center leader's branch is wiped out after 3rd layer of each major branch shaping, makes treetop happy；Topmost major branch should be oblique or horizontal direction, major branch
Base angle is 60 degree, and 3-4 side shoot is stayed on the 1st layer of major branch, and 2-3 side shoot is stayed on the 2nd layer of major branch, and arrangement of the side shoot on major branch will
It is straggly to open.
(5) fruit tree moisturizing：Almond garden should configure two sets of irrigation systems before catch cropping, and first set is fruit tree irrigation system, the
Two sets is catch cropping crop irrigation systems；Fruit tree irrigation system needs the fruit tree first put in order to be colonized ditch, and the newly-built combination of forestal and agricultural crops is flat
Fruit tree field planting when peach garden is colonized at 1.5 meters wide takes trench digging digging cave and is colonized, ditch both sides ridging, the high 0.20cm in ridge, row spacing 25cm,
Make the cross section of plantation ditch trapezoidal after ridging, up big and down small, hem width 1m, lower hem width 0.8cm on plantation ditch, depth is 0.5cm,
Almond nursery stock digs cave field planting in ditch.
(6) in the ranks protect interband kind winter rape：It is used for attracting insecticide pair in the interband of the protection in the ranks plantation winter rape of almond
Almond is pollinated, and winter rape implantation methods adopt two kinds：One kind is that winter rape is planted in almond orchard surrounding, does not affect almond
Fruit tree catch cropping in the ranks other crops；Second is directly directly to be planted in almond fruit tree row by catch cropping crops of winter rape
Between.
(7) prevent young fruit spillout technique：17 days after almond full blossom, almond young fruit come off impose before peak nitrogen,
Phosphorus, K composite fertilizer, N in compound fertilizer:P2O5:K2O is according to mass ratio 1:1:0.5 mixing, per plant of the first fruiting period almond fruit tree of 4-6
Spread manuer in holes 1 kilogram of compound fertilizer, per plant of the best fruiting period fruit tree of more than 7 years is spreaded manuer in holes 2 kilograms of compound fertilizer, pours immediately permeable after fertilising.
(8) apply growth regulator：‰, according to w/w mass permillage meters, respectively sprays one in almond full-bloom stage and fallen flowers phase
Secondary 1 ‰ alabastrum is precious promoting to bear fruit and prevent coming off for young fruit；Summer shoot grows into flower bud differentiation period and starts to spray every 15 days
1 ‰ gold medal boron potassium, continuous 3 times, to promote the differentiation of bud, form the yield of Second Year.
Using the implantation methods of almond Sustainable high yield stable yields under Intercropping of above-mentioned offer, existing skill is efficiently solved
In art, the almond field planting pattern of objective reality is chaotic, variety matching do not have scientific basis, catch cropping it is particularly thorny, for supple-mentary pollination
Apiss wretched insufficiency, young fruit come off problem and the technical problem such as growth regulator application is unreasonable, how in Intercropping
Down so that almond Sustainable high yield stable yields, is colonized to almond using field planting pattern technology, it is determined that the line-spacing of almond plantation is 7
Rice, spacing in the rows are 3 meters；On the basis of the variety matching technology based on " S- genotype ", the almond of different " S- genotype " is entered
Row plantation, improves the setting percentage of almond；Almond is trimmed to by high level cadre's layering shape tree-shaped using pruning technique, is beneficial to flat
Fructus Persicae is for the utilization of illumination；Almond and a kind crop are irrigated using rational irrigation system, both saved water, can expire again
Demand of the sufficient Different Crop to moisture；By the method for winter rape is planted in the ranks between protection band attracting insecticide to award almond
Powder, increases almond pollination insemination rate；The side of nitrogen, phosphorus, K composite fertilizer is applied by the almond to the different age of trees in the period of different
Method is preventing coming off for almond young fruit；And promote almond to bear fruit, prevent by the feasible application growth regulator technology of concrete science
Only young fruit comes off and promotes the differentiation of almond bud, these technical measures to have integrity, globality and inseparability, from
And cause almond integrally to obtain significant stable high yield.These technical characteristics there is integrity and globality to become prepare this Shen
The necessity technical step and scheme of " almond Sustainable high yield stable yields implantation methods under a kind of Intercropping " please be provide, the present invention is main
Be intended in prior art basis, using present planting technology, pruning technique, fruit tree water supplement technology with it is feasible
Variety matching technical know-how combines, and interband kind winter rape technology, prevention young fruit spillout technique are in the ranks protected in creative selection
And the concrete viable process of the scientific application technology of growth regulator, it is steady so as to obtain the almond Sustainable high yield under Intercropping
The implantation methods of product, so as to both can ensure that almond yield then, and not affecting catch cropping crops in the ranks, may additionally facilitate almond
Bud differentiation, reaches the purpose to form the second annual production, realizes the significant technique effect of stable high yield of almond.
Embodiment two：Almond is colonized the determination of pattern
Rational distance between rows and hills is the important content of almond rationally plantation, and it is related between almond plant and almond and a kind
Competition between crop to water, fertilizer, sunlight etc., is related to the growth promoter of individuality, is also related to the efficiency of light energy utilization and soil of colony
Ground utilization rate.When distance between rows and hills is excessive, individual plant vivosphere is big, and sunlight, moisture, nutrient, air are sufficient, and ontogeny is good, point
Branch is early, branch is more, robust growth, and single productive forces are high and neat and consistent, but due to the strain number in unit area it is very few, i.e.,
Population density is too small, and colony's efficiency of light energy utilization and land utilization ratio are low, it is difficult to high yield.In turn, distance between rows and hills is too small, due to plant
Overstocked, excessively violent to the competition of liquid manure, sunlight etc. between individuality, easy appearance power Seedling phenomenon is distributed in field, is grown not whole
Together, branch is few, slow, weak, and per plant is few, and population yield is not also high.So rational distance between rows and hills is for the individual growth of almond
The growth promoter and population yield of development and population yield and a kind crop has important impact.The size of seeding row spacing, root
Determine according to factors such as the height of seeds, tree crown sizes, rational seeding row spacing is conducive to growth and the soil of trees and a kind crop
The reasonable utilization of ground resource.
The determination foundation of almond seeding row spacing：
1st, the establishment of line-spacing.The line-spacing of almond field planting is defined as 7 meters, it is determined that foundation is：Wheat cultivation machine sowing is wide 5.4 meters,
Almond is colonized 1.5 meters of bandwidth；Three width film of Cotton Gossypii is wide 5.6 meters, and the mechanical planting for being colonized 1.5 meters of bandwidth, comprehensive Semen Tritici aestivi and Cotton Gossypii is special
Point, determines that the line-spacing of almond is 7 meters.
2nd, the establishment of spacing in the rows.The row strain of almond field planting is defined as 3 meters, it is determined that foundation is：Using rational close planting, add between strain
It is close, both ensured a mu strain number, be easy to pruning again, and made not re-posted impact mutually between almond strain, determine 3 meters of spacing in the rows, if after 10 years
Almond hat body strain between closing overlap, can intermediate cutting be changed into 6 meters.
To sum up, almond and plant seeding row spacing in crop intercropping system are 3 meters × 7 meters, and mu strain number is 31 plants.Referring to accompanying drawing
1。
Embodiment three：Variety matching technology based on " S- genotype "
Almond kind generally has gametophytic self-incompatibility, is controlled by the multiple alleless of single site, cultivation life
It is both needed to configure on product pollinated variety to ensure stable yields high yield, during configuration pollinated variety, must take into each interracial affinity, and
Exist between interracial affinity and S-Rnases genotype (allele of control self-compatibility, abbreviation S- genes) close
Contact, as solution almond self-incompatibility and S- genotype are can not enter in production, there is certain blindness in the configuration of pollinizers
With it is empirical, cause the low receipts of low yield.
Citing：S- genotype is all S1S2The kind of type mutually pollinate it is completely not affine, it is shaky；S- genotype is
S1S2The kind and S- genotype of type is S1S3The kind pollination of type is not partly affine, has offspring, but setting percentage is relatively low；S- bases
Because type is S1S2The kind and S- genotype of type is S3S4The kind pollination of type, completely affine, setting percentage is high.Referring to accompanying drawing
2。
Based on above-mentioned principle, in production, S- genotype is Sn1S25" flag head " cannot function as S- genotype for Sn1S25's
The pollinizers of " short rich ", S- genotype are S15S17" Sha Zhou " and S- genotype be S15S17" ruby " between can not arrange in pairs or groups
Plantation, S- genotype are Sn1S25" short rich " and S- genotype be S63Sn1" double fruits " between should not arrange in pairs or groups plantation, and S- genes
Type is S50S61" leatheroid ", S- genotype be S10S24" olecranon ", S- genotype be S63Sn1" double fruits " collocation kind be implanted with compared with
Good Pollination Effect.Same S- genotype is S50S61" leatheroid " and S- genotype be Sn1S25It is " short rich " collocation plantation can obtain
Obtain high yield.
Example IV：High level cadre's laminated devices is tree-like and pruning technique
Almond mainly adopts the high level cadre's layering shape tree-shaped for not only improving high yield again beneficial to fruit tree-crop interplanting.
1st, the determination of heading height and ground floor major branch spreading angle：Y=90 ° of-arctg of maximum spreading angle (150-X)/
75
If almond neither affects mechanical work with the almond tree body in crops System, and does not affect the yield of fruit tree, then
The minimum 110cm of heading height of almond treelet, now the maximum spreading angle of ground floor major branch is 60 °.Accordingly, it is determined that almond
Ground floor major branch maximum spreading angle be 60 ° referring to accompanying drawing 3.
2nd, high level cadre's layering shape tree-shaped feature and pruning technique
(1) tree-like feature：Almond has obvious center to do, and divides 3 layers up and down, and interlamellar spacing is controlled at 60 centimetres, and per layer is stayed 3
~4 major branches, major branch are layered raw.Major branch quantity is maintained at 10~15, is staggered to surrounding spiral, it is upper it is little under
Greatly.
(2) shaping main points：Almond is fixed dry at 1.1 meters of ground.Select and remain in 20 centimetres of shaping strip under clip 3-4 master
Branch, distribution straggly in a different direction, form the 1st layer of major branch, while leaving, stronger center leader is dry to continue up extension,
The 1st layer of major branch of coming year cutting back.3-4 major branch of selecting and remain on the center away from the 1st layer of 80 cm of each major branch is dry forms the 2nd layer,
Center leader's branch is left simultaneously.Two-layer major branch wants straggly opening up and down, it is impossible to overlap each other.After 2nd layer of each major branch shaping, culture the
3 layers of major branch, wipe out center leader's branch after the 3rd layer of each major branch shaping, make treetop happy, typically open in the treetop of the 4th year almond
The heart.Major branch should be oblique or horizontal direction, and major branch base angle is 60 degree.3-4 side shoot is stayed on 1st layer of major branch, is stayed on the 2nd layer of major branch
2~3 side shoots.Arrangement of the side shoot on major branch is wanted straggly and is opened.
(3) winter pruning technology：First Year winter pruning：Away from 120 centimeters of ground select ground floor major branch, 120 centimetres
All erased with undershoot, to 3-4 major branches for choosing, spreading angle, major branch base angle is made up to 60 degree, and to extending branch in 40-
60 centimeters stay under the back of the body that full bud is short cuts.Selection occupies that tree body centre position, growing way are good, orthostatic is strong does as in, and away from
80 centimeters cutting back of ground floor major branch.In do and each skeleton branch on small stems should retain as far as possible, make branch on each skeleton branch equal
Even distribution.
Second Year winter pruning：To 3-4 major branches of ground floor, extend branch, proceed cutting back, length is 40-50 li
Rice, removes the branch of excessive growth, overstocked branch, competitive branch thereon, and remaining branch gets rid of puts motionless, and the dry branch that extends of centering proceeds cutting back, long
80 cms are spent, the branch sent in centering stays a spreading angle to 90 ° per 25-30 centimetre, and is staggered, on spiral
Rise, it is motionless to cut.
Winter pruning in 3rd year：To skeleton branch to prolong Long pruning identical with Second Year, from the beginning of the 3rd year, take pains culture
Fruit-bearing shoot cluster, stays 20 centimetres of cutting backs, clip to stay at flat oblique branchlet to skeleton branch, back vertical branch.
Bearing-age tree winter pruning：Open a business each skeleton branch angle, then remove the bough for excessively overlapping and having a strong impact on illumination.
Will be fallen in time head to too high bough, change head using the lower flat oblique bough of the back of the body, fully pull open interlayer, and light lead enters thorax；Thoroughly remove withered
The serious branch of branch, dead arm, pest and disease damage, improves local light photograph；Some sagging, very thin, fruit-bearing shoot clusters will be retracted to new line point in time
At branch.
The winter pruning of aging tree：Skeleton branch is cut again, and lift-augmented mechanism promotes Growth status.Cutting back and the same of side shoot that bounce back
When, little, weak, close branch is removed, Second Year need to remove overstocked sprout tillers branch.Retain the suitable branch of excessive growth, replace always and without product
The branch of amount, sets up new tree crown.
(4) summer pruning technology：Treelet has been selected and remain the position of 3~4 major branches of ground floor, by supportting, drawing, push up, hang, fall
Method, the first transaction of a day's business base angle keep 60 degree of major branch base angle；Sparse branching, the tip is dredged, remove the excessive overstocked young sprout of skeleton branch and interior thorax and upright
The stronger young sprout of property；Pinching, turn round the tip, by branch, when young sprout length is to 20~30 centimetres, pinching can be carried out, while in base portion 3~5
The semi-lignified major branch of centimeters carries out the torsion tip, changes the direction of growth.
Bearing-age tree：Summer pruning iron wire piling branch pulling and angle opening, light lead enter thorax；Remove the interior thorax branch of excessive growth, over growth mistake
Close young sprout, based on light pruning.
Conclusion：Almond is trimmed to into high level cadre's layering shape tree-shaped using pruning technique, the pruning technique is almond away from ground
1.1 meters are determined trunk；Select and remain in 20 centimetres of shaping strip under clip 3-4 major branch, distribution straggly in a different direction, forms the
1 layer of major branch, while reservation center leader's branch continues up extension, the 1st layer of major branch of Second Year cutting back；Away from the 1st layer of each major branch 80
Centimetre center it is dry on 3-4 major branch of selecting and remain form the 2nd layer, while leaving center leads branch；Two-layer major branch is wanted straggly up and down and is opened,
Can not overlap each other, after the 2nd layer of each major branch shaping, cultivate the 3rd layer of major branch, after the 3rd layer of each major branch shaping, wipe out center leader's branch,
Make treetop happy；Topmost major branch should be oblique or horizontal direction, and major branch base angle is 60 degree, stays 3-4 side on the 1st layer of major branch
Branch, stays 2-3 side shoot, arrangement of the side shoot on major branch to want straggly and open on the 2nd layer of major branch.
Embodiment five：The technology of fruit tree moisturizing under Intercropping
Irrigate the technical measures for as supplementing moisture needed for crop.In order to ensure crop normal growth, high yield is obtained steady
Produce, it is necessary to supply crop with sufficient moisture.It is under field conditions (factors), often uneven because of precipitation deficit or distribution, it is impossible to
Crop is met to moisture requirement.Therefore, it is necessary to artificially irrigated, to mend the deficiency of natural rainfall.Irrigation principle is to irrigate
It is depending on amount, irrigation frequency and time will be according to medicinal plants water-requiring property, growing stage, weather, edaphic conditions, in good time, suitable
Amount, Rational Irrigation.
Almond garden should configure two sets of irrigation systems before catch cropping, and first set is fruit tree irrigation system, and second set is catch cropping agriculture
Crop irrigation system.Fruit tree irrigation system needs the fruit tree field planting ditch that will be put in order.Two sets of irrigation system cause and effect trees and interrow crop
Key need the water phase different and watered respectively, farthest reduce influencing each other between almond and interrow crop.Referring to
Accompanying drawing 4.
Conclusion：It is as follows that almond (1) of the present invention irrigates structure with interrow crop (1)：Cave is dug by ditching, by almond (1)
Nursery stock is colonized in ditch, and ditch both sides ridging, section are trapezoidal, up big and down small, wherein, line-spacing (G) is 7 meters, almond field planting bandwidth
1.5 meters of degree (C), the following width (H) of field planting ditch is 0.8 meter, and row spacing degree (K) is 0.25 meter, and field planting ditch top width (L) is 1.0
Rice, furrow depth (M) is 0.5 meter, and row spacing ground level (P) is 0.2 meter；Almond (1) and interrow crop (2) irrigation system are by two
Set irrigation system composition, first set is almond irrigation system, and it is (5) and flat that almond irrigation system includes that almond drip irrigation is in charge of
Peach tree house steward (7), second set is interrow crop irrigation system, and interrow crop irrigation system includes that interrow crop drip irrigation is in charge of (6) and catch cropping
Thing house steward (8).
In the present invention, in two sets of irrigation systems, divide two-way by house steward (10) after valve (9), be almond all the way
House steward (7), almond house steward (7) are connected to each almond drip irrigation and are in charge of (5), and almond drip irrigation is in charge of (5) positioned at almond ditch
(3), above, drip irrigation is carried out to almond；Another road is interrow crop house steward (8), is connected to each interrow crop drip irrigation and is in charge of (6), catch cropping
Thing drip irrigation is in charge of (6) on interrow crop planting site (4), and drip irrigation is carried out to interrow crop, can basis on interrow crop planting site (4)
The difference of interrow crop plantation, the interrow crop drip irrigation for arranging varying number are in charge of (6).Two sets of irrigation systems are because of almond and interrow crop
Key need the water phase different and watered respectively, farthest reduce influencing each other between almond and interrow crop.
Embodiment six：The attraction insect pollination technology of interband kind winter rape is protected in the ranks
Last year 10 the middle ten days and the last ten days plantation winter rape, the florescence of winter rape in 25 days or so March of next year, just with almond
Flower synchronization, increased insecticide nectar source, so as to the pollination for promoting almond is inseminated.By two kinds, one kind is the winter to winter rape implantation methods
Rapeseed cultivation does not affect fruit tree other crops such as catch cropping Semen Tritici aestivi in the ranks in orchard surrounding；Second is to be directly with winter rape
Catch cropping crops are directly planted in fruit tree in the ranks.
Embodiment seven：Prevention young fruit spillout technique
17 days after almond full blossom, almond young fruit to come off and impose nitrogen, phosphorus, K composite fertilizer before peak, in compound fertilizer
N:P2O5:K2O is according to mass ratio 1:1:0.5 mixing, per plant of the first fruiting period almond fruit tree of 4-6 are spreaded manuer in holes 1 kilogram of compound fertilizer, 7 years with
On per plant of best fruiting period fruit tree spread manuer in holes 2 kilograms of compound fertilizer, poured after fertilising immediately permeable；
The scientific basis that fertilizing time determines：Almond starts young fruit occur to come off for the 7th day after full blossom, ties by the 47th day
Beam, whole physiological fallen fruit process continue for 40 days or so, and the whole young fruit physiology phase of coming off can be divided into two stages, first stage
From after full blossom the 7th day to the 22nd day, after 15d, be the fast-falling phase, the accumulative fruit drop rate of this phase reaches 63.59%, shedding number
Account for the 79.06% of total shedding number；Second stage from after full blossom the 22nd day to the 47th day, after 25d, be slowly to come off the phase, this
Phase shedding number accounts for the 20.94% of total shedding number.There is obvious premature drop boom in first physiological fallen fruit stage, that is, after occurring in full blossom
17th day, its relative fruit-drop rate reached peak, was 41.85%, and accumulative fruit drop rate now has reached 55.43%.But second
There is not obvious premature drop boom in the individual physiological fallen fruit stage.The whole almond young fruit physiology phase accumulative fruit drop rate that comes off reaches
80.43%.Therefore, before the arriving of first time premature drop boom, that is, (typically 20 days or so April) is carried out 17 days after full blossom
Fertilising, can effectively alleviate shedding.Referring to accompanying drawing 5.
Embodiment eight：Scientific application growth regulator
Full-bloom stage respectively sprayed a 1 ‰ alabastrums treasured to promote bear fruit 5 days or so April in 25 days or so March and fallen flowers phase
With prevent coming off for young fruit；Summer shoot starts 1 ‰ gold medal boron potassium were sprayed every 15 days into flower bud differentiation period, continuous 3 times, to promote flower
The differentiation of bud, forms the yield of Second Year.
1 full-bloom stage and fallen flowers phase continuously spray the precious foundation of 1 ‰ alabastrums twice：
‰ according to w/w mass permillage meters, to spray clear water as control, spray full-bloom stage and fallen flowers phase are double, lead to
The composite test crossed between these four growth regulators of gibberellins, B9, naa and ethephon and growth regulator, carbamide, boron
Composite test between these three nutrients of sand, dihydrogen phosphate and nutrient, between growth regulator and nutrient
Composite test, application test of the flower and fruit protector that market is now sold on almond, alabastrum is precious from the results shown in Table 1
Preferably, fruit-setting rate is up to 14.17% to effect.
Table 1 sprays the impact that growth regulator and nutrient are beared fruit to almond
2nd, summer shoot sprays the foundation of 1 ‰ gold medal boron potassium for continuous 3 times into flower bud differentiation period：
‰ is grown in the stopping of 1 day or so June, starts immediately according to w/w mass percent meters, the summer shoot of almond bearing basal shoot
Bud differentiation, now demand increase of the almond fruit to K, and summer shoot bud differentiation increases to the demand of B, and it is fertile to N, P
Demand it is stable, therefore spray 1 ‰ gold medal boron potassium continuous 3 times in this period, you can meet demand of the fruit to K element, and
Demand of the bud differentiation to B element can be met, full bud is formed, be conducive to blooming for next year to bear fruit.Referring to accompanying drawing 6, accompanying drawing
7th, accompanying drawing 8 and accompanying drawing 9.
Embodiment nine：Technology application effect case
100 mu of almond gardens in 1 village of national countryside are carried positioned at the diligent Re Fuxia of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Regions's Shache County, 2008 fixed
Plant, main breed is leatheroid, pollinated variety is double fruits etc.；Using the technology of present case, 2013 namely the age of tree be 7 years
Reach average strain and produce 4.1 kilograms, the level that 123 kilograms of average yield per mu；When 2014 years i.e. the age of tree are 8 years, almond is put down
5.3 kilograms of almonds are produced in strain, and 159 kilograms of almonds of average yield per mu realize stable high yield.
Embodiment ten：Technology application effect case
Positioned at 100 mu of almond gardens in 17 village of Shache County meter Xia townshiies of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Regions, calendar year 2001 field planting, main breed
It is short rich etc. for leatheroid, pollinated variety；Using the technology of present case, continuous 3 annual strain in -2014 years 2012 is produced and is stablized
4.5-5.5 kilogram, the level at 145-165 kilogram is stablized in average yield per mu, realizes stable high yield.Referring to accompanying drawing 10
Above-described embodiment is only intended to clearly illustrate example of the present invention, and the not restriction to embodiment.
For those of ordinary skill in the field, the change of other multi-forms can also be made on the basis of the above description
Or change.There is no need to be exhaustive to all of embodiment.And the obvious change thus extended
Or among changing still in protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (1)
1. under a kind of Intercropping almond Sustainable high yield stable yields implantation methods, it is characterised in that concrete implantation methods include as
Lower step：
（1）Intercropping plant is in almond in the ranks Planting Crops；
（2）Field planting pattern：Using the cropping pattern of be suitable to catch cropping 3 meters * 7 meters, the line-spacing of wherein almond plantation is 7 meters, spacing in the rows
For 3 meters, mu strain number is 31 plants；
（3）Variety matching：Using the variety matching principle based on " S genotype ", it is desirable to be colonized the S genotype of adjacent almond kind
Differ completely；
（4）Pruning：Almond is trimmed to into high level cadre's layering shape tree-shaped using pruning technique；
Described pruning technique 1.1 meters determines trunk away from ground for almond；Select and remain in 20 centimetres of shaping strip under clip 3-4 master
Branch, distribution straggly in a different direction, form the 1st layer of major branch, while reservation center leader's branch continues up extension, Second Year
The 1st layer of major branch of cutting back；3-4 major branch of selecting and remain on the center away from 80 centimetres of the 1st layer of each major branch is dry forms the 2nd layer, while leaving
Branch is led at center；Two-layer major branch wants straggly opening up and down, it is impossible to overlap each other, and after the 2nd layer of each major branch shaping, cultivates the 3rd layer of major branch,
Center leader's branch is wiped out after 3rd layer of each major branch shaping, makes treetop happy；Major branch should be oblique or horizontal direction, and major branch base angle is
60 degree, 3-4 side shoot is stayed on the 1st layer of major branch, on the 2nd layer of major branch, 2-3 side shoot is stayed, arrangement of the side shoot on major branch is straggly
Open；
（5）Fruit tree moisturizing：Almond garden should configure two sets of irrigation systems before catch cropping, and first set is fruit tree irrigation system, second set
For catch cropping crop irrigation systems；Fruit tree irrigation system needs the fruit tree first put in order to be colonized ditch, newly-built combination of forestal and agricultural crops almond garden
Fruit tree field planting during field planting at 1.5 meters wide takes trench digging digging cave and is colonized, ditch both sides ridging, and high 0.20 cm in ridge, 25 cm of row spacing rise
Make the cross section of plantation ditch trapezoidal behind ridge, up big and down small, hem width 1m, lower hem width 0.8cm on plantation ditch, depth is 0.5cm, flat
Peach seedling wood digs cave field planting in ditch；
（6）Interband kind winter rape is protected in the ranks：It is used for attracting insecticide to almond in the interband of the protection in the ranks plantation winter rape of almond
Pollinated, winter rape implantation methods adopt two kinds：One kind is that winter rape is planted in almond orchard surrounding；Be for second directly with
Winter rape is directly planted in almond fruit tree in the ranks for catch cropping crops；
（7）Prevention young fruit spillout technique：17 days after almond full blossom, almond young fruit to come off and impose nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium before peak
Compound fertilizer, N in compound fertilizer:P2O5:K2O is according to mass ratio 1:1:0.5 mixing, per plant of the first fruiting period almond fruit tree of 4-6 spread manuer in holes 1
Kilogram compound fertilizer, per plant of the best fruiting period fruit tree of more than 7 years spread manuer in holes 2 kilograms of compound fertilizer, pour immediately permeable after fertilising；
（8）Using growth regulator：A 1 ‰ alabastrums treasured is sprayed respectively to promote to bear fruit and prevent in almond full-bloom stage and fallen flowers phase
Young fruit comes off；Summer shoot grows into flower bud differentiation period and starts 1 ‰ gold medal boron potassium were sprayed every 15 days, continuous 3 times, to promote bud
Differentiation, formed Second Year yield.
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| CN107593147B (en) * | 2017-10-10 | 2020-10-30 | 濮阳职业技术学院 | Peach tree form and peach tree post-planting management method |
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| CN110692388A (en) * | 2019-10-16 | 2020-01-17 | 六安市兆丰商贸有限责任公司 | Structure model for intercropping white peach trees and crops |
| CN110583347B (en) * | 2019-10-23 | 2022-01-28 | 南京林业大学 | Cultivation method of high-stem cherry blossom trees |
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