CN104429770A - Cultivation method of pear trees - Google Patents
Cultivation method of pear trees Download PDFInfo
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- CN104429770A CN104429770A CN201410674767.2A CN201410674767A CN104429770A CN 104429770 A CN104429770 A CN 104429770A CN 201410674767 A CN201410674767 A CN 201410674767A CN 104429770 A CN104429770 A CN 104429770A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
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Abstract
The invention discloses a cultivation method of pear trees. The cultivation method of pear trees includes the first step of selection of a planting site; the second step of fertilizer application, wherein base fertilizer is the basis in combination with topdressing and leaf fertilizer; the third step of pruning, wherein the tree form of pear trees is of a trunk double-layer center opening shape or three-bough natural center opening shape; the fourth step of management of flowers and fruits, wherein the percentage of fertile fruits is improved, flowers and fruits are thinned, fruits are sleeved with bags, pests and diseases are controlled, and water drainage and drought resistance are taken into consideration; the fifth step of harvesting. According to the cultivation method of pear trees, the tree form of pear trees is of the trunk double-layer center opening shape or three-bough natural center opening shape, and artificial pollination is adopted in the flower and fruit management process, so that the percentage of fertile fruits and the effect of flower and fruit thinning are improved, newly planted young pear trees can early bear fruits, and the percentage of fertile fruits is improved, the farm manure is the main fertilizer and applied heavily and cleverly, and therefore the quality of fruits is improved, fruits are big, the yield is high, and economical benefits are good.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the technical field of cultivation of lupulus, grape, fruit tree or similar trees, specifically relate to the breeding method of a kind of pear tree.
Background technology
Pear tree, be rose family pear, belong to perennial deciduous fruit tree, have distribute widely in the whole world, it has the advantages such as adaptability, resistance against diseases is strong, the life-span is long, is that China three one of cultivates apple trees greatly, also occupies very important status in the world.Add up according to Chinese yearbook, China's pears cultivated area 1074.3 thousand hectares in 2009, output 142.6 ten thousand tons, occupies first place in the world.It is the mainstay industry that China's increasing peasant income are got rich that the operatic circle produces always, be also one of China's export main farm produce of earning foreign exchange, but the plantation of traditional pear tree has the defects such as growth time is long, survival rate is low, output is unstable.
Summary of the invention
In view of this, the object of the present invention is to provide the breeding method of a kind of pear tree, the breeding method of pear tree is by adopting the Pear trees shape of the double-deck happy shape of trunk or three major branch natural open centre shapes, and artificial pollination improves percentage of fertile fruit and flower and fruit thinning in flower and fruit management, can promote that newly planting Young pear trees does sth. in advance result, improve percentage of fertile fruit, the large output of fruit is high.
In order to achieve the above object, the breeding method of a kind of pear tree of breeding method of pear tree of the present invention, its step is as follows:
1, the selection of planting site, select the gradient below 30 degree, illumination is sufficient, and soil layer is deep, and subterranean water level is low, and row irrigation is the mountain region of neutrality or subacidity soil or field easily;
2, apply fertilizer
Base manure: base manure is the base fertilizer of the supply pear tree growth whole year, affects very large on shoot growth and fruit development, based on chicken manure or bran cake fertilizer,
1) fertilizing time, set combination childhood and plough deeply and expand cave and improve the soil and apply, bearing-age tree after fruit harvesting, should be ploughed deeply in conjunction with orchard and applies as early as possible;
2) fertilizing amount: the autumn, fertile base manure should account for 60% of annual fertilizing amount, and the full bearing period, 1 kilogram of high-quality farmyard manure was executed by production 1 kilogram of fruit in theatre, added bran fertilizer 3 ~ 5 kilograms, 1.5 ~ 2 kilograms, phosphate fertilizer;
Topdress: topdressing is supplementing of base manure, topdresses and requires timely and appropriate discovery, based on quick-acting organic fertilizer material,
1) treelet is topdressed, and treelet mainly nourishes and grows, and forms hat shelf structure, based on nitrogenous fertilizer, monthly topdresses once in 3 ~ September, be watered pouring execute or open before rain shallow ridges and apply with urea or composite fertilizer;
2) bearing-age tree topdresses, mainly the first half of the year flowering fruit bearing stage carry out;
1. rudiment is topdressed before blooming, and namely before rudiment is bloomed, Chicken dung liquid manure 50 ~ 100 kilograms (Chicken dung liquid manure is in Chicken dung and water 1: 10 ratio) is executed in every strain in 10 days;
2. topdress after spending, Chicken dung liquid manure 50 ~ 100 kilograms is executed in every strain;
3. Fruit is fertile, and this time fertilizer should based on potash fertilizer, and coordinate every strain to execute Chicken dung liquid manure 20 ~ 30 kilograms, every strain applies compound potassium sulfate fertilizer 0.3 ~ 0.5 kilogram;
Foliage fertilizer: all can carry out spray leaf fertilizer during Growth of Pear Trees, foliage fertilizer be set to 0.3% urea+0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.1% green prosperous No. 2 or 0.1% green prosperous No. 3;
3, pruning, the double-deck happy shape of the trunk that Pear trees shape adopts or three major branch natural open centre shapes:
(1) the double-deck happy shape of trunk, dry high 50 cm, the height of tree 2.5 ~ 3 meters, crown diameter 3 meters, be made up of 5 ~ 6 major branches, divide 2 layers, major branch and trunk angle 60 ~ 70 degree, 3 ~ 4, ground floor major branch, the second layer 2 major branches, one deck and two layers of distance 1.2 ~ 1.5 meters, do not stay bough between two-layer, the middle or small fruit-bearing shoot cluster of reservation, direct raw middle-size and small-size fruit-bearing shoot cluster on major branch;
(2) three major branch natural open centre shapes, dry high 50 centimetres, major branch spacing 20 cm, base angle is 55 ~ 60 degree, respectively stay 1 side shoot in the outer survey of each major branch, as first side shoot, to select and remain the second side shoot at the offside of the first side shoot, two side shoots are interspersed up and down, and each major branch stays three side shoots.While side shoot of selecting and remain, stay a group and fruit bearing shoot more;
4, flower and fruit management
(1) percentage of fertile fruit is improved:
1) artificial pollination, the most kind self-sterility of pears, needs other kind pollination ability setting, adopts artificial pollination to guarantee percentage of fertile fruit;
2) percentage of fertile fruit is improved at the florescence to young fruit period spray hormone and foliage fertilizer, flower bud phase spray 30PPM 920; Initial bloom stage spraying 0.2% borax adds 0.3% urea and adds 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate; Spend the rear spray 40PPM basic element of cell division; Be coated with carpopodium etc. with 100 ~ 200PPM 920 during ovary increasing and all can improve percentage of fertile fruit;
3) dredge remove too much young sprout, the young sprout stayed treats 6 ~ 8 leaf pinching, accelerate blade aging, manufacture nutrient, reduce shedding;
(2) flower and fruit thinning: reasonably carry fruit amount, not only the large output of fruit is high then, and next year, flower bud number was also many, too much flower, fruit should be removed:
1) remove bud, be equipped with the ratio of 3 vegetative shoot according to a fruit bearing shoot, too much bud, intensive branch group are cut off long fruit branch in part, descending branch, generally can carry out in conjunction with winter pruning;
2) florescence flower thinning, the inflorescence that will remove during flower thinning is once cut, and the inflorescence of reservation stays 2 ~ 3 ray flowers, the flower at sparse branching top in principle, in the middle part of staying; In dredging, the flower of long fruit branch, stays the flower of fruit spur; Lyophoby bud, stays poppyhead bud; Dredge weak branch, descending branch, stay healthy and strong branch flower;
3) remove young fruit, the leaf-fruit ratio according to 25 ~ 30: 1 or branch ratio i.e. 1 result is equipped with 3 vegetative shoot and stays fruit, namely removes unnecessary young fruit after de-lobe;
(3) fruit bagging, in order to improve pear fruit quality, must carry out bagging,
1) bagging time, different kinds is in bagging time difference to some extent.1. green skin kind, thank spend after 10 ~ 20 days will bagging, 2. brown, yellow skin kind, thank spend after within 25 ~ 40 days, carry out bagging;
2) selection of bag kind, shagreen kind adopts cover double-ply bag, and skin selects khaki, internal layer selects black; Brown or yellow skin kind adopt cover double-ply bag, and skin selects brown, internal layer selects redness or black; Water-rich areas internal layer selects redness;
3) must spray medicine before bagging, pharmaceutical dosage form should select aqua or soluble powder;
(4) extermination of disease and insect pest
1) disease: the disease of control pear tree has rust of pear, scab, ring spot, black spot or brown spot;
2) insect pest: the insect pest of control pear tree has pear sucker, Schizaphis piricola, pears stem peak, hawthron spider mite, pear lace bug or slug moth;
(5) draining drought resisting is noted,
The first half of the year, rainwater was more, special paddy planting should note draining, during the weather arid second half year, with good conditionsily should pour water in time or trickle, the orchard that dried up source is far away, carry out fruit tray covering, reduces moisture evaporation;
5, gather, the operatic circle should be noted when gathering gathering by stages and in groups, not disposable having gathered, in order to avoid cause pear tree to fall leaves.
Further, in step 2, the fertilizing method of its base manure is as follows: originally planting outside hole, opens opposite side ditch and applies, ditch depth 40 ~ 50cm, wide 25 ~ 30cm, ditch length is fixed according to tree crown width size, be generally 100 ~ 120cm, base manure applied in ditch, mixes thoroughly with soil, earth backing, the dressing furrow of paddy planting can be relatively more shallow.
Further, in step 3, the trimming method of the double-deck happy shape of trunk is as follows: select and remain 3 ~ 4 major branches as ground floor major branch after surely dry rudiment, clip bud as central authorities dry allow upwards grow.The First Year winter cuts to major branch from 40 ~ 60 centimeters cutting backs, Second Year spring, and ground floor major branch is pulled into 60 ~ 70 degree, all the other branches make auxiliary support branch, also pull into horizontal branch, when entering the winter, 2 are selected and remain as second layer major branch to the major branch that upper sprouting is done by central authorities, can be formed after pruning in 2 years.
Further, in step 3, the trimming method of three major branch natural open centre shapes is as follows: can surely do after seedling planting, dry high 50 centimetres, when young sprout grows to 20 ~ 30 centimetres, select growing way balanced, orientation is suitable, 3 branches of upper and lower arrangement straggly are cultivated as major branch in the future, as prosperous in growing way should the dredging of all the other branches is left out, growing way weak by pinching or turn round branch and be trained fruit bearing shoot, It is the end of summer, just turning into autumn draws branch to the major branch selected and remain, making it with trunk angle is 55 ~ 60 degree, Second Year stays 80 centimeter length cutting backs before sprouting, to select and remain in the same way again on each major branch during rudiment 2 ~ 3 side shoots, what clip bud was sprouted selects and remain as major branch elongated shoot, then leading, cultivation results branch on side shoot, fruit-bearing shoot cluster, can be formed by the prunings of 3 ~ 4 years.
Further, in step 4, its artificial pollination adopts some pollen, wounded branch or spraying pollen.
Further, in step 4, the prevention and controls of disease is as follows:
1. cleaning in winter fallen leaves, cut disease branch, take concentrated outside garden burning out of, and weed a garden concentrated being buried in the earth, full garden spray 5 degree of lime sulfurs, want even extremely full tree to drip, and squirt ground simultaneously, so that reduce pathogeny during spray medicine;
2. Agro-chemicals control, in the Growth of Pear Trees phase, especially in 4 ~ July, according to the timely medication of pears incidence, general 7 ~ 10 days/once, continuous 2 ~ 3 times, medicament has: the raw greatly M solubility of 70% thiophanate methyl 800 times, 40% Du Pont's lucky star 6000 times or 80%.
Further, in step 4, the control side of insect pest is as follows: according to pear evil, a situation arises, and timely medication is sprayed, and medicament has 50% Folithion 1000 times, 20% to kill 2000 times, chrysanthemum fat, 50% hexythiazox 2000 times, extremely clean 1500 times of 20% mite.
Beneficial effect of the present invention is:
The breeding method of pear tree of the present invention is by adopting the Pear trees shape of the double-deck happy shape of trunk or three major branch natural open centre shapes, and artificial pollination improves percentage of fertile fruit and flower and fruit thinning in flower and fruit management, can promote that newly planting Young pear trees does sth. in advance result, improve percentage of fertile fruit, again based on farmyard manure, heavy dressing executes farmyard manure ingeniously, thus improves fruit quality, the large output of fruit is high, good in economic efficiency.
Embodiment
The breeding method of a kind of pear tree of breeding method of pear tree of the present invention, its step is as follows:
1, planting site should first select the gradient below 30 degree, and illumination is sufficient, and soil layer is deep, and subterranean water level is low, the mountain region of row irrigation neutral or subacidity soil easily, as pears planting site, as paddy planting, must subterranean water level low, draining is field easily.
2, apply fertilizer
Base manure: base manure is the base fertilizer of the supply pear tree growth whole year, affects very large on shoot growth and fruit development, generally based on fertilizers such as pig, ox, chicken manure and bran cake fertilizer,
1) fertilizing time, set combination childhood and plough deeply and expand cave and improve the soil and apply, bearing-age tree after fruit harvesting, should be ploughed deeply in conjunction with orchard and applies as early as possible;
2) fertilizing amount: the autumn, fertile base manure should account for 60% of annual fertilizing amount, and the full bearing period, 1 kilogram of high-quality farmyard manure was executed by production 1 kilogram of fruit in theatre, and the tree producing 50 kilograms of fruits as strain should apply 50 kilograms of fertilizers, adds bran fertilizer 3 ~ 5 kilograms, phosphate fertilizer 1.5---2 kilograms;
3) fertilizing method: originally planting outside hole, opens opposite side ditch and applies, ditch depth 40 ~ 50cm, wide 25 ~ 30cm, and ditch length is fixed according to tree crown width size, is generally 100-120cm.Above-mentioned fertilizer is applied in ditch, mixes thoroughly with soil, earth backing, the dressing furrow of paddy planting can be relatively more shallow;
4) topdress: topdressing is supplementing of base manure, topdresses and requires timely and appropriate discovery, generally based on quick-acting fertilizer; 1, treelet is topdressed: treelet mainly nourishes and grows, and forms hat shelf structure, based on nitrogenous fertilizer; Monthly topdress once in 3 ~ September, be watered pouring with urea or composite fertilizer and execute or open before rain shallow ridges and apply;
5) bearing-age tree topdresses, mainly the first half of the year flowering fruit bearing stage carry out;
1. rudiment is topdressed before blooming: namely before rudiment is bloomed, every strain in 10 days is executed Chicken dung liquid manure 50 ~ 100 kilograms and entered (Chicken dung liquid manure is in Chicken dung and water 1: 10 ratio);
2. topdress after spending: Chicken dung liquid manure 50 ~ 100 kilograms is executed in every strain;
3. Fruit is fertile: this time fertilizer should based on potash fertilizer, and coordinate every strain to execute Chicken dung liquid manure 20 ~ 30 kilograms, every strain applies compound potassium sulfate fertilizer 0.3 ~ 0.5 kilogram;
6) foliage fertilizer: all can carry out spray leaf fertilizer during Growth of Pear Trees, foliage fertilizer kind has: 0.3% urea+0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.1% green prosperous No. 2,0.1% green prosperous No. 3 etc.
3, pruning: that produces upper main employing at present has two kinds of double-deck happy shapes of tree-like i.e. trunk and three major branch natural open centre shapes: the double-deck shape happily of (1) trunk.Dry high 50 cm, the height of tree 2.5 ~ 3 meters, crown diameter 3 meters, is made up of 5 ~ 6 major branches, divides 2 layers, major branch and trunk angle 60 ~ 70 degree; 3 ~ 4, ground floor major branch, the second layer 2 major branches, one deck and two layers of distance 1.2 ~ 1.5 meters, do not stay bough between two-layer, the middle or small fruit-bearing shoot cluster of reservation, direct raw middle-size and small-size fruit-bearing shoot cluster on major branch;
Trimming method: select and remain 3 ~ 4 major branches as ground floor major branch after surely dry rudiment, clip bud as central authorities dry allow upwards grow, the First Year winter cuts major branch from 40 ~ 60 centimeters cutting backs, Second Year spring, ground floor major branch is pulled into 60 ~ 70 degree, and all the other branches make auxiliary support branch, also pull into horizontal branch, when entering the winter, 2 are selected and remain as second layer major branch to the major branch that upper sprouting is done by central authorities, can be formed after pruning in 2 years;
(2) three major branch natural open centre shapes: dry high 50 centimetres, major branch spacing 20 cm.Base angle is 55 ~ 60 degree.Respectively stay 1 side shoot in the outer survey of each major branch, as first side shoot, to select and remain the second side shoot at the offside of the first side shoot, two side shoots are interspersed up and down, and each major branch stays three side shoots, while side shoot of selecting and remain, stay a group and fruit bearing shoot more;
Trimming method: can surely do after seedling planting, dry high 50 centimetres, when young sprout grows to 20 ~ 30 centimetres, select growing way balanced, orientation is suitable, 3 branches of upper and lower arrangement straggly are cultivated as major branch in the future, as prosperous in growing way should the dredging of all the other branches is left out, as weak in growing way by pinching or turn round branch and be trained fruit bearing shoot, It is the end of summer, just turning into autumn draws branch to the major branch selected and remain, making it with trunk angle is 55 ~ 60 degree, Second Year stays 80 centimeter length cutting backs before sprouting, to select and remain in the same way again on each major branch during rudiment 2 ~ 3 side shoots, what clip bud was sprouted selects and remain as major branch elongated shoot, thereafter leading, cultivation results branch on side shoot, fruit-bearing shoot cluster.Can be formed by the prunings of 3 ~ 4 years.
4, flower and fruit management
(1) percentage of fertile fruit is improved:
1) artificial pollination: the most kind self-sterility of pears, needing other kind to pollinate could setting.When planning in theatre, although prepared pollinizers, because bad climate conditioned disjunction flowering asynchronism etc. affects insect activity and pear flower pollination, artificial pollination therefore should be adopted to guarantee percentage of fertile fruit, method has a pollen, wounded branch and spraying pollen etc.;
2) percentage of fertile fruit is improved at the florescence to young fruit period spray hormone and foliage fertilizer: flower bud phase spray 30PPM 920; Initial bloom stage spraying 0.2% borax adds 0.3% urea and adds 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate; Spend the rear spray 40PPM basic element of cell division; Be coated with carpopodium etc. with 100 ~ 200PPM 920 during ovary increasing and all can improve percentage of fertile fruit;
3) dredge remove too much young sprout, the young sprout stayed treats 6 ~ 8 leaf pinching, accelerate blade aging, manufacture nutrient, reduce shedding;
(2) flower and fruit thinning: reasonably carry fruit amount, not only the large output of fruit is high then, and next year, flower bud number was also many, too much flower, fruit should be removed,
1) remove bud, be equipped with the ratio of 3 vegetative shoot according to a fruit bearing shoot, too much bud, intensive branch group are cut off long fruit branch in part, descending branch, generally can carry out in conjunction with winter pruning;
2) florescence flower thinning, the inflorescence that will remove during flower thinning is once cut, and the inflorescence of reservation stays 2 ~ 3 ray flowers, the flower at sparse branching top in principle, in the middle part of staying; In dredging, the flower of long fruit branch, stays the flower of fruit spur; Lyophoby bud, stays poppyhead bud; Dredge weak branch, descending branch, stay healthy and strong branch flower;
3) remove young fruit, the leaf-fruit ratio according to 25 ~ 30: 1 or branch ratio i.e. 1 result is equipped with 3 vegetative shoot and stays fruit, namely removes unnecessary young fruit after de-lobe;
(3) fruit bagging.In order to improve pear fruit quality, must bagging be carried out,
1) bagging time: different kinds is in bagging time difference to some extent.1. green skin kind, as early bagging wanted by osmanthus 2, emerald green hat, early honey etc., generally thank spend after 10 ~ 20 days will bagging, 2. brown, yellow skin kind, as chrysanthemum, abundance of water etc. can a little later, generally thank spend after within 25 ~ 40 days, carry out bagging;
2) selection of bag kind: it is better that shagreen kind must overlap double-ply bag effect, generally selects outer khaki, black inner.Brown or yellow skin kind preferably overlap double-ply bag (outer for brown, internal layer are red or black), single ply bag also can, water-rich areas is best with internal layer redness;
3) must spray medicine before bagging: pharmaceutical dosage form should select aqua, soluble powder better, emerald green especially hat kind can not use the agricultural chemicals of emulsifiable concentrate, otherwise rust staining increases the weight of;
(4) extermination of disease and insect pest
1) disease: the Major Diseases of pear tree of causing harm has rust of pear, scab, ring spot, black spot and brown spot etc., prevention and controls:
1. cleaning in winter fallen leaves, cut disease branch, take concentrated outside garden burning out of, and weed a garden concentrated being buried in the earth, full garden spray 5 degree of lime sulfurs, want even extremely full tree to drip, and squirt ground simultaneously, so that reduce pathogeny during spray medicine;
2. Agro-chemicals control, in the Growth of Pear Trees phase, special in 4 ~ July, according to the timely medication of pears incidence, general 7 ~ 10 days once, continuous 2 ~ 3 times, medicament has: the raw greatly M soluble powder 800 times of 70% thiophanate methyl 800 times, 40% Du Pont's lucky star 6000 times, 80%, 80% mancozeb 800 times, 75% tpn 800 times, triazole copper 2000 times;
2) insect pest: the Major Pests of pear tree of causing harm has pear sucker, Schizaphis piricola, pears stem peak, hawthron spider mite, pear lace bug, slug moth etc., prevention and controls: a situation arises according to pear evil, and timely medication is sprayed.Medicament has 50% Folithion 1000 times, 20% to kill 2000 times, chrysanthemum fat, 50% hexythiazox 2000 times, extremely clean 1500 times of 20% mite;
(5) draining drought resisting is noted,
The first half of the year, rainwater was more, special paddy planting should note draining, during the weather arid second half year, with good conditionsily should pour water in time or trickle, the orchard that dried up source is far away, carry out fruit tray covering, reduces moisture evaporation.
Five, gather, pears should be noted when gathering gathering by stages and in groups, not disposable having gathered, in order to avoid cause pear tree to fall leaves.
What finally illustrate is, above preferred embodiment is only in order to illustrate technical scheme of the present invention and unrestricted, although by above preferred embodiment to invention has been detailed description, but those skilled in the art are to be understood that, various change can be made to it in the form and details, and not depart from claims of the present invention limited range.
Claims (7)
1. a breeding method for pear tree, is characterized in that: its step is as follows:
1, the selection of planting site, select the gradient below 30 degree, illumination is sufficient, and soil layer is deep, and subterranean water level is low, and row irrigation is the mountain region of neutrality or subacidity soil or field easily;
2, apply fertilizer
Base manure: base manure is the base fertilizer of the supply pear tree growth whole year, affects very large on shoot growth and fruit development, based on chicken manure or bran cake fertilizer,
1) fertilizing time, set combination childhood and plough deeply and expand cave and improve the soil and apply, bearing-age tree after fruit harvesting, should be ploughed deeply in conjunction with orchard and applies as early as possible;
2) fertilizing amount: the autumn, fertile base manure should account for 60% of annual fertilizing amount, and the full bearing period, 1 kilogram of high-quality farmyard manure was executed by production 1 kilogram of fruit in theatre, added bran fertilizer 3 ~ 5 kilograms, 1.5 ~ 2 kilograms, phosphate fertilizer;
Topdress: topdressing is supplementing of base manure, topdresses and requires timely and appropriate discovery, based on quick-acting fertilizer,
1) treelet is topdressed, and treelet mainly nourishes and grows, and forms hat shelf structure, based on nitrogenous fertilizer, monthly topdresses once in 3 ~ September, be watered pouring execute or open before rain shallow ridges and apply with urea or composite fertilizer;
2) bearing-age tree topdresses, mainly the first half of the year flowering fruit bearing stage carry out;
1. rudiment is topdressed before blooming, and namely before rudiment is bloomed, Chicken dung liquid manure 50 ~ 100 kilograms (Chicken dung liquid manure is in Chicken dung and water 1: 10 ratio) is executed in every strain in 10 days;
2. topdress after spending, Chicken dung liquid manure 50 ~ 100 kilograms is executed in every strain;
3. Fruit is fertile, and this time fertilizer should based on potash fertilizer, and coordinate every strain to execute Chicken dung liquid manure 20 ~ 30 kilograms, every strain applies high K composite fertilizer 0.3 ~ 0.5 kilogram;
Foliage fertilizer: all can carry out spray leaf fertilizer during Growth of Pear Trees, foliage fertilizer be set to 0.3% urea+0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.1% green prosperous No. 2 or 0.1% green prosperous No. 3;
3, pruning, the double-deck happy shape of the trunk that Pear trees shape adopts or three major branch natural open centre shapes:
(1) the double-deck happy shape of trunk, dry high 50 cm, the height of tree 2.5 ~ 3 meters, crown diameter 3 meters, be made up of 5 ~ 6 major branches, divide 2 layers, major branch and trunk angle 60 ~ 70 degree, 3 ~ 4, ground floor major branch, the second layer 2 major branches, one deck and two layers of distance 1.2 ~ 1.5 meters, do not stay bough between two-layer, the middle or small fruit-bearing shoot cluster of reservation, direct raw middle-size and small-size fruit-bearing shoot cluster on major branch;
(2) three major branch natural open centre shapes, dry high 50 centimetres, major branch spacing 20 cm, base angle is 55 ~ 60 degree, respectively stay 1 side shoot in the outer survey of each major branch, as first side shoot, to select and remain the second side shoot at the offside of the first side shoot, two side shoots are interspersed up and down, and each major branch stays three side shoots.While side shoot of selecting and remain, stay a group and fruit bearing shoot more;
4, flower and fruit management
(1) percentage of fertile fruit is improved:
1) artificial pollination, the most kind self-sterility of pears, needs other kind pollination ability setting, adopts artificial pollination to guarantee percentage of fertile fruit;
2) percentage of fertile fruit is improved at the florescence to young fruit period spray hormone and foliage fertilizer, flower bud phase spray 30PPM 920; Initial bloom stage spraying 0.2% borax adds 0.3% urea and adds 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate; Spend the rear spray 40PPM basic element of cell division; Be coated with carpopodium etc. with 100 ~ 200PPM 920 during ovary increasing and all can improve percentage of fertile fruit;
3) dredge remove too much young sprout, the young sprout stayed treats 6 ~ 8 leaf pinching, accelerate blade aging, manufacture nutrient, reduce shedding;
(2) flower and fruit thinning: reasonably carry fruit amount, not only the large output of fruit is high then, and next year, flower bud number was also many, too much flower, fruit should be removed:
1) remove bud, be equipped with the ratio of 3 vegetative shoot according to a fruit bearing shoot, too much bud, intensive branch group are cut off long fruit branch in part, descending branch, generally can carry out in conjunction with winter pruning;
2) florescence flower thinning, the inflorescence that will remove during flower thinning is once cut, and the inflorescence of reservation stays 2 ~ 3 ray flowers, the flower at sparse branching top in principle, in the middle part of staying; In dredging, the flower of long fruit branch, stays the flower of fruit spur; Lyophoby bud, stays poppyhead bud; Dredge weak branch, descending branch, stay healthy and strong branch flower;
3) remove young fruit, the leaf-fruit ratio according to 25 ~ 30: 1 or branch ratio i.e. 1 result is equipped with 3 vegetative shoot and stays fruit, namely removes unnecessary young fruit after de-lobe;
(3) fruit bagging, in order to improve pear fruit quality, must carry out bagging,
1) bagging time, different kinds is in bagging time difference to some extent.1. green skin kind, thank spend after 10 ~ 20 days will bagging, 2. brown, yellow skin kind, thank spend after within 25 ~ 40 days, carry out bagging;
2) selection of bag kind, shagreen kind adopts cover double-ply bag, and skin selects khaki, internal layer selects black; Brown or yellow skin kind adopt cover double-ply bag, and skin selects brown, internal layer selects redness or black; Water-rich areas internal layer selects redness;
3) must spray medicine before bagging, pharmaceutical dosage form should select aqua or soluble powder;
(4) extermination of disease and insect pest
1) disease: the disease of control pear tree has rust of pear, scab, ring spot, black spot or brown spot;
2) insect pest: the insect pest of control pear tree has pear sucker, Schizaphis piricola, pears stem peak, hawthron spider mite, pear lace bug or slug moth;
(5) draining drought resisting is noted,
The first half of the year, rainwater was more, special paddy planting should note draining, during the weather arid second half year, with good conditionsily should pour water in time or trickle, the orchard that dried up source is far away, carry out fruit tray covering, reduces moisture evaporation;
5, gather, the operatic circle should be noted when gathering gathering by stages and in groups, not disposable having gathered, in order to avoid cause pear tree to fall leaves.
2. the breeding method of pear tree as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: in step 2, the fertilizing method of its base manure is as follows: originally planting outside hole, opens opposite side ditch and applies, ditch depth 40 ~ 50cm, wide 25 ~ 30cm, ditch length is fixed according to tree crown width size, be generally 100 ~ 120cm, base manure applied in ditch, mixes thoroughly with soil, earth backing, the dressing furrow of paddy planting can be relatively more shallow.
3. the breeding method of pear tree as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that: in step 3, and the trimming method of the double-deck happy shape of trunk is as follows: select and remain 3 ~ 4 major branches as ground floor major branch after surely dry rudiment, clip bud as central authorities dry allow upwards grow.The First Year winter cuts to major branch from 40 ~ 60 centimeters cutting backs, Second Year spring, and ground floor major branch is pulled into 60 ~ 70 degree, all the other branches make auxiliary support branch, also pull into horizontal branch, when entering the winter, 2 are selected and remain as second layer major branch to the major branch that upper sprouting is done by central authorities, can be formed after pruning in 2 years.
4. the breeding method of pear tree as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: in step 3, the trimming method of three major branch natural open centre shapes is as follows: can surely do after seedling planting, dry high 50 centimetres, when young sprout grows to 20 ~ 30 centimetres, select growing way balanced, orientation is suitable, 3 branches of upper and lower arrangement straggly are cultivated as major branch in the future, as prosperous in growing way should the dredging of all the other branches is left out, growing way weak by pinching or turn round branch and be trained fruit bearing shoot, It is the end of summer, just turning into autumn draws branch to the major branch selected and remain, making it with trunk angle is 55 ~ 60 degree, Second Year stays 80 centimeter length cutting backs before sprouting, to select and remain in the same way again on each major branch during rudiment 2 ~ 3 side shoots, what clip bud was sprouted selects and remain as major branch elongated shoot, then leading, cultivation results branch on side shoot, fruit-bearing shoot cluster, can be formed by the prunings of 3 ~ 4 years.
5. the breeding method of pear tree as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that: in step 4, and its artificial pollination adopts some pollen, wounded branch or spraying pollen.
6. the breeding method of pear tree as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: in step 4, the prevention and controls of disease is as follows:
1. cleaning in winter fallen leaves, cut disease branch, take concentrated outside garden burning out of, and weed a garden concentrated being buried in the earth, full garden spray 5 degree of lime sulfurs, want even extremely full tree to drip, and squirt ground simultaneously, so that reduce pathogeny during spray medicine;
2. Agro-chemicals control, in the Growth of Pear Trees phase, especially in 4 ~ July, according to the timely medication of pears incidence, general 7 ~ 10 days/once, continuous 2 ~ 3 times, medicament has: the raw greatly M solubility of 70% thiophanate methyl 800 times, 40% Du Pont's lucky star 6000 times or 80%.
7. the breeding method of pear tree as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: in step 4, the control side of insect pest is as follows: according to pear evil, a situation arises, timely medication is sprayed, and medicament has 50% Folithion 1000 times, 20% to kill 2000 times, chrysanthemum fat, 50% hexythiazox 2000 times, extremely clean 1500 times of 20% mite.
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