CN109699388B - Cultivation method of high-quality grapes - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a cultivation method of high-quality grapes, and belongs to the technical field of grape planting. The method can obtain high-quality sunshine rose grapes, the wholesale price can reach 35 yuan/kg, and can be improved by more than 75% compared with a conventional planting method; the income can reach 6 ten thousand yuan/mu, and can be improved by more than 12% compared with the conventional planting method; the management is more convenient, and the working hours of 5 working days are reduced per mu; the fruit bearing time is long and can reach about 50 days, and the fruit bearing time can be prolonged by about 20 days compared with the conventional planting method; basically, the phenomena of sunburn, gas burn, overgrowth and the like can not occur.

Description

Cultivation method of high-quality grapes

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of grape planting, in particular to a method for cultivating high-quality grapes, and particularly relates to a method for planting sun roses.

Background

Sun rose (Shine-musccat), alias: the summer-sound mascarat and dazzling roses are European and American hybrids and are bred by the research departments of Anyunjin grapes and persimmon in Japanese fruit test field, and the parents are 'Anyunjin No. 21' and 'Bainan'. In recent years, the method is introduced into China successively for planting, testing and popularization. The fruit cluster of the variety is conical, the weight of the cluster is about 600 g, the weight of the big cluster can reach about 1800 g, and the average fruit grain weight is 8-12 g. The fruit grains are closely grown, oval, yellow green, glossy in fruit surface and less in fruit powder. The grape has fresh, crisp and juicy pulp, has rose fragrance, about 20 percent of soluble solid matter, the highest content can reach 26 percent, and the fresh food has excellent quality, thereby becoming one of the updated and replaced popularization varieties of the grape industry.

The sun rose is a better variety, and if the conventional grape planting method is adopted, the following three problems can occur:

1. compared with the common varieties, the fruit trees are exuberant and are easy to overgrow;

2. the fruits are easy to have sunburn and gas scorching phenomena, which are difficult to overcome when the sun rose is planted;

3. the grape has high yield, large clusters, small fruit grains and no fragrance, so that the quality is low, the price is not greatly different from that of common grapes, the retail price is basically about 10 yuan/jin, and the price advantage can not be reflected.

Disclosure of Invention

The embodiment of the invention provides a high-quality grape cultivation method, which can obtain high-quality sunshine rose grapes, the wholesale price can reach 35 yuan/kg, and can be improved by more than 75% compared with a conventional planting method; the income can reach 6 ten thousand yuan/mu, and can be improved by more than 12% compared with the conventional planting method; the management and the operation are more convenient, and the working hours of 5 working days are reduced per mu; the fruit bearing time is long and can reach about 50 days, and the fruit bearing time can be prolonged by about 20 days compared with the conventional planting method; basically, the phenomena of sunburn, gas burn, overgrowth and the like can not occur. The technical scheme is as follows.

The invention provides a cultivation method of high-quality grapes, which is used for planting sun roses and comprises the following steps:

(1) management of seedlings: before field planting, soil is improved, decomposed organic fertilizer is applied in a matched mode of ploughing, the using amount is 10-15 cubic/mu, the plant spacing is 1.5-2.5m during field planting, the row spacing is 5-7m, the planting row is preferably in the north-south direction, after a tree body is formed, pruning is combined to carry out thinning, the plant spacing is 3-5m, and the tree shape is cultured by adopting an H-shaped frame. The planting can be carried out by adopting the density of 4m by 6 m. The method adopts thinning planting, and has the advantages of crown enlargement, root enlargement, large tree shape, fruit growth benefiting, small accumulated temperature, large branches and tendrils (about 10cm in 4 years of the trunk), vigorous growth control, grape variety promotion, slower tree growth vigor and the like.

(2) Managing the grown trees:

a, branch and vine treatment:

201 bud picking: after winter buds germinate, only one strong branch is left at each bud eye position, and the rest branches are erased.

202, tip fixing: when the branch grows to about 18-24cm, a branch close to the main vine (or trunk) is selected and reserved generally 5-7 days after bud picking, and the rest of the redundant branches are cut off.

203, binding: and after the shoots are fixed, binding the shoots on steel wires on the surface of the frame when the shoots grow to 30-40 cm.

204, center picking by weight: and (3) reserving 2-3 leaves above the inflorescence and re-pinching at the same position (basically on the same horizontal line).

205 secondary tip treatment: and after 3 days of re-pinching, all the minor tips below the inflorescence are erased, the first minor tip on the inflorescence is subjected to absolute pinching processing after 4 leaves are left, the uppermost minor tip continues to grow upwards, pinching processing is carried out again before blooming, all the other minor tips are erased, then only 3-4 leaves of the uppermost minor tip are kept each time for repeated pinching, all the other minor tips are erased until the growth reaches the edge of the shelter (if the growth exists) or in the middle ten days of September, and all the later minor tips are forcibly cut off.

In the above-described treatment, the two steps of the re-pinching and the secondary tip treatment are significantly different from the conventional method. The conventional planting method comprises the following steps: 6-8 leaves are reserved, flowering pinching is adopted, inflorescences cannot be elongated naturally, hormone is needed for elongation (inflorescences are loose), clusters are not compact, and large and small fruit conditions are easy to occur. In addition, the conventional method also has the problems of irregular flowering and the like, the continuous flowering time is as long as 7-10 days, and the flowering time of the patent is centralized on 3-7 days to facilitate flower and fruit treatment.

b, flower and fruit treatment:

211 thinning flower sequence: removing the unqualified inflorescences such as diseased, malformed, inflorescence degenerated, out-of-order, damaged and the like, and only reserving one inflorescence for each branch.

212, pruning inflorescences: after the inflorescence is separated, the inflorescence is shaped and trimmed, 15-18 branches of spike tips are left, and the rest parts are all trimmed.

213 fruit retention treatment: carrying out seedless treatment by adopting plant endogenous hormones, and dipping the inflorescences within 3 days after the whole inflorescences are fully bloomed; the large and small particles are easy to appear in a too early state, and the non-nucleation rate is low in a too late state.

214, ear fixing: and (4) cutting out the clusters with poor fruit setting after 3 days of fruit preservation treatment, and reserving the clusters with healthy growth and good development.

215 once fruit thinning: after the fruit grains are stably set, the fruit thinning is started for one time, and deformed fruits, diseased fruits and residual fruits are thinned.

216 expansion treatment: expanding treatment is carried out 10-15 days after the fruit retention treatment.

217 secondary fruit thinning: 60-80 fruits are uniformly left in each cluster of fruit ears, usually after the swelling treatment is completed.

218 bagging: after the thinning is finished, broad-spectrum bactericide is sprayed all over the garden once, and bagging can be carried out after the liquid medicine is dried.

In the above treatment process, the mode of inflorescence pruning treatment, the number of secondary thinning fruits and the time of fruit retention treatment and spike fixing treatment are obviously different from the conventional method.

The branches are only needed to be beaten once every 10-15 days, the remaining ears are few, and the workload can be obviously reduced; the fruit ears are longer, so that the fruit is convenient to preserve; the flowers are tidy and concentrated, and bloom in 3-7 days; the flower and fruit layers are single-layered, the fruiting zone, the nutrition zone and the ventilation zone are clearly layered, and the zones are respectively positioned on the same horizontal plane, so that the operation and the management are easy; the inflorescence is elongated naturally without using hormone, the middle part of the inflorescence is unfolded, the nutrition can be concentrated in the inflorescence, the ears are tidy and compact, and the yield of the next year can be ensured.

(3) And (3) fertilizer and water management:

301 germination accelerating fertilizer: 1-2 kg/mu of calcium fertilizer and 3-5 kg/mu of humic acid fertilizer are applied 5-8 days before germination, and 3-5 kg/mu of water-soluble nitrogen fertilizer is applied if the tree vigor is weak.

302 pre-flowering fertilizer: before flowering, 3-5 kg/mu of water-soluble phosphate fertilizer and 3-5 kg/mu of humic acid fertilizer are applied, and if the tree vigor is weaker, 2-3 kg/mu of water-soluble nitrogen fertilizer is applied.

303, expanding fertilizer for the first time: after the fruit is stably set, 3-5 kg/mu of water-soluble nitrogen fertilizer and 3-5 kg/mu of humic acid fertilizer are applied.

304 second expansion fertilizer: applying 1-2 kg/mu of calcium fertilizer, 3-5 kg/mu of water-soluble potassium fertilizer and 3-5 kg/mu of humic acid fertilizer, wherein the application time is usually 1 day or the day before the expansion treatment.

305 fruit sugar increasing fertilizer: applying 3-5 kg/mu of water-soluble potassium fertilizer and 3-5 kg/mu of humic acid fertilizer, usually before the fruit is ripe after bagging treatment.

306 month fertilizer: after the fruits are harvested, 3-5 kg/mu of water-soluble nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer and 3-5 kg/mu of humic acid fertilizer are used.

307 base fertilizer: and (3) from the bottom of 9 months to 10 months, applying 3000-plus 5000 kg/mu of decomposed organic fertilizer, 40-60 kg/mu of calcium superphosphate and 1-2 kg/mu of medium trace element fertilizer, and watering the whole garden for one time to permeate water after the fertilization is finished.

(4) Controlling the weeds: the method adopts the mode of grass growing between the lower limit of the tree and the lines.

Specifically, the H-type trellis-cultured tree specifically includes: the planting row is preferably in the north-south direction, and the center picking and the pole centering are carried out at the 1.5-1.7 meter when the nursery stock grows to 1.7-1.9 meters; after pinching, only two auxiliary tips at the upper part are reserved as main vines for cultivation, the rest auxiliary tips are completely erased, and the direction of leading the main vines is east-west direction; when the main vines grow to 1.6-1.8 meters, pinching is carried out at the 1.4-1.6 meters, only two auxiliary tips at the front end are reserved as bearing branches for cultivation, the rest auxiliary tips are completely erased, and the bearing direction of the bearing branches is the north-south direction; pinching again when the bearing branches grow to 6-8 leaves, keeping all the secondary tips on the bearing branches, pinching again when the bearing branches grow to 4-5 leaves, and then keeping 2 leaves for pinching repeatedly; but the secondary tip at the most front end grows forwards, and the pinching treatment is repeatedly carried out when 6-8 leaves grow out each time, and the forward growth is stopped when the distance between the secondary tip and the bearing branch of the adjacent nursery stock is 16-24 cm.

Further, in step (1) (fertilization of seedlings): applying the fertilizer once every 10-15 days from the beginning of 8 months when tendrils appear after germination, applying 3-6 kg/mu of water-soluble nitrogen fertilizer and 4-6 kg/mu of humic acid fertilizer for the first time, and then applying 3-6 kg/mu of water-soluble nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer (special compound fertilizer for fruits and vegetables or special compound fertilizer for grapes in the market, and the same applies later) and 4-6 kg/mu of humic acid fertilizer.

In the embodiment, the water-soluble fertilizer is basically adopted, so that the application amount of the fertilizer can be reduced, and the damage to soil is reduced; the utilization rate of the fertilizer can be improved; meanwhile, the working hours can be reduced.

Further, the method provided by the invention further comprises the following steps: (5) managing the diseases, pests and weeds:

501, when sprouting: spraying 3-5 Baume degree lime sulphur mixture;

502 when unfolding the leaves: adopting Antaisheng, Eimeile and Wolsheng;

503 inflorescence separation: adopting Antaisheng, killing by enemy, WUSHEN and Jiaele;

504 before flowering: fluoxastrobin, voyage and Shijiale are adopted;

505 after fruit setting: stabilizing by taking enemy and voyage;

506, when bagging: adopting Lunason + Vosheng + Eimeile;

after 507 bagging: adopts Antaisheng, enemy killing and Woheng.

The insecticide (except step 501) is a commercial product of Germany Bayer, and the obtained fruit is free from insect damage and meets European export standard (pesticide residue), and the dosage is suitable for each insecticide (see the specification).

Specifically, step 213 employs gibberellic acid of 25ppm + forchlorfenuron of 1ppm for fruit retention.

Specifically, step 216 employs a swelling treatment with 25ppm gibberellic acid +2ppm forchlorfenuron.

Preferably, blue or green fruit bags are used in step 218 to avoid fruit rusting and improve the product appearance.

Wherein, the step (4) specifically comprises the following steps: and (3) in the area 50-60cm away from the trunk, not allowing weeds to grow and covering rice husks, in other areas, allowing weeds to grow, cutting the weeds when the weeds grow for more than 20cm, reserving roots, and applying the green manure obtained by cutting to soil (directly placed on the ground or buried in the soil). Specifically, the weeds can grow naturally or be planted artificially, and the variety is preferably gramineous plants. The method can avoid the use of herbicide, reduce the temperature of soil, avoid gas burning, and has the functions of water and soil conservation. The root system of the weeds can absorb redundant nitrogen and nutrients unnecessary for grapes to realize soil regulation.

The steps are not strictly performed according to time, and can be adjusted and combined according to actual conditions.

In conclusion, the cultivation method is easy to operate and manage, saves working hours, can improve the quality of products, improves the income, prolongs the fruit bearing time and realizes standardized planting and management. Simultaneously, be more applicable to the open harvesting garden of visitor, visitor's experience is better.

Detailed Description

In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, embodiments of the present invention are described in further detail below.

The embodiment provides a cultivation method of high-quality grapes, which comprises the following steps:

building garden

1. Selecting land parcels: the method is characterized in that the method selects enterprises with flat terrain, deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil, high organic matter content, sufficient illumination, convenient irrigation and drainage and no pollution nearby as much as possible, and the convenience of transportation is also one of important factors.

2. Planning a park: the local favorable natural conditions and resources are fully utilized, adverse factors are avoided, and the reasonable layout is comprehensively planned. The problem of garden roads must be considered in a large orchard, the garden is divided into a plurality of areas by reasonably matching a main road (with the width of 6 meters) and a branch road (with the width of 3-4 meters), and the areas are generally about 100 meters long and about 50 meters wide, so that the arrangement is convenient for the operation of each work in the future garden.

3. Soil improvement: before the garden is built in the earlier stage, the whole or local soil of the garden is improved to increase the content of organic matters and various nutrient components in the soil, and meanwhile, the whole land is deeply turned and trimmed, so that the future farming operation is facilitated. Generally, 10-15 cubes of various fully decomposed and fermented manure are applied to each mu of land, and are uniformly spread on planting ridges to be deeply turned by an excavator, wherein the depth is generally 40-50cm, the width is generally 80-100cm, and the planting behaviors are generally in the north-south direction.

4. Selection of the frame type: according to the characteristics of the sunshine rose grapes, a plurality of tree forms and rack forms are compared in experiments, and the final performance is better H-shaped rack.

5. Selecting nursery stocks: the cultivation of the sun rose requires strong tree cultivation, and high-quality fruits can be produced only by strong tree vigor, but the sun rose variety has a defect that the tree vigor is weak in the early stage of growth and strong gradually in the later stage, so that for the consideration of early-stage yield and economic benefit, a strong stock grafting seedling needs to be selected, for example: so4, beida, xiahei, 5BB, 3309, etc.

Second, field management

1. Management of seedlings: in production, in order to consider the problems of yield and benefit in the early stage, close planting in the early stage is generally adopted, and sparse planting management is carried out through reasonable thinning year by year in the later stage so as to adjust tree vigor and keep healthy growth of tree bodies. Taking an H-shaped frame as an example, 56 plants are planted in each mu at a plant spacing of 2 meters and a row spacing of 6 meters, thinning is carried out after the trees are formed, the plant spacing is kept at 4 meters, the row spacing is kept unchanged, and 28 plants are left in each mu.

Culturing a tree form: performing pictographic culture on seedlings according to the shape of the H letter, and performing pinching and rod centering at 1.6 meters when the seedlings grow to 1.8 meters; after pinching, only two auxiliary tips at the upper part are reserved as main vines for cultivation, the rest auxiliary tips are completely erased, and the direction of leading the main vines is east-west direction; when the main vines grow to 1.7 meters, pinching is carried out at the 1.5 meter position, only two auxiliary tips at the front end are reserved as bearing branches for cultivation, the rest auxiliary tips are completely erased, and the bearing direction of the bearing branches is the north-south direction; pinching again when the bearing branches grow to 6-8 leaves, keeping all the secondary tips on the bearing branches, pinching again when the bearing branches grow to 4-5 leaves, and then keeping 2 leaves for pinching repeatedly; but the secondary tips at the most front end grow forward, pinching treatment is repeatedly carried out when 6-8 leaves grow out each time, when the distance between the secondary tips and the bearing branches of the adjacent trees is about 20cm, forward growth is stopped, and secondary tip culture on all the bearing branches is emphasized.

Supply of water and fertilizer: the tree body needs to have sufficient water and nutrients during the seedling culture period, so that the soil needs to be kept moist during the whole growth period, and the moisture cannot be over-dry or over-wet, so that the healthy growth of the root system is facilitated.

The timely supply of the fertilizer is also important, and the water and fertilizer is watered and fertilized by using the water and fertilizer integrated system, so that the water and fertilizer are saved, the efficiency is high, and the effect is better. Generally, fertilization is started when tendrils appear after germination (5 kg/mu of water-soluble nitrogen fertilizer and 5 kg/mu of humic acid fertilizer are applied for the first time, and then the fertilization is changed into 5 kg/mu of water-soluble nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer and 5 kg/mu of humic acid fertilizer every 10-15 days until the beginning of 8 months), so that the seedling growth cannot be influenced too early, the seedling burning phenomenon of the fertilizer is easy to appear too early, and too late.

Thirdly, prevention of diseases, insect pests and weeds: the diseases and pests are less in the seedling period, and the downy mildew of leaves can be mainly prevented, but the pests are relatively serious, so long as the serious problems basically do not occur in the conventional prevention, and the diseases and pests are lighter and easier to prevent due to the fact that the seedlings are planted in facilities. The harm of weeds is not ignored in production, the growth of seedlings is influenced by light plants, and dead seedlings can be caused by heavy plants. Common methods for controlling grass in production are: the field coverage (straw, ground cloth, black mulching film and the like), the clear ploughing, the planting of green grass, the regular mowing of weeds and the like are not recommended to use herbicides for weeding.

2. Management of mature trees

Branch and vine management: the branches can grow rapidly after sprouting, if the branches are not treated by corresponding measures, the branches can grow 8-10 meters or even longer, the flower bud differentiation of the bud eyes of the branches and the normal growth of fruits can be seriously influenced, and particularly in high-temperature and rainy areas in summer, the growth of the branches is more facilitated.

201 bud picking: the winter buds can be germinated, and the method mainly comprises the steps of erasing buds which grow too fast or too slow, and keeping branches to grow all the time; and only one strong branch is left at each eye position, and the rest branches are erased.

202, tip fixing: when the branch grows to about 20cm, the inflorescence can be obviously distinguished, and the method is started. The method is characterized in that a branch is required to be kept at about 20cm and a branch is left, the rest of redundant branches are cut off, but branches close to a trunk and a main vine are left when the branches are selected and left, so that the fruiting part is prevented from moving outwards too fast, and the branches used for updating are reserved.

203, binding: after the shoots are fixed, when the shoots grow to a certain length (30-40 cm, also can be the first iron wire position of the shed frame), the shoots are bound on the steel wires on the frame surface to fix the growth direction of the shoots and prevent the shoots from being overlapped in a staggered way.

204, center picking by weight: 2-3 leaves are left above the inflorescence, and the same position is subjected to repeated pinching, so that the natural elongation of the inflorescence and the flower bud differentiation of bud eyes at the base part are promoted.

205 secondary tip treatment: after 3 days of re-pinching, the secondary shoots on the branches can be treated, so that winter buds are easy to germinate too early, and tree nutrition is wasted too late. The method comprises the following steps: removing all the auxiliary tips below the inflorescence; 4 leaves are reserved at the first minor tip of the inflorescence for pinching after sterilization (sunlight is shielded, and sun burn is reduced); the uppermost secondary tip continues to grow upwards, pinching is carried out again before blooming, and the rest secondary tips are all erased; and then, only one auxiliary tip at the top is reserved for 3-4 repeated leaf pinching, and the rest auxiliary tips are all erased until the auxiliary tips grow to the edge of the rain shelter, and then the auxiliary tips are forcibly cut off.

Management of flowers and fruits: during the growth period of the branch, when the inflorescence is rapidly separated and grown, the inflorescence is processed by corresponding procedures when the branch is processed.

211 borrelidin (fixed inflorescence): the sun rose buds are well differentiated, 1-2 inflorescences can grow on one branch generally, and 3 inflorescences are grown on the other branch generally, but each branch in the patent only needs to keep one inflorescence. The method comprises the following specific steps: diseased, malformed, inflorescence degenerated, out of order and damaged inflorescences were removed and only one inflorescence was retained per shoot.

212, pruning inflorescences: after the inflorescence is separated, the inflorescence is shaped and trimmed, 15-18 branches of spike tips are left, and the rest parts are all trimmed.

213 fruit retention treatment: the seedless cultivation is a trend of planting the sunshine roses, and the benefit maximization is realized. The agents generally chosen are plant endogenous hormones (gibberellic acid, forchlorfenuron), used at a concentration of 25ppm gibberellic acid +1ppm forchlorfenuron; the using period is that the whole inflorescence is dipped in the inflorescence within 3 days after the full bloom. If the fruits are not in regular blossoming, the fruits are treated in batches, otherwise, the fruits are easy to be stunted.

214, ear fixing: and (4) cutting out the clusters with poor fruit setting after 3 days of fruit preservation treatment, and reserving the clusters with healthy growth and good development.

215 once fruit thinning: after the fruit grains are stably set, fruit thinning can be started, and deformed fruits, diseased fruits, residual fruits and the like are thinned and removed.

216 expansion treatment: expanding treatment is carried out 10-15 days after the fruit retention treatment, 25ppm gibberellic acid and 2ppm forchlorfenuron are used, and the expanding treatment is not carried out in batches and can be completed at one time.

217 secondary fruit thinning: fruit thinning is carried out according to the strict standard according to the requirements, and 60-80 grains are uniformly reserved on each cluster of fruit ears generally.

218 bagging: after the fruit thinning is finished, broad-spectrum bactericide is sprayed all over the garden once, the fruit bags can be bagged after the liquid medicine is dried, the fruit bags are generally blue or green, and the fruit bags with the two colors can reduce fruit rust.

Managing fertilizer and water: in common words, the fertilizer water is not separated from home, each fertilization is accompanied with watering, the water can promote the absorption of root systems, the utilization rate of the fertilizer can be improved, and the sufficient water is required to be supplied in other periods except for the corresponding water control in the mature period in the whole growth period. However, the requirements for nutrition are different at different periods, so that corresponding fertilization schemes are required at different periods.

301 germination accelerating fertilizer: the water and fertilizer mainly have the effects of stimulating the growth of root systems and promoting the regular germination of branches. Applying 1-2 kg/mu of calcium fertilizer and 3-5 kg/mu of humic acid fertilizer about one week before germination, and adding 3-5 kg/mu of water-soluble nitrogen fertilizer if the tree vigor is weak.

302 pre-flowering fertilizer: before flowering, the branches, roots and inflorescences grow rapidly, the fertilizer is applied to 3-5 kg/mu of water-soluble phosphate fertilizer and 3-5 kg/mu of humic acid fertilizer, and if the tree vigor is weak, the water-soluble nitrogen fertilizer is added to 2-3 kg/mu.

303, expanding fertilizer for the first time: when the fruit begins to enter the first expansion period after sitting stably and the branches grow rapidly, nitrogen fertilizer needs to be supplemented at the moment, and 3-5 kg/mu of water-soluble nitrogen fertilizer and 3-5 kg/mu of humic acid fertilizer are applied.

304 second expansion fertilizer: at the moment, the period with larger calcium fertilizer requirement is also the key period for supplementing the calcium fertilizer, sufficient calcium fertilizer can effectively prevent sunscald and gas burning, and 1-2 kg/mu of calcium fertilizer, 3-5 kg/mu of water-soluble potassium fertilizer and 3-5 kg/mu of humic acid fertilizer are applied.

305 fruit sugar increasing fertilizer: potassium element is beneficial to the synthesis of sugar in the fruits, more nitrogen can influence the synthesis of sugar and aromatic substances in the fruits, and the application of nitrogen fertilizer is controlled at the moment, namely 3-5 kg/mu of water-soluble potassium fertilizer and 3-5 kg/mu of humic acid fertilizer are applied.

306 month fertilizer: namely the fertilizer which helps to recover the tree vigor after fruit harvest, the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is mainly used, and 3-5 kg/mu of water-soluble nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer and 3-5 kg/mu of humic acid fertilizer are applied.

307 base fertilizer: ditching and applying from the bottom of 9 months to the beginning of 10 months, mainly using fully decomposed organic fertilizer which accounts for about 60 percent of the fertilizing amount all the year around, applying 3000-plus 5000 kg/mu of decomposed organic fertilizer, 40-60 kg/mu of calcium superphosphate and 1-2 kg/mu of medium trace element fertilizer, and watering the whole garden once for water permeation after the fertilizing is finished.

And fourthly, managing the diseases and insect pests: the growth period of the grapes is also the propagation and growth vigorous period of various diseases and cordyceps, and climatic conditions are different at different periods, so that the corresponding diseases and pests appear at different periods. As long as corresponding measures are taken for preventing in advance, basically no large harm occurs, so the principle of 'prevention is taken as the main principle and comprehensive prevention and control' is taken. And (3) prevention of plant diseases and insect pests: different diseases and pests appear at different periods, and the disease and pest can be killed in the cradle as long as the prevention is well done in advance at the corresponding period. The conventional medication scheme is as follows:

501 spraying 3-5 Baume degree lime sulphur mixture to the whole garden to sterilize and kill insects, and the disease source and insect source base number are directly affected by the quality of the pesticide.

502 leaf expansion (3-4 leaves): at the moment, the broad-spectrum bactericide (eg: antasheng), the sucking mouthpart killing medicament (eg: amelete) and the chelated full-area foliar fertilizer (eg: vosheng) are mainly used for preventing the leaf black soya bean disease and the lygus lucorum.

503 inflorescence separation: mainly used for preventing inflorescence gray mold and green plant bug, and can be selected from broad-spectrum bactericide (eg: antasheng), broad-spectrum insecticide (eg: dichlord), chelated full-area foliar fertilizer (eg: vosheng) and gray mold specific medicine (eg: Schaille).

504 before flowering: the method is mainly used for preventing gray mold and supplementing boron, attention is paid to observing the occurrence of downy mildew, and a broad-spectrum bactericide (eg: fluoxastrobin) and a chelated full-surface foliar fertilizer (eg: vosheng) and a gray mold special-effect medicine (eg: Shijiale) are selected.

505 after fruit setting: the broad-spectrum bactericide and therapeutic agent (eg: Naiditabile) and the chelated full-area foliar fertilizer (eg: Washeng) are selected to mainly prevent cluster anthracnose and white rot.

506, when bagging: the broad-spectrum bactericide and treating agent (eg: Lunasen) and the chelated full-area foliar fertilizer (eg: Washeng) and the broad-spectrum insecticide (eg: Eamele) are selected to prevent the anthracnose and the white rot of fruit clusters and prevent insect damage.

After 507 bagging: the broad-spectrum bactericide (eg: anthoxan) and the chelated full-area foliar fertilizer (eg: wosheng) and the broad-spectrum insecticide (eg: chlorfenapyr) can be selected and used once again at intervals of 15-20 days.

Fifth, controlling weeds: with the development of agricultural technology, the understanding of grass is also changed qualitatively, so different methods are correspondingly adopted for treating grass, but herbicide weeding is not recommended, and because the herbicide contains a large amount of heavy metals, the unreasonable application of the herbicide easily causes the heavy metals in the field to exceed the standard, and the production of high-quality fruits is not facilitated.

The sun rose planting area mainly adopts a mode of growing grass on the lower limit of trees and growing grass between rows, the method can reduce the overall temperature of the garden, reduce and avoid sunburn and aerial burn, and can increase the content of organic matters in soil through mowing. The grass at the lower limit of the tree is mainly used for limiting the growth of weeds in the area about one square below the tree, and the aim is to prevent the grass and the grape tree from competing for nutrients and water. The common method is to cover under the tree, which can not only control the growth of the weed, but also play a good role in preserving the soil moisture, and the common method is to cover with grass-proof cloth or straw. The grass growing between rows generally adopts two modes of artificial planting of green grass and natural grass growing, although the methods are different, the management mode is basically the same, namely the grass is only cut when growing to a certain height, and the harm caused by overhigh growth vigor is avoided. By the method, organic matters can be continuously added into the soil, the soil environment is improved and conditioned, and the healthy growth of the sun rose is further promoted.

Planting test

A place: hubei Ma City; time: 2016, and the picking time is 8.10-8.20; the planting mode is as follows: planting in a shed; experimental groups: by adopting the method, 3 standard greenhouses are compared with a group: 1 standard greenhouse by adopting a conventional method. The results are shown in tables 1 to 3;

TABLE 1

	Special faint scent	Soluble solids content (%)	Hardness of fruit (N)
				The method of this patent	Rich in flavor	21.3	10.3
Conventional methods	Bland taste	18.4	8.7

TABLE 2

	Weight per unit (g)	Number of grains per ear	Weight per ear (g)
				The method of this patent	13.7	72	986.4
Conventional methods	10.9	91	991.9

TABLE 3

	Selling price (Yuan/kg)	Yield (kg/mu)	Benefits (Yuan/mu)	Fruit bearing time
					The method of this patent	36.6	1742	63757	51 days
Conventional methods	20.4	2731	55712	32 days

From table 1, compared with the conventional method, the method disclosed by the patent has the advantages of stronger fragrance, higher content of soluble solids, higher fruit hardness and heavier single grain weight, and the wholesale price is higher and reaches more than 35 yuan/kg. The yield is less than that of the conventional method, but the yield is higher than that of the common method; the fruit bearing time is longer, which is not only beneficial to picking, but also beneficial to picking of tourists (the company opens a plurality of greenhouses for the tourists to pick).

The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like that fall within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included therein.

Claims (2)

1. A method for cultivating high-quality grapes, characterized in that the method comprises:

(1) management of seedlings: improving soil before field planting, applying decomposed organic fertilizer in a mode of matching with turning, wherein the using amount is 10-15 cubic/mu, the plant spacing is 1.5-2.5m during field planting, the row spacing is 5-7m, thinning is carried out in a mode of combining pruning after a tree body is formed, the plant spacing is 3-5m, and the tree type is cultured by adopting an H-shaped frame; applying the fertilizer once every 10-15 days from the beginning of 8 months when tendrils appear after germination, applying 3-6 kg/mu of water-soluble nitrogen fertilizer and 4-6 kg/mu of humic acid fertilizer for the first time, and then applying 3-6 kg/mu of water-soluble nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer and 4-6 kg/mu of humic acid fertilizer;

(2) managing the grown trees:

a, branch and vine treatment:

201 bud picking: after winter buds germinate, only one strong branch is left at each bud eye position, and the rest branches are erased;

202, tip fixing: when the branches grow to 18-24cm, selecting and reserving one branch close to the main vine, and cutting off the rest redundant branches;

203, binding: after the shoots are fixed, binding the shoots on steel wires on the surface of a frame when the shoots grow to 30-40 cm;

204, center picking by weight: 2-3 leaves are left above the inflorescence and the same position is subjected to pinching again;

205 secondary tip treatment: after 3 days of re-pinching, all the minor tips below the inflorescence are erased, 4 leaves are left on the first minor tip on the inflorescence for post-pinching, the uppermost minor tip continues to grow upwards, pinching is performed again before blooming, all the other minor tips are erased, then only 3-4 leaves of the uppermost minor tip are retained each time for repeated pinching, all the other minor tips are erased until the growth reaches the edge of the rain shelter or in the middle ten days of September, and all the later minor tips are forcibly cut off;

b, flower and fruit treatment:

211 thinning flower sequence: firstly, removing diseased, malformed, inflorescence degenerated, disorderly positioned and damaged inflorescences, and only reserving one inflorescence for each branch;

212, pruning inflorescences: after inflorescence separation, shaping and trimming inflorescences, reserving 15-18 branches of spike tips, and trimming the rest;

213 fruit retention treatment: carrying out seedless treatment by adopting plant endogenous hormones, and dipping the inflorescences within 3 days after the whole inflorescences are fully bloomed;

214, ear fixing: after 3 days of fruit preservation treatment, cutting off the clusters with poor fruit setting, and reserving the clusters with healthy growth and good development;

215 once fruit thinning: after the fruit grains are stably set, the fruit thinning is started for the first time, and malformed fruits, diseased fruits and residual fruits are thinned;

216 expansion treatment: performing swelling treatment 10-15 days after the fruit retention treatment;

217 secondary fruit thinning: 60-80 fruits are uniformly reserved on each cluster of fruit ears;

218 bagging: after the thinning is finished, broad-spectrum bactericide is sprayed all over the garden once, and bagging can be carried out after the liquid medicine is dried;

(3) and (3) fertilizer and water management:

301 germination accelerating fertilizer: applying 1-2 kg/mu of calcium fertilizer and 3-5 kg/mu of humic acid fertilizer 5-8 days before germination, and applying 3-5 kg/mu of water-soluble nitrogen fertilizer if the tree vigor is weak;

302 pre-flowering fertilizer: before flowering, 3-5 kg/mu of water-soluble phosphate fertilizer and 3-5 kg/mu of humic acid fertilizer are applied, and if the tree vigor is weaker, 2-3 kg/mu of water-soluble nitrogen fertilizer is applied;

303, expanding fertilizer for the first time: after the fruit is stably set, applying 3-5 kg/mu of water-soluble nitrogen fertilizer and 3-5 kg/mu of humic acid fertilizer;

304 second expansion fertilizer: applying 1-2 kg/mu of calcium fertilizer, 3-5 kg/mu of water-soluble potassium fertilizer and 3-5 kg/mu of humic acid fertilizer;

305 fruit sugar increasing fertilizer: applying 3-5 kg/mu of water-soluble potassium fertilizer and 3-5 kg/mu of humic acid fertilizer;

306 month fertilizer: after fruits are harvested, 3-5 kg/mu of water-soluble nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer and 3-5 kg/mu of humic acid fertilizer are used;

307 base fertilizer: at the bottom of 9 months to 10 months, applying 3000-plus 5000 kg/mu of decomposed organic fertilizer, 40-60 kg/mu of calcium superphosphate and 1-2 kg/mu of medium trace element fertilizer, and watering the whole garden once after the fertilization is finished;

(4) controlling the weeds: allowing no weed to grow in the area 50-60cm away from the trunk and covering the rice hulls, allowing weeds to grow in other areas, cutting the weeds when the weeds grow for more than 20cm, reserving roots, and applying green manure obtained by cutting in soil;

the H-shaped frame culture tree specifically comprises: when the seedling grows to 1.7-1.9 m, pinching and centering at 1.5-1.7 m; after pinching, only two auxiliary tips at the upper part are reserved as main vines for cultivation, the rest auxiliary tips are completely erased, and the direction of leading the main vines is east-west direction; when the main vines grow to 1.6-1.8 meters, pinching is carried out at the 1.4-1.6 meters, only two auxiliary tips at the front end are reserved as bearing branches for cultivation, the rest auxiliary tips are completely erased, and the bearing direction of the bearing branches is the north-south direction; performing pinching again when the bearing branches grow to 6-8 leaves, retaining all the secondary tips on the bearing branches, performing pinching again when the bearing branches grow to 4-5 leaves, and then reserving 2 leaves for pinching repeatedly; but the secondary tip at the most front end grows forwards, and the pinching treatment is repeatedly carried out when 6-8 leaves grow each time, and the continuous growth is stopped until the distance between the secondary tip and the bearing branch of the adjacent nursery stock is 16-24 cm.

2. The method of cultivating high-quality grapes according to claim 1, further comprising:

(5) managing the diseases, pests and weeds:

501, when sprouting: spraying 3-5 Baume degree lime sulphur mixture;

502 when unfolding the leaves: adopting Antaisheng, Eimeile and Wolsheng;

503 inflorescence separation: adopting Antaisheng, killing by enemy, WUSHEN and Jiaele;

504 before flowering: fluoxastrobin, voyage and Shijiale are adopted;

505 after fruit setting: stabilizing by taking enemy and voyage;

506, when bagging: adopting Lunason + Vosheng + Eimeile;

after 507 bagging: adopts Antaisheng, enemy killing and Woheng.