CN112042459B - Annual double-cropping cultivation method for greenhouse grapes - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for cultivating greenhouse grapes twice a year, which comprises the following steps: cutting fruit mother branches in winter to promote germination, managing summer stubble fruit young shoots and flowers and fruits, cutting secondary fruit mother branches, breaking dormancy of the secondary fruit mother branches, and managing winter stubble fruit young shoots and flowers and fruits. The invention overcomes the problems that the sunlight greenhouse promotes early culture of grape flower buds to form poor quality, the growing node is high, and the high yield and the outward movement of fruiting parts in successive years are influenced; overcomes the problems of high cost, difficult control of mature period and premature senility of leaves in the delayed culture of grapes. The method produces secondary fruits by utilizing the empty production period after grape early-promoting cultivation and fruit picking, reduces great waste of facility resources and manpower and material resources, greatly expands the picking and marketing period of fresh grapes, greatly increases the economic benefit of grape farmers, and has very obvious ecological benefit, social benefit and economic benefit.

Description

Annual double-cropping cultivation method for greenhouse grapes

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the field of fruit tree cultivation, and particularly relates to a method for cultivating greenhouse grapes twice a year.

Background

In recent years, as the grape planting scale and the fruit yield are continuously and rapidly increased all over the country and the mature period of marketing is relatively concentrated, the fresh grape market is lost in the vigorous production season of grapes, the supply and demand are not adequate in the weak production season, the contradiction between supply and demand is very prominent, and the phenomenon that the yield of grape growers is increased and the yield is not increased is frequently seen. In recent years, the grape early-maturing cultivation is promoted through the sunlight greenhouse, although the contradiction between the supply and demand of fresh grapes in spring is relieved, the economic benefit of farmers is increased, grape picking and the fresh fruit market are still blank in the new year and the spring festival, and the empty production period of 4-6 months after the grape early-maturing cultivation fruits are picked is not well developed and utilized, so that the facility resources and the manpower and material resources are greatly wasted. That is, for the facility grape industry in the north area, the facility grape industry still has a large development space and potential through innovations in cultivation technology and planting mode.

The early-promoting cultivation is a cultivation mode aiming at advancing the mature period of the fruit and enabling the fruit to appear on the market early. The greenhouse and other facilities are utilized to create environmental conditions favorable for the growth and development of the grapes, so that the grapes germinate earlier than the grapes cultivated in the open field and mature in advance. The early-promoting cultivation can be divided into an early-promoting cultivation type, a standard early-promoting cultivation type and a general early-promoting cultivation type according to the morning and evening of the germination starting period. The early-promoting cultivation mode is mainly widely distributed in Liaoning, hebei, shandong, guangxi, inner Mongolia, xinjiang, gansu, shanxi and Jiangsu, and the cultivation technology is more successful. The varieties suitable for promoting early cultivation include red rose, red in summer, black in summer, giant rose, bixiang seedless and the like. For example, a research on the key technology for promoting early cultivation of grapes in the Turpan facility in the academic paper of Shuigur Nisha' Kadel, which is an agricultural popularization of Xinjiang university in 2013, mainly treats the flame seedless grapes in the Turpan area by measures of setting different concentrations of lime nitrogen to break dormancy, treating inflorescences with gibberellins of different concentrations, pruning fruit ears after fruit setting and the like, and further realizes the early cultivation of the greenhouse grapes.

The delayed cultivation is a cultivation method aimed at delaying the mature period of fruits. In production, the habit of bearing fruits for a plurality of times a year of grapes is utilized to realize delayed cultivation, and the purpose of delayed fruit marketing is achieved. Delayed cultivation is usually achieved by cultivation techniques, environmental regulation and the use of growth regulators. The delayed cultivation has important effects on adjusting the mature period of the grape fruits, realizing annual supply of fresh grapes and improving the economic benefit of grape facility cultivation. In contrast, grapes that are on the market before and after the spring festival have a high price due to their freshness and quality. Therefore, delayed grape cultivation is a very important cultivation method both from the viewpoint of economic efficiency and from the viewpoint of regulating the mature period of the fruits to realize annual supply of fresh grapes. For example, in 2016, the university of Hebei science and technology institute of Hebei university, master research study on Li interpretive science thesis paper "delayed cultivation young shoot cutting technique of facility grape and adaptive cultivationSelection of variety, taking 10-6, 10-7 and Kyoho grapes as test materials, realizing greenhouse grape delayed cultivation by utilizing truncation treatment, and further researching the germination and heading capacity of treated plants, and the change of the photosynthesis rate and the chlorophyll content of the curdled leaf curtains; some of the changes of substances related to senescence of plants under low-temperature short-day conditions were studied. The 2010 Yuan Shuichi treaty on growth regulator on delayed ripening, coloring and seedless fruit growth of grapes by CPPU and GA ₃ And growth regulators such as NAA and the like are used for realizing delayed ripening of the grapes under the greenhouse, the change rule of the plant growth regulators on related physiological indexes of the new beautiful finger grapes in the delayed ripening process is researched, and the influence on the growth and development of the new beautiful finger grapes is analyzed.

On the whole, the early-promoting cultivation technology and the delayed cultivation technology of greenhouse grapes are both used for advancing or delaying the time of marketing of fresh grape products, and annual two-crop production of greenhouse grapes is not realized, so that the economic benefit advantage is not remarkable. In addition, in some areas, the emergence of early cultivation is promoted, the current situation of the agricultural industry is greatly changed, people are adopted in many times and become the first choice for improving the planting benefit, however, in recent years, the grapes which are promoted to be cultivated early are concentrated in the market and have poor quality, the market advantage of early maturity is gradually lost, and the income is greatly reduced.

In the technical aspect, the sunlight greenhouse promotes early culture of grape flower buds to form poor quality and high growing nodes, and the problems of high yield in successive years and outward migration of fruiting parts are influenced; the delayed culture of grapes has high cost, the maturation period is difficult to control and the premature senility of leaves is serious.

Disclosure of Invention

In order to solve the problems, the invention provides a method for cultivating greenhouse grapes in twice a year.

The annual double cropping cultivation method of greenhouse grapes comprises the following steps:

1) Bearing mother branch winter pruning germination promotion

After picking winter-stubble fruits or forcing the nutrients of branches and leaves to flow back, the winter-stubble fruits can be cut in winter and slowly heated, 2-4 buds of the base parts of the fruit mother branches are remained during low-position short-cut pruning, the residual branch tips and leaves are removed, after the fruit mother branches are pruned, 50% of cyanamide is immediately smeared or sprayed for 20-30 times dilution and then dormancy breaking, and after the cyanamide is smeared or sprayed, the high-temperature and high-humidity environment is created for slow heating;

2) Summer fruit young sprout and flower and fruit management

The tree shape preferably adopts a forward horizontal trunk shape or a vertical trunk horizontal trunk shape, one fruiting mother branch is reserved every 15-20cm on the trunk, and 2-4 buds are reserved when the fruiting mother branches are cut in winter; timely erasing the regenerated buds after the bearing mother branches of the young shoots sprout in the same year, timely fixing the young shoots when the young shoots grow to 15-20cm, and erasing weak shoots, dense shoots and excessive fruitless young shoots; each tree retains 5-6 new shoots on average. Pinching the left new shoots in time; timely pinching the remained new shoots, reserving 4-6 varieties with high fruit setting rate above the fruit cluster, and pinching at the flowering period or after the flower; reserving 2-3 leaves above the fruit cluster of the variety with low fruit setting rate to be cored before flowering; keeping 7-8 leaf pinching for the nutrition tip; except that 2-3 leaves are reserved for the secondary tips at the top for repeated pinching, 1 leaf is reserved for the other secondary tips for pinching after sterilization; when secondary main tips are cored, the primary and secondary main tips are required to be combined into 12-15 leaves, and then 2-4 leaves are reserved for repeated coring on each level of secondary main tips; binding tendrils to the new tips of the results and the nutritional tips in time to remove tendrils; shaping the flower ears, and finishing the fruit ears; coloring the fruits to a mature picking period, and properly picking the leaves;

3) Secondary pruning of fruit branches

After the fruits are picked once, the apical dominance of grape sprouting and growth is regulated and controlled through pruning:

pruning 2-4 buds of secondary fruiting mother branches, namely primary young shoots growing in the current year;

4) Dormancy breaking by secondary fruiting mother branch

After secondary fruiting mother branches are pruned, smearing two winter buds and branch sections at the top end with 30-40 times of 50% cyanamide solution, and then creating a high-temperature and high-humidity environment until winter buds germinate to 70-80%;

5) Management of young winter fruit shoots and flowers

Erasing the regenerated buds on the fruiting mother branches and the buds on the trunks except the fruiting mother branches, removing the young shoots which are weak in growth vigor, poor in spica development and excessively overgrown, and keeping 4-6 fruiting young shoots which are strong in growth vigor, uniform in growth vigor and good in spica development of each grape; picking off the core of the variety with low fruit setting rate before blooming, and reserving 2-3 leaves above the fruit cluster; the variety with high fruit setting rate is delayed to the flowering phase or the core is picked after the flower, and 4-6 leaves are reserved above the fruit cluster; for the auxiliary tips of the upper meristem of the main tip, 1 leaf is reserved for each auxiliary tip at the top and then the tip is picked after every 2-3 leaves are reserved, and the auxiliary tips at the position of the growing fruit cluster and below are all erased; the method comprises the following steps of (1) removing cores of a first main shoot of a nutritive shoot without fruit clusters, reserving 7-8 leaves, and treating a later subsidiary shoot by the same method as a fruiting shoot; timely tying vines to the new tips of the fruits and the nutritive tips to remove tendrils; shaping the flower ears, and finishing the fruit ears; coloring the fruit to mature picking period, and properly picking leaves.

Wherein, summer fruit is the first fruit, and the trimming, breaking and sleeping time of the mother branch of the fruit is after the second fruit is harvested, and the winter is the normal time. And the like in winter.

Wherein, 1) after the cyanamide is smeared or sprayed, the ventilation opening is closed immediately, the quilt falls down and is protected from light and moisture, and the quilt is pulled up the next day and is heated normally;

2) If the soil is dry, the cyanamide is smeared or sprayed and the water is irrigated immediately in the morning or evening of the day;

3) After the cyanamide is smeared or sprayed until winter buds germinate by 70-80%, the greenhouse is kept in a high-humidity state all the time, the relative air humidity is not less than 80%, and water is sprayed to the inter-row soil and the rear wall of the greenhouse to humidify when the relative air humidity is less than 70%;

4) Slowly raising the temperature of the greenhouse, gradually raising the temperature of the white ceiling to 28-35 ℃, preferably 28-32 ℃, raising the temperature of the greenhouse to not less than 18 ℃ at night, and then keeping the temperature until the germination rate of the winter buds of the mother branches reaches 70-80%.

Wherein, the fertilizer and water management in the production of summer fruit specifically comprises the following steps:

soil topdressing: after leaf spreading, before flowering and after flower withering, respectively applying diammonium phosphate and urea once, wherein the fertilizing amount is 8-10 kg per mu, and the urea accounts for 40-50%; applying nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium balance fertilizer once in the fruit expansion period, wherein the fertilizer application amount is 10-15 kg per mu; respectively applying a high-potassium high-phosphorus low-nitrogen compound fertilizer once in the fruit color changing period and the initial coloring period, wherein the fertilizing amount is 8-10 kg per mu;

and (3) foliage fertilizer spraying: spraying leaf fertilizer every 15-20 days from the young sprout of the summer fruit to the mature of the berry, wherein urea is taken as the main material in the early stage, and monopotassium phosphate is taken as the main material in the later stage, wherein the using concentration of the urea is 0.3-0.5%, and the concentration of the monopotassium phosphate is 0.2-0.3%; supplementing medium and trace elements by foliar topdressing from the young fruit period to the fruit color transition period; spraying multielement amino acid foliar fertilizer for 1-2 times after picking fruits;

base fertilizer: after the summer fruits are ripe and picked, furrow application or base fertilizer application is carried out immediately, and generally 4000-5000 kg of well-decomposed cattle and sheep manure, 50kg of calcium superphosphate and 10-15 kg of nitrogen phosphorus and potassium balance fertilizer are applied to each mu of land.

Wherein, the environmental regulation and control in the production of the summer fruits specifically comprises the following steps: after germination and before flowering, the optimal temperature in the daytime is 25-28 ℃, the lowest temperature is not less than 22 ℃, the highest temperature is not more than 30 ℃, the temperature at night is 12-16 ℃, and the relative air humidity in the daytime is 60-70%; in the flowering period, the temperature is 25-28 ℃ in the daytime, 12-15 ℃ in the night and the relative air humidity is 50-60%; the fruit development period is 25-30 ℃ in the daytime, 15-18 ℃ at night, the lowest temperature is not less than 12 ℃, and the relative air humidity is 60-70% in the daytime; the fruit turns color to mature period, 25-30 ℃ in daytime, 12-16 ℃ at night and 60-70% of relative air humidity in daytime; in the mature fruit picking period, the external natural temperature and humidity can basically meet the requirements, the ventilation and light transmission conditions are improved, and if high-temperature dry weather is met, the soil in the morning and evening is selected to spray water for cooling and humidifying.

Wherein, the fertilizer and water management in the production of the winter fruits specifically comprises the following steps:

soil topdressing: after leaf spreading, before flowering and after flower falling, respectively applying primary diammonium phosphate and urea, wherein the fertilizer application amount is 8-10 kg per mu, and the urea accounts for 50-60%; applying nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium balance fertilizer once in the fruit expansion period, wherein the fertilizer application amount is 10-15 kg per mu; respectively applying 8-10 kg of high-potassium high-phosphorus low-nitrogen compound fertilizer once in the fruit color transition period and the initial coloring period;

and (3) foliage fertilizer spraying: spraying leaf fertilizer every 15-20 days from the young sprout of winter fruit to the mature of berry, wherein the early stage is mainly urea and the later stage is mainly potassium dihydrogen phosphate, wherein the use concentration of the urea is 0.3-0.5 percent and the use concentration of the potassium dihydrogen phosphate is 0.2-0.3 percent; supplementing medium and trace elements by foliar topdressing from the young fruit period to the fruit color transition period; after the fruits are harvested, the grape leaves are not aged and yellowed, and a high-concentration foliar fertilizer needs to be sprayed once immediately, wherein 1-2% of monopotassium phosphate is added with 5-6% of urea;

base fertilizer: after the winter fruits are ripe and picked, immediately furrow-applying or spreading base fertilizer, generally applying 4000-5000 kg of well-decomposed cattle and sheep manure, 50kg of calcium superphosphate and 10-15 kg of nitrogen phosphorus and potassium balance fertilizer per mu of land.

Wherein, the environmental regulation and control in the production of the winter fruits specifically comprises the following steps:

1) Illumination regulation and control: the light supplementing lamp is timely installed in the greenhouse as required, the light supplementing lamp is started every day from the winter bud germination development leaves on the winter fruit mother branches until the fruits are ripe and harvested for 2-5 hours, the time for turning on the light supplementing lamp every day is started half an hour before dark, and the preset light supplementing time is up;

2) Temperature and humidity regulation: after winter buds germinate, the temperature and the humidity are adjusted to be normal, the optimal temperature in a greenhouse is controlled to be 25-28 ℃ in the daytime, not less than 22 ℃ at the lowest, not more than 30 ℃ at the highest, the temperature is controlled to be 12-16 ℃ at night, and the relative air humidity is controlled to be 60-70% in the daytime; the temperature in daytime at the flowering stage is 25-28 ℃, the temperature at night is 12-15 ℃, and the relative air humidity is 50-60%; the fruit development period is 25-30 ℃ in the daytime, 15-18 ℃ at night, the lowest temperature is not less than 12 ℃, and the relative air humidity is 60-70% in the daytime; the fruit turns color to mature period, 25-30 ℃ in daytime, 12-16 ℃ at night and 60-70% of relative air humidity in daytime; in the mature fruit picking period, the temperature is 22-26 ℃ in the daytime, the temperature is 8-10 ℃ at night, and the relative air humidity is 50-60%; after fruit harvesting, gradually reducing the night temperature to below 7.2 ℃ within 7-10 days, keeping the temperature at 3-7 ℃, and accelerating the yellowing of leaves and the backflow of nutrients in branches and leaves; after the fruits are picked, most leaves are aged and yellowed, and the fruits can be directly trimmed, heated and germinated.

The grape variety is a precocious, medium-precocious and medium-mature variety with medium or strong weak light resistance, preferably a precocious variety, and can better control the development period, and the grape variety can be but not limited to Kyoho, giant rose, nectar, hutai No. 8, summer black, giant rose, early summer seedless and the like.

In one embodiment of the invention, the winter pruning germination promoting time of the fruit mother branches is adjusted from the middle and last of 7 months to the middle and last of 8 months, so that the secondary fruits are ensured to be ripe and listed from the new year to the spring festival.

The method provided by the invention overcomes the problems that the formation quality of flower buds of grapes cultivated in a sunlight greenhouse is poor, the growing node is high, and the high yield and fruiting part outward movement in successive years are influenced; and secondly, the problems of high cost, difficult control of the mature period and premature leaf senescence of the delayed grape cultivation are solved. And thirdly, the second fruit is produced by utilizing the empty production period after the grape early-promoting cultivation and fruit picking, so that the facility resource and the great waste of manpower and material resources are reduced, the picking and marketing period of the fresh grape fruits is greatly prolonged, the economic benefit of grape farmers is greatly increased, and the ecological benefit, the social benefit and the economic benefit are very obvious.

The method realizes low-bud pruning of the fruiting mother branches of the greenhouse grapes in the north, can realize high-quality fruiting, and is extremely suitable for double-cropping greenhouse grape cultivation in one year in cold northern areas in China. According to the method, 2-4 buds are reserved at the base part of the fruiting mother branch during low-position short-cut pruning, dormancy breaking treatment is adopted, temperature and humidity and illumination regulation is well performed, picking, young sprout sprain, foliar fertilizer spraying and the like are performed to promote differentiation of winter buds, the low-position of the fruiting mother branch is promoted to form full flower buds, and the problems of low-position pruning of the fruiting mother branch and low ratio of young sprout sprouting are avoided. The method solves the problems of poor dormancy breaking effect and bud burning by selecting different concentrations of the cyanamide used by two crops of fruits, the mother branch treatment of the winter crops of fruits is generally carried out in summer and autumn, the temperature is high in the daytime, the illumination time is long, the intensity is high, and the low-concentration cyanamide treatment is adopted for preventing bud burning; on the contrary, the mother branch treatment of the summer fruit is to treat the summer fruit in winter and spring, the outside air temperature is low, the illumination time in the day is short, the illumination intensity is low, and the concentration of the used cyanamide is higher than that of the winter fruit. The temperature is controlled to be 28-35 ℃ in the germination promotion process, the relative air humidity is controlled to be more than 80%, the germination period can be effectively shortened, and the germination is regular, which is different from the common knowledge that the growth and the germination of grapes generally can not exceed 30 ℃; but with the increase of the temperature, the growth of the root system can be influenced, and the damage of the high temperature of the soil to the root system is reduced by increasing the indoor relative air humidity of the grape shed and inhibiting or reducing the over-quick increase and over-large amplitude of the soil temperature; in addition, under a high-humidity environment, the phenomenon of burning bud by cyanamide can be effectively prevented, the germination rate can be greatly improved, the germination period can be shortened, and the germination uniformity can be improved. The method can also prevent the fruit part of the grape from moving outwards, and the conventional grape double cropping cultivation has the defects that the fruit bearing mother branch has more buds, the shearing retention is overlong, and the fruit part is easy to move outwards. The method has the advantages that the differentiation rate of the flower buds of the lower-node winter buds of the bearing mother branches of the grapes is high, the quality is good, the leaves of grape plants are not easy to senilis, the fruit clusters are more, and the fruit clusters and the fruit grains are larger.

The cultivation method disclosed by the invention realizes alternate production and annual supply of cold northern grapes, the mature time span of the cultivated grapes is large, the method can reversely reverse according to grape varieties and predicted time to market, and the germination promoting time for processing fruit mother branches is selected, for example, the mature time of winter fruits can be from 11 months to 2 months of the next year, so that the market supply is greatly enriched, by adopting the technology disclosed by the invention, a dormancy period (normally, dormancy lasts for about 20-40 days) does not exist between the winter fruits and summer fruits, the land utilization rate and the reseeding index are improved, the summer fruits can mature from the top of 5 months to the bottom of 7 months, the mature period can be randomly controlled, and the supply of northern market grapes can be greatly enriched; compared with the early-cultivation promoting and delayed cultivation method of northern maturity, the method disclosed by the invention has the advantages that the average production cost of the winter and summer stubble fruits per stubble is lower than that of the early-cultivation promoting and delayed cultivation, the annual total yield is 170% of that of one stubble of fruits, the yield per unit area is greatly increased, the economic benefit is doubled, the yield per mu reaches more than 10 ten thousand yuan, and the economic income of fruit growers is greatly increased. The method of the invention can also utilize the change from winter idle to winter busy of fruit growers to promote employment.

Drawings

FIG. 1 shows early summer seedless (1 month in 2017 for fruiting parent branch processing).

FIG. 2 shows Kyoho (treatment of fruiting mother branches in 6 months 2018).

FIG. 3 shows Kyoho (treatment of fruiting mother branches in month 1 of 2018).

FIG. 4 shows Hutai No. 8 (7 months in 2017 for fruiting mother branches).

Fig. 5 shows the giant peak (the resulting parent branch was processed in 1 month of 2020).

FIG. 6 shows Kyoho (treatment of fruiting mother branches in month 1 of 2019).

Detailed Description

The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

1. Summer fruit production

1.1 Bearing mother branch winter pruning germination promotion

(1) Grapes are cultivated in a sunlight greenhouse for two cropping in one year, winter fruits do not have obvious low-temperature dormancy stage after being harvested, and the grapes can be cut in winter and slowly heated after being harvested or after nutrients of branches and leaves are forced to flow back. According to the target harvesting period (before and after the morning festival) when summer fruits are ripe, the winter pruning time is generally from late 12 months to mid 2 months in the next year. And (3) during pruning, 2-4 bud cutoffs are reserved at the base part of the fruit mother branch, and the residual branch tip and leaf are removed.

(2) Coating a dormancy breaking agent: after the mother branches are pruned, the liquid with 20 to 30 times of 50 percent cyanamide is immediately smeared or sprayed to break sleep. The dormancy breaking agent is applied for the optimal time, and the application is carried out when the air temperature and the humidity are higher in the evening of the current day of pruning the fruit mother branches; if the bleeding occurs, the coating is needed to be sprayed after the bleeding occurs.

(3) Creating a high-humidity environment to slowly raise the temperature: (1) after the dormancy breaking agent is smeared or sprayed, the ventilation opening is closed immediately, the quilt falls off and is protected from light for moisture, and the quilt is pulled up for normal temperature rise on the next day. (2) If the soil is dry, the dormancy breaking agent is applied for immediate irrigation in the morning or evening; (3) after the dormancy breaking agent is coated on the greenhouse soil, the greenhouse soil is kept in a high-humidity state until winter buds germinate to 70-80%, the relative air humidity is more than or equal to 80%, and the water is sprayed to the inter-row soil and the rear wall of the greenhouse in time to humidify when the relative air humidity is less than 70%. The temperature of the greenhouse can not be too fast when the temperature of the greenhouse needs to be slowly increased, the temperature of the white ceiling is gradually increased to 28-35 ℃ within 8-10 days, the temperature of the night is increased to not less than 18 ℃, and the temperature is kept until the germination rate of winter buds of mother branches reaches 70-80%.

1.2 summer fruit young sprout and fruit management

(1) Bud picking and shoot fixing: firstly, erasing the regenerated buds on the fruiting mother branches and the buds on the trunks except the fruiting mother branches; secondly, when the young shoots grow to about 15cm, the young shoots can be accurately distinguished from good or bad young shoots and the spica is good or bad, the young shoots are fixed, the young shoots with weak growth vigor, poor spica development and excessive overgrowth are removed, 4-6 young shoots with strong growth, uniform growth vigor and good spica development are reserved on each grape plant, and are uniformly guided to the surface of the V-shaped frame,

(2) Thinning flower and spike: before blooming, the better the spacing is, the earlier the better the blooming period is, 4-5 spica are averagely reserved for each grape, 1 spike is reserved for strong shoots, and no spica is reserved for weak trees and weak shoots.

(3) Note that the tree potential is balanced: and for the sprain of the extreme vigorous young sprout base, the growth vigor is controlled, and the spindling is prevented.

(4) Pinching the main and auxiliary tips: picking the core of the variety with low fruit setting rate before blooming, and reserving 2-3 leaves above the fruit cluster; the variety with high fruit setting rate is delayed to the flowering phase or the core is picked after the flower, and 4-6 leaves are reserved above the fruit cluster. For the secondary tips of the upper meristem on the main tip, except for one secondary tip at the top, 2-3 leaves are reserved each time for repeated pinching, 1 leaf is reserved for pinching for other secondary tips after the end is removed, and all the secondary tips at the position of the growing fruit cluster and below are removed. The nutritive shoots without clusters are subjected to primary shoot pinching, 7-8 leaves are reserved, and the secondary shoot processing method of later merisation is the same as that of fruiting shoots.

(5) Binding tendrils and removing tendrils: according to the growth condition of the young shoots, the young shoots need to be uniformly bound on the surface of the frame in time, and tendrils are removed at any time.

(6) Shaping the flower spike: the shape of the food is adjusted according to variety characteristics and local market consumption habits. The shaping time is carried out after the inflorescence is separated. The specific operation method comprises the following steps: firstly, thinning or shrinking and shearing 2-4 accessory ears which are close to the base of the cob and influence the appearance of the ear shape; secondly, ear tips are pinched, 1/4 of the length of the whole ears are removed, and the ears are neat and the fruit setting rate of the variety is high without pinching the ear tips.

(7) And (3) fruit cluster finishing: after physiological fruit drop, trimming the clusters about 15 days after flower withering, firstly, removing the sick fruits, malformed fruits, small green grains and excessively densely squeezed fruit grains, and then trimming the secondary clusters which influence the beautiful appearance of the clusters. Finally, 60-80 grapes are reserved in each cluster of fruits. The yield per mu is controlled to be 1400 kg-1600 kg.

(8) The application of the growth regulator comprises the following steps: after inflorescence separation and before blooming, stretching the ears of the varieties with high fruit setting rate by 4-6 ppm gibberellic acid, and not stretching the ears of the varieties with low fruit setting rate; dipping fruit ears with 30-50 ppm gibberellic acid and 2-5 ppm forchlorfenuron 7-10 days after blossom, improving fruit setting rate and accelerating division of young fruit cells; the gibberellic acid is applied in an amount of 30-50 ppm at intervals of 10 days to expand the fruits.

It should be noted that under different grape varieties, different growth vigors and different regional environmental conditions, the growth regulators have different use effects, and a small-area test is recommended to be made in advance for a grower to determine more scientific and reasonable use concentration, use time and use method.

(9) Leaf picking: the fruits are properly picked up from the coloring stage to the mature picking stage, thereby saving nutrients and promoting coloring. Firstly, removing leaves which are etiolated and aged and lose photosynthetic capacity in time; and secondly, the leaves which seriously shield the fruit clusters are properly removed, and the sun burn caused by excessive leaf picking is avoided.

1.3 Fertilizer and Water management

(1) Fertilizing: the reasonable use rule of the NY/T496 fertilizer is required to be met. Soil fertilization should be performed in combination with watering.

Soil topdressing: after leaf spreading, before flowering and after flower withering, respectively applying diammonium phosphate and urea once, wherein the fertilizing amount is 8-10 kg per mu (urea accounts for 40-50%); topdressing nitrogen phosphorus and potassium balance fertilizer once in the fruit expansion period, wherein the fertilizing amount is 10-15 kg per mu; the high-potassium high-phosphorus low-nitrogen compound fertilizer is applied once respectively in the fruit color-changing period and the initial coloring period, and the fertilizing amount is 8-10 kg per mu.

And (3) foliage fertilizer spraying: spraying leaf fertilizer every 15-20 days from the young sprout of the summer stubble fruit to the mature fruit, wherein urea is taken as the main material in the early period, and monopotassium phosphate is taken as the main material in the later period (the using concentration of the urea is 0.3-0.5%, and the using concentration of the monopotassium phosphate is 0.2-0.3%). The concentration of the early sprayed foliar fertilizer is lower, and the later sprayed concentration is gradually higher. In addition, from the young fruit period to the fruit color transition period, medium and trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, boron, zinc and the like are supplemented through foliage dressing. After picking fruits, spraying 1-2 times of multielement amino acid foliar fertilizer.

Base fertilizer: after the summer fruits are ripe and picked, base fertilizer is immediately applied in furrows or scattered, generally 4000-5000 kg of well-decomposed cattle and sheep manure and 50kg of calcium superphosphate are applied to each mu of land. 10-15 kg of nitrogen phosphorus potassium balance fertilizer.

(2) Watering: soil moisture management is based on the principle of drought resistance, no irrigation and drainage of drought irrigation and waterlogging. The key watering periods comprise pre-germination (before and after spraying the dormancy breaking agent), post-germination, post-flower withering, fruit development period, color transition period, initial coloring period and post-harvest. The watering amount is based on the penetration of a soil layer with the depth of 30-40 cm, large water flood irrigation is avoided, and if regional irrigation is adopted, the effect is better. The soil was not very dry as much as possible without watering 20 days before harvest.

1.4 temperature and humidity control

After the dormancy breaking agent is coated on the fruiting mother branches of the summer fruits, the high humidity state is kept in the greenhouse until winter buds germinate 70-80%, and the relative air humidity is required to be more than or equal to 80% in the period, and the water is required to be sprayed to the inter-row soil and the rear wall of the greenhouse for humidification when the relative air humidity is less than 70%; the temperature of the greenhouse needs to be slowly increased but can not be too fast, the temperature of the white greenhouse is gradually increased to 25-30 ℃ by using the time of 8-10 days, the temperature of the night is increased to 12-18 ℃, and the temperature is kept until the winter buds germinate to 70-80%. After germination of winter buds and before blooming, the optimal temperature in the daytime is 25-28 ℃, the lowest temperature is not less than 22 ℃, the highest temperature is not more than 30 ℃, the temperature at night is 12-16 ℃, and the relative air humidity in the daytime is 60-70%; in the flowering period, the temperature is 25-28 ℃ in the daytime, 12-15 ℃ in the night and the relative air humidity is 50-60%; the fruit growth period is 25-30 ℃ in the daytime, 15-18 ℃ at night, the lowest temperature is not less than 12 ℃, and the relative air humidity is 60-70% in the daytime; the fruit turns color to mature period 25-30 ℃ in the daytime, 12-16 ℃ at night and 60-70% of relative air humidity in the daytime; in the mature fruit picking period, the outside natural temperature and humidity basically meet the requirements, the greenhouse film is pulled up day and night (the film is covered to prevent rain in rainy days), the ventilation and light transmission conditions are improved as much as possible, and if high-temperature dry days are met, the soil in the morning and evening can be selected to be sprayed with water to cool and humidify.

Note that: and (4) from late ten days of 4 months to early 5 months in the Chengdu area, when the lowest outside air temperature is stabilized to be more than 10 ℃, the cotton quilt is not pulled to cover, and the temperature of the greenhouse is adjusted by closing and opening the ventilation opening. 7. The 8 months pay attention to the protection of the leaves in the rain-sheltering cultivation.

1.5 Pest control

In order to meet the regulation of GB/T8321 pesticide reasonable use criteria, the plant protection policy of 'prevention is main and comprehensive prevention' is followed by the principle of harmless prevention and control based on 'agricultural prevention and control, physical prevention and control, biological prevention and control and chemical prevention and control are auxiliary'.

20-30% of summer fruit and 40-50 times of 45% of crystal lime sulphur mixture is sprayed on the whole tree. In the inflorescence separation period, the spike stalk brown blight and gray mold are mainly prevented, and commonly used medicaments comprise thiophanate methyl, difenoconazole, mancozeb, procymidone and the like. The main control of red spider is from after leaf spreading to before blooming, and the common medicaments comprise spirotetramat, abamectin, benazolin and the like. During the fruit development period, the prevention and treatment of thrips and red spider are required, and the pesticide spirotetramat is added with imidacloprid or spirotetramat is added with cypermethrin. During the fruit coloring period to the mature picking period, the prevention and control of fruit flies, wasps and birds are paid attention to, and the prevention and control are mostly carried out by adopting measures such as insect sticking plates, sugar and vinegar trapping and killing, bird prevention net pulling and the like, so that chemical pesticides are not required to be sprayed.

1.6 fruit ripening harvesting and post-harvest management

Due to the fact that winter bud germination promoting time, temperature and humidity regulation and control and different varieties of fruits are different in development period, the fruit maturity period is different from early to late, summer stubble fruit maturity time is reasonably regulated to be from middle and late of 5 months to late of 7 months, and the tree-hanging period of the fruits is 20-30 days, so that the supply period of fresh fruits can be prolonged to the end of 7 months.

Picking fresh fruits is preferably carried out in a low-temperature dew-free time period in the morning, the fruits are lightly taken and placed during picking, the fruit powder is protected, overlong cobs are cut off, and squeezing and packaging are prevented.

After the summer fruits are harvested, the time for producing the winter fruits is at least 1-2 months, the time is needed to grasp soil, fertilizer and water management and tree body management, the tree vigor is recovered, the nutrient accumulation of the tree body is increased, and a good foundation is laid for producing the winter fruits.

2 winter fruit production

2.1 promoting sprouting of mother branches by autumn shearing

(1) Pruning a bearing mother branch: mother branches with the height of the implantation point exceeding 100cm are cut and thinned in the middle and late 8 months, 3-4 medium-bodied winter fruiting mother branches with relatively balanced vigor are selected from each tree, 2-4 bud cutoffs are reserved on the base of each mother branch, and shoots without utilization values on all secondary tips, leaves and trunks are removed.

(2) Coating a dormancy breaking agent: after pruning the fruiting mother branches, coating two winter buds and branch sections at the top ends with 30-40 times of 50% cyanamide according to the physiological dormancy degree of the fruiting mother branches and the winter buds. The dormancy-breaking agent is applied for the best time, and the dormancy-breaking agent is applied when the air humidity is higher in the evening of the day of pruning the fruit mother branches.

(3) Creating a high temperature and high humidity environment: the germination time can be shortened in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment, and the germination uniformity of winter buds is improved. Firstly, the soil is required to be in a wet state when the dormancy breaking agent is coated, and if the soil is dry, immediate irrigation is required; secondly, after the dormancy breaking agent is coated, the greenhouse is kept in a high-temperature and high-humidity state until the winter bud germination reaches 70-80%, the temperature of the white weather in the greenhouse is controlled to be 28-35 ℃, the temperature is not less than 18 ℃ at night, and the relative air humidity is not less than 80%.

2.2 winter fruit young sprout and fruit management

(1) Bud picking and shoot fixing: firstly, erasing the regenerated buds on the fruiting mother branches and the buds on the trunks except the fruiting mother branches; secondly, when the young shoots grow to about 15cm, the young shoots can be accurately distinguished from good or bad young shoots and the spica is good or bad, the young shoots are fixed, the young shoots with weak growth vigor, poor spica development and excessive overgrowth are removed, 4-6 young shoots with strong growth, uniform growth vigor and good spica development are reserved on each grape plant, and are uniformly guided to the surface of the V-shaped frame,

(2) Thinning out flower and spike: before blooming, the better the thinning is earlier when the good or bad of the spica is distinguished, 3-4 spica are averagely reserved for each grape, 1 spica is reserved for a strong tip, and no spica is reserved for a weak tip of a weak tree.

(3) Note that the tree potential is balanced: for the extremely strong young sprout base sprain, the growth vigor is controlled and the vain growth is prevented.

(4) Main and auxiliary tip pinching: picking off the core of the variety with low fruit setting rate before blooming, and reserving 2-3 leaves above the fruit cluster; the variety with high fruit setting rate is delayed to the flowering phase or the core is picked after the flower, and 4-6 leaves are reserved above the fruit cluster. For the secondary tips of the upper meristem on the main tip, except for one secondary tip at the top, 2-3 leaves are reserved each time for repeated pinching, 1 leaf is reserved for pinching for other secondary tips after the end is removed, and all the secondary tips at the position of the growing fruit cluster and below are removed. The nutritive shoots without clusters are subjected to primary shoot pinching to reserve 7-8 leaves, and the secondary shoot processing method of later merisation is the same as that of fruiting shoots.

(5) Binding tendrils and removing tendrils: according to the growth condition of the young shoots, the young shoots need to be uniformly bound on the surface of the V-shaped frame in time, and tendrils are removed at any time.

(6) Shaping flower spikes: shaping according to grape variety characteristics and local market consumption habits. The shaping time is carried out after the separation of the inflorescences. The specific operation method comprises the following steps: firstly, 2-4 secondary ears which affect the attractive appearance of the ear shape at the base of the cob are removed or shrunk and sheared; secondly, ear tips are pinched, 1/4 of the length of the whole ears are removed, and the ears are neat and the fruit setting rate of the variety is high without pinching the ear tips.

(7) And (3) ear arrangement: after physiological fruit drop, trimming the clusters beginning about 15 days after flower withering, firstly, removing the sick fruits, malformed fruits, small green grains and excessively densely squeezed fruit grains, and then trimming the secondary clusters which affect the attractive appearance of the clusters. Finally, 60-80 grapes are reserved in each cluster of fruits. The yield per mu is controlled to be 1000-1200 kg.

(8) The application of the growth regulator comprises the following steps: after inflorescence separation and before flowering, the high fruit setting rate variety is stretched with 4-6 ppm gibberellic acid, and the low fruit setting rate variety is not stretched; dipping fruit ears with 30-50 ppm gibberellic acid and 2-5 ppm forchlorfenuron 7-10 days after blossom, improving fruit setting rate and accelerating division of young fruit cells; the gibberellic acid swelled fruits with the concentration of 30-50 ppm are applied at intervals of 10 days.

It should be noted that under different grape varieties, different growth vigors and different regional environmental conditions, the use effects of the growth regulator are different, and a small-area test is suggested to be made in advance for a grower to determine the more scientific and reasonable use concentration, use time and use method.

(9) Leaf picking: the fruits are properly picked up from the coloring stage to the mature picking stage, thereby saving nutrients and promoting coloring. Firstly, removing the leaves which are etiolated and aged and lose photosynthetic capacity in time; and secondly, removing leaves which seriously shield the fruit ears properly.

2.3 Fertilizer and Water management

(1) Fertilizing: soil fertilization should be combined with watering.

Soil topdressing: after leaf spreading, before flowering and after flower withering, respectively applying diammonium phosphate and urea once, wherein the fertilizing amount is 8-10 kg per mu (urea accounts for 50-60%); applying nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium balance fertilizer once in the fruit expansion period, wherein the fertilizer application amount is 10-15 kg per mu; the high-potassium high-phosphorus low-nitrogen compound fertilizer is applied once respectively in the fruit color-changing period and the initial coloring period, and the fertilizing amount is 8-10 kg per mu.

Spraying fertilizer on leaf surfaces: spraying leaf fertilizer every 15-20 days from the young sprout of winter fruit to the mature of berry, wherein urea is used as the main material in the early stage, and monopotassium phosphate is used as the main material in the later stage (the using concentration of the urea is 0.3-0.5%, and the using concentration of the monopotassium phosphate is 0.2-0.3%). The concentration of the foliar fertilizer sprayed in the early stage is lower, and the spraying concentration in the later stage is gradually higher. In addition, from the young fruit period to the fruit color transition period, medium and trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, boron, zinc and the like are supplemented through foliage dressing; after the fruits are harvested, the grape leaves are not aged and yellowed, a high-concentration leaf fertilizer needs to be sprayed once, and 1-2% of monopotassium phosphate and 5-6% of urea are added.

Base fertilizer: after the winter fruits are ripe and picked, furrow application or base fertilizer application is immediately carried out, and generally 4000-5000 kg of thoroughly decomposed cattle and sheep manure and 50kg of calcium superphosphate are applied to each mu of land. 10-15 kg of nitrogen phosphorus potassium balance fertilizer.

(2) Watering: soil moisture management is based on the principle of drought resistance, no irrigation and drainage of drought irrigation and waterlogging. The key watering periods comprise pre-germination (before and after spraying the dormancy breaking agent), post-germination, post-flower withering, fruit development period, color transition period, initial coloring period and post-harvest. The watering amount is based on the penetration of a soil layer with the depth of 30-40, large water flood irrigation is avoided, and if regional irrigation is adopted, the effect is better. The soil was not very dry as much as possible without watering 20 days before harvest.

2.4 environmental Regulation

The winter-cropping fruit production of grapes comprises the steps of winter bud germination, shoot and leaf expansion, flowering and fruit bearing till fruits are picked up in a mature mode, the sunshine duration is gradually shortened and the air temperature is gradually reduced along with the time, germinated young shoots are affected by short sunshine and low-temperature environment, the young shoots easily enter secondary dormancy and stop growing too early, the leaf area of a part of the leaves cannot reach the normal physiological standard, the premature senility problem of the leaves is prominent, the area of the young shoots is insufficient, the photosynthetic capacity is poor, the growth and development of the fruits are seriously affected, and the yield and the quality of the fruits are further affected. Therefore, certain technical measures must be taken to eliminate the influence of short sunshine and low temperature so that the young leaves can grow normally.

(1) Illumination regulation and control: the light supplement lamps are required to be installed in the greenhouse in time according to requirements, and the light supplement is generally carried out in the Chengde area for 2-5 hours every day from the winter bud sprouting development on the winter fruit mother branches until the fruits are ripe and harvested. And starting the light supplement lamp every day in half an hour before darkness, and finishing when the preset light supplement duration is reached.

(2) Temperature and humidity regulation: after the dormancy breaking agent is coated on the bearing mother branches of the winter fruits, the greenhouse is always kept in a high-temperature and high-humidity state, the air temperature in the greenhouse is controlled to be 28-35 ℃ in the daytime, the night temperature is not less than 18 ℃, the relative air humidity is not less than 80%, and the temperature and the humidity are kept until the winter buds germinate to be 70-80%. After winter buds germinate, the temperature and the humidity are regulated to be normal, the optimal temperature in a greenhouse is controlled to be 25-28 ℃ in the daytime, the temperature is not less than 22 ℃ at the lowest, the temperature is not more than 30 ℃ at the highest, the temperature is controlled to be 12-16 ℃ at night, and the relative air humidity is controlled to be 60-70% in the daytime. The temperature in daytime of the flowering period is 25-28 ℃, the temperature at night is 12-15 ℃, and the relative air humidity is 50-60%. The fruit growth period is 25-30 ℃ in the daytime, 15-18 ℃ at night, not less than 12 ℃ at the lowest and 60-70% of relative air humidity in the daytime. The fruit turns color to mature period at 25-30 deg.C in daytime, 12-16 deg.C at night and 60-70% relative air humidity in daytime. In the mature and harvest period of fruits, the temperature is 22-26 ℃ in the daytime, 8-10 ℃ at night and the relative air humidity is 50-60%. After the fruits are harvested, the temperature of the night is gradually reduced to below 7.2 ℃ within 7-10 days, the temperature is kept at 3-7 ℃, and yellowing of leaves and backflow of nutrients of branches and leaves are accelerated. After the fruits are picked, most leaves are aged and yellowed, and the fruits can be directly trimmed, heated and germinated.

2.5 Pest control

Spraying difenoconazole to the whole tree for sterilization after winter fruit bearing mother branches and winter buds germinate. In the inflorescence separation period, spike-stalk brown blight and gray mold are mainly prevented, and commonly used medicaments comprise thiophanate methyl, difenoconazole, mancozeb, procymidone and the like. The main control of red spiders is performed after leaf spreading and before blooming, and the common medicaments comprise spirotetramat, abamectin, swede and the like. During the fruit development period, the prevention and treatment of thrips and red spider are required, and the pesticide spirotetramat is added with imidacloprid or spirotetramat is added with cypermethrin. During the fruit coloring period to the mature picking period, the fruit flies and birds are prevented and controlled by adopting measures such as sticking insect plates, pulling bird-preventing nets and the like, and chemical pesticides are not sprayed.

2.6 mature fruit harvest and post harvest management

Due to the fact that winter bud germination promoting time, temperature and humidity regulation and control and different varieties of fruits are different in development period, the fruit ripening period is different in the morning and at the evening, the winter fruit ripening time is reasonably regulated to be generally from the middle and the last ten days of 12 months to the middle and the last ten days of 2 months, and the tree-hanging period of the fruits is 20-30 days, so that the supply period of fresh fruits can be prolonged by 7 months.

For example, the winter fruit mother branch winter bud promoting time is advanced to the middle and last 6 months or 7 months, and the winter fruit mature picking period is advanced to the middle and last 10 months to the last 12 months.

After fruit harvesting, applying fermented organic fertilizer, watering thoroughly, spraying high-concentration foliar fertilizer, rapidly reducing the night temperature, and forcing nutrient to flow back. Then, the cultivation management and fruit production of summer stubble and winter stubble in the new period are started.

Example 1

The experiment is carried out in double 28390of Chengde city in 2016-2020 and a Korean test shed (in a common sunlight greenhouse); the trees in the first two years are gradually increased, the yield is only increased but not reduced, the yield in the later period is stable and is reduced to be normal (the trees are planted in 2016, and enter the full bearing period in 2019); the effective planting area is 1 mu, and the area accounting (mu) is carried out when the yield is calculated; the calculation method is a calculation method, the whole shed is measured and calculated according to the weight of one line, and the whole shed is seen for several lines.

In 2016, early-maturing, medium-early-maturing or medium-maturing varieties with medium light fastness or strong light fastness, such as Jufeng, miguang, hutai No. 8, summer black, juroses, early-summer seedless and the like, are used for cultivating and planting new seedlings, scientific management is carried out on seedlings planted in the current year, and attention is paid to protecting leaves in rainy season to promote the formation of full winter buds. In 2016, the greenhouse is buckled at the beginning of 10 months, and the light is closed and the dormancy is carried out, and the winter pruning is carried out. In 2016, in the middle of 11 months, the temperature is raised by uncovering the curtain, and the temperature and humidity control before germination is well carried out. After sprouting, soil, fertilizer and water management, tree management, flower and fruit management and temperature and humidity control are well grabbed, sprouting, leaf spreading, flowering and fruiting are promoted, and meanwhile, corresponding flower promoting measures are adopted, and formation of flower buds of mother branches for secondary fruiting is promoted. The young shoots are reasonably pinched and controlled to grow, the tree shape is a forward horizontal trunk shape or a vertical trunk horizontal trunk shape, one fruiting mother branch is reserved every 15-20cm on the trunk, and 2-4 buds are reserved when the fruiting mother branches are cut in winter. In the growing season, timely bud picking, tip fixing, pinching, vine binding and whisker rolling removal are carried out. The grape buds are timely picked, the tips are fixed, the vines are tied off, tendrils are removed, balance of vegetative growth and reproductive growth can be effectively controlled, physiological differentiation and morphological differentiation of winter buds of the young shoots in the current year are promoted, the ratio of mixed buds is improved, the growth node positions of flower buds are reduced, and formation of full flower buds is accelerated. After the bearing of the new shoots and the sprouting of the mother branches in the year, the regenerated shoots are removed in time, when the new shoots grow to 15-20cm, the shoots are fixed in time, weak shoots, dense shoots and excessive fruitless new shoots are removed, and 5-6 new shoots are averagely reserved for each tree. Timely pinching the remaining new shoots, reserving 4-6 varieties with high fruit setting rate above clusters, and pinching in the flowering period or after flowering; reserving 2-3 leaves above the fruit cluster of the variety with low fruit setting rate to be cored before flowering; and 7-8 leaf pinching parts are reserved for the nutrition shoots. Except for the terminal secondary tips, 1 leaf is left for the other secondary tips and then the core is removed. When secondary main tips are cored, the primary and secondary main tips are required to be combined into 12-15 leaves, and 2-4 leaves are reserved for each level of secondary main tips to be cored repeatedly. Binding the new shoots and the nutritive shoots with tendrils in time to remove tendrils. The basis of the determination is as follows: theoretically every 500 g of fruit produced by grapes, 12-15 leaves of carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis are needed to guarantee.

Mature picking of fruits (shown in figure 1) is completed once in 2017 in 5-6 months, and tree management and soil, fertilizer and water management are well performed after once fruit picking. In the late 6 th month of 2017, pruning mother branches of secondary fruit fruits in combination with updating, and determining pruning time and dormancy breaking treatment according to variety characteristics, fruit development period and preset marketing period, wherein the pruning time and dormancy breaking treatment comprise the following steps: the Hutai No. 8 (figure 4) after 1 month of treatment, the mother branch treatment is carried out in 19 days after 7 months, the apical dominance of grape germination and growth is reasonably regulated, the differentiation and synthesis characteristics of grape flower buds and the heterogeneity of buds are fully utilized, and the winter buds are promoted to germinate to produce secondary fruits. For varieties with medium weak light resistance, 2-4 buds of secondary fruiting mother branches (primary young shoots in the current year) are reserved for uniform pruning in combination with updating pruning; for the variety with strong weak light resistance, easy flower formation and low flower bud growing node, 6-7 buds of the secondary fruiting mother branch (the primary new shoot in the current year) can be reserved for uniform pruning, and the primary fruit flower bud in the next year is reserved. In addition, the secondary fruit pruning needs to prune all growing points on the secondary fruit bearing mother branches (the annual primary young shoots) clean. And (3) coating cyanamide to break the germination of winter buds in a dormant state and promote secondary fruiting. The winter buds of grapes in the current year belong to dormant buds, and the grapes do not germinate in the current year when the grapes are not stimulated to sleep by outside. Through years of experiments, the cyanamide has the effects of breaking dormancy of winter buds of the grapes and promoting the winter buds to germinate in advance. The dormancy is broken by using cyanamide, and the winter buds of the grapes are promoted to germinate in the same year. The concentration of the cyanamide is reasonably determined according to the environmental temperature and the maturity of fruiting mother branches and winter buds, and the concentration of the cyanamide used by winter-stubble fruits is lower than that used by summer-stubble fruits. The application time is immediately applied after the mother branches of the secondary fruit are pruned, the water is immediately irrigated and the shade is shielded from light for 1 to 2 days after the cyanamide is applied, the environmental temperature is kept as high as about 25 ℃ as possible in the daytime before germination, the highest temperature is not more than 30 ℃, and the air humidity is more than 80 percent. Timely watering and fertilizing are carried out, tree management and flower and fruit management are enhanced, and shed covering and heat preservation are carried out in the middle and last ten days of 9 months, so that normal development of secondary fruits is ensured, and the fruits are ripe according to preset time. In 11 late months in 2017, the fruits are picked twice to come into the market.

In 2018 to 2020, in order to ensure the yield and quality of greenhouse double-cropping grapes and delay the fruit ripening time to the period of a new year and a spring festival, the previous 2 years of experimental experience is summarized, and partial improvements are made on the original technology, such as: the giant peak (fig. 5 and 6) treated in 2019 and 2020 in month 1 has thick and strong flower buds, and the time for breaking sleep and promoting secondary fruit growth is updated from the middle and last ten days of month 7 to the middle and last ten days of month 8, so that the secondary fruit is ensured to be mature and come into the market from the new year to the spring festival. The yield per mu of the two crops of fruits in 2018 and 2019 respectively reaches 2200kg and 2700kg, which is about 1.7 times and 2 times of the yield 1350kg in 2017, and the crops have more clusters, large and heavy grape clusters, higher maturity, full grape seeds and large grains (figure 2 and figure 3).

Compared with the method for promoting early cultivation and delaying cultivation, the method disclosed by the invention has the advantages that the average production cost of the winter and summer fruits per fruit is lower than that of the early cultivation and the delaying cultivation, the annual constant is equal to 170% of that of one fruit, the economic benefit is doubled, and the yield per mu reaches more than 10 ten thousand yuan.

The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the technical principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (6)

1. A method for cultivating greenhouse grapes twice a year is characterized by comprising the following steps:

1) Bearing mother branch winter pruning germination promotion

After harvesting winter-stubble fruits or forcibly refluxing branches and leaves with nutrients, carrying out winter pruning, carrying out low-position short-cut pruning on mother branches, reserving 2-4 buds at the base parts of the mother branches during pruning, immediately smearing or spraying 20-30 times of liquid of 50% cyanamide to break sleep after the mother branches are pruned, and then creating a high-temperature high-humidity environment to slowly raise the temperature;

2) Summer fruit young sprout and flower and fruit management

The tree shape is a forward horizontal trunk shape or a vertical trunk horizontal trunk shape, one fruiting mother branch is reserved every 15-20cm on the trunk, and 2-4 buds are reserved when the fruiting mother branches are cut in winter; timely erasing the regenerated buds after the bearing mother branches of the young shoots sprout in the same year, timely fixing the young shoots when the young shoots grow to 15-20cm, and erasing weak shoots, dense shoots and excessive fruitless young shoots; 5-6 new shoots are averagely reserved for each tree; the remaining new shoots are timely cored; reserving 4-6 varieties with high fruit setting rate above the fruit cluster, and pinching in the flowering period or after flowering; reserving 2-3 leaves above the fruit cluster for picking before flowers of the variety with low fruit setting rate; keeping 7-8 leaf pinching for the nutrition tip; 1 leaf is reserved for other subsidiary tips and then the core is removed except that 2-3 leaves are reserved for the subsidiary tips at the top for repeated core removal each time; when secondary main tip pinching, the primary main tip and the secondary main tip are required to be aggregated into 12-15 leaves, and 2-4 leaves are reserved for repeated pinching of each level of secondary main tip; timely tying vines to the new tips of the fruits and the nutritive tips to remove tendrils; shaping the ears, and finishing the ears; coloring the fruits to a mature picking period, and properly picking the leaves;

3) Secondary pruning of fruit branches

After a fruit is picked, the top end advantages of grape germination and growth are regulated and controlled through pruning:

pruning 2-4 buds of secondary fruiting mother branches, namely primary young shoots growing in the current year;

4) Dormancy of secondary fruiting mother branch

After the mother branches with secondary fruiting are pruned, smearing two winter buds and branch sections at the top end with 30-40 times of 50% cyanamide solution to create a high-temperature and high-humidity environment until the winter buds germinate to 70-80%;

5) Management of young winter fruit shoots and flowers

Erasing the regenerated buds on the fruiting mother branches and the buds on the trunks except the fruiting mother branches, removing the young shoots which are weak in growth vigor, poor in spica development and excessively overgrown, and keeping 4-6 fruiting young shoots which are strong in growth vigor, uniform in growth vigor and good in spica development of each grape;

picking off the core of the variety with low fruit setting rate before blooming, and reserving 2-3 leaves above the fruit cluster; the variety with high fruit setting rate is delayed to the flowering phase or the core is picked after the flower, and 4-6 leaves are reserved above the fruit cluster; for the auxiliary tips of the upper meristem of the main tip, except for one auxiliary tip at the top, 2-3 leaves are reserved each time for repeated pinching, 1 leaf is reserved for other auxiliary tips for pinching after the end is removed, and the auxiliary tips at the position of the growing fruit cluster and below are all erased; the method comprises the following steps of (1) removing cores of a first main shoot of a nutritive shoot without fruit clusters, reserving 7-8 leaves, and treating a later subsidiary shoot by the same method as a fruiting shoot; binding tendrils to the new tips of the results and the nutritional tips in time to remove tendrils; shaping the flower ears, and finishing the fruit ears; coloring the fruits to a mature picking period, and properly picking the leaves;

after the cyanamide is smeared or sprayed, the slow temperature rise in the high-temperature high-humidity environment is specifically realized by the following steps:

1) After the cyanamide is smeared or sprayed, the ventilation opening is closed immediately, the quilt falls off and is protected from light and moisture, and the quilt is pulled up on the next day to be heated normally;

2) If the soil is dry, the cyanamide is smeared or sprayed and the water is irrigated immediately in the morning or evening of the day;

3) After the cyanamide is smeared or sprayed until winter buds germinate by 70-80%, the greenhouse is kept in a high-humidity state all the time, the relative air humidity is more than or equal to 80%, and when the relative air humidity is less than 70%, the water is sprayed to the inter-row soil and the rear wall of the greenhouse for humidification;

4) Slowly raising the temperature of the greenhouse, gradually raising the temperature of the white ceiling to 28-35 ℃, raising the temperature of the greenhouse to not less than 18 ℃ at night, and keeping the temperature until the germination rate of the winter buds of the mother branches reaches 70-80%;

the fertilizer and water management in the production of summer fruits specifically comprises the following steps:

soil topdressing: after leaf spreading, before flowering and after flower falling, respectively applying primary diammonium phosphate and urea, wherein the fertilizer application amount is 8-10 kg per mu, and the urea accounts for 40-50%; applying nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium balance fertilizer once in the fruit expansion period, wherein the fertilizer application amount is 10-15 kg per mu; respectively applying 8-10 kg of high-potassium high-phosphorus low-nitrogen compound fertilizer once in the fruit color transition period and the initial coloring period;

and (3) foliage fertilizer spraying: spraying leaf fertilizer every 15-20 days from the young sprout of the summer fruit to the mature of the berry, wherein urea is taken as the main material in the early stage, and monopotassium phosphate is taken as the main material in the later stage, wherein the using concentration of the urea is 0.3-0.5%, and the concentration of the monopotassium phosphate is 0.2-0.3%; supplementing medium and trace elements by foliage dressing from the young fruit period to the fruit color transition period; spraying multielement amino acid foliar fertilizer for 1-2 times after picking fruits;

base fertilizer: after the summer fruits are ripe and picked, immediately furrow-applying or spreading base fertilizer, generally applying 4000-5000 kg of well-decomposed cattle and sheep manure, 50kg of calcium superphosphate and 10-15 kg of nitrogen phosphorus and potassium balance fertilizer per mu of land;

the environmental regulation and control in the production of the summer fruits specifically comprise the following steps: after germination and before flowering, the temperature in the daytime is 25-28 ℃, the lowest temperature is not less than 22 ℃, the highest temperature is not more than 30 ℃, the temperature at night is 12-16 ℃, and the relative air humidity in the daytime is 60-70%; the temperature in daytime at the flowering stage is 25-28 ℃, the temperature at night is 12-15 ℃, and the relative air humidity is 50-60%; the fruit development period is 25-30 ℃ in the daytime, 15-18 ℃ at night, the lowest temperature is not less than 12 ℃, and the relative air humidity is 60-70% in the daytime; the fruits are changed to the mature period at 25-30 ℃ in the daytime, 12-16 ℃ at night and 60-70% of relative air humidity in the daytime; in the fruit ripening and picking period, the temperature and humidity are basically consistent with the external natural temperature and humidity, and the ventilation and light transmission conditions are improved; in dry weather of high temperature, water is sprayed to the interline soil of the grapes in the morning and evening for cooling and humidifying;

the environmental regulation in the production of winter fruits specifically comprises:

1) Illumination regulation and control: the light supplementing lamp is timely installed in the greenhouse as required, the light supplementing lamp is started every day from the winter bud germination development leaves on the winter fruit mother branches until the fruits are ripe and harvested for 2-5 hours, the time for turning on the light supplementing lamp every day is started half an hour before dark, and the preset light supplementing time is up;

2) Temperature and humidity regulation: after winter buds germinate, the temperature and the humidity are adjusted to be normal, the temperature in a greenhouse is controlled to be 25-28 ℃ in the daytime, not less than 22 ℃ at least, not more than 30 ℃ at most, 12-16 ℃ at night, and the relative air humidity is controlled to be 60-70% in the daytime; the temperature in daytime at the flowering stage is 25-28 ℃, the temperature at night is 12-15 ℃, and the relative air humidity is 50-60%; the fruit development period is 25-30 ℃ in the daytime, 15-18 ℃ at night, the lowest temperature is not less than 12 ℃, and the relative air humidity is 60-70% in the daytime; the fruit turns color to mature period, 25-30 ℃ in daytime, 12-16 ℃ at night and 60-70% of relative air humidity in daytime; in the mature fruit picking period, the temperature is 22-26 ℃ in the daytime, the temperature is 8-10 ℃ at night, and the relative air humidity is 50-60%; after fruit harvesting, gradually reducing the night temperature to below 7.2 ℃ within 7-10 days, keeping the temperature at 3-7 ℃, and accelerating the yellowing of leaves and the backflow of nutrients in branches and leaves; after the fruits are picked, most leaves are aged and yellowed, and the fruits are directly trimmed, heated and germinated.

2. The method for cultivating greenhouse grapes in claim 1, wherein the management of fertilizer and water in the production of winter grapes specifically comprises:

soil topdressing: after leaf spreading, before flowering and after flower falling, respectively applying primary diammonium phosphate and urea, wherein the fertilizer application amount is 8-10 kg per mu, and the urea accounts for 50-60%; topdressing nitrogen phosphorus and potassium balance fertilizer once in the fruit expansion period, wherein the fertilizing amount is 10-15 kg per mu; respectively applying a high-potassium high-phosphorus low-nitrogen compound fertilizer once in the fruit color changing period and the initial coloring period, wherein the fertilizing amount is 8-10 kg per mu;

and (3) foliage fertilizer spraying: spraying leaf fertilizer every 15-20 days from the young sprout of winter fruit to the mature of berry, wherein the early stage is mainly urea and the later stage is mainly potassium dihydrogen phosphate, wherein the use concentration of the urea is 0.3-0.5 percent and the use concentration of the potassium dihydrogen phosphate is 0.2-0.3 percent; supplementing medium and trace elements by foliar topdressing from the young fruit period to the fruit color transition period; after fruits are harvested, the leaves of grapes are not aged and yellowed, and high-concentration leaf fertilizer is sprayed once immediately, wherein 1-2% of monopotassium phosphate is added with 5-6% of urea;

base fertilizer: immediately furrow-applying or spreading base fertilizer after winter fruit is ripe and picked, wherein 4000-5000 kg of well-decomposed cattle and sheep manure, 50kg of calcium superphosphate and 10-15 kg of nitrogen phosphorus potassium balance fertilizer are applied to each mu of land.

3. The method of cultivating a greenhouse grape as claimed in claim 1, wherein the grape variety is a medium weak light-resistant variety or a strong weak light-resistant variety.

4. The method for cultivating greenhouse grapes in two maturing years according to claim 3, wherein the grape variety is an early maturing variety, a middle early maturing variety or a middle maturing variety.

5. The method for cultivating greenhouse grapes in two crops in one year as claimed in claim 4, wherein the greenhouse grapes are Kyoho, miguang, hutai No. 8, xiahai black, juju Rose, and Zaohao seedless.

6. The method for cultivating greenhouse grapes in two ripeness every year as claimed in claim 1, wherein the winter pruning germination promoting time of fruiting mother branches is adjusted from middle and last 7 months to middle and last 8 months, so as to ensure that secondary grapes mature and come to market from new year to spring festival.

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