CN109526522B - A kind of efficient cultivation method of nectarine intelligent facility - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a high-efficiency cultivation method for nectarine in intelligent facilities, which belongs to the technical field of crop planting, and includes selection of garden plots and varieties, construction of greenhouses, field preparation, planting of saplings and laying of drip irrigation belts, seedling stage management, and fruit bearing in the first year. The management of the seedling stage includes: pruning tree shape, water management, fertilizer planning, pruning of fruiting branches, forming of backbone branches, pest control, weed control and field loosening; the first year The management of the fruiting period includes film mulching, water management, fertilizer operation, temperature and humidity management, bee-assisted pollination, fruit thinning, pruning and density adjustment in summer and autumn, winter pruning, pest control and field loosening. The invention has advanced management of orchards, adopts scientific and reasonable management measures, has high production and operation efficiency, does not exceed the standard of chemical substance residues in products, optimizes fruit quality, can be marketed in advance, and has better economic benefits; it is also beneficial to environmental protection and soil and water. Keep.

Description

A kind of efficient cultivation method of nectarine intelligent facility

technical field

The invention relates to the technical field of crop planting, in particular to a high-efficiency cultivation method for nectarine intelligent facilities.

Background technique

Nectarine: Rosaceae, peach. The pulp is very nutritious, containing 13% sugar, 1.5% organic acids, 1% pectin, and 1.1% protein. Each 100 grams of pulp contains 12 mg of vitamin C, 40 mg of phosphorus, 12 mg of calcium, 0.8 mg of iron, and 14.5 mg of magnesium. In addition, it also contains 17 kinds of amino acids and carotene required by the human body. The vitamin C content of nectarines is very high, and the vitamin C contained in a fresh nectarine can almost meet the needs of an adult for a day. Not only does vitamin C help the body absorb iron and support the immune system, it also promotes wound healing. The nectarine peel is hairless, the fruit color is bright and charming, the fragrance is rich, the flesh is crisp, sweet and delicious, and it is very popular among consumers.

The coastal areas of Jiangsu have abundant sunshine, abundant rainfall and four distinct seasons, which are very suitable for the growth and development of nectarines and the production of green and healthy high-quality nectarines. At present, the planting method in coastal areas of Jiangsu is mainly the facility cultivation of single-layer film cold shed. The nectarine market is relatively late, and the economic benefits are poor. It is vulnerable to freezing damage in the occasional extreme low temperature disaster in winter. At the same time, the management of orchards mainly relies on manual experience, fertilization and irrigation based on experience, lack of systematic scientific basis, high labor intensity, low production and operation efficiency; high production of orchards mainly depends on a large amount of input of pesticides and fertilizers, and the use of a large number of pesticides and fertilizers results in excessive agricultural product residues, Deterioration of fruit quality, environmental pollution and soil salinization pose serious threats to environmental protection and soil and water conservation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

1. Technical problems to be solved

The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a high-efficiency cultivation method for nectarines in an intelligent facility, which has advanced management of orchards, scientific and reasonable management measures, high production and operation efficiency, no chemical residues in the products exceeding the standard, and fruits. The quality is optimized, it can be listed in advance, and the economic benefits are better; it is also conducive to environmental protection and soil and water conservation.

2. Technical solutions

In order to solve the above problems, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:

A method for efficient cultivation of nectarine intelligent facilities, comprising the following steps:

(1) Selection of gardens and varieties

Choose a plot with fresh air, clean water, flat and open terrain, sufficient sunlight, fertile and unpolluted soil, groundwater level not higher than 1 meter, and good drainage and irrigation conditions;

The varieties of nectarines should be short-tempered and early-maturing varieties;

(2) Greenhouse construction

The greenhouse is a large thermal insulation greenhouse. The greenhouse is constructed in a north-south direction. Its length in the north-south direction is 160m, and the width in the east-west direction is 32m. The height at the center is 8m, and the height on both sides is 1.1m. The specific construction process is as follows:

First build the steel frame structure of the greenhouse, that is, set up 3 rows of steel pipe columns at equal intervals in the north-south direction. m, each of the north and south ends of the greenhouse is provided with 9 inclined support columns, the main support on the top of the greenhouse is provided with one every 3.5m, and each adjacent two main supports are provided with 4 auxiliary supports at equal intervals; The outer surface of the steel frame structure is covered with an insect-proof net and a special 8S P0 film for the greenhouse, and a windproof rope is also set on the surface of the film and covered with a waterproof pearl cotton thermal insulation material;

After the construction of the external structure of the greenhouse is completed, the automatic air blower, automatic roller shutter machine and integrated water and fertilizer equipment are installed in the greenhouse, and temperature and humidity sensors are installed in the north and south directions of the greenhouse. The roller blind machine, the integrated water and fertilizer equipment and the temperature and humidity sensor are respectively connected to the output end and the input end of the control system, and the control system is also connected to the 4G mobile phone micro-end and the computer end;

(3) Field preparation

Before planting, the soil was turned over and basal fertilizer was applied, and then ridges were raised. The total width of a single ridge and ditch was 4m, and the width and depth of the ditch formed between each adjacent two ridges were 60cm. Black film was laid in the ditch. , to protect ditches and prevent grass from growing;

(4) Planting of saplings and laying of drip irrigation belts

In early December, select 1-year grafted non-toxic seedlings with robust plants, developed roots, and no pests and diseases for colonization. The height of the selected saplings is 95-100cm, and the initial density of colonization is: 220 plants/mu, with a row spacing of 2m × plant spacing of 1.5m; Then lay a three-belt drip irrigation belt on the outside of the sapling;

(5) Seedling stage management

The seedling stage of nectarine is from the planting to the beginning of December of the following year. The greenhouse film is removed, and only the insect-proof net is covered to allow the saplings to grow naturally in the open field. The management contents include: pruning tree shape, water management, fertilizer management, pruning of fruiting branches, and backbone branches. Forming, pest control, weed control and field loosening; loosening the soil once in early June of the second year after planting, using a small machine to loosen the soil 40cm away from the root of the tree, and the depth of the loosening is 10-15cm;

(6) Management of fruit bearing period in the first year

The fruit bearing period of the first year is from December of the second year after planting to the end of the third year after planting; the management content of the period is as follows:

①Coating insulation

In early December of the second year after planting, cover with film and thermal insulation quilt;

②Moisture management

After mulching, according to the soil moisture, water once every 1 month, the last watering in early April, and keep the soil moisture at 65% to 75%;

③ Fertilizer planning

After mulching to before harvesting, water-soluble fertilizer should be applied in response to the symptoms of lack of fertilizer on the tree body: before fruit swelling, water-soluble fertilizer should be applied 1 to 2 times, and the time between each adjacent two fertilizations should be 15 to 20 days apart. When fertilizing, apply sulfur-based ternary water-soluble fertilizer at a dosage of 7-9 kg/mu. The content of N, P, and K in the fertilizer is 15%, 15%, and 15%, respectively; from the late stage of fruit expansion to before harvesting, apply once. For water-soluble fertilizer, apply sulfur-based ternary water-soluble fertilizer according to the dosage of 7-9kg/mu. The content of N, P and K in this fertilizer is 12%, 3% and 45% respectively;

After the harvest, at the end of May, the ternary compound fertilizer was applied once at a dosage of 20-25kg/mu using the 4-point hole method; at the end of September, the ternary compound fertilizer was applied for the second time using the 4-point hole method according to the dosage of 50-55kg/mu. Compound fertilizer; in the first ten days of November, the third top dressing is applied, and the amount of 1t/mu is applied to decomposed sheep manure, and the fertilizer is spread between every two adjacent rows of plants, and shallowly overturned into the soil with a small machine, and the depth of the soil is turned over. 15～20cm;

After flowering, spray 3 times of biogas slurry compound foliar fertilizer and 2 times of proanthocyanidin compound foliar fertilizer, the interval between each adjacent two sprays of foliar fertilizer is ≥10 days, and the first spray of biogas slurry compound foliar fertilizer The time is 30 to 35 days after flowering, the second spraying time of biogas slurry compound foliar fertilizer is in the fruit expansion period, and the third spraying time of biogas slurry compound foliar fertilizer is 30 days before fruit harvest. ~35 days; the first spraying time of proanthocyanidin compound foliar fertilizer is in the late stage of fruit expansion, and the second spraying time of proanthocyanidin compound foliar fertilizer is 20 to 25 days before fruit harvesting; the above two kinds of foliar fertilizer Fertilizers are available as needed;

④Temperature and humidity management

Temperature management: After mulching to the fruit maturity period of the next year, temperature management should be done according to each growth period: in the morning, when the temperature in the shed reaches 12-13 °C, roll up the insulation quilt; at noon, when the temperature in the shed reaches higher than Ventilation starts when the lower limit of the growth period is 2°C; in the afternoon, when the temperature in the shed drops to 2°C higher than the lower limit of each growth period, the ventilation openings are closed;

During the fruit harvesting period, from mid-May to the end of May, the ventilation openings are open all day; after harvesting, the insulation quilt and greenhouse film are removed to allow the fruit trees to grow in the natural environment;

Air humidity management: adjust the humidity by adjusting the vents, and maintain ventilation when the relative humidity is high;

In different growth periods of fruit trees, the management parameters of daytime temperature, nighttime temperature and air relative humidity are as follows: during the budding period, the daytime temperature is controlled to be 13-18°C, the nighttime temperature is 4-6°C, and the air relative humidity is 60%～ 80%; during the flowering stage, the temperature during the day is controlled to be 16-20°C, the temperature at night is 5-10°C, and the relative air humidity is 50%-60%; in the young fruit stage, the temperature during the day is controlled at 18-22°C, and the temperature at night is 10°C ～15℃, the relative air humidity is <60%; during the fruit expansion period, the temperature during the day is controlled to be 20-25℃, the night temperature is 10-15℃, and the relative air humidity is less than 60%; during the fruit ripening period, the temperature during the day is controlled at 25℃ ～28℃, the night temperature is 12～16℃, and the relative air humidity is <60%;

⑤Bee-assisted pollination

When the fruit trees enter the early flowering stage, bees are stocked in the greenhouse. The stocking amount of bees is 1 box/3 mu, 4,000 bees/box. During the bee-assisted pollination, the yellow and blue boards should be removed, and the insecticidal lights should be turned off during the bee activity time; Remove the bees after finishing;

⑥ Thinning and setting the fruit

Fruit thinning is carried out after the first physiological fruit drop of the fruit tree. After 25 to 30 days after flowering, the stunted, deformed, erect fruit, small fruit, and leafless fruit are removed, and the long and well-proportioned large fruit is left. The amount of fruit is 2 to 2.5 times the set yield; fruit set is carried out before the hard core after the second physiological fruit drop, 5 to 6 weeks after the blooming, according to the set yield of the first year's results, each backbone branch is kept. 8 to 12 fruits: 2 for each long fruiting branch, 1 to 2 for each medium fruiting branch, 0 to 1 for each short fruiting branch, and no fruit for the weak fruiting branch;

⑦Pruning and adjusting density in summer and autumn

After the fruit is harvested, summer pruning is carried out in early June, and part of the back branches and prosperous branches are appropriately cut to improve the ventilation and light transmission of the tree body, and prevent the canopy from being closed due to the large number of branches in the crown; if the branches are pruned excessively, it will lead to The main stem of the fruit tree is sunburned and injured. In early August, the backbone branches were pulled diagonally to an angle of 45°C to fix the tree shape; when the new shoots grew to about 5cm, the useless buds and new shoots were removed;

After the fruiting period of the first year is over, the row spacing of fruit trees remains unchanged, the plant spacing is adjusted to 3m, and the density of fruit trees is adjusted to 110 plants/mu;

⑧Winter pruning

From mid-November to early December, pruning and fruit branch renewal are carried out. The excessively long side branches are shortened to 40-45cm, and diseased, insect, injured and weak fruit branches are cut off, and 3 robust fruiting branches are selected for each side branch. Fruiting branches The length is reserved for 10-15cm, the interval between each adjacent two fruiting branches is 15-20cm, and other prosperous branches, back branches and drooping branches are cut off, and the length of backbone branches is reduced to 80-100cm;

⑨ Pest control and field loosening

In terms of pest control, prevention is the main focus, and green prevention and control technology that combines a variety of control methods is adopted from agriculture, physics, biology and chemistry;

Agricultural control: Select disease-resistant varieties, pay attention to timely drainage in rainy seasons, and maintain proper soil moisture in the field; strengthen comprehensive management of peach orchards, improve ventilation and light transmission, enhance tree vigor, and improve disease resistance; at the same time, rationally shape and prune to timely remove diseases Insect branches, clean the dead branches and leaves, scrape off the warped skin and disease spots on the trunk after the tree has fallen, and clean it out of the garden in time to focus on burning;

Physical and biological control: cover the ventilation openings of the greenhouse with insect-proof nets, and place yellow boards, blue boards, insecticidal lamps, and sexual attractants in the greenhouse;

Chemical control: After scraping off the warped bark and disease spots of the trunk, the base of the trunk is painted white, and the 3-5 degree lime sulfur mixture is sprayed in the early stage of germination. During the whole growth period, according to the occurrence of diseases and insect pests, biological agents that meet the GB 4285 standard, high-efficiency Low-toxicity and low-residue chemical agents are used for timely prevention and control;

Weed control adopts manual weeding;

(7) Management during the full fruit period

① Thinning and setting the fruit

The method of fruit thinning is the same as the method of fruits and vegetables in the fruiting period of the first year. Fruiting is carried out before the hard core after the second physiological fruit drop, and 5 to 6 weeks after the blooming. According to the set yield of the fruiting period, each backbone branch is Leave 30 to 35 fruits: 2 to 3 for each long fruiting branch, 1 to 2 for each medium fruiting branch, 0 to 1 for each short fruiting branch, and no fruit for the weak fruiting branch;

② Fertilizer planning

After mulching to the fruit expansion period, for the symptoms of lack of fertilizer on the tree body, apply water-soluble fertilizer 1 to 2 times, and the interval between each adjacent two fertilization is 15 to 20 days. The amount of sulfur-based ternary water-soluble fertilizer was applied, and the content of N, P, and K in the fertilizer were 15%, 15%, and 15%, respectively; during the fruit expansion period, the sulfur-based 4-point hole method was applied at the dosage of 35-40kg/mu. Ternary compound fertilizer;

After harvesting, at the end of May, the ternary compound fertilizer was applied once at a dosage of 25-30kg/mu using the 4-point hole method; at the end of September, the ternary compound fertilizer was applied for the second time using the 4-point hole method according to the dosage of 55-60kg/mu. Compound fertilizer; in the first ten days of November, apply 1-1.25t/mu of decomposed sheep manure, spread the fertilizer between every two adjacent rows of plants, and then shallowly overturn it into the soil with a small machine, the depth of turning the soil is 15-20cm; as the tree grows, the applied fertilizers are appropriately increased or decreased according to the field fertility;

After flowering to before harvesting, spray the biogas slurry compound foliar fertilizer and the proanthocyanidin compound foliar fertilizer, and the spraying method is the same as the spraying method of the corresponding foliar fertilizer during the first year of fruiting;

③ Other management measures are the same as those in the first year of fruit bearing period.

Specifically, the specific operations of turning the soil and applying the base fertilizer described in step (3) are: directly turning the fresh rice straws into the field after pulverizing, turning 600kg of fresh rice straws per mu of field, and then pressing 1t/mu of fresh rice straws. The amount of decomposed sheep manure is applied to the field, and phosphate fertilizer is applied at the dosage of 30kg/mu. The content of P ₂ O ₅ in the phosphate fertilizer is 12%. After the base fertilizer is applied, rotary tillage is carried out at a depth of 20-30 cm, so that the soil and fertilizer are fully mix. Returning straw to the field and applying decomposed sheep manure as base fertilizer can increase soil organic matter, improve soil aggregate structure, improve soil structure, improve soil fertility level, promote soil microbial activity and fruit tree root development, and enhance fruit tree resistance to drought, waterlogging and resistance. It can improve the quality and yield of nectarines, and lay a good foundation for the production of green and healthy high-quality fruits in the later stage.

Specifically, the specific operation of the sapling field planting described in the step (4) is: adopting the north-south direction field planting, placing the sapling flat on the ridge, taking the soil on the ridge and surrounding the tree root, forming a height of 20～25cm, diameter It is a small mound of 40 to 50 cm. After the saplings are planted, water is poured into the ditch until it overflows the ridge surface of 5 to 8 cm; after 8 to 10 hours, the water in the ditch is emptied to make the soil fully settled and the roots are in close contact with the soil; When the humidity returns to 65%-75%, take the soil on the ridge and surround the tree roots again, keep the height of the small mound at 20-25cm and the diameter at 40-50cm, and then take the soil and cover it around the small mound to avoid Exposed roots and soil compaction cracks. The method of overriding the ridge and watering does not damage the soil structure; the planting method of the surrounding soil of the flat ridge makes the soil structure around and below the peach tree root system good, the water is reasonable, and at the same time, it is in close contact with the root system, which is conducive to the recovery of the root system and improves the survival rate. The saplings will grow vigorously after germination in the coming year.

Specifically, the concrete operation of laying the three-belt type water and fertilizer integrated drip irrigation belt described in step (4) is: at 10 cm away from the main pole of the sapling and 30 cm on the left and right sides, a total of 3 water and fertilizer integrated drip irrigation belts are laid. Antifreeze and heat preservation measures should be taken for the pipelines. The use of integrated water and fertilizer drip irrigation can maintain the structure of the soil, increase soil moisture and nutrients, and prevent excessive air humidity; three-belt drip irrigation is more uniform than conventional one-belt drip irrigation, which is conducive to improving fruit quality and shortening watering time; especially In winter when the temperature is low, if the watering time is too long, the soil temperature cannot be recovered in time after the drop, which is not conducive to the growth and development of trees and fruits. The present invention can shorten the watering time to avoid such a situation.

Specifically, the specific preparation method of the biogas slurry compound foliar fertilizer described in step (6) ③ is as follows: first process the biogas slurry, take the biogas slurry in the biogas tank with normal gas production for more than 3 months, and send the taken out biogas slurry into the After composting and clarification in the fertilizer storage tank for 5 to 7 days, filter it with sand cloth and place it for 2 to 3 days; then prepare boron and calcium fertilizer solutions, and select the ones to be added according to the nutritional status of the tree and fruit and the safe application concentration. The amount of clear water, sugar alcohol boron fertilizer and sugar alcohol chelated calcium fertilizer, after mixing the three, the sugar alcohol boron fertilizer is 1300-1500 times the liquid, and the sugar alcohol chelating calcium fertilizer is 1300-2000 times the liquid. Obtain boron and calcium fertilizer solution; then prepare biogas slurry solution, take biogas slurry according to the dosage of 7～10kg/mu, dilute it with clean water, the weight ratio of biogas slurry to water is 1:1～2, and prepare biogas slurry solution; Finally, the boron, calcium fertilizer solution and biogas slurry solution are mixed to obtain biogas slurry compound foliar fertilizer.

The decomposed biogas slurry is rich in amino acids, active enzymes, mineral nutrients, etc., and the nutrient availability is high. It also contains components that can destroy the cell membrane of unicellular bacteria and proteins in the body. After spraying, peach trees can increase yield and improve fruit quality. , enhance the stress resistance of the tree, and effectively control the reproduction of harmful bacteria and pests; adding sugar alcohol boron fertilizer and sugar alcohol chelated calcium fertilizer to the biogas slurry can promote cell division, increase the number of cells, and make the cells neatly arranged , to prevent fruit cracking, and lay the foundation for obtaining high yield and excellent appearance in the later stage; in addition, using sugar alcohol boron fertilizer and sugar alcohol chelated calcium fertilizer in this way can also prevent the antagonism of boron and calcium when applied at the same time, and achieve the co-supplementation of boron and calcium. Effect.

Specifically, the specific preparation method of the proanthocyanidin compound foliar fertilizer described in step (6) 3. is: adding clear water to ascorbic acid to prepare a solution with a concentration of 5g/L, adding natural proanthocyanidins extracted from grape seeds to the ascorbic acid solution, and preparing According to the nutritional status of the tree and fruit, add potassium dihydrogen phosphate to the diluent of the proanthocyanidin mixture to prepare a potassium dihydrogen phosphate content of 0.2～ 0.3% proanthocyanidin compound foliar fertilizer. Proanthocyanidin is a water-soluble powerful antioxidant, which is different from anthocyanin. The main role of anthocyanin is to relieve eye fatigue and accelerate the synthesis of rhodopsin by vitamin A on the retina, but it scavenges free radicals. , The antioxidant capacity is lower than that of proanthocyanidins; the water-soluble characteristics of proanthocyanidins make its overall absorption rate much higher than that of other antioxidants (vitamin E, lycopene, astaxanthin, etc.); proanthocyanidins can be contained in ascorbic acid and phosphoric acid. It exists stably in the solution of potassium dihydrogen. After foliar spraying, it can effectively increase the content of proanthocyanidins in the fruit and significantly improve the quality of the fruit. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate can also effectively improve the taste and flavor of the fruit, while promoting the formation of anthocyanins. Increase the color of peach fruit and improve the appearance quality.

Specifically, when the ventilation openings are opened in the morning in step (6) ④, the east and south sides of the shed that are exposed to sunlight will heat up earlier and faster, and when the preset ventilation temperature is reached, the ventilation will be performed first, and the north and west sides of the greenhouse will heat up relatively If it is later and slower, the ventilation will be done later; when the ventilation openings are closed in the afternoon, the temperature on the east and south sides of the shed will be cooled earlier and faster. When the preset temperature of closing the ventilation openings is reached, the ventilation openings will be closed first, and the north and west sides of the greenhouse will cool down relatively. Later and slower, close the vents afterward. According to the temperature of different areas, opening and closing the ventilation openings in different areas can create a well-balanced and good growth environment for the trees in each area, and effectively prevent the growth of trees in areas below the temperature from being inhibited.

3. Beneficial effects

(1) The present invention adopts a steel frame structure to build a thermal insulation super-large shed, so that the shed has strong wind resistance and anti-adversity ability, and can effectively resist natural disasters; the steel frame structure occupies a small space, the space inside the shed is large, and the land utilization rate is as high as 90% , far higher than the utilization rate of China's standard vegetable greenhouses (the land utilization rate of my country's standard vegetable greenhouses is generally 50%). The special 8S PO film for greenhouses has high light transmittance, low haze, and good thermal insulation, which is conducive to the growth of peach trees, and the film has strong toughness and aging resistance, and can be replaced once every 2 to 3 years, which is conducive to saving labor and material costs; On the surface of the special 8S P0 film for the greenhouse, a windproof rope is also set and covered with waterproof pearl cotton insulation material, so that the insulation effect in the greenhouse is good, so that the cultivated nectarines can be marketed 25-30 minutes earlier than the nectarines cultivated in ordinary single-layer film cold greenhouses. Yes, the economic benefits are better.

(2) The present invention adopts the Internet of Things technology, and the temperature and humidity environment in the greenhouse is monitored and regulated in real time by the 4G mobile phone micro-terminal and the computer terminal. After analysis, instructions are sent to each control device to automate production operations such as ventilation, cooling, and irrigation to achieve precise and scientific management of orchards, which is conducive to reducing the labor intensity of staff and improving production and operation efficiency.

(3) In the management measures of the present invention, in film mulching heat preservation, water management, fertilizer management, temperature and humidity management, bee-assisted pollination, fruit thinning and fruit setting, pruning and density adjustment in summer and autumn, pruning in winter, control of pests and weeds and Scientific and reasonable management measures are applied in field loosening and other aspects, and various fertilization methods are adopted to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers; for diseases and insect pests, prevention is the main priority, and a combination of agricultural, physical, biological and chemical management methods are adopted. Green prevention and control technology greatly reduces the use of pesticides. To achieve high yield, the chemical residues in the produced nectarines do not exceed the standard, the fruit quality is optimized, and it can also prevent environmental pollution and soil salinization, which is conducive to environmental protection and soil and water conservation.

To sum up, the present invention has more advanced management of orchards, scientific and reasonable management measures taken, high production and operation efficiency, no chemical residues in the products exceeding the standard, optimized fruit quality, can be marketed in advance, and good economic benefits; it is also beneficial to the environment Protection and soil and water conservation.

Detailed ways

Example

A method for efficient cultivation of nectarine intelligent facilities, comprising the following steps:

(1) Selection of gardens and varieties

Choose a plot with fresh air, clean water, flat and open terrain, sufficient sunlight, fertile and uncontaminated soil, groundwater level not higher than 1 meter, and good drainage and irrigation conditions, because oil is grown on plots with poor drainage and high groundwater table. Peach will cause premature root senescence, fallen leaves, fruit drop, glue flow and other undesirable phenomena, and even cause plant death;

The selection of nectarine varieties with short, low temperature and early maturity is beneficial to the facility to promote early cultivation, and then to market in advance;

(2) Greenhouse construction

The greenhouse is a large thermal insulation greenhouse with sufficient space. The greenhouse is constructed in a north-south direction, with a north-south length of 160m, an east-west width of 32m, a height of 8m at the center, and a height of 1.1m on both sides. The greenhouse has strong wind resistance and resistance ability, and can effectively resist natural disasters; the steel frame structure occupies a small space, the space inside the shed is large, and the land utilization rate is as high as 90%, which is much higher than the utilization rate of China's standard vegetable greenhouse. The land utilization rate of vegetable greenhouses is generally 50%): 3 rows of steel pipe columns are arranged at equal intervals in the north-south direction, the distance between each adjacent two rows of steel pipe columns is 8m, and the distance between each adjacent two steel pipe columns in the same row is 8m. The spacing is 3.5m. There are 9 inclined support columns on the north and south ends of the greenhouse. The main support on the top of the greenhouse is set at every 3.5m, and there are 4 auxiliary supports at equal intervals between each adjacent two main supports; then The outer surface of the steel frame structure is covered with an insect-proof net and a special 8S PO film for greenhouses (compared with PE film for greenhouses, the special 8S PO film for greenhouses has high light transmittance, low haze, and good thermal insulation, which is conducive to the growth of peach trees, and The film has strong toughness and aging resistance, and can be replaced once every 2 to 3 years, which is conducive to saving labor and material costs. Make the cultivated nectarines come to market 25-30 days earlier than the nectarines cultivated in ordinary single-layer film cold sheds);

After the greenhouse is built, install mechanized equipment such as automatic air blowers, automatic roller shutter machines, and water and fertilizer integration in the greenhouse. Pay attention to installing temperature and humidity sensors at the north and south ends of the greenhouse; the subsequent Taoyuan management adopts the Internet of Things technology. The terminal and the computer terminal monitor and control the temperature and humidity environment in the greenhouse in real time. The system collects and transmits information through online high-precision measurement of corresponding sensors and signal collectors. After analyzing the information, it sends instructions to each control device to automatically complete ventilation. , cooling, irrigation and other production operations to achieve precise and scientific management of orchards, which is conducive to improving production and operation efficiency;

(3) Field preparation

Before planting, crush the fresh rice straw and press it directly in the field, and press 600kg of fresh rice straw per mu of field, and apply decomposed sheep manure to the field at an amount of 1t/mu (sheep manure is the best nutrient in livestock manure. high-quality organic fertilizer, in which the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and other substances are all high), and phosphate fertilizer is applied at the dosage of 30kg/mu (wherein the content of _P2O5 is ₁₂ %), after the fertilizer is applied Rotary tillage is carried out at a depth of 20-30cm, so that the soil and fertilizer are fully mixed (returning straw to the field and applying decomposed sheep manure as base fertilizer can increase soil organic matter, improve soil aggregate structure, improve soil structure, improve soil fertility level, promote Soil microbial activity and the development of fruit tree roots can enhance the drought resistance, waterlogging resistance, disease resistance and other stress resistance of fruit trees, thereby improving the quality and yield of nectarine, and laying a good foundation for the production of green and healthy high-quality fruit in the later stage); Ridge, the total width of a single ridge and ditch is 4m, the width and depth of the ditch formed between each adjacent two ridges are 60cm, and black film is laid in the ditch to protect the ditch and prevent grass from growing;

(4) Planting of saplings

① Colonization: At the beginning of December, select 1-year grafted non-toxic seedlings with robust plants, developed roots, and no pests and diseases for sapling colonization. The height of the saplings is 95-100cm. Because the tree body is small and the fruiting ability is weak during the fruiting period in the first year, increasing the planting density can increase the early yield and increase the economic benefit, overcome the problems of low yield and poor economic benefit in the early stage, and will not affect the growth and development of the plant;

The specific operation of planting saplings is as follows: adopt the north-south direction of planting, lay the saplings flat on the ridge, and take the soil on the ridge to surround the roots of the trees to form small mounds with a height of 20-25 cm and a diameter of 40-50 cm. After planting, irrigate the ditch until it overflows 5-8cm over the ridge surface, and empty the water in the ditch after 8-10h to make the soil fully settled and the roots are in close contact with the soil (the method of flooding the ridge does not damage the soil structure); When the soil moisture returns to 65%-75%, take the soil on the ridge and surround the tree roots again, keep the height of the small mound at 20-25cm and the diameter at 40-50cm, and then take the soil and cover it around the small mound. , to prevent root exposure and soil compaction cracks. The planting method of the flat ridge and surrounding soil makes the soil around and below the peach tree roots have a good structure and reasonable water, and at the same time, it is in close contact with the roots, which is conducive to the recovery of root growth and improves the survival rate. The saplings will grow strong after germination in the coming year.

②Three-belt drip irrigation with integrated water and fertilizer: 3 integrated drip irrigation belts are laid 10cm away from the main pole of the sapling and 30cm on each side of the left and right sides, and antifreeze and heat preservation measures are taken for the pipes located outside the greenhouse. The integrated drip irrigation with water and fertilizer can keep the soil Compared with the conventional one-belt drip irrigation, the three-belt type has a more uniform distribution of water and fertilizer, which is conducive to improving the quality of the fruit and shortening the watering time, especially in winter when the temperature is low. The watering should be completed in the morning. If the watering time is too long, the soil temperature cannot be recovered in time, which is not conducive to the growth and development of the tree body and the fruit. The present invention can avoid this situation.

(5) Seedling stage management

After planting to the beginning of December of the second year, remove the greenhouse film, cover only the insect-proof net, and grow naturally in the open field; the management content is as follows:

①Pruning the tree

In mid-April of the second year after planting, the first pruning was carried out to fix the pole, pruning it into a heart-shaped tree, leaving 3 to 5 full buds per plant, cutting off the top, and keeping the height of the tree pole at 45 to 50 cm; In the middle of May of the second year, the branching treatment was carried out, and when the remaining 3-5 full buds grew into 10-15cm branches, 3 healthy and sturdy branches were selected to be cultivated into fruit-bearing backbone branches;

②Water management

After the saplings are planted and watered enough, water according to the soil humidity in the field to keep the soil humidity at 65% to 75%. In early December of the second year after planting, cover with greenhouse film and adjust the soil humidity to 65% to 75% before covering. % (if the soil humidity is reasonable, do not water, if the soil humidity is less than 65%, water once);

③ Fertilizer planning

In late May of the second year after the field planting, 10 days after the branching treatment, the sulfur-based ternary compound fertilizer (the content of N, P, K in this fertilizer is 15%, 15%, 15%, respectively, according to the dosage of 8kg/mu) All the following non-water-soluble ternary compound fertilizers are the same), and the 4-point hole fertilization method is used for fertilization (the fertilization methods for all the following non-water-soluble ternary compound fertilizers are the same): dig evenly at a distance of 30-40cm from the root of the tree. 4 small holes, with a hole depth of 15-20cm, apply fertilizer to the hole, cover with soil and water; in late September of the second year after planting, the second top dressing is performed, and the ternary compound is applied at the dosage of 45-50kg/mu Fertilizer; in early November of the second year after planting, the third top dressing is applied, and the amount of 1t/mu is applied to decomposed sheep manure. The fertilizer is spread between each adjacent two rows of plants, and then shallowly overturned into the soil with a small machine. , the depth of soil turning is 15-20cm;

④ Pruning of fruiting branches

From the end of October to the beginning of November in the second year after planting, the tree body enters the deciduous stage, and the fruiting branches are pruned. The tree in the sapling stage grows vigorously, and the fruit branches remain long. Cut back when the fruiting branches droop;

⑤ Backbone branch forming

From mid-November to early December of the second year after planting, the backbone branches were diagonally pulled into an angle of 45°C and fixed into shape;

⑥Pest control

The main diseases in the seedling stage are: peach bacterial perforation disease, peach root cancer disease, peach leaf shrinkage disease, peach gum flow disease, etc. The main pests are: leaf miner, peach aphid, pear heart eater, peach spider mites, leaf rollers, Blind bugs, beetles, etc.

Adopt green prevention and control technology that combines prevention and a variety of governance methods;

Agricultural control: Select disease-resistant varieties, pay attention to timely drainage in rainy seasons, and maintain proper soil moisture in the field; strengthen comprehensive management of peach orchards, improve ventilation and light transmission, enhance tree vigor, and improve disease resistance; at the same time, rationally shape and prune to timely remove diseases Insect branches, clean the dead branches and leaves, scrape off the warped skin and disease spots on the trunk after the tree has fallen, and clean it out of the garden in time to focus on burning;

Physical and biological control: cover the ventilation openings of the greenhouse with insect-proof nets, and place yellow boards, blue boards, insecticidal lamps, sexual attractants, etc. in the greenhouse;

Chemical control: After scraping off the warped bark and disease spots of the trunk, the base of the trunk is painted white, and the 3-5 degree lime sulfur mixture is sprayed in the early stage of germination. During the whole growth period, according to the occurrence of diseases and insect pests, biological agents that meet the GB 4285 standard, high-efficiency Low-toxicity and low-residue chemical agents are used for timely prevention and control;

⑦Weed control and field loosening

Manual weeding was used for weed control. The soil was loosened once at the beginning of June of the second year after planting, and the soil was loosened at a distance of 40 cm from the root with a small machine, and the depth of the loosening was 10-15 cm;

(6) Management of fruit bearing period in the first year

The fruit bearing period of the first year is from December of the second year after planting to the end of the third year after planting; the management content of the period is as follows:

①Film-covering insulation: cover with film and insulation quilt in early December of the second year after planting;

②Water management: After mulching, according to the soil humidity, water once every 1 month, the last watering in early April, keep the soil humidity at 65% to 75%, and promote the growth and development of buds, buds, flowers and fruits;

③ Fertilizer planning

After mulching to before harvesting, if the tree body has symptoms of lack of fertilizer, water-soluble fertilizer can be applied to quickly replenish the nutrition of the tree body and promote the growth and development of plants and fruits: before fruit expansion, water-soluble fertilizer can be applied 1 or 2 times. The time interval of two adjacent fertilizations is 15-20 days, and the sulfur-based ternary water-soluble fertilizer (the content of N, P and K in this fertilizer is 15% and 15% respectively) is applied at the dosage of 7-9kg/mu each time. , 15%); from the late stage of fruit expansion to before harvest, water-soluble fertilizer can be applied once, and sulfur-based ternary water-soluble fertilizer is applied at the dosage of 7-9kg/mu (the content of N, P, K in this fertilizer is 12%, respectively , 3%, 45%), the application of high potassium fertilizer in the later stage of fruit expansion is conducive to the expansion and enrichment of the fruit, which can increase the weight of a single fruit and optimize the fruit taste;

After harvesting, at the end of May, the ternary compound fertilizer was applied once at a dosage of 20-25kg/mu using the 4-point hole method to promote the growth of the vegetative body of the fruit trees; at the end of September, the 4-point hole method was used according to the dosage of 50-55kg/mu. The second topdressing of ternary compound fertilizer; in early November, the third topdressing, applying 1t/mu of decomposed sheep manure, spreading the fertilizer between every two adjacent rows of plants, and then using a small mechanical Turn over into the soil, and the depth of turning the soil is 15-20 cm;

After flowering, spray 3 times of biogas slurry compound foliar fertilizer and 2 times of proanthocyanidin compound foliar fertilizer, the interval between each adjacent two sprays of foliar fertilizer is ≥10 days, and the first spray of biogas slurry compound foliar fertilizer The time is 30 to 35 days after flowering, the second spraying time of biogas slurry compound foliar fertilizer is in the fruit expansion period, and the third spraying time of biogas slurry compound foliar fertilizer is 30 days before fruit harvest. ~35 days; the first spraying time of proanthocyanidin compound foliar fertilizer is in the late stage of fruit expansion, and the second spraying time of proanthocyanidin compound foliar fertilizer is 20 to 25 days before fruit harvesting; the above two kinds of foliar fertilizer Fertilizers are available as needed;

The specific preparation method of the biogas slurry compound foliar fertilizer is as follows: first process the biogas slurry, take the biogas slurry in the biogas tank that normally produces gas for more than 3 months, and send the taken out biogas slurry into the fertilizer storage tank for composting and clarification for 5 months. After ~7 days, filter it with sand cloth and place it for 2~3 days; then prepare boron and calcium fertilizer solutions, and select the water, sugar alcohol boron fertilizer and sugar to be added according to the nutritional status of the tree and fruit and the safe application concentration The amount of alcohol chelated calcium fertilizer is mixed, so that the sugar alcohol boron fertilizer is 1300-1500 times the solution, and the sugar alcohol chelating calcium fertilizer is 1300-2000 times the solution to prepare boron and calcium fertilizer solutions; Biogas slurry solution, take biogas slurry according to the dosage of 7~10kg/mu, dilute with clean water, the weight ratio of biogas slurry to water is 1:1~2, and prepare biogas slurry solution; finally, mix boron, calcium fertilizer solution and biogas slurry. The biogas slurry compound foliar fertilizer is prepared by mixing the liquid and solution.

The decomposed biogas slurry is rich in amino acids, active enzymes, mineral nutrients, etc., and the nutrient availability is high. It also contains components that can destroy the cell membrane of unicellular bacteria and proteins in the body. After spraying, peach trees can increase yield and improve fruit quality. , enhance the stress resistance of the tree, and effectively control the reproduction of harmful bacteria and pests; adding sugar alcohol boron fertilizer and sugar alcohol chelated calcium fertilizer to the biogas slurry can promote cell division, increase the number of cells, and make the cells neatly arranged , to prevent fruit cracking, and lay the foundation for obtaining high yield and excellent appearance in the later stage; in addition, using sugar alcohol boron fertilizer and sugar alcohol chelated calcium fertilizer in this way can also prevent the antagonism of boron and calcium when applied at the same time, and achieve the co-supplementation of boron and calcium. Effect.

The specific preparation method of the proanthocyanidin compound foliar fertilizer is as follows: adding clear water to ascorbic acid to prepare a solution with a concentration of 5 g/L, adding natural procyanidins extracted from grape seeds to the ascorbic acid solution to prepare a procyanidin with a concentration of 1.5 g/L The mixed solution is diluted 150 times. According to the nutritional status of the tree and the fruit, potassium dihydrogen phosphate is added to the diluent of the proanthocyanidin mixed solution to prepare a proanthocyanidin compound foliar fertilizer with a potassium dihydrogen phosphate content of 0.2-0.3%. Proanthocyanidin is a water-soluble powerful antioxidant, which is different from anthocyanin. The main role of anthocyanin is to relieve eye fatigue and accelerate the synthesis of rhodopsin by vitamin A on the retina, but it scavenges free radicals. , The antioxidant capacity is lower than that of proanthocyanidins; the water-soluble characteristics of proanthocyanidins make its overall absorption rate much higher than that of other antioxidants (vitamin E, lycopene, astaxanthin, etc.); proanthocyanidins can be contained in ascorbic acid and phosphoric acid. It exists stably in the solution of potassium dihydrogen. After foliar spraying, it can effectively increase the content of proanthocyanidins in the fruit and significantly improve the quality of the fruit. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate can also effectively improve the taste and flavor of the fruit, while promoting the formation of anthocyanins. Increase the color of peach fruit and improve the appearance quality.

④Temperature and humidity management

Temperature management: After mulching to the fruit maturity period of the next year, temperature management should be done according to each growth period: in the morning, when the temperature in the shed reaches 12-13 °C, roll up the insulation quilt; at noon, when the temperature in the shed reaches higher than Ventilation starts when the lower limit of the growth period is 2°C; in the afternoon, when the temperature in the shed drops to 2°C higher than the lower limit of each growth period, the ventilation openings are closed;

During the fruit harvesting period, from mid-May to the end of May, the ventilation openings are open all day; after harvesting, the insulation quilt and greenhouse film are removed to allow the fruit trees to grow in the natural environment;

Air humidity management: adjust the humidity by adjusting the vents, and maintain ventilation when the relative humidity is high;

In different growth periods of fruit trees, the management parameters of daytime temperature, nighttime temperature and air relative humidity are shown in the following table:

Growth Period Daytime temperature (℃) Night temperature (℃) relative humidity(%) Infancy 13～18 4 to 6 60～80 flowering period 16～20 5 to 10 50～60 young fruit stage 18～22 10～15 <60 fruit expansion period 20～25 10～15 <60 fruit ripening 25～28 12～16 <60

The space in the greenhouse is large. When opening the vents in the morning, the east and south sides of the greenhouse that receive sunlight will heat up earlier and faster. When the preset ventilation temperature is reached, the ventilation will be performed first. The north and west sides of the greenhouse will heat up relatively late and faster. Slow, then ventilate later; when the ventilation openings are closed in the afternoon, the temperature on the east and south sides of the shed will cool earlier and faster. When the preset temperature of closing the ventilation openings is reached, the ventilation openings will be closed first, and the cooling on the north and west sides of the greenhouse will be relatively late and faster. If it is slow, then close the vents later; according to the temperature in different areas, open and close the vents in different regions to create a good growth environment for the tree, and effectively prevent the growth of the tree from being inhibited in areas where the temperature is not reached.

⑤Bee-assisted pollination

When the fruit trees enter the early flowering stage, bees are stocked in the greenhouse to assist pollination. The stocking amount of bees is 1 box/3 mu, 4,000 bees/box. During the bee-assisted pollination, the yellow and blue plates need to be removed and closed during the bee activity time. Insecticidal lamp, otherwise the bees will stick to the insecticidal board (ie yellow, blue board) or be killed by the insecticidal lamp, which will affect the pollination effect and reduce the yield of nectarines; remove the bees after the flowering period;

⑥ Fruit thinning

Fruit thinning is carried out twice. The first time is after the first physiological fruit drop of the fruit tree. After 25 to 30 days after flowering, the stunted, deformed, erect fruit, small fruit, and leafless fruit are removed, and the fruit is left to grow. Large and well-proportioned long fruit, the amount of remaining fruit is 2 to 2.5 times the set yield;

The second fruit thinning is also called fruiting. It is carried out before the hard core after the second physiological fruit drop, and 5 to 6 weeks after the blooming. According to the set yield (500kg/mu) in the first year, each backbone branch is kept 8-12 fruits: 2 for long fruiting branches, 1-2 for medium fruiting branches, 0-1 for short fruiting branches, and no fruit for weak fruiting branches;

⑦Pruning and adjusting density in summer and autumn

After the fruit is harvested, summer pruning is carried out in early June, and part of the back branches and prosperous branches are appropriately cut to improve the ventilation and light transmission of the tree body, and prevent the canopy from being closed due to the large number of branches in the crown; if the branches are pruned excessively, it will lead to The main stem of the fruit tree is sunburned and injured. In early August, the backbone branches were pulled diagonally to an angle of 45°C to fix the tree shape. When the new shoots grew to about 5cm, the useless buds and new shoots were removed;

After the fruit-bearing period of the first year is over, the row spacing of the fruit trees remains unchanged, the plant spacing is adjusted to 3m, and the density is adjusted to 110 plants/mu; Adjust the density in time, which is beneficial to the healthy growth of the tree in the later period, and does not affect the fruit yield and economic benefits;

⑧Winter pruning

From mid-November to early December, pruning and fruit branch renewal are carried out. The excessively long side branches are shortened to 40-45cm, and the diseased, insect, injured and weak fruit branches are cut off, and each side branch is selected to keep 3 strong fruiting branches. The length of the fruit branch Retention is 10-15cm, every two adjacent fruiting branches are separated by 15-20cm, and other prosperous and long branches, back branches, drooping branches, etc. are cut off, and the length of backbone branches is reduced to 80-100cm;

⑨ Pest control and field loosening

The diseases and insect pests in the fruiting stage are higher than those in the seedling stage, and the control methods of peach scab, peach anthracnose, peach brown rot and peach small heartworm, etc., which endanger the fruit, are the same as those in the seedling stage management;

The methods of weed control and field loosening are the same as those of seedling management.

(7) Management during the full fruit period

① fruit thinning

The first fruit thinning method is the same as that of the fruits and vegetables during the fruiting period of the first year. The second fruit thinning is carried out after the second physiological fruit drop before the hard core, 5 to 6 weeks after flowering, according to the setting of the fruiting period. Yield (1250～1500kg/mu), 30～35 fruits per backbone branch, 2～3 long fruit branches, 1～2 medium fruit branches, 0～1 short fruit branches, and no weak fruit branches;

② Fertilizer planning

After mulching to the fruit expansion period, if the tree body has symptoms of lack of fertilizer, water-soluble fertilizer can be applied 1 to 2 times to quickly replenish the nutrition of the tree body and promote the growth and development of plants and fruits. For ~20 days, apply sulfur-based ternary water-soluble fertilizer (the content of N, P, and K in the fertilizer is 15%, 15%, and 15% respectively) at a dosage of 9 to 12 kg/mu each time; At the beginning of April, the sulfur-based ternary compound fertilizer was applied at the dosage of 35-40kg/mu using the 4-point hole method; after the harvest, at the end of May, the ternary compound fertilizer was applied once at the 4-point hole method according to the dosage of 25-30kg/mu. , to promote the vegetative growth of fruit trees. At the end of September, the second topdressing of ternary compound fertilizer was carried out according to the dosage of 55-60kg/mu using the 4-point method; in early November, the amount of decomposed sheep manure was applied at the dosage of 1-1.25t/mu. , spread the fertilizer between each adjacent two rows of plants, and then shallowly overturn it into the soil with a small machine, and the depth of the soil turning is 15-20cm; later, as the tree grows, the fertilizer applied is based on the field fertility. Appropriately increase or decrease the situation;

After flowering to before harvesting, spray the biogas slurry compound foliar fertilizer and the proanthocyanidin compound foliar fertilizer, and the spraying method is the same as the spraying method of the corresponding foliar fertilizer during the first year of fruiting;

③ Other management measures are the same as the first year fruit bearing period.

Those skilled in the art should realize that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the present invention, but not to limit the present invention. Changes and modifications will fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention.

Claims (7)

1. An efficient nectarine cultivation method through intelligent facilities is characterized by comprising the following steps:

(1) selection of Garden and variety

Selecting a plot with fresh air, clean water quality, flat and wide terrain, sufficient illumination, fertile and unpolluted soil, underground water level not higher than 1 meter and good irrigation and drainage conditions in a garden;

selecting a short low-temperature early-maturing variety from the nectarine variety;

(2) greenhouse building

The greenhouse is a heat-insulating super greenhouse, the greenhouse is built in the north-south direction, the length of the north-south direction is 160m, the width of the east-west direction is 32m, the height of the center is 8m, and the heights of the two sides are 1.1 m; the specific construction process is as follows:

the method comprises the following steps of firstly building a steel frame structure of the greenhouse, namely arranging 3 rows of steel pipe stand columns in the north-south direction at equal intervals, wherein the interval between every two adjacent rows of steel pipe stand columns is 8m, the interval between every two adjacent steel pipe stand columns in the same row is 3.5m, 9 inclined support columns are respectively arranged on the two sides of the north and south of the greenhouse, main supports at the top of the greenhouse are arranged at intervals of 3.5m, and 4 auxiliary supports are arranged between every two adjacent main supports at equal intervals; then covering an insect-proof net and a special 8S P0 film for the greenhouse on the outer surface of the steel frame structure, and arranging a wind-proof rope on the surface of the film and covering a waterproof pearl wool heat-insulating material;

after the external structure of the greenhouse is built, an automatic air release machine, an automatic curtain rolling machine and a water and fertilizer integrated device are installed in the greenhouse, and temperature and humidity sensors are respectively installed in the north and south directions of the greenhouse; the automatic air release machine, the automatic curtain rolling machine, the water and fertilizer integrated equipment and the temperature and humidity sensor are respectively and correspondingly connected with an output end and an input end of a control system by adopting the technology of Internet of things, and the control system is also connected with a 4G mobile phone micro-terminal and a computer terminal;

(3) preparation of field

Before field planting, turning soil, applying a base fertilizer, then ridging, wherein the total width of each ridge and each ditch is 4m, the width and the depth of the ditch formed between every two adjacent ridges are both 60cm, and a black film is paved in the ditches to protect the ditches and prevent growing grass;

(4) tree seedling planting and drip irrigation tape laying

And (3) selecting 1 year-old grafted non-toxic seedlings which are strong in plants, developed in root systems and free of diseases and insect pests for field planting at the beginning of 12 months, wherein the height of the selected seedlings is 95-100 cm, and the initial density of the field planting is as follows: 220 plants/mu, the row spacing is 2m multiplied by the plant spacing is 1.5 m; then laying three-belt type water and fertilizer integrated drip irrigation belts on the outer sides of the saplings;

(5) management of seedling stage

Removing the greenhouse film from the seedling stage of the nectarines to the beginning of 12 months in the next year after field planting, and only covering an insect-proof net to ensure that the seedlings naturally grow in the open field; the management content comprises the following steps: pruning tree types, managing water, carrying out fertilizer operation, pruning fruiting branches, forming bone trunk branches, preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests, preventing and removing weeds and loosening soil in the field; loosening the soil 1 time at the beginning of 6 months in the next year after planting, and loosening the soil at a position 40cm away from the tree root by adopting a small machine, wherein the depth of the loosened soil is 10-15 cm;

(6) management of fruiting period in first year

The fruiting period of the first year is 12 months after planting to the end of the third year after planting; the management of the period is as follows:

first, film-coating heat preservation

Covering a film and a heat preservation quilt in the last 12 months of the second year after planting;

② moisture management

Watering for 1 time every 1 month after film covering according to the soil humidity, and watering for the last time at the beginning of 4 months to keep the soil humidity at 65% -75%;

③ fertilizer operation and research

Applying water-soluble fertilizer to the trees after film covering and before harvesting aiming at the possible symptom of lack of fertilizer of the trees: before fruit swelling, applying water-soluble fertilizers for 1-2 times, wherein the time interval between every two adjacent fertilization times is 15-20 days, and applying sulfur-based ternary water-soluble fertilizers according to the dosage of 7-9 kg/mu in each fertilization, wherein the N, P, K content in the fertilizers is 15%, 15% and 15% respectively; applying 1 time of water-soluble fertilizer in the later stage of fruit swelling and before harvesting, and applying 7-9 kg/mu of sulfur-based ternary water-soluble fertilizer, wherein the N, P, K content in the fertilizer is 12%, 3% and 45% respectively;

after harvesting, applying the ternary compound fertilizer for 1 time by adopting a 4-time hole application method according to the use amount of 20-25 kg/mu at the bottom of 5 months; at the bottom of 9 months, applying the ternary compound fertilizer for the second time by adopting a 4-point application method according to the dosage of 50-55 kg/mu; in the last ten days of 11 months, applying additional fertilizer for the third time, applying the decomposed sheep manure according to the using amount of 1 t/mu, spreading the fertilizer between every two adjacent rows of plants, and slightly turning the manure into soil by using a small machine, wherein the turning depth is 15-20 cm;

spraying 3 times of biogas slurry composite foliar fertilizer and 2 times of procyanidine composite foliar fertilizer after blooming, wherein the interval time between every two adjacent spraying of the foliar fertilizer is more than or equal to 10 days, the first spraying of the biogas slurry composite foliar fertilizer is 30-35 days after blooming, the second spraying of the biogas slurry composite foliar fertilizer is in a fruit expanding period, and the third spraying of the biogas slurry composite foliar fertilizer is 30-35 days before fruit harvest; the spraying time of the procyanidine compound foliar fertilizer for the first time is in the later fruit expansion period, and the spraying time of the procyanidine compound foliar fertilizer for the second time is 20-25 days before fruit harvest; the two leaf fertilizers are prepared at any time;

management of temp. and humidity

Temperature management: after film covering, performing temperature management according to each growth period in the fruit mature period of the next year: in the morning, when the temperature in the greenhouse reaches 12-13 ℃, rolling up the heat preservation quilt; in the noon, when the temperature in the greenhouse reaches 2 ℃ higher than the lower limit of each growth period, the ventilation is started; in the afternoon, when the temperature in the greenhouse is reduced to be higher than the lower limit of each growth period by 2 ℃, closing the ventilation opening;

the fruit harvesting period is from the middle ten days of 5 months to the bottom of 5 months, and the ventilation opening is opened all day long; after harvesting, removing the heat preservation quilt and the greenhouse film to enable the fruit trees to grow in a natural environment;

air humidity management: humidity is adjusted through adjusting the ventilation opening, and ventilation is kept when the relative humidity is high;

in different growth periods of fruit trees, the management parameters of the daytime temperature, the nighttime temperature and the relative air humidity are as follows: in the germination stage, the temperature in the daytime is controlled to be 13-18 ℃, the temperature at night is controlled to be 4-6 ℃, and the relative humidity of air is controlled to be 60% -80%; in the flowering period, the temperature in the daytime is controlled to be 16-20 ℃, the temperature at night is controlled to be 5-10 ℃, and the relative humidity of air is 50-60%; in the young fruit period, the temperature in the daytime is controlled to be 18-22 ℃, the temperature at night is controlled to be 10-15 ℃, and the relative humidity of air is less than 60%; in the fruit expansion period, the temperature in the daytime is controlled to be 20-25 ℃, the temperature at night is controlled to be 10-15 ℃, and the relative humidity of air is less than 60%; in the fruit ripening period, the temperature in the daytime is controlled to be 25-28 ℃, the temperature at night is controlled to be 12-16 ℃, and the relative humidity of air is less than 60%;

bee supplementary pollination

When the fruit trees enter the initial flowering period, bees are placed in the greenhouse, the bee placement amount is 1 box/3 mu and 4000 bees/box, yellow and blue plates are removed during bee supplementary pollination, and the pest killing lamp is turned off during bee activity time; taking out bees after the flowering phase is finished;

fruit thinning and fruit setting

Thinning fruits after the first physiological fruit drop of the fruit trees, removing dysplasia, malformation, upright fruits, small fruits and leafless fruits 25-30 days after flower withering, and reserving long and symmetrical fruits with the fruit amount being 2-2.5 times of the set yield; and (3) fruit setting is carried out after the second physiological fruit drop before kernel hardening, and 8-12 fruits are left in each bone trunk branch according to the set yield of the fruit in the first year after 5-6 weeks of flower withering: each long fruit branch is reserved for 2, each middle fruit branch is reserved for 1-2, each short fruit branch is reserved for 0-1, and no fruit is reserved on weak fruit branches;

seventhly, pruning in summer and autumn and adjusting density

After the fruit is harvested, pruning is carried out in summer in the beginning of 6 months, and part of branches on the back and the branches with vigorous growth are properly pruned, so that the ventilation and light transmittance of the tree body are improved, and the canopy closure caused by large branch quantity in the crown is prevented; if the branches are excessively pruned, the main stems of the fruit trees are burnt and injured, the branches of the main stems are obliquely pulled into an angle of 45 ℃ in the beginning of 8 months, and the tree shape is fixed; when young shoots grow to about 5cm, removing useless buds and young shoots;

after harvesting is finished in the fruiting period of the first year, the row spacing of the fruit trees is unchanged, the row spacing is adjusted to be 3m, and the density of the fruit trees is adjusted to be 110 plants/mu;

eighthly, pruning in winter

In the middle ten days of 11 months to the last ten days of 12 months, performing shrinkage shearing and fruit branch updating, shortening overlong lateral branches to 40-45 cm, shearing off diseased, insect, damaged and weak fruit branches, selecting and reserving 3 robust fruit branches for each lateral branch, reserving the length of the fruit branches to 10-15 cm, spacing every two adjacent fruit branches to 15-20 cm, shearing off other vigorous long branches, back upper branches and downward drooping branches, and performing shrinkage shearing on the length of bone trunk branches to 80-100 cm;

ninthly preventing and controlling diseases, pests and weeds and loosening soil in field

In the aspect of pest control, the prevention is mainly carried out, and a green prevention and control technology combining a plurality of treatment methods is adopted from the aspects of agriculture, physics, biology and chemistry;

agricultural control: selecting a disease-resistant variety, paying attention to timely draining in seasons with frequent rain, and keeping proper soil humidity in the field; the comprehensive management of the peach orchard is enhanced, the ventilation and light transmission are improved, the tree vigor is enhanced, and the disease resistance is improved; meanwhile, reasonably shaping and pruning, timely pruning pest branches, cleaning dead branches and fallen leaves, scraping off bark and disease spots on the trunk after the tree body falls leaves, and timely cleaning the trunk out of the garden and burning the trunk;

physical and biological control: an insect-proof net is covered at the ventilation opening of the greenhouse, and a yellow plate, a blue plate, an insect-killing lamp and a sex attractant are placed in the greenhouse;

chemical control: after bark warping and disease spots of a trunk are scraped, the base part of the trunk is whiteled, 3-5 degrees of lime sulphur is sprayed at the initial germination stage, and biological agents and high-efficiency low-toxicity low-residue chemical agents which meet the GB 4285 standard are selected for timely prevention and treatment according to the occurrence situation of diseases and insect pests during the whole growth period;

artificial weeding is adopted for weed control;

(7) full bearing age management

Firstly, thinning fruit and fixing fruit

The fruit thinning method is the same as the vegetable and fruit thinning method in the fruit bearing period of the first year, fruit setting is carried out after the second physiological fruit drop and before stone hardening, and 30-35 fruits are left in each bone trunk branch after 5-6 weeks after flower withering according to the set yield in the fruit bearing period: 2-3 long fruit branches are reserved in each long fruit branch, 1-2 middle fruit branches are reserved in each medium fruit branch, 0-1 short fruit branch is reserved in each medium fruit branch, and no fruit is reserved in weak fruit branches;

② fertilizer operational research

Applying water-soluble fertilizers for 1-2 times in a fruit swelling period after film covering aiming at the possible fertilizer shortage symptom of the tree body, wherein the time interval between every two adjacent fertilization is 15-20 days, and applying sulfur-based ternary water-soluble fertilizers according to the dosage of 9-12 kg/mu in each fertilization, wherein the N, P, K content in the fertilizers is 15%, 15% and 15% respectively; in the fruit swelling period, applying the sulfur-based ternary compound fertilizer by adopting a 4-point hole application method according to the use amount of 35-40 kg/mu;

after harvesting, applying the ternary compound fertilizer for 1 time by adopting a 4-point hole application method according to the use amount of 25-30 kg/mu at the bottom of 5 months; at the bottom of 9 months, applying the ternary compound fertilizer for the second time by adopting a 4-point application method according to the use amount of 55-60 kg/mu; applying the decomposed sheep manure in the last ten days of 11 months at the dosage of 1-1.25 t/mu, spreading the fertilizer between every two adjacent rows of plants, and shallow-turning the manure into soil by using a small machine, wherein the depth of the turned soil is 15-20 cm; the applied fertilizer is properly increased and decreased according to the field fertility condition along with the growth of the tree body;

spraying a biogas slurry composite foliar fertilizer and a procyanidine composite foliar fertilizer after blooming and before harvesting, wherein the spraying method is the same as that of the corresponding foliar fertilizer in the fruiting period of the first year;

and the other management measures are the same as those in the fruiting period of the first year.

2. The efficient nectarine cultivation method through intelligent facilities as claimed in claim 1, wherein the concrete operations of turning soil and applying base fertilizer in step (3) are as follows: crushing fresh rice straws, directly pressing the crushed fresh rice straws in a field, pressing 600kg of fresh rice straws in each mu of field, applying decomposed sheep manure into the field according to the dosage of 1 t/mu, applying phosphate fertilizer and P in the phosphate fertilizer according to the dosage of 30 kg/mu₂O₅The content of the fertilizer is 12 percent, and after the base fertilizer is applied, rotary tillage is carried out according to the depth of 20-30 cm, so that the soil and the fertilizer are fully mixed.

3. The efficient nectarine cultivation method through intelligent facilities as claimed in claim 1, wherein the specific operations of field planting of the saplings in the step (4) are as follows: adopting north-south row planting, horizontally placing the saplings on ridges, taking soil on the ridges to surround the peripheries of tree roots to form small soil piles with the height of 20-25 cm and the diameter of 40-50 cm, and irrigating water into ditches to 5-8 cm beyond the ridge surfaces after the saplings are planted in a planting mode; draining water in the ditch after 8-10 h to ensure that the soil is fully settled and the root system is in close contact with the soil; and when the soil humidity is restored to 65% -75%, the soil on the ridges is taken again to surround the tree roots, the height of the small soil piles is kept to be 20-25 cm, the diameter is kept to be 40-50 cm, and then the soil is taken to cover the periphery of the small soil piles, so that the root system is prevented from being exposed and the soil is prevented from hardening and cracking.

4. The efficient nectarine cultivation method adopting the intelligent facilities as claimed in claim 1, wherein the laying of the three-belt type water-fertilizer integrated drip irrigation belt in the step (4) is specifically performed by: 3 water and fertilizer integrated drip irrigation belts are paved at the position 10cm away from the main stem of the seedling and at the positions 30cm away from the left side and the right side of the main stem of the seedling, and anti-freezing and heat-insulating measures are taken for pipelines positioned at the periphery of the greenhouse.

5. The efficient nectarine cultivation method through intelligent facilities according to claim 1, wherein the specific preparation method of the biogas slurry compound foliar fertilizer in the third step (6) is as follows: firstly treating biogas slurry, taking biogas slurry in a biogas digester which normally produces biogas for more than 3 months, sending the taken biogas slurry into a fertilizer storage tank for composting and clarification for 5-7 days, filtering the biogas slurry by using sand cloth, and standing the biogas slurry for 2-3 days; then preparing a boron fertilizer solution and a calcium fertilizer solution, selecting the amounts of clear water, the sugar alcohol boron fertilizer and the sugar alcohol chelated calcium fertilizer to be added according to the nutritional status and the safe application concentration of the tree body and the fruit, and mixing the clear water, the sugar alcohol boron fertilizer and the sugar alcohol chelated calcium fertilizer to obtain 1300-1500 times of sugar alcohol boron fertilizer solution and 1300-2000 times of sugar alcohol chelated calcium fertilizer solution, so as to prepare the boron fertilizer solution and the calcium fertilizer solution; preparing a biogas slurry solution, taking biogas slurry according to the dosage of 7-10 kg/mu, diluting with clear water, and preparing the biogas slurry solution, wherein the weight ratio of the biogas slurry to the water is 1: 1-2; and finally, mixing the boron, calcium fertilizer solution and biogas slurry solution to obtain the biogas slurry compound foliar fertilizer.

6. The intelligent facility efficient nectarine cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the specific preparation method of the proanthocyanidin compound foliar fertilizer in the third step (6) is as follows: adding clear water into ascorbic acid to prepare a solution with the concentration of 5g/L, adding natural procyanidine extracted from grape seeds into the ascorbic acid solution to prepare a procyanidine mixed solution with the concentration of 1.5g/L, diluting by 150 times, and adding monopotassium phosphate into a diluent of the procyanidine mixed solution according to the nutritional status of trees and fruits to prepare the procyanidine compound foliar fertilizer with the monopotassium phosphate content of 0.2-0.3%.

7. The intelligent nectarine facility efficient cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (6), when the ventilation opening is opened in the morning, the east and south of the greenhouse which is irradiated by sunlight first are heated earlier and faster, when the preset ventilation temperature is reached, the greenhouse is ventilated first, and when the north and west of the greenhouse are heated later and slower, the greenhouse is ventilated later; when the ventilation opening is closed in the afternoon, the temperature of the east surface and the south surface of the greenhouse is cooled earlier and faster, the ventilation opening is closed firstly when the temperature of the preset closed ventilation opening is reached, and the temperature of the north surface and the west surface of the greenhouse is cooled relatively later and slower, and then the ventilation opening is closed later.